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GENETC MODIFIED CROPS:SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONTMENTAL PERSPECTIVE D E F I N A T I O N (Genetic modification) Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the human manipulation of an organism's genetic .code to ,create An organism whose genetic characteristics have been altered by the insertion of a modified gene or a gene from another organism using the techniques of genetic engineering. It involves combining the specific genes important genetic traits from different organisms is called as recombinant DNA technology, so the resulting formed organism is known as being "genetically modified," "genetically engineered," or "transgenic." GM products include medicines and , foods, fibres ,vaccines, food ingredients, feeds, and fibers. History of genetic modifiacton though the formal modern scientific methods were practiced in late 80s-and 90s but the concept of selective organisms for higher procuctivity dates back to 15 th centuary Prehistoric times 1900 Gatherers finding food from the plants they have found in nature, and farmers were planting seeds being saved from the domestication of crops. Foods were altered by usage of yeast fermentation. Few naturalists and farmers began recognizing "hybrids," plants produced by h natural breeding between the related varieties of the plants. 1900 European researches bean using famous Gregor Mendel's genetic theory of manipulation and improvement of plant species. This is beig known as the "classic selection." A given plant of one or other
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Page 1: Genetc Modified Crops

GENETC MODIFIED CROPS:SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONTMENTAL

PERSPECTIVE

DEF I NAT I ON

(Genetic modification) Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the human manipulation of an

organism's genetic .code to ,create An organism whose genetic characteristics have been altered by the insertion of a modified gene or a gene from another organism using

the techniques of genetic engineering.

It involves combining the specific genes important genetic traits from different organisms is called as recombinant DNA technology, so the resulting formed organism is known as being "genetically modified," "genetically engineered," or "transgenic." GM products include medicines and , foods, fibres ,vaccines, food ingredients, feeds, and fibers. History of genetic modifiacton though the formal modern scientific methods were practiced in late 80s-and 90s but the concept of selective organisms for higher procuctivity dates back to 15 th centuary

Prehistoric times 1900

Gatherers finding food from the plants they have found in nature, and farmers were planting seeds being saved from the domestication of crops. Foods were altered by usage of yeast fermentation. Few naturalists and farmers began recognizing "hybrids," plants produced by h natural breeding between the related varieties of the plants.

1900

European researches bean using famous Gregor Mendel's genetic theory of manipulation and improvement of plant species. This is beig known as the "classic selection." A given plant of one or other

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variety is crossed and then with a related plant to produce desired characteristics.

Modern genetic engineering

1953

James Watson and Francis Crick publishes their discovery f the 3 –D double helix structure of DNA. This discovery in fulture will eventually be leading to the ability of the scientists in identify and "splice" genes from one kind of organism and plant into the DNA of anothers.

1973

Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in this year combined their research and create the first successful recombinant DNA organism.

1980

The. Supreme Court of united states Diamond v. Chakrabarty rules that the genetically altered life forms can be patented. This decision leads the Exxon Oil Company patenting an oil-eating microorganism.

1982

In the U.S. Food and Drug Administration gives approval to the first genetically engineered drug, Genentech's Humulin, a type of human insulin produced by bacteria. This is the first consumer product developed through modern bioengineering.

1986

in Belgium The first ever field tests in genetically engineered plants tobacco is conducted.

1987

in the United States The first field tests in genetically engineered crops (tobacco and tomato) are conducted.

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The tomato - developed by the John Innes Centre in Norwich - contains high

concentrations of anthocyanins, pigments found in blackberries and

cranberries

Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1080695/Purple-

super-tomato-fight-cancer.html#ixzz1oLKTPhox

1992

Calgene's Favr Savr tomato, tailoured for remaining firm for the longer periods of time, is being approved for thre commercial production by the US Department of Agriculture.

1992

The FDA declared that having genetically engineered foods is "not inherently dangerous" and thus do not require any special regulations.

1994

Tobacco, becomes Europe’s first genetically engineered crops is being approved in France.

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.

.

