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Page 1: GC Applis

Gas ChromatographyApplication Guide / Technical Handbook

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Gas Chromatography

MN experience in GC phases since 1973

capillary production since 1978

more than 2000 different capillary columns can be produced

current programme comprises 1000 different columns

12 different phases for chiral analysis

22 different reagents for derivatisation derivatisation experience since 1973

280 selected applications in this guide nearly 800 GC applications online and comprehensive product information at

www.mn-net.com

Made by

M

ACHEREY-NA

GE

LGerman

Quality

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Contents

Gas ChromatographyIntroduction

Basic principles of capillary GC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2MN phases for GC · Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4Phase selection by column parameters

Primary selection featuresPhase polarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Film thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Inner diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Column length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Secondary selection featuresTemperature stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Deactivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Bleeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Special selectivities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Other important GC parametersThe mobile phase in GC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Working conditions for GC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Conversion tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Derivatisation in GC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Do’s and don’ts in GCWater on GC columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Application GalleryEnvironmental pollutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37Solvents · Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118Fragrances · Food and cosmetic components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152Drugs · Pharmaceutical ingredients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180Petrochemical products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195Chiral separations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201

AppendicesChromatogram index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276Structure index (index of molecular formulas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291

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71 2

3

5

46

1 – 5 compose the chromatograph:1 . gas supplies: carrier gas and e . g .

burner gases for a flame ionisation detector (FID)

2 . sample injector: with direct injection the sample is introduced into the column with-out contact with other parts from glass or metal (on-column injec-tion); with indirect injection the sample is introduced into an evaporator, and the vapour is then transferred into the column either completely or partially (split technique); both techniques allow low tem-peratures, high temperatures or temperature programming

3 . capillary column: the heart of the GC system

4 . detector: indicates a substance by generation of an electrical signal (response) . Some detectors are specific for certain classes of sub-stances or for certain elements (P, N, etc .) .

5 . oven with temperature control

6 and/or 7 serve for evaluation of the separation

6 . data station for digital evaluation of chromatograms

7 . recorder for plotting or printing chromatograms

The separation processSeparation is achieved by repeated distribution of each sample compo-nent between two phases: in GC, the mobile phase is always a gas (mostly N2, H2, He) . The stationary phase is a mostly viscous gum-like liquid coated to the inner wall of a capillary column (WCOT = Wall Coated Open Tubular) . Transport of the analytes is achieved exclusively in the gas phase, separa-tion is accomplished in the stationary phase . The quality of a separation (resolution) depends on how long the components to be separated stay in the stationary phase and on how often they interact with this phase . The type of interaction between component and phase (selectivity) is determined by the functional groups . The polarity of the phase is a function of station-ary phase substituents .

The GC system

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The chromatogramA chromatogram consists of a base line and a number of peaks . Peak ar-eas allow quantitative determinations:

The relative retention does not pro-vide any information on the quality of a separation, since for equal values of α two very broad peaks may overlap, (as shown in trace a), or may be com-pletely resolved (as in trace b), if they are correspondingly narrow .

t [min]

a

b

R: resolution: a measure for the qual-ity of a separation, taking the peak width at half height (w1/2) into ac-count according to

R = tR2 – tR1

(w1/2)2 + (w1/2)1

Nth: number of theoretical plates: characterises the quality of a column (should be determined for k’ > 5). The height equivalent to a theoretical plate (h, HETP) is calculated by divid-ing the length L of the column by the number of theoretical plates Nth . The smaller this value the better works the column .

Nth = 5.54 ∙ ( tRi

w1/2)2

h = HETP =L

Nth

A

tR 1

tR 2

t0

w1/2

A: starting point of a chromatogram = time of injection of a dissolved soluteA component can be identified by its retention time (qualitative determi-nation):

tRi = t0 + tRi’t0: dead time = void time = residence time of a solute in the mobile phase (time required by a component to mi-grate through the chromatographic system without any interaction with the stationary phase)tRi: retention time = interval between peak i and the point of injection tRi’: net retention time = difference between total retention time and dead time t0 . It indicates how long a sub-stance stays in the stationary phase .Other terms characterising a sepa-ration:k’: capacity factor: a measure for the position of a sample peak in the chromatogram . The capacity factor is specific for a given compound and constant under constant conditions .

k’i = tRi – t0

t0

Basic principles of capillary GC

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MN phases for GC

Phase Composition Relative polarity 1 max. Tempera-ture 2

Structure USP Phases which provide a similar selectivity based on chemical and physical properties

OPTIMA® 1100 % dimethylpolysiloxane 340/360 °C

G1 G2 G38

PERMABOND® SE-30, OV-1, DB-1, SE-30, HP-1, SPB-1, CP-Sil 5 CB, Rtx®-1, 007-1, BP1, MDN-1, AT™-1, ZB-1, OV-101

OPTIMA® 1 MS Ultra-1, DB-1MS, HP-1MS, Rtx®-1MS, Eq-uity™-1, AT™-1MS, VF-1MS, CP-Sil 5 CB MSOPTIMA® 1 MS Accent

OPTIMA® 5 5 % phenyl – 95 % dimethylpolysiloxane 340/360 °C

G27 G36

PERMABOND® SE-52, SE-54, SE-52, DB-5, HP-5, SPB-5, CP-Sil 8, Rtx®-5, 007-5, BP5, MDN-5, AT™-5, ZB-5

OPTIMA® 5 MS 5 % diphenyl - 95 % dimethylpolysiloxane 340/360 °C

G27 G36

DB-5MS, HP-5MS, Ultra-2, Equity™-5, CP-Sil 8CB low bleed/MS, Rtx®-5SIL-MS, Rtx®-5MS, 007-5MS, BPX5, MDN-5S, AT™-5MS, VF-5MS

OPTIMA® 5 MS Accentsilarylene phase equivalent to 5 % diphenyl – 95 % dimethylpolysiloxane

340/360 °C G27 G36

OPTIMA® δ-3 phase with autoselectivity 340/360 °C see description on page 10 G49 no similar phases

OPTIMA® XLB phase with optimised silarylene content 340/360 °C – DB-XLB, Rtx®-XLB, MDN-12, VF-XMS

OPTIMA® δ-6 phase with autoselectivity 340/360 °C see description on page 10 – no similar phases

OPTIMA® 1301 6 % cyanopropylphenyl – 94 % dimethylpolysiloxane 300/320 °C

G43

HP-1301, DB-1301, SPB-1301, Rtx®-1301, CP-1301, 007-1301

OPTIMA® 624 6 % cyanopropylphenyl – 94 % dimethylpolysiloxane 280/300 °C HP-624, HP-VOC, DB-624, DB-VRX, SPB-

624, CP-624, Rtx®-624, Rtx®-Volatiles, 007-624, BP624, VOCOLOPTIMA® 624 LB as above, low bleed phase 280/300 °C

1 = nonpolar, = polar properties2 firsttemperatureforisothermaloperation,secondvalueforshortisothermsinatemperature

programme(pleasenote,thatforcolumnswith0.53mmIDandforcolumnswiththickerfilmstemperature limits are generally lower)

Forspecialphasesandphasestestedforspecificapplicationsseetableonpage 21

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Summary

Phase Composition Relative polarity 1 max. Tempera-ture 2

Structure USP Phases which provide a similar selectivity based on chemical and physical properties

OPTIMA® 1100 % dimethylpolysiloxane 340/360 °C

CH3

SiO

CH3 n

G1 G2 G38

PERMABOND® SE-30, OV-1, DB-1, SE-30, HP-1, SPB-1, CP-Sil 5 CB, Rtx®-1, 007-1, BP1, MDN-1, AT™-1, ZB-1, OV-101

OPTIMA® 1 MS Ultra-1, DB-1MS, HP-1MS, Rtx®-1MS, Eq-uity™-1, AT™-1MS, VF-1MS, CP-Sil 5 CB MSOPTIMA® 1 MS Accent

OPTIMA® 5 5 % phenyl – 95 % dimethylpolysiloxane 340/360 °C

CH3

SiO

m

CH3

SiO

CH3 n

G27 G36

PERMABOND® SE-52, SE-54, SE-52, DB-5, HP-5, SPB-5, CP-Sil 8, Rtx®-5, 007-5, BP5, MDN-5, AT™-5, ZB-5

OPTIMA® 5 MS 5 % diphenyl - 95 % dimethylpolysiloxane 340/360 °C SiO

m

CH3

SiO

CH3 n

G27 G36

DB-5MS, HP-5MS, Ultra-2, Equity™-5, CP-Sil 8CB low bleed/MS, Rtx®-5SIL-MS, Rtx®-5MS, 007-5MS, BPX5, MDN-5S, AT™-5MS, VF-5MS

OPTIMA® 5 MS Accentsilarylene phase equivalent to 5 % diphenyl – 95 % dimethylpolysiloxane

340/360 °C SiO

CH3

SiO

CH3

Si SiO

H3C

H3C

H3C

H3C om n

G27 G36

OPTIMA® δ-3 phase with autoselectivity 340/360 °C see description on page 10 G49 no similar phases