United States , company Calgene, was the company which was being allowed to

producing the tomatoes commercially in around 1990s without warnings any

or some form of distinct label for indicating the differences from the

conventional natural tomatoes. In these time a lot more ,was spent for the

tomatoes –around 2 to 5 times extra from prices compared to conventional

and natural tomatoes. taken as a whole, still consumers were in support of the

products so it was purchased.

The GM tomato

crop was created

to be resistant to

the usual rotting

and decay of a

typical,

conventional

tomato that is not

genetically

modified

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Controversy

In responses, the purchasers in European continent were being plausible

distress and shortly subsequently, various food companies all inveterate their

assurance in avoiding the genetically modified foods. frequent other punter

fitness scares disparate in GM foods stirring in the next decade, consumers

suspicious of GM products strengthen. Protestors now started rallying in

opposition to mncs such as the Monsanto, hence severely averse the growig

of Genetically Modified food.

How modification works

A cell which has the specific genes to be extracted is conked out open and

extraction of strands of DNA is done . followed by the proteins known as the

restriction enzymes now are being added contravention the DNA helixes at

scrupulous points , now the shorter lengths that are known as the individual

genes are being obtained.

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The required genes are now being inserted inside the plasmids which are

nothing but minute molecules inside cells of bacteria that consequently contain

DNA which are not the parts of a chromosome of cells. discovering that

movement of plasmids amid cells, carrying their DNA inside them , created a

realistic technology. Now, containing plasmids where the wanted gene is

present is position inside the cells (usually bacteria) in which the sought after

gene goes . The plasmids start adding their genetic material in the genetic code

in the bacterum. meaning that bacteriums not only poessses the sought after

gene over and above their own. This selected bacterias are now used in

relocating the new genetc code hooked on plant or animal cells. Thus this

course of action of the gene splicing leads to creation of the recombinant

DNA.

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These abilities in separation out off solo genes and now studying these creates

vital branch of biological and medical research.

an additional line of attack in creation of genetically modified products by

means of the bacterias acting as factories for for introduction of genes,

generating products as enzymes employed in the production of food (eg,

chymosin in cheese preparation) and vitamins for this reason used in making

arificial foods, or hormones for making use of in medicine and animal

husbandry.

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GENETIC MODIFIED AND SOCIETY

POSITIVE IMPACTS

A SOLUTION TO MALNUTRITION AND NUTRIRNT DEFICIENCY

The year is 2009 and the global population has exceeded 6.7 billion people

(and rising). Environmental degradation is occurring, along with climate

change, biodiversity loss, disease, famine, and malnutrition. A pressing

question is how can we feed 6.7 billion people nutritiously and affordably

while protecting and preserving the environment?

Gone years on research, scientists in agriculture are on the edge of

creating new strains of rices which are hyped a lot in media. This Golden

Rice , is modified genetically (GM) strain ,proviso certified to grow on

the commercial scales totally eliminates Vitamin A deficiency in global

scale

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IN INDIA nationwide universities in agricultural research formally claim

completing trials in animals using this new gmo. In view of Dr PG

Chengappa the chancellor of Agricultural Sciences University of the

primary stage in trails of animals shows up a very high conformity

factor. Golden Rice allows people a benefit, attaching in preferrential

recipes-as of taste or as a matter of pocket, save for distinction that

they will at the same time be capable to swathe a number of of their

most vital dietary needs

SS

GM POTATO : A SOLUTION TO PROTEIN DEFICIENCY

A gene known AmA1 was inserted in run of the mill potatoes providing a

third more protein than standard, including sizeable quantity of the vital amino

acids methionine and lysine

. If cottonseeds become edible, it

is estimated that the protein

needs(cotton seeds contain 22

per cent high-quality protein) of

over 500 million people will be

met.

Dining out? Try

cottonseeds

Subhra Priyadarshini

Cottonseed could soon become a

source of protein-rich food for billions

in the developing world, thanks to the

work of an India-born scientist in the

US. Subhra Priyadarshini reports

SOURCE: TELEGRAPH

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playing a significant element

government of india 15 year health improvement plan to

provide vaccines , better food and clean water.