OPTIMA® XLB phase with optimised silarylene content 340/360 °C SiO

CH3

SiO

CH3

Si SiO

H3C

H3C

H3C

H3C om n

– DB-XLB, Rtx®-XLB, MDN-12, VF-XMS

OPTIMA® δ-6 phase with autoselectivity 340/360 °C see description on page 10 – no similar phases

OPTIMA® 1301 6 % cyanopropylphenyl – 94 % dimethylpolysiloxane 300/320 °C

(CH2)3NC

SiO

m

CH3

SiO

CH3 n

G43

HP-1301, DB-1301, SPB-1301, Rtx®-1301, CP-1301, 007-1301

OPTIMA® 624 6 % cyanopropylphenyl – 94 % dimethylpolysiloxane 280/300 °C HP-624, HP-VOC, DB-624, DB-VRX, SPB-

624, CP-624, Rtx®-624, Rtx®-Volatiles, 007-624, BP624, VOCOLOPTIMA® 624 LB as above, low bleed phase 280/300 °C

1 = nonpolar, = polar properties2 firsttemperatureforisothermaloperation,secondvalueforshortisothermsinatemperature

programme(pleasenote,thatforcolumnswith0.53mmIDandforcolumnswiththickerfilmstemperature limits are generally lower)

Forspecialphasesandphasestestedforspecificapplicationsseetableonpage 21

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MN phases for GC

Phase Composition Relative polarity 1 max. Tempera-ture 2

Structure USP Phases which provide a similar selectivity based on chemical and physical properties

OPTIMA® 1701 14 % cyanopropylphenyl – 86 % dimethylpolysiloxane 300/320 °C

G46OV-1701, DB-1701, CP-Sil 19 CB, HP-1701, Rtx®-1701, SPB-1701, 007-1701, BP10, ZB-1701

OPTIMA® 35 MSsilarylene phase with selectivity similar to a 35 % diphenyl – 65 % dimethyl-polysiloxane phase

360/370 °C G42DB-35 MS, HP-35, SPB-35, Rtx-35, 007-35, BPX-35, MDN-35, AT-35 MS, ZB-35, OV-11, VF-35 MS

OPTIMA® 17 phenylmethylpolysiloxane, 50 % phenyl 320/340 °C G3 OV-17, DB-17, HP-50+, HP-17, SPB-50, SP-

2250, Rtx®-50, CP-Sil 24 CB, 007-17, ZB-50

OPTIMA® 210 trifluoropropylmethylpolysi-loxane(50%trifluoropropyl) 260/280 °C G6 OV-210, DB-210, Rtx®-200, 007-210

OPTIMA® 22550 % cyanopropylmethyl – 50 % phenylmethylpolysi-loxane

260/280 °C G7 G19

DB-225, HP-225, OV-225, Rtx®-225, CP-Sil 43, 007-225, BP225

OPTIMA® 240 33 % cyanopropylmethyl – 67 % dimethylpolysiloxane 260/280 °C

– no similar phases

OPTIMA® WAX polyethylene glycol 20 000 daltons 250/260 °C G16

PERMABOND® CW 20 M, DB-Wax, Supel-cowax™, HP-Wax, HP-INNOWax, Rtx®-Wax, CP-Wax 52 CB, Stabilwax, 007-CW, BP20, AT™-Wax, ZB-Wax

OPTIMA® FFAP polyethylene glycol 2-nitro-terephthalate 250/260 °C G25

G35PERMABOND® FFAP, DB-FFAP, HP-FFAP, CP-SIL58CB,007-FFAP,CP-FFAPCB,Nukol

1 = nonpolar, = polar properties2 firsttemperatureforisothermaloperation,secondvalueforshortisothermsinatemperature

programme(pleasenote,thatforcolumnswith0.53mmIDandforcolumnswiththickerfilmstemperature limits are generally lower)

Forspecialphasesandphasestestedforspecificapplicationsseetableonpage 21

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Summary

Phase Composition Relative polarity 1 max. Tempera-ture 2

Structure USP Phases which provide a similar selectivity based on chemical and physical properties

OPTIMA® 1701 14 % cyanopropylphenyl – 86 % dimethylpolysiloxane 300/320 °C

(CH2)3NC

SiO

m

CH3

SiO

CH3 n

G46OV-1701, DB-1701, CP-Sil 19 CB, HP-1701, Rtx®-1701, SPB-1701, 007-1701, BP10, ZB-1701

OPTIMA® 35 MSsilarylene phase with selectivity similar to a 35 % diphenyl – 65 % dimethyl-polysiloxane phase

360/370 °C SiO

CH3

SiO

CH3

Si SiO

H3C

H3C

H3C

H3C om n

G42DB-35 MS, HP-35, SPB-35, Rtx-35, 007-35, BPX-35, MDN-35, AT-35 MS, ZB-35, OV-11, VF-35 MS

OPTIMA® 17 phenylmethylpolysiloxane, 50 % phenyl 320/340 °C

CH3

SiO

m

G3 OV-17, DB-17, HP-50+, HP-17, SPB-50, SP-2250, Rtx®-50, CP-Sil 24 CB, 007-17, ZB-50

OPTIMA® 210 trifluoropropylmethylpolysi-loxane(50%trifluoropropyl) 260/280 °C

(CH2)2F3C

SiO

n

CH3

G6 OV-210, DB-210, Rtx®-200, 007-210

OPTIMA® 22550 % cyanopropylmethyl – 50 % phenylmethylpolysi-loxane

260/280 °C(CH2)3NC

SiO

CH3

SiO

CH3

n

G7 G19

DB-225, HP-225, OV-225, Rtx®-225, CP-Sil 43, 007-225, BP225

OPTIMA® 240 33 % cyanopropylmethyl – 67 % dimethylpolysiloxane 260/280 °C

(CH2)3NC

SiO

m

CH3

CH3

SiO

CH3 n

– no similar phases

OPTIMA® WAX polyethylene glycol 20 000 daltons 250/260 °C

H

H

O C

n

OHH

H

H

C G16

PERMABOND® CW 20 M, DB-Wax, Supel-cowax™, HP-Wax, HP-INNOWax, Rtx®-Wax, CP-Wax 52 CB, Stabilwax, 007-CW, BP20, AT™-Wax, ZB-Wax

OPTIMA® FFAP polyethylene glycol 2-nitro-terephthalate 250/260 °C C

O

(OCH2CH2)m O

O3N

C

O

n

G25 G35

PERMABOND® FFAP, DB-FFAP, HP-FFAP, CP-SIL58CB,007-FFAP,CP-FFAPCB,Nukol

1 = nonpolar, = polar properties2 firsttemperatureforisothermaloperation,secondvalueforshortisothermsinatemperature

programme(pleasenote,thatforcolumnswith0.53mmIDandforcolumnswiththickerfilmstemperature limits are generally lower)

Forspecialphasesandphasestestedforspecificapplicationsseetableonpage 21

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Phase selection in GC

Selecting the proper stationary phase is the most important decision when se-lecting a capillary column for a given separation task . In this chapter you will find some guidelines and concepts that simplify the process. There are four major column parameters (primary selection features) and four hardware-and-problem adapted secondary selection features:

Primary selection features: phase polarity film thickness inner diameter column length

+ Secondary selection features: temperature stability deactivation bleeding special selectivities

Phase polarityPhase selectivity is determined by the physicochemical interactions of the solute molecules with the stationary phase .

General rule: only an adequate polarity of the GC phase leads to satisfying separation and peak shape

Use similar polarities for phase and target compounds (e . g . nonpolar molecules require nonpolar poly-siloxane phases in the column) .MN offers more than 40 different phases for gas chromatography, from very nonpolar to polar columns .

Nonpolar stationary phases, starting with 100 % dimethyl-polysiloxane, separate by volatility (i . e . boiling point) only . Typical nonpolar phases:

OPTIMA® 1 or OPTIMA® 5Typical analytes:

linear hydrocarbons (n-alkanes) .

For structures and relative polarities of MN OPTIMA® phases please refer to the table on the preceding pages .

Mid-polar phases offer additional interactions, which may improve a separation . With increasing po-larity, e . g . by introducing phenyl and/or cyanopropyl groups, the separation is increasingly influ-enced by differences in dipole moment and by charge transfer . Typical mid-polar phase:

OPTIMA® 1701Typical analytes:

molecules which can be polar-ised (e . g . aromatic compounds) .

For polar components featur-ing medium to strong hydrogen bonding capacities, polyethylene glycol phases (WAX) are the best choice for a separation . Typical polar phase:

OPTIMA® WAXTypical analytes:

alcohols and carboxylic acids .

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Phase polarity

Comparison of separation properties of selected OPTIMA® phases

0 10 20 min 30

12

3 6

5

7 8 94 10

1 23

5 6 7 8 9 104

1 2 35 6 7 8 9

10

4

1 23

56 7 8 9 10

4

1 3 2

56 7 8 9 10

4

13 256 7 8 9 104

13

2

56 7 8 9 10

4

OPTIMA® 240max. temp. 260/280 °C Cat. No. 726096.30

incr

easi

ng p

olar

ity

OPTIMA® 225max. temp. 260/280 °C Cat. No. 726084.30

OPTIMA® 210max. temp. 260/280 °C Cat. No. 726880.30

OPTIMA® 17max. temp. 320/340 °C Cat. No. 726744.30

OPTIMA® 1701max. temp. 320/340 °C Cat. No. 726320.30

OPTIMA® 5max. temp. 340/360 °C Cat. No. 726316.30

OPTIMA® 1max. temp. 340/360 °C Cat. No. 726304.30

All columns: 0.5 µm film, 30 m x 0.32 mm IDSample: MN-OPTIMA® test mixture (REF 722316)Injection: 1.0 µl, split 1: 50Carriergas: 80kPaN2Temperature: 80 °C → Tmax (isothermal), 8 °C/minDetector: FID, 260 – 300 °C

Peaks:1. Undecane2. Dodecane3. Octanol4. Dimethylaniline5. Decylamine

6. Methyl decanoate 7. Methyl unde-

canoate 8. Henicosane 9. Docosane10. Tricosane

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Autoselectivity · OPTIMA® δ phases The polarity of all standard phases is defined by their composition. In conventional mid-polar phases an increased polarity is achieved by an increase of the phenyl content in the dimethylpolysiloxane or by adding e. g. cyanopropyl or trifluoromethyl groups to the dimethylpolysiloxane often resulting in an increased ten-dency for bleeding .OPTIMA® δ phases were developed to adjust themselves to the polarity of the target compounds: with non-polar compounds the phase reacts nonpolar, for polar compounds the phase increases its polarity.

The OPTIMA® δ phases consist of cross-linked polysiloxane block polymers with defined composition, exclusively produced for MN . Polar molecules are able to induce a dipole moment in the stationary phase, so that the analytes show stronger in-teractions . We call this phenomenon autoselectivity, because the stationary phase adjusts itself to the polarity of the analytes . Thus OPTIMA® δ phases cover broader ranges of polarity .Due to their structure, OPTIMA® δ phases show very high temperature limits of 340/360 °C and low bleed levels, making them well suited for MSD or PND .

conventional phasepermanent dipole:constantinteractions

dipole of the analytes

induced dipole of OPTIMA® phases

permanent dipole of the stationary phase

permanent+ induced

dipole:autoselectivity

OPTIMA® δ

OV-1

SE-

54 O

V-17 OV-1701 OV-210 OV-240

OPT

IMA

® δ-3OPTIMA ® δ-6

range of polarities

covered by OPTIMA® δ phases

Isomeric phenols are difficult to analyse on standard phases due to coelutions. The autoselective OPTIMA® δ-3 readily separates all of 22 isomeric phenols as shown in application 250060 on page 61 .

Phase selection in GC

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Polarity · Most frequently used phasesSelectivity has to be optimized for the critical pair of components or the main component . You should always select the least polar column which solves your separation task. About 70 % of all GC separations can be performed on non- to mid-polar columns . In fact, 5-type phases (5 % phenyl – 95 % methylpolysiloxane) are the most commonly used GC phases in the world, because they generally feature high temperature stability, low col-umn bleeding and good deactivation .

The second most common phases are WAX and/or FFAP . They represent the other end of the polarity range and are well suited for all compounds with strong hydrogen bonding capacity (e . g . compounds with OH, COOH or NHx functionalities) .Mid-polar phases like 1301, 35, 17, 1701, 210 and 225 feature alternative polarities for special separations or for confirming analytical results.

Film thicknessFilm thickness of MN capillary col-umns reaches from 0.1 to 5.0 µm. Standard film thickness is 0.25 µm.Thin films (0.1 – 0.2 µm) are very well suited for high-boiling or temperature labile compounds, fast separations, or very closely eluting substances .Increasing film thickness will increase the capacity, the retention time for low-boiling compounds, and improve inertness . This is especially useful for samples with widely differing concen-trations, or for the separation of vola-tile polar substances .Better coverage of the column wall by a thicker film and a reduction of the column surface by reducing column length is favourable for extremely ac-tive substrates, which in many cases cause noticeable tailing, if they come in contact with uncoated spots of the column wall .

Thick films also mean more phase in the column, and consequently higher bleeding . This results in lower maxi-mum operating temperatures for thick film columns. In addition, thick film columns may have a lower efficiency.Variation of the film thickness is of-ten better than increasing the column length as may be seen in applications 200030 and 200041 page 196 .

Primary selection features

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Inner diameter Influence of inner diameter on resolution

Column:30m,identicalfilmthickness

0.53 mm IDRs = 0.9

0.32 mm IDRs = 1.01

Decreasing the inner diameter and thus increasing resolution is useful for high speed/Fast GC procedures, but some side effects have to be con-sidered:

retention time increases as well (at identical head pressure)

the back pressure of a small ID column increases due to restric-tion

the capacity of columns decreases (the loadability decreases, see ta-ble on previous page)

the hardware requirements for injection systems (high pressure, high speed of injection) and de-tectors (highest speed of detec-tion) increase

Because of this, GC procedures can not always take profit from the in-crease in plate numbers!

The lower the ID of a GC column, the higher is the theoretically possible number of plates per meter .

0.1 – 0.2 mm ID for high resolution and short re-tention times with low carrier gas flows (Fast GC)

0.25 mm ID all-purpose columns for analyses of complex mixtures

0.32 mm ID for routine analyses with short retention times, but increased ca-pacity

0.53 mm ID for rapid separations with inert surface and highest capacity

Plate number as a function of ID

Column ID [mm] Theoretical plates/m

0 .10 125000 .20 59400 .25 47500 .32 37100 .53 2240

Plate number and capacity as function of inner diameter

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6Inner diameter [mm]

Theoretical plates Capacity

Phase selection in GC

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Sample capacity (loadability) of a 30 m column in ngFilmthickness[µm]

Inner diameter [mm]0.2 0.25 0.32 0.53

0.10 20 – 35 25 – 50 35 – 75 50 – 1000.25 35 – 75 50 – 100 75 – 125 100 – 2500.50 75 – 150 100 – 200 125 – 250 250 – 5001.00 150 – 250 200 – 300 250 – 500 500 – 10003.00 400 – 600 500 – 800 1000 – 20005.00 1000 – 1500 1200 – 2000 2000 – 3000

Phase ratio of capillary columnsColumn length (L) and retention times (for identical flow and pressure parameters) show a linear relation; resolution is proportional to the square root of L . If other column pa-rameters (ID, film thickness) have to be adapted – for example in case of a new GC with different dimension re-quirements – a comparable separation can only be achieved with columns with similar phase ratio!

In general a higher phase ratio implies less retention power and shorter re-tention times and vice versa .

Calculation of the phase ratio:

β = r

2 dfwith r = column radius and df = film thickness

Phase ratio as a function of inner diameter and film thickness

↓ ID \ df→ 0.1 0.2 0.25 0.35 0.5 1 1.5 2 3 5

0.1 250 125.0 100 71.43 50 25.0 16.67 12.50 8.3 5.00.2 500 250.0 200 142.86 100 50.0 33.33 25.00 16.7 10.00.25 625 312.5 250 178.57 125 62.5 41.67 31.25 20.8 12.50.32 800 400.0 320 228.57 160 80.0 53.33 40.00 26.7 16.00.53 1325 662.5 530 378.57 265 132.5 88.33 66.25 44.2 26.5

Primary column parameters

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Column lengthColumn length is directly proportional to the separation efficiency (number of plates N) . Longer columns show increased reso-lution, however, R is proportional to the square root of N, i . e . a doubled column length only increases the res-olution by a factor of 1 .4, while cost and analysis time are proportional to the length . Routine separations are most fre-quently performed on 25 or 30 m columns, while complex mixtures may require 50 or 60 m columns . 10 m columns with 0 .10 mm ID are used for Fast GC .As a rule of thumb: use about 1 m column length per component in your mixture.

Fast GC Characteristics of Fast GC are de-creased column diameters, high heating rates and decreased column length for faster GC separations with high resolution efficiency.

small inner diameters combined with fast temperature programs can reduce the analysis time by up to 80 %

high heating rates place special demands on stationary phases: OPTIMA® columns meet exactly this requirement, as they show very low bleeding and provide long lifetimes, even when contin-uously subjected to high heating rates

small inner diameters result in high column inlet pressures and a lower volume flow of the mobile phase, which as a consequence require very fast injection of very small samples against a high pressure

the amount of sample, which can be injected, is limited by the inner diameter and the thin film

high sensitivity detectors with small volume and extremely short response time, as well as a very rapid data acquisition and processing are required

For comparison of a separation on a 50 m standard capillary with a sepa-ration on a 10 m fast GC column see application 211260 on page 151 .

Influence of column length on resolution and retention time

Columns: OPTIMA® 1, 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm

Carrier gas: 1 ml/min He, isothermalPeaks: FAMEs

1. C18:2, 2. C18:1, 3. C18

2.0

1

2

3

2.2

15 m

3.5 3.8

30 m

3

21

9.5 10.0min

60 m

3

21

Phase selection in GC

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Temperature stabilityHigh temperature stability of a col-umn is beneficial for high-boiling solutes with very low vapour pres-sures, which normally have very long retention times and rather broad peak shapes . Since OPTIMA® columns can be operated at increased tempera-tures, they elute high-boiling com-pounds faster and with better peak shapes .