ALTERNATE TRUTH

On the brink of public debate of gm in June ,in Britain, the British

Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) supposed an authorization in favour of

mercantile growing of potato genetically modified in India is expected in a

perod of six months. scientists in india are in record to pronounce protein-rich

genetically modified potato are able to fight starvation in India

On the other side of coin, gm POTATOES LACK SEVERLY IN IRON AND

CALCIUM . SO THE QUESTION IS WITHOUT ESSENTIAL MICRONUTRIENT WILL

IT NOT INCREASE ANAEMIA AND OSTOPORISS IN A COUNTRY FULL OF SUCH

CASES

But we must not forget

plants naturally manufacture thousands of chemicals enhancing

health of humans and protection against diseases. these chemicals

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Conversely alters plant proteins, increasing plant toxins reducing its

phytonutrients.

isoflavones , cancer fighting, is produced less by GM soybeans. By

and large, studies have shown genetic modification leads to

unintentional alteration, in nutrients, creating, toxins, allergens and small

molecule metabolism products.

ALLERGIES http://www.raw-wisdom.com/50harmful.

losses in biodiversity in the supply of food grows correspondingly

with the augment in food allergies. Explaining it some scientists feel.

The human body is not a machine-like "something" that

can be fed assembly line, carbon copy foods. We eat for

nourishment and vitality. What is alive interacts or

changes with its environment. Unnatural sameness -

required for patenting of genetic foods - are "dead"

qualities. Frequently, foods we eat and crave are precisely

those testing positive for food allergies.

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Allergic reactions are misguided defense reactions

aganist incoming parasites and in GM food cases, the body

senses an unnatural invasion. Cells in our body recognize

this lack of vitality, producing antibodies and white cells in

response. This is analogous to our brain's cells recognizing

and rejecting mechanically repeated thoughts - or thinking

"like a broken record." Intuitively our body cells and the

overall immune system seems to reject excess homogeneity.

Papaya and Corn and other GM proteins in crops reminiscent may

also be allergic . The same dilemma exist for erstwhile crops such as Bt

corn, and the substantiation shows allergic reactions skyrockets

subsequent to introduction of GM crops

What happened in the Brazil nut incident? Animal feed made from Soya or corn is routinely supplemented by sulphur-containing amino acids, because most plant proteins are low in these constituents. The value of soybeans as cattle feed could be improved if they were modified to have a higher level of sulphur-containing amino acids. Since one of the storage proteins of Brazil nuts is known to be rich in this material, the corresponding gene was transferred into Soya. The experiments were technically successful, but further laboratory studies showed that thisparticular Brazil nut protein was allergenic to human

CASE STUDTY

Source: http://www.efb-

central.org/images/uploads/allergiesGMfoods.pdf

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Medicine : Genetic modified crops can substitute for low-priced and

inexpensive supply of medicines. In accordance with estimates of World

Health Organization that infants around 23+ million universally do not get hold

of basic immunisation and children around 1.7 million below five die from

vaccine preventable diseases

Pharma planta a venture which is launched about seven years before

aiming usage of GM plants in slashing the prices of drugs which are tough to

manufacture. The scientists' thus aim increasing the accessibility of these

recent medicines – which are often out of reach in the poorest countries of the

world.

Anti hiv dugs

In greenhouses Pharma-Planta , in germany, created the anti-HIV

monoclonal antibodies in the GM tobacco plants grown in the soil . 45 days,

after, they were harvested, their leaves were shredded and "highly purified

antibodies" were extracted.

UK licensing body , approved the human trial ,of Healthcare products

and Medicines and Regulatory Agency (MHRA), and is taking place in Guildford

at the clinical research centre of the University of Surrey.