Maximum operating temperatures for OPTIMA® phases

OPTIMA® phase max. Temp. [°C]

1 340/360

incr

easi

ng p

olar

ity,

dec

reas

ing

tem

pera

ture

sta

bilit

y

1 MS 340/360

1 MS Accent 340/360

5 340/360

5 MS 340/360

5 MS Accent 340/360

δ-3 340/360

XLB 340/360

δ-6 340/360

1301 300/320

624 / 624 LB 280/300

1701 300/320

35 MS 360/370

17 320/340

210 260/280

225 260/280

240 260/280

WAX 250/260

FFAP 250/260

*firsttemperatureforisothermaloperation,secondvalueforshort isotherms in a tempera-ture programme (please note, thatforcolumnswith0.53mmIDandforcolumnswiththickerfilmstemperaturelimitsaregenerally lower)

Improved peak shape at higher temperatures

Injection: 0.6 µl, split 1:100Carrier gas: 0.4 bar Hea) Temperature: 100 °C isothermal

widthofpeak2:1.4minb) Temperature: 130 °C isothermal

widthofpeak2:0.5min

0

1 2

10min

0

b)

a)

12

5 min

Secondary column parameters

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DeactivationThe quality of deactivation in GC col-umns is influenced by

the deactivation of the glass tube itself

the binding process of the poly-siloxane or polyethylene glycol to the glass wall

the composition and thickness of the film

the constancy / quality of the cov-erage of the column wall

Quality control of OPTIMA® columnsThe deactivation process of OPTIMA® columns is optimized for excellent chromatographic performance, im-proved peak shape, efficiency and sensitivity . Performance of each GC column from MN is tested by stringent quality con-trol procedures including

column efficiency by measuring the separation number (number of resolved peaks between two members of a series of homo-logue compounds, in this case FAMEs C11 and C12) in a tem-perature programme (8 °C/min)

polarity by measuring the reten-tion index of octanol versus de-cane and undecane

bleeding as difference in base-line values at start and end of the temperature programme

inertness by measuring the peak height ratio for decylamine/un-decane (for non- to mid-polar phases)

All MN columns are supplied with test chromatograms of standard test mix-tures stating the actual performance of the column (MS columns addition-ally include the chromatogram of a trace test diluted 1:100) . Additionally, we include the corresponding test mixture .

polyimide

film

glass

optimal column with even film and perfectly covered walls

polyimide

film defect

glass active area

column with film defect causing an active area, where analytes can inter-act with the glass wall, resulting in tailing

polyimide

film defect

glass

thicker films help to avoid active areas, even when the film is not perfectly smooth resulting in less or no tailing

The possibility of film defects in-creases with increasing column length and decreasing film thickness. Thus especially for polar compounds thin film columns may cause problems like tailing or deformed peaks due to uncontrolled interactions with active spots on the column wall .

Phase selection in GC

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Typical test chromatograms of an OPTIMA® column

Examples of OPTIMA® column performance and deactivation

Column: OPTIMA® 35 MS, 30 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm

Injection: 1 µl, split 1:20, 1 ng/peakCarrier gas: 1.0 ml/min HeTemperature: 80 °C

10 °C/min→ 320 °C (10 min)

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. o-Anisidine2. 4-Chloroaniline3. p-Cresidine4. 2,4,5-Trimethylaniline5. 4-Chloro-o-toluidine

6 7 8

1

2

3

4

5

min

Column: OPTIMA® 5 MS Accent, 30 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm

Injection: 1 µl, split 1:50, 0.2 ng/peakCarriergas: 80kPaHeTemperature: 80 °C

8 °C/min→ 360 °C

Detector: MSD Peaks: 1. Octanol2. Undecane3. Dimethylamine

7

13

2

8 9 min

Secondary column parameters

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Column bleedingDegradation of a methylpolysiloxane chain forming hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane

OSi

O

SiO

SiO

Si

H

OSiOO

SiO

SiO

SiO

Si

H

OSiO+

Δ

Column bleeding is a thermal degra-dation of the siloxane polymer caused by splitting of siloxane bonds with lower bond energies (see formula above) . Bleeding is accelerated near the up-per temperature limit of the station-ary phase (normally above 180 °C) . In the presence of oxygen or water bleeding even starts at much lower temperatures . This is why the purity of the carrier gas is very important, especially when working at high tem-peratures .

Column bleed increases as column length increases, because longer col-umns contain more of the stationary phase. However, don’t let this fact discourage you to use a longer col-umn if necessary .Column bleed also increases as film thickness increases . Since thicker films are more retentive, later eluting peaks may shift into a region of much higher column bleed when increas-ing film thickness as is shown in the chromatogram below .

Column bleeding at elevated temperatureColumn: OPTIMA®5Amine,30x0.32mmID,1.5µmfilm,REF726356.30,

max. temperature 300/320 °CInjection: 1 µl, split 1:35Carrier gas: 1.5 bar HeTemperature: 80 °C

8 °C/min→ 320 °C (10 min)

Detector: FIDPeaks:1. Octanol2. Undecane3. Dimethylaniline4. Dodecane5. Decylamine6. Methyl decanoate7. Methyl undecanoate8. Henicosane9. Docosane10. Tricosane 0

1

2

3

4

56 7

8 910

10 20 30 min

Phase selection in GC

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As is shown in the mass spectrum below, the major “bleed” ion from a 5-type phase is m/z = 207 resulting from hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3), the second important ion m/z = 281 results from the cyclic degradation product with 4 units (D4) .

Influence of the type of detectorThe impact of bleeding on the signal to noise ratio of a chromatogram is much more pronounced for ion trap MS detectors than for FID detectors as is shown in the graphs below . With FID detection, the ratio of D4 to the analyte peak A is about 0 .5; with MS detection it is about 3! This is why columns with low bleed characteris-tics are especially important for use with MS detection .Mass spectrum of a 5-type phase

320 °C, TIC, 50 – 500 amu

100

207

281

200 300

Chromatogram of the same sample analysed with FID and MSD

D3

D4

D4 : A ~ 0.5 D4 : A ~ 3

AFID MSD

D3

D4

A

Benefits of low bleed columns in GCLow bleed columns allow

higher operating temperatures re-sulting in shorter run times

less pollution of the detection system

improved detectability of solutes in GC/MS analyses

increased detectability due to an improved signal to noise ratio as is shown in the traces at right

107.2

107.4

107.6

89.8

90

0 10 20 30 s

OPTIMA® 5 MS Accent

Standard 5 MS Phase

FID

Sig

nal i

n m

V

Secondary column parameters

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Low-bleed GC/MS columnsStandard columns with 5-type phases contain phenyl and methyl substituted siloxanes in the ratio 5:95 as shown in the structure below

SiO

CH3

SiO

CH3

Si OO

CH3

Si

CH3

O

CH3

CH3 n

The first generation of low-bleed GC/MS columns contains diphenyl siloxane groups which improve bleed characteristics due to steric hindrance of the formation of D3 and D4 .

SiO

CH3

SiO

CH3

O Si SiO

CH3

CH3 n

Silarylene-type columns (see figure below) are stabilised by insertion of arylene groups in the siloxane chain, offering lowest bleeding and high in-ertness even at higher temperatures .

SiO

CH3

SiO

CH3

Si SiO

H3C

H3C

H3C

H3C om n

Comparison of bleeding characteris-tics of 5-type columns

Columns: 30 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm

Injection: 1 µl, split 1:50Carriergas: 80kPaHeTemperature: 80 °C

8 °C/min→ 360 °C

Detector: FIDChromatograms:a) conventional 5-type phaseb) conventional 5-MS phasec) OPTIMA® 5 MS Accent

0

a)

b)

c)

40302010 min

Phase selection in GC

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Achiral columns for special separationsCertain analytical separations can be performed more easily with chromato-graphic columns, which have been especially developed or tested for the re-spective task . The following table summarises our programme of GC speciality capillaries . Page numbers refer to the cited applications .

Phase composition Recommended application Typical application

Page

OPTIMA® 5 Amine5 % phenyl – 95 % methyl-polysiloxaneespecially deactivated

polyfunctional amines such as ethanolamines, amino-functionalised diols

250050 210280

138 140

FS-CW 20 M-AMpolyethylene glycol, basic, non-immobilised

amines 201520 201530

139 139

PERMABOND® P-100dimethylpolysiloxane petrochemical products 200071 199

PERMABOND® SE-54 HKW1 % vinyl – 5 % phenyl – 94 % methylpolysiloxane

volatile halogenated hydrocarbons

212480 200150

40 46

OPTIMA® 1-TG dimethylpolysiloxane triglycerides according to

carbon number200050 197

OPTIMA® 17-TG

phenyl-methyl-polysiloxane (50 % phenyl)

triglycerides according to degree of unsaturation

201800 176

PERMABOND® Silanemonomeric silanes and chlorosilanes

200090 148

PERMABOND® CW 20 M-DEGpolyethylene glycol, tested for diethylene glycol

diethylene glycol in wine 201500 160

Special selectivities

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Chiral columns for enantiomer separationFor chiral columns it is not possible to make a general prediction, which phase could solve a given separation task . Even for compounds with small structural differences the enantio-differentiation can be quite different. For numerous chiral separations – arranged by increasing molecular size – refer to pages 201 – 275 . Page numbers in the table below refer to the cited typical applications .

Phase Composition max . Temp . [° C]

Typical application

Page

LIPODEX® cyclodextrin phasesLIPODEX® is patented under EP 0407 412 and US Re . 36 .092LIPODEX® A hexakis-(2,3,6-tri-O-

pentyl)-α-cyclodextrin200/220 202851 212

LIPODEX® B hexakis-(2,6-di-O-pentyl-3-O-acetyl)-α-cyclodextrin

200/220 202861 205

LIPODEX® C heptakis-(2,3,6-tri-O-pentyl)-β-cyclodextrin

200/220 201880 210

LIPODEX® D heptakis-(2,6-di-O-pentyl-3-O-acetyl)-β-cyclodextrin

200/220 202871 227

LIPODEX® E octakis-(2,6-di-O-pentyl-3-O-butyryl)-γ-cyclodextrin

200/220 212761 202

LIPODEX® G octakis-(2,3-di-O-pentyl-6-O-methyl)-γ-cyclodextrin

220/240 250410 259

HYDRODEX cyclodextrin phases, diluted with optimized polysiloxanesHYDRODEX β-PM heptakis-(2,3,6-tri-O-

methyl)-β-cyclodextrin230/250 202030 272

HYDRODEX β-3P heptakis-(2,6-di-O-methyl-3-O-pentyl)-β-cyclodextrin

230/250 201920 266

HYDRODEX β-6TBDM

heptakis-(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-t-butyldimethyl-silyl)-β-cyclodextrin

230/250 250170 274

HYDRODEX β-TBDAc

heptakis-(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-t-butyldimethyl-silyl)-β-cyclodextrin

220/240 212430 265

HYDRODEX γ-TBDAc

octakis-(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-t-butyldimethyl-silyl)-γ-cyclodextrin

220/240 212980 262

Phase selection in GC

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Sometimes it may be difficult to apply the data of a given GC application in reality, because every manufacturer of GC equipment has its own standards and specifications (depending on the country) . The physical parameters are fixed, but an adaption has to be made .

Sometimes an older application uses different or out-dated parameters which are no longer in useThe tables and information in this chapter were compiled to separate the “jungle” in order to give practicable professional hints .

Selection of the optimum carrier gasFor optimum column performance, hydrogen carrier gas offers some strong advantages over helium or ni-trogen . Hydrogen yields higher plate numbers (= better resolution) at rapid linear velocities and achieves higher velocities at lower pressures . At the same time, the presence of extra hydrogen is advantageous for flame ionization and other detectors that use hydrogen fuel gas .Nevertheless, in practical work H2 is not used so often, because it is the gas with the highest price and the highest danger potential!

Helium is not so dangerous, cheaper, with a similar separation efficiency and for this reason the most recom-mended gas for modern routine anal-ysis . For sure nitrogen has the lowest price, but many separation problems can be avoided or solved directly by switching from N2 to He or H2 . The following tables show, that H2 has the highest gas velocity and the lowest viscosity of all commonly used gases for GC (H2, He, N2) .

We recommend: if a high resolution (e. g. for chiral separations) or a short analysis time is required, use hydrogen!

Physical parameters of GC gasesGas Viscosity * Linear velocity at 25 °C

300 K 500 K g/mol m/s km/h Factor N2 FaktorHe FaktorH2

H2 9.0 12.7 2.016 1920 6920 3.8 1.4 1He 20.0 28.4 4.003 1370 4930 2.7 1 0.71N2 17.9 28.014 510 1840 1 0.37 0.26O2 32 480 1720*fromHandbookofChemistryandPhysics,72nd Edition

The mobile phase in GC

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Optimized working conditions for GCThe table below shows the optimum working conditions for standard col-umns with common lengths and inner diameters . If you adjust your GC pa-rameters to these values, you can be sure to work in the optimum chroma-tographic region according to the van Deemter curves . If your parameters are outside these values, you will loose separation efficiency and the results may no longer be ideal (poor separation, analysis time too long, dead time too short) . The short dead times mirror the high speed of H2 compared to the other gases . If the same inlet pressures are applied for hydrogen as for helium, peaks are eluted in less time, be-cause the linear velocity of H2 is faster than that of helium . In general, when switching from helium to hydrogen retention times will be roughly cut in half if the inlet pressure is unchanged .

Plate height and gas velocityThe Van Deemter equation shows how the plate heighthdependsontheflowvelocityufor3differentGCgases:

u

h N2

H2

He

20

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

40 60 80

h A Bu---- C u⋅+ +=

A Eddydiffusion;forWCOTcapillarycolumnsA = 0

B molecularaxialdiffusion;Bisafunctionofthediffusioncoefficientofthecomponentinthe respective carrier gas

C resistancetomasstransferInpracticeoftenhighervelocitiesthanuopt. are chosen,ifseparationefficiencyissufficient,since higher carrier velocities mean shorter retention times.

Gas Column Average velocity. [cm/s]

Outletflow[ml/min]

Head pressure Dead time [min]length

[m]ID

[mm][kPa] [psi] [bar]

Nitrogen 10 0.10 8 – 16 0.04 – 0.1 55 – 112 8 – 16 0.5 – 1.1 2.1 – 1.0

N2

25 0.20 8 – 16 0.14 – 0.33 34 – 69 5 – 10 0.3 – 0.69 5.2 – 2.630 0.25 8 – 16 0.21 – 0.48 26 – 53 3.8 – 7.6 0.26 – 0.53 6.3 – 3.130 0.32 8 – 16 0.33 – 0.72 16 – 32 2.3 – 4.6 0.16 – 0.32 6.3 – 3.130 0.53 8 – 16 0.88 – 1.79 5.8 – 11.7 0.8 – 1.7 0.06 – 0.11 6.3 – 3.1

Helium 10 0.10 20 – 40 0.14 – 0.45 156 – 330 22 – 48 1.6 – 3.3 0.83 – 0.42

He25 0.20 20 – 40 0.46 – 1.29 95 – 200 14 – 29 0.95 – 1.99 2.1 – 1.030 0.25 20 – 40 0.65 – 1.74 72 – 150 10 – 22 0.7 – 1.5 2.5 – 1.2530 0.32 20 – 40 0.95 – 2.29 43 – 89 6.3 – 12.9 0.43 – 0.89 2.5 – 1.2530 0.53 20 – 40 2.3 – 4.92 16 – 32 2.3 – 4.6 0.16 – 0.32 2.5 – 1.25

Hydrogen 10 0.10 30 – 55 0.18 – 0.47 113 – 215 16 – 31 1.1 – 2.1 0.55 – 0.3

H2

25 0.20 30 – 55 0.62 – 1.43 69 – 130 10 – 19 0.69 – 1.3 1.4 – 0.730 0.25 30 – 55 0.9 – 2.0 53 – 99 7.6 – 14 0.5 – 0.9 1.7 – 0.930 0.32 30 – 55 1.35 – 2.8 32 – 59 4.6 – 8.5 0.32 – 0.59 1.7 – 0.930 0.53 30 – 55 3.35 – 6.5 11.5 – 21.4 1.7 – 3.1 0.12 – 0.21 1.7 – 0.9

Oven temperature 100 °C, split 10:1, injector temperature 175 °C

Working conditions in GC

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Pressure conversion chartMultiplyvalueforunitintheleftcolumnbythefactorgiveninthetablebelowthedesiredunit↓ Unit → kPa bar atm psi kgcm–2 TorrkPa 1 0.0100 0.00987 0.1450 0.0102 7.52bar 100 1 0.9869 14.5038 1.0197 751.88atm 101.32 1.0133 1 14.696 1.0332 760psi 6.8948 0.06895 0.068 1 0.0703 51.713kgcm–2 98.06 0.9806 0.9678 14.223 1 735.56Torr 0.1330 0.00133 0.00132 0.0193 0.00136 1Examples: to convert 250 bar to psi, multiply 250 by 14.5038 = 3626 psi

toconvert3000psitokPa,multiply3000by6.8948=20684.4kPa

Conversion of concentrations and amounts of sample per injectionThe table shows common concentrations and injection volumes for GC . The up-per half is the standard region of detectable concentrations (TCD and FID detectors) and the lower half is the region of ultra trace analysis (MS, Ion Trap, Quadrupol MS, ECD)

Concentration Injection 1 µl[%] [g/g]

[g/ml][g/kg] [g/l] [ppm] [ppb]

splitless [ng]

split 1: 10 [ng]

100 1 1 000 1 000 000 1 000 000 000 1 000 000 100 00010 0.1 100 100 000 100 000 000 100 000 10 0001 0.01 10 10 000 10 000 000 10 000 1 0000.1 0.001 1 1 000 1 000 000 1 000 1000.01 0.000 1 0.1 100 100 000 100 100.001 0.000 01 0.01 10 10 000 10 1

[µg/g] [µg/ml]

[mg/kg] [mg/l]

0.000 1 1 1 1 1 000 1 0.10.000 01 0.1 0.1 0.1 100 0.1 0.010.000 001 0.01 0.01 0.01 10 0.01 0.0010.000 000 1 0.001 0.001 0.001 1 0.001 0.000 10.000 000 01 0.000 1 0.000 1 0.000 1 0.1 0.000 1 0.000 010.000 000 001 0.000 01 0.000 01 0.000 01 0.01 0.000 01 0.000 0010.000 000 000 1 0.000 001 0.000 001 0.000 001 0.001 0.000 001 0.000 0001

Conversion tables

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DerivatisationThe purpose of derivatisationIn gas chromatography it is often ad-vantageous to derivatise polar func-tional groups (mainly active hydrogen atoms) with suitable reagents . Prereq-uisite for successful derivatisation is quantitative, rapid and reproducible formation of only one derivative . Aim of this reaction is an improved volatil-ity, better thermal stability or a lower limit of detection due to improved peak symmetry .