If successful they can provide medicines at third of

actual cost

Diabetes

the U.S. scientists are up with arms to develop genetically modified

tobacco plants with insulin grown in it — that could be used to prevent

diabetes even before symptoms appear! It will also be able to treat the

disease in its later stages. But, it’s an excellent idea though, as tobacco

is consumed by a person at a regular basis when get narcotic to it –

thus, it can easily counter the diabetes much before its emergence

without much effort

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Five-week-old diabetic mice are then administered with the freeze-

dried plant cells as a powder for eight weeks. To add to the excitement

of the scientists, the plant cell-fed diabetic mice were found to have

normal blood and urine sugar levels

Tobacco plants

anti cancer A team from the John Innes Centre, Norwich,

have created purple tomatoes by crossing genes with a

snapdragon flower. The resulting fruit is rich in an antioxidant

pigment called anthocyanin which is thought to have anti-

cancer properties. Mice with cancer, which were fed on the

fruit, lived much longer than normal mice

the purple tomatoes .

Hard fact

Studies by the biotech giant Monsanto have

shown that a kilogram of GM maize seed

contained just 0.5-1.5g of the antibody it

was trying to manufacture. But this is in raw

form. More is lost during extraction and

purification. Monsanto, which was aiming to

produce 500kg of antibodies each year,

calculated that it might take more than 200

hectares Source:

http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2004/jul/15/thisweekssciencequestions.gmcrops

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ALTERNATE SIDE OF HEALTH

http://el.doccentre.info/eldoc1/KICS/potent-health-hazards-GE-foods.html

Rats fed Monsanto 863 Bt corn for 90 days developed multiple reactions

typically found in response to allergies, infections, toxins, diseases like cancer,

anemia and blood pressure problems. Their blood cells, livers and kidneys

showed significant changes indicative of disease.

Mice fed either GM potatoes engineered to produce Bt- toxin or natural

potatoes containing the toxin had intestinal damage. Both varieties created

abnormal and excessive cell growth in the lower intestine. The equivalent

human damage might cause incontinence or flu-like symptoms and could be

pre-cancerous

Workers in India handling Bt cotton while picking, loading, weighing and

separating the fiber from seeds developed allergies. They began with 'mild to

severe itching,' then redness and swelling, followed by skin eruptions. These

symptoms affected their skin, eyes (got red and swollen with excessive tearing)

and upper respiratory tract causing nasal discharge and sneezing. In some

cases, hospitalization was required. At one cotton gin factory, workers take

antihistamines daily

Blood tests conducted on 39 victims showed an antibody response to Bt-

toxin suggesting it was the cause. Four other villages experienced the same

problems that also resulted in several animal deaths. German farmer Gottfried

Glockner grew GM corn and fed it to his cows. Twelve subsequently died from

the Bt 176 variety, and other cows had to be destroyed due to a 'mysterious'

illness.

Milk, for example, from cows injected with Monsanto's bovine growth

hormone (rbGH), has much higher levels of the hormone IGF-1 that risks

breast, prostate, colon, lung and other cancers.

Page 16: Genetc Modified Crops

THREAT OF CORPORATE COLONISATION

Throughout the history of agriculture across the globe, farming has always

been a diversified sector of the economy. Small, self-sustaining, family farms

were the order of the day in most cultures. Even as small farms grew larger

and more specialized over time, many of them still saved seeds or purchased

them from other farmers, which kept control of farming in the hands of the

people

But the gm plants are prepared in a manner such that seed storage becomes

impossible.

Monsanto acquired more than 50 seed companies just during the time

represented by his study period, which spans the years between 1996 and

2008.thus it ensures a continual profit for these companies.

Monsanto jailed farmers for trying to store seeds.

Also agritech companies such as Monsanto, Pioneer and Syngenta

go further. For a decade their user agreements have explicitly forbidden

the use of the seeds for any independent research.

Under the threat of litigation, scientists cannot test a seed to

explore the different conditions under which it thrives or fails. They

cannot compare seeds from one company against those from another

company. And perhaps most important, they cannot examine whether

the genetically modified crops lead to unintended environmental side

effects.

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=do-seed-companies-

control-gm-crop-research

ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS

Photo remediation

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Gm crops against mercury pollution

Due to heavy industrialization mercury is used in paper, chemical and

mining industries leading to huge accumulation. Plants such as poplar are

modified using mer A and mer B genes present in bacteria present in these

soils(resistant to mercury) this leads creation of poplar capable of storing

mercury reducing its concentration

Cadium pollution

Plants contains compounds called photo chelatin which have capacity to

bind with Cd. It has been shown increasing these compounds through genetic

engineering helps in storage of Cd.