The halogen atoms introduced by derivatisation (e. g. trifluoroacetates) allow specific detection (ECD) with the advantage of high sensitivity . Elution orders and fragmentation patterns in mass spectroscopy can be influenced by a specific derivatisation. The deri-vatisation examples in the table are meant as a first orientation and have to be adjusted or optimized for spe-cial problems .

Selection guide for derivatisation of important functional groups in GCFunction method derivative recommended reagents

Alcohols, PhenolsR’OH

silylation R’O – TMS BSA, MSTFA, MSHFBA, TSIM, SILYL-2110, SILYL-21, SILYL-1139

acylation R’O – CO – R TFAA, HFBA, MBTFA, MBHFBAalkylation R’O – R TMSH

ster. hindered silylation R’O – TMS TSIM, BSTFA, SILYL-991Aminesprim., sec.

silylation R’ – NR’’ – TMS BSA, MSTFA, MSHFBA, SILYL-991acylation R’ – NR’’ – CO – R TFAA, HFBA, MBTFA, MBHFBA

hydrochlorides silylation R’ – NR’’ – TMS MSTFAAmides silylation not stable

acylation R’ – CO – NH – CO – R TFAA, MBTFA, HFBA, MBHFBAAmino acids silylation

R’ – CHCO – O – TMS

NH – TMS

BSA, BSTFA, MSTFA, MSHFBA

alkyl.(a) + acyl. (b) R’ – CH

CO – O – R

NH – CO – R

a) MeOH/TMCS, TMSH b) TFAA, HFBA, MBTFA, MBHFBA

Carboxylic acids(fattyacids)

silylation R’ – CO – O – TMSsusceptible to hydrolysis

BSA, MSTFA, MSHFBA, TMCS, TSIM, SILYL-2110, SILYL-21, Silyl-1139

alkylation R’ – CO – O – R DMF-DMA, MeOH/TMCS (1 M), TMSHsalts silylation R’ – CO – O – TMS

susceptible to hydrolysisTMCS

Carbo-hydrates

silylation MSTFA, TSIM, HMDS, SILYL-1139acylation TFAA, MBTFA

Steroids silylation BSA, TSIMacylation TFAA, MBTFA, HFBA, MBHFBA

Derivatisation in GC

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Water on GC columnsWater causes trouble right from the beginning because of its high expan-sion volume. This overload effect of the injector is called “backflash” and leads to poor separations and bad peak shapes . Reproducibility is not guaranteed for repeated injections . The table shows the different gas vol-umes of common GC solvents . Here you find the reason, why nonpolar solvents are always preferred in GC . Even very polar analytes should be injected in nonprotic solvents (if pos-sible) .

Water can extinguish the FID flame or decrease the sensitivity of an ECD .

Because nonpolar GC phases can-not be wetted well by water, a compound with good solubility in water can show poor peak shapes or double peaks .

GC phases which can be used with water samples – without risk of a direct damage – are phases without oxidizable groups, e . g . OPTIMA® 1, 5, 35, 17, Wax, FFAP types and OPTIMA® δ-3 and δ-6.More critical are 1301, 1701, 225 and 240 types, because the cyano groups can be oxidised or destroyed catalyti-cally (by acids, bases or metals) . The phase has still its correct film thick-ness, but it is chromatographically “dead”!All Cyclodextrin columns are directly destroyed by water, so the samples must be dried before injection . We recommend the use of drying car-tridges like CHROMAFIX® Dry (REF 731852) .Rule: the higher film thickness is, the more stable the column is to-wards water.

Water itself is not so critical, but the (possible) ingredients can be (salts, catalysts, acids, bases) . When columns have been run with aqueous sam-ples, they should be heated at least at 150 °C in order to remove the wa-ter film completely from the column. Lower temperatures have no effect resulting in poor reproducibility .

Volume expansion of solventsSolvent Gas volume [µl]n-Hexane 140Ethyl acetate 185Acetone 245Dichloromethane 285Acetonitrile 350Methanol 450Water 1010Injection 1 µl, injector temperature 250 °C, pressure 20 psi

Attention: a water sample can con-tain a (maybe unknown) concen-tration of salts. This salt load can damage each column immediately.

If water cannot be avoided, some points have to be considered:

In order to prevent condensation on the column, the start tempera-ture in the oven should be at least 100 °C or higher for a better peak shape .

Do’s and don’ts in GC

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Observation / Possible causes Suggested remedy

No peaks, no gas flowdetector has no power checkdetectorpowersupplyandcablesnoFIDflame checkFID;reigniteitsyringedefective/clogged useadifferentsyringeorcleanittemperaturetoolowfortheanalytes checktemperatureprogramme,oventemperature

(external thermometer)detector/software/computerhardwarefailure checkintegrator,cables;restartcomputernogasflow checkgastubes,valves,seals;testgasflow;

shortenfrontofGCcolumn,changeinjectionseptumcolumnconnectionleaks usenewferrulesbrokenGCcolumn ifbreakageisatthebeginningorattheend,remove

theshortpiece;breakageinthemiddlecanbemendedwithaglassconnector;formultiplebreak-ages replace column

Tailing

sample vaporises too slowly, not evenly or condenses

increase injector temperature (consider max. tem-peraturelimitsofthecolumn)

high-boiling analytes derivatise polar, basic or high boiling compoundssystemleaks checkcolumninstallation;searchforleaks;replace

ferrulesanalytes coelute change temperature programme or use column with

differentselectivitysample decomposes checktemperatureprogramme,oventemperature

(externalthermometer);ifanalytesarenottemper-ature-stable,reduceinjectortemperature;replaceliner by a deactivated one

column absorbs or decomposes analytes checkcapillaryends;checkintactdeactivationusingthetestmixture;forpoorresultsshortenbothcolumnendsbyabout10cm;orreplacecolumn;ifcolumntestdoesnotshowanydefects: a)useacolumnwiththickerfilm b) use phase with better deactivation c) use column with special selectivity

split rate too low increase split rateanalytes always tending to tail nochanceforsymmetricpeaks

Do’s and don’ts in GC

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Observation / Possible causes Suggested remedy

Fronting

column overload decreaseinjectionvolume;dilutesamplesample vaporises too slowly, not evenly or condenses

increase injector temperature (consider max. tem-peraturelimitsofthecolumn)

analytes coelute change temperature programme or use column with differentselectivity

sample decomposes checktemperatureprogramme,oventemperature(externalthermometer);ifanalytesarenottempera-ture-stable,reduceinjectortemperature;replaceliner

column absorbs or decomposes analytes checkcapillaryends;checkintactdeactivationusingthetestmixture;forpoorresultsshortenbothcolumnendsbyabout10cm;orreplacecolumn;ifcolumntestdoesnotshowanydefects: a)useacolumnwiththickerfilm b) use phase with better deactivation c) use column with special selectivity

Small peaks on fronting or tailing of bigger peaks

column not properly installed checkcapillaryends;checktightandcorrectfitininjector and detector

temperatureofinjectiontoolow checkinjectortemperature;ifanalytesarestable,increase temperature

solvent not compatible with GC phase change solventsplitterdefect measureflowandadjustsplitterpoorly deactivated column, filmthicknesstoolow

checkcapillaryends;checkintactdeactivationusingthetestmixture;forpoorresultsshortenbothcolumnendsbyabout10cm;orreplacecolumn

Plateaus at certain temperatures

steps in temperature programme too drastic avoid very short and strong heating periods

GC troubleshooting

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Double peaks, doubled peak tops

solvent and column not compatible change solvent or use guard columnsolventmixtureswithlargedifferences in boiling point and polarity

use just one solvent

sample decomposes checktemperatureprogramme,oventemperature(externalthermometer);ifanalytesarenottemper-ature-stable,reduceinjectortemperature;replaceliner by a deactivated one

analytes coelute modifytemperatureprogrammeoruselongercol-umn;possiblychangecolumnpolarity

detector overload injectless;controlmake-upflow

Missing or overlapping peaks, poor separation efficiency

syringedefective/clogged useadifferentsyringeorcleanitsample too diluted increaseinjectionvolume;concentratesamplesample concentration too high decreaseinjectionvolume;dilutesamplecolumnconnectionleaks, column not properly installed

checkcolumninstallation;searchforleaks;replaceferrules

perforatedinjectionseptum replace septuminjector temperature too low checktemperatureprogramme;increaseinjector

temperaturesample decomposes in the injector checktemperatureprogramme;reduceinjectortem-

perature;replaceliner;checkcapillaryendscolumn oven too hot checktemperatureprogramme,oventemperature

(externalthermometer);decreasetemperaturewrongflowrate measureflowandcorrectitifnecessarycolumn absorbs or decomposes analytes checkcapillaryends;checkintactdeactivationusing

thetestmixture;forpoorresultsshortenbothcolumnendsbyabout10cm;orreplacecolumn;ifcolumntestdoesnotshowanydefects: a)useacolumnwiththickerfilm b) use phase with better deactivation c) use column with special selectivity

Do’s and don’ts in GC

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Observation / Possible causes Suggested remedy

Broad peaks

poorfocussing decreasestarttemperatureoftheprogrammeflowtoohighortoolow measureflow,controlandadjustitifnecessarysplit rate too low increase split ratecolumn overloaded decrease injection volume, dilute sample or increase

splitflownosolventfocussingeffect decrease oven temperature or use solvent with

higher boiling point

Cut tops of peaks, broad peaks

detector overload decreaseinjectionvolume;dilutesample;increasethesplitflow

column overload decreaseinjectionvolume;increasesplitflowzero point is outside the display change scale

Strong noise, wavesleakatcolumnentranceorinjectionseptum checkcolumninstallation;searchforleaks;replace

ferrulesbleedingofseptum/injectorcontaminated makearunwithlowerinjectortemperature;ifthe

baseline improves, replace liner, use low bleed or high temperature septa

septum particles in column entrance cut1turnfromcolumnentrance;replaceinjectionseptumcolumn contaminated cuttwoturnsfromcolumnentrance;rinsecolumn

withsolvent(onlychemicallybondedphases);otherwise replace column or use guard column

column not properly conditioned conditioncolumnaccordingtomanufacturers’instruc-tions (while column is not connected to the detector)

hardwaredefect checktemperatureprogramme,oventemperature(externalthermometer);contactyourGCmanufac-turer

detector contaminated clean detectorincreaseoftemperaturetoofast decrease temperature gradient and end temperaturepoor gas quality usegasgradesrecommendedforGC;forlonger

supplylinesfromgassourcetoGCusegaspurifica-tion cartridges directly connected to the GC

GC troubleshooting

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Observation / Possible causes Suggested remedy

Increasing baseline, at high temperature bleeding or noise

septum particles in column entrance cutoneturnfromcolumnentrance;replaceinjectionseptum

column contaminated cuttwoturnsfromcolumnentrance;rinsecolumnwithsolvent(onlychemicallybondedphases);otherwise replace column or use guard column

increaseoftemperaturetoofast/ end temperature too high

decrease temperature gradient and end temperature

column not properly conditioned conditioncolumnaccordingtomanufacturers’instruc-tions (while column is not connected to the detector)

detector contaminated clean detectorpoor gas quality usegasgradesrecommendedforGC;forlonger

supplylinesfromgassourcetoGCusegaspurifica-tion cartridges directly connected to the GC

filmthicknessincolumntoohigh usecolumnwiththinnerfilmcolumnstabilitynotsufficientfordetectorsensitivity

use special low bleed column types

Constantly rising baseline

leakatcolumnentranceorinjectionseptum checkcolumninstallation;searchforleaks;replaceferrules

bleedingofseptum/injectorcontaminated makearunatlowerinjectortemperature;ifthebaseline improves, replace liner, use low bleed or high temperature septa

septum particles in column entrance cutoneturnfromcolumnentrance;replaceinjectionseptum

column contaminated cuttwoturnsfromcolumnentrance;rinsecolumnwithsolvent(onlychemicallybondedphases);otherwise replace column or use guard column

detector contaminated clean detectorincreaseoftemperaturetoofast decrease temperature gradient and end temperature poor gas quality usegasgradesrecommendedforGC;forlonger

supplylinesfromgassourcetoGCusegaspurifica-tion cartridges directly connected to the GC

Do’s and don’ts in GC

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Observation / Possible causes Suggested remedy

Constantly declining baseline

gasflowchangeswithtemperaturegradient checkgascontentingascylinder;pressuremustbeafewbarabovetherequiredpressureatmax.temperature;otherwiseexchangegascylinder

Short lifetime, poor resolution, lack of separation efficiency

impurities on the column cuttwoturnsfromcolumnentrance;rinsecolumnwithsolvent(onlychemicallybondedphases);otherwise replace column or use guard column

contaminationfromvials/septaorsamplepreparation

checkSPEand/orautosamplervials;uselowbleedor high temperature septa

polymerisation on the column use guard column (at least 10 m)separationefficiencydecreasesforrepeatedinjections,improvesafterreconditioning

useguardcolumn;reduceinjectionvolume;modifytemperatureprogramme;forrepeatedinjectionsin-creaseendtemperature(ifpossible)anduselongertemperature programme

temperature too high / temperature increase toofast

decrease oven temperature and / or temperature gradient (should not be higher than 25 °C/min)

coolingtoofast do not open oven door at high temperaturestemperature too low / condensation increase injector temperature and/or start temperaturepoor deactivation checkcapillaryends;checkintactdeactivationusing

thetestmixture;forpoorresultsshortenbothcolumnendsbyabout10cm;orreplacecolumn;ifcolumntestdoesnotshowanydefects: a)useacolumnwiththickerfilm b) use phase with better deactivation c) use column with special selectivity

air in the system use oxygen absorber or gas grade with less oxygenwater content too high reduce water contenthead-space analysis: permanent air injections displaceoxygenfromvialswithaninertgas

GC troubleshooting

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Observation / Possible causes Suggested remedy

Regular interfering peaks

bleedingofsiliconsepta replace injection septum, use low bleed or high temperature septa

poor gas quality usegasgradesrecommendedforGC;forlongersupplylinesfromgassourcetoGCusegaspurifica-tion cartridges directly connected to the GC

FID: dust or contaminants in the detector cleandetector;ifparticlesarevisibleinthecolumnorcolumnendsarenotcutprecisely(frayededges),cuttwoturnsfromthecolumnentrance

electronicdefect,damagedcableordetector replacecable,contactyourGCmanufacturer

Irregular interfering peaks, spikes, ghost peaks

contaminationfromvials/septaorsamplepreparation

controlSPEand/orautosamplervials;uselowbleed or high temperature septa

derivatisation not quantitative checkderivatisationprotocol;usemorereactivederivatisation reagents

dirty syringe useadifferentsyringeorcleanitsample decomposes checktemperatureprogramme,oventemperature

(externalthermometer);ifanalytesarenottemper-ature-stable,reduceinjectortemperature;replaceliner

column absorbs or decomposes analytes checkcapillaryends;checkintactdeactivationusingthetestmixture;forpoorresultsshortenbothcolumnendsbyabout10cm;orreplacecolumn;ifcolumntestdoesnotshowanydefects: a)useacolumnwiththickerfilm b) use phase with better deactivation c) use column with special selectivity

sample volume too high, double injection reducesamplevolumeoraddablankrunafterahigh volume injection

poor gas quality usegasgradesrecommendedforGC;forlongersupplylinesfromgassourcetoGCusegaspurifica-tion cartridges directly connected to the GC

Do’s and don’ts in GC

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MN 35

Observation / Possible causes Suggested remedy

Decreased or differing retention times

speedofgastoohigh compareflowatcolumnentranceandoutletwithpresetflow;checkand/orcleangastubes; incaseofpressurebuild-upcutandremoveoneturn(20cm)fromthecolumnorreplacecolumn

oven temperature too high checktemperatureprogramme,oventemperature(externalthermometer);decreasetemperature

Increased or differing retention times/ low gas flow

speedofgastoolow increaseflowcolumnconnectionleaks, column not properly installed

checkcolumninstallation;searchforleaks;replaceferrules.

oven temperature too low checktemperatureprogramme,oventemperature(externalthermometer); iftheanalytesarestable,increasetemperature

strongdecreaseofgaspressure replaceseptum; foraninstrumentwithpressure/temperaturecontrol,flowmustbehigherthan15psiabovethedemandatmax.temperatureoftheprogramme

tubes / capillaries / column constricted or blocked

compareflowatcolumnentranceandoutletwithpresetflow;checkand/orcleangastubes; incaseofpressurebuild-upcutandremoveoneturn(20cm)fromthecolumnorreplacecolumn

Negative peaks, negative signals

polarityofintegratorisinverted invert polarity at the instrumentsample injected into wrong column inject sample in proper columncolumn overload decreaseinjectionvolume;dilutesamplepressurefluctuations checkgastubes,valves,seals;testgasflow;change

injectionseptum;contacthardwaremanufacturerdetector contaminated clean detector

GC troubleshooting

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Peaks too small, poor quantification, concentrations not reproducibledirty syringe useadifferentsyringeorcleanitconcentrationofsampletoolow increaseinjectionvolume;concentratesamplesplit too high reduce splitsensitivityofdetectortoolow inject standard in order to test detector sensitivitycolumnconnectionleaks, column not properly installed

checkcolumninstallation;searchforleaks;replaceferrules

injector temperature too low checktemperatureprogramme,increaseinjectortemperature

dirty ECD clean ECDFID,TCDgasflowtoolow correctflowaccordingtomanufacturers’instructionssample decomposes checkcapillaryends;checkintactdeactivationusing

thetestmixture;forpoorresultsshortenbothcolumnendsbyabout10cm;orreplacecolumn; ifcolumntestdoesnotshowanydefects: a)useacolumnwiththickerfilm b) use phase with better deactivation c) use column with special selectivity