Page 18: Genetc Modified Crops

is a genetically modified pcb degrading

bacteria.

Less use of insecticides and pesticides

Gm crops such bt cotton offer resistance against the sap sucking pests such as

jassids, whitefly etc . they contain genes from Bacillus thuringiensis which give it a resistance against

these pests . so farmers don’t need to use pesticides.

It is estimated on global level bt broducts in 2000 has reduced pesticide

us by 22 million kg.

Do the above statistics hold good in ground?

THE ISSUE OF BIOLOGICAL ADAPTIONS

Genetic modified crops and fields provide high uniform conditions for

the growth of diseases and pest spreading. It Is observed due to short life cycle

of pests biological resistance develops fast .

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evidence of Bt-resistant western rootworm in the wild has been reported by a team of

scientists in Iowa State University 22 per cent of the farmers reported seeing any new

pests in cotton. Interestingly, among the new pests that the farmers had seen in the current

season

that they had not seen five years before, mealy bug

figures prominently (77% of the farmers) by

the approved, unapproved and desi

cultivators.

Bt RESISTANCE IN INDIA

American seed firm Monsanto disclosed that cotton pest--pink bollworm--has developed resistance to its much-touted Bt cotton variety in Gujarat.

The company has reported to the regulator, the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC), that pink bollworm has developed resistance to its genetically modified (GM) cotton variety, Bollgard I, in Amreli, Bhavnagar, Junagarh and Rajkot districts in Gujarat.

This was detected by the company during field monitoring in the 2009 cotton season

Resistance is natural and expected," Monsanto said in a statementproductivity of cotton has fallen from 560 kg lint per hectare in 2007 to 512 kg lint per hectare in 2009.

And pesticide expenditure has gone up from from Rs.597 crore in 2002 to Rs.791 crore in 2009.

source: http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Bt+cotton+has+failed+admits+Monsanto/1/86939.html

http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/agri-

biz/article2611554.ece?ref=wl_economy_art

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Bt-engineered corn is among the first major commercial

successes for agricultural biotechnology. more than 7

million acres of the hybrid crop were planted by U.S.

farmers primarily to control the European corn borer.

Before the advent of Bt-corn, this pest was extremely

difficult to control because it bores into the stalk, where it

is protected from pesticides losses averaged $1.2 billion.

In contrast,Bt-corn provides essentially total season-long

control at a reasonable cost without the use of pesticides

THE INFAMOUS MEALY BUG

-

Hartej Singh, an organic farmer associated with the Kheti Virasat

Mission, grew cotton His cotton crop consisted of F-1378, an early-maturing American variety, and LD 327, a high-yielding desi (indigenous) variety resistant to Fusarium wilt. His yields were slightly lower than those of the Bt cotton in neighbouring fields.

But while the neighbouring fields were heavily infested by the

mealy bug, Singh's cotton crop was completely unaffected.

A year later, scientists at the Central Institute for Cotton

Research (CICR) in Nagpur, India,confirmed exotic origin of

the specie.

Source: http://www.i-sis.org.uk/mealybugPlaguesBtCotton.php

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Impact on other species:

Crops such as bt cotton , maize have injected poison

from bacillus bacteria . although they are safe for

mammals but they have negative impacts on other

organisms such as wasps , bees and moths which are

useful for the environment

Bt-modified corn produces

ROOT OF THE

PROBLEM

Pollen from bt maize containing

crystalline endotoxin from the

bacterium genes. When this

corn pollen is dispersed by the

wind, it lands on other plants,

including milkweed, the

exclusive food of monarch

caterpillars and commonly

found around cornfieldsLike all

grasses, corn is wind-

pollinated, and the pollen can

be blown more than 60 yards

from the edge of cornfields. In

the laboratory tests, monarchs

fed milkweed leaves dusted

with so-called transformed

pollen from a Bt-corn hybrid

ate less, grew more slowly and

suffered a higher mortality

rate, the researchers report.

Nearly half of these larvae died,

while all of the monarch

caterpillars fed leaves dusted

with nontransformed corn

pollen or fed leaves without

corn pollen survived the

studyWhen the toxin binds, the

gut wall changes from a

protective layer to an open

sieve so that pathogens usually

kept within the gut and

excreted are released into the

insect's body. As a result, the

caterpillar quickly sickens and

dies

Monarch caterpillars on a milkweed leaf dusted with pollen

Economic growth vs Threat

to monarch butterfly

Page 22: Genetc Modified Crops

Issue of Vertical and horizontal gene flow:

Vertical gene transfer

This refers to the spread of genetic material through normal sexual reproduction to the same species or related species. It is possible the modified genes in a GM crop could spread via pollen to a related native species.

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT)

This refers to the movement of small fragments of DNA from one organism to another without sexual reproduction. Scientists know that, under some circumstances, the DNA from GMOs can be transferred into bacteria.

Page 23: Genetc Modified Crops

SOURCE: adl.brs.gov.au/brsShop/data/12860_gene_flow_report.pdf

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The cross-fertilisation between GM

oilseed rape, a brassica, and a

distantly related plant, charlock, had

been discounted as virtually

impossible by scientists with the

environment department

But the new form of charlock was

growing among many others in a

field which had been used to grow

GM rape. When scientists treated it

with lethal herbicide it showed no ill-

effect

SOURCE:

http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2

005/jul/25/gm.food

Superweeds

The modified genes in a GM crop

could spread via pollen to a

related native species. A

herbicide-resistant GM plant

might be able to pass on that

characteristic to its weedy

relatives, creating weeds that

cannot be controlled by that

herbicide

A BRITISH

LESSON

Environmentalists

raised an outcry

when the British

Centre for Ecology

and Hydrology

announced the

discovery of what has

been termed a

"superweed" in July

of 2005. The single

wild mustard plant

achieved superweed

status in the minds of

some when it proved

resistant to a

powerful weed killer.

Scientists discovered

the plant in a field

that had been used in

trials of genetically-

modified (GM) oilseed

rape, a group of

plants which includes

those used to

produce canola oil.

Environmental groups

warn that this

discovery augurs

serious agricultural

and environmental

repercussions if

genetically-modified

oilseed rape were to

be grown

commercially in the

UK.

SOURCE:

http://evolution.berkele

y.edu/evolibrary/news/

051015_superweed

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LOSS OF CROP BIO- DIVERSITY: GM crops envision monocultures of genetic

modified crops on large scale. This leads to growth of single genetic imprint .

This leads to extinction of some varieties and ultimate removal from

ecosystem.

ECONONMICS

GM CROPS PROMISE A NEW ERA OF REDUCED COSTS OF AGRO PRODUCE BY

REDUCING THE PRICES OF SUPLEMENTS REQUIRED IN AGRICULTURE LIKE

PESTICIDES AND INSECTICIDES . THEY ALSO CLAIM OF INCREASING THE YIELDS.

BUT THE SEEDS ARE CHARGED HIGH AS FORM OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

BUT

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The three graphs put some life in bt scenario in india.

The yellow graph shows conventional crops where as the green shows gm

cotton

From graph A we see bt cotton seeds are price 3 times as high at Rs 3684 vs Rs

1163

Graph c shows the cost pesticides for bt cotton remains as high as Rs 1404 vs

Rs 1565 for normal seeds

In 2003 this trend reverses and amount spent on bt cotton exceeds than

conventional seeds

This can be explained as follows

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IN 2007

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However graph b destroys the claim of Monsanto of reduced costs . as seen

the reduction in costs from pesticide use is completely offset by the increase

in price of seeds and as result cost of bt produce becomes more expensive

than conventional seeds Rs 5451 vs 5337

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The following table shows the plight of AP farmers and reasons for sucide

CONSEQUENTLTY THERE IS A SURGE IN FARMER SUCIDES

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FARM SUCIDES IN AP INCREASED WITH INCREASEIN BT AREA