Baseline increases or decreases before or after a peak

injection volume too high decreaseinjectionvolume;dilutesample;cleaninjection system

column bleeding due to poor conditioning conditioncolumnaccordingtomanufacturers’instruc-tions (while column is not connected to the detector)

pressurefluctuations checkgastubes,valves,seals;testgasflow;changeinjectionseptum;contacthardwaremanufacturer

baseline not properly adjusted readjustbaseline;calibrateintegratorinjector temperature too low checkinjectortemperature;iftheanalytesaresta-

ble, increase temperatureinjectionseptumperforated replace septumwrongTCDgasflow adjustflowaccordingtomanufacturers’instructions

Do’s and don’ts in GC

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MN 37

Application Gallery

Environmental Pollutantshydrocarbons · PAH

PCB · phenols

pesticides

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Environmental pollutants

Separation of PAH, PCB, pesticides and phthalates (EPA 525)MN Appl. No. 212810

Column: OPTIMA®XLB,30mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF725850.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: standard according to EPA method 525, 5 ng per componentInjection: 1µl,300°C,pressurepulsed(0.4min30psi),splitlessfor0.4minCarrier: 1.0 ml/min HeTemperature: 35 °C (2 min)

20 °C/min→ 260 °C

6 °C/min→ 330 °C (5 min)

Detector: MSD, 280 °C, scan range 45 – 550 amuPeaks:1. Isophorone2. 2-Nitro-m-xylene3. Dichlorvos4. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene5. EPTC = S-ethyl N,N-dipropyl-

thiocarbamate6. Butylate7. Mevinphos8. Vernolate9. Pebulate10. Etridiazole (terrazole)11. Dimethyl phthalate12. Acenaphthene13. 2,6-Dinitrotoluene14. Acenaphthene-d1015. PCB-116. Chloroneb17. Tebuthiuron18. Molinate19. Diethyl phthalate20. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene21. Propachlor22. Fluorene23. Ethoprop24. Cycloate25. Trifluralin26. Chlorpropham27. PCB-528. Atraton29. Prometon30. a-BHC31. Hexachlorobenzene32. Propazine33. Simazin34. Atrazine35. Metribuzin36. Diazinon37. Terbufos38. Pronamide (propyzamide)39. Pentachlorophenol

40. b-BHC 41. Disulfoton42. Terbacil43. Phenanthrene-d1044. Parathion-methyl45. Phenanthrene46. Anthracene47. g-BHC (lindane)48. PCB-2949. Alachlor50. Prometryn51. Ametryn52. Simetryn53. d-BHC54. Heptachlor55. Chlorothalonil56. Di-n-butyl phthalate57. Terbutryn58. Bromacil59. Chlorpyrifos60. Metolachlor61. Chlorthal-methyl62. PCB-4763. Aldrin64. Triadimefon65. Cyanazine (Bladex)66. MGK-264 (N-octyl bicyclo-

heptene dicarboximide)67. Diphenamid68. Merphos69. PCB-9870. Heptachlor epoxide B71. Heptachlor epoxide A72. Butachlor73.Stirofos(tetrachlorvinphos)74. Fenamiphos75. a-Chlordane76. Napropamide77. g-Chlordane78. EndosulfanI

79. trans-Nonachlor 80. Pyrene-d1081. Pyrene82. 4,4’-DDE83. PCB-15484. p-Terphenyl-d1485. Dieldrin86. Carboxin87. Chlorobenzilate88. Tricyclazole89. Endrin90. 4,4’-DDD91. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate92. Butyl benzyl phthalate93. EndosulfanII94. Endrin aldehyde95. Norflurazon96. 4,4’-DDT97. Triphenyl phosphate98. Hexazinone99. Endosulfansulphate100. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate101. Methoxychlor102. PCB-201103. PCB-171104. Endrinketone105. Benz[a]anthracene106. Chrysene-d12107. Chrysene108. Fenarimol109. cis-Permethrin110. trans-Permethrin111. Benzo[b]fluoranthene112. Benzo[k]fluoranthene113. Fluridone (Sonar®)114. Benzo[a]pyrene115. Perylene-d12116. Dibenz[ah]anthracene117. Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene118. Benzo[ghi]perylene

Forformulasofselectedcompoundsseestructureindexfrompage291.

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MN 39

Complex mixture

Separation of PAH, PCB, pesticides and phthalates (EPA 525)MN Appl. No. 212810

Column: OPTIMA®XLB,30mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF725850.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: standard according to EPA method 525, 5 ng per componentInjection: 1µl,300°C,pressurepulsed(0.4min30psi),splitlessfor0.4minCarrier: 1.0 ml/min HeTemperature: 35 °C (2 min) 260 °C 330 °C (5 min)Detector: MSD, 280 °C, scan range 45 – 550 amuPeaks:

10

10 15 20 25

6

1 2 34

5

78

9

10

11

12

13

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

2324

2526

27

47

46

5853

63

64

6566

68

67

545548

71

72

7374

80

83

84

87

88 89

909192

93

9495

969798

99

75

4950 69

702829

30

38

39

104

105

110112

115

109107

106

113

114 118111108

4041

4243

5152

78, 79

7677

8182

8586

6162

5657

100101

116117

102103

5960

4445

3637

31–35

14, 15

12 14 16 min

min

1. Isophorone2. 2-Nitro-m-xylene3. Dichlorvos4. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene5. EPTC = S-ethyl N,N-dipropyl-

thiocarbamate6. Butylate7. Mevinphos8. Vernolate9. Pebulate10. Etridiazole (terrazole)11. Dimethyl phthalate12. Acenaphthene13. 2,6-Dinitrotoluene14. Acenaphthene-d1015. PCB-116. Chloroneb17. Tebuthiuron18. Molinate19. Diethyl phthalate20. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene21. Propachlor22. Fluorene23. Ethoprop24. Cycloate25. Trifluralin26. Chlorpropham27. PCB-528. Atraton29. Prometon30. a-BHC31. Hexachlorobenzene32. Propazine33. Simazin34. Atrazine35. Metribuzin36. Diazinon37. Terbufos38. Pronamide (propyzamide)39. Pentachlorophenol

40. b-BHC 41. Disulfoton42. Terbacil43. Phenanthrene-d1044. Parathion-methyl45. Phenanthrene46. Anthracene47. g-BHC (lindane)48. PCB-2949. Alachlor50. Prometryn51. Ametryn52. Simetryn53. d-BHC54. Heptachlor55. Chlorothalonil56. Di-n-butyl phthalate57. Terbutryn58. Bromacil59. Chlorpyrifos60. Metolachlor61. Chlorthal-methyl62. PCB-4763. Aldrin64. Triadimefon65. Cyanazine (Bladex)66. MGK-264 (N-octyl bicyclo-

heptene dicarboximide)67. Diphenamid68. Merphos69. PCB-9870. Heptachlor epoxide B71. Heptachlor epoxide A72. Butachlor73.Stirofos(tetrachlorvinphos)74. Fenamiphos75. a-Chlordane76. Napropamide77. g-Chlordane78. EndosulfanI

79. trans-Nonachlor 80. Pyrene-d1081. Pyrene82. 4,4’-DDE83. PCB-15484. p-Terphenyl-d1485. Dieldrin86. Carboxin87. Chlorobenzilate88. Tricyclazole89. Endrin90. 4,4’-DDD91. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate92. Butyl benzyl phthalate93. EndosulfanII94. Endrin aldehyde95. Norflurazon96. 4,4’-DDT97. Triphenyl phosphate98. Hexazinone99. Endosulfansulphate100. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate101. Methoxychlor102. PCB-201103. PCB-171104. Endrinketone105. Benz[a]anthracene106. Chrysene-d12107. Chrysene108. Fenarimol109. cis-Permethrin110. trans-Permethrin111. Benzo[b]fluoranthene112. Benzo[k]fluoranthene113. Fluridone (Sonar®)114. Benzo[a]pyrene115. Perylene-d12116. Dibenz[ah]anthracene117. Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene118. Benzo[ghi]perylene

Forformulasofselectedcompoundsseestructureindexfrompage291.

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Environmental pollutants

Analysis of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons

MN Appl. No. 210560Column: OPTIMA® 5,

60 m x 0.32 mm ID, 1.0µmfilm,REF726325.60, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 0.1 µlCarrier gas: 56 ml/min N2Temperature: 50 °C (5 min)

10 °C/min→ 200 °C

Detector: ECD 300 °C Peaks: 1. Trichlorofluoromethane(F11)2. 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane(F113)3. Dichloromethane4. trans-1,2-Dichloroethene5. cis-1,2-Dichloroethene6. Trichloromethane7. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane + 1,2-dichloroethane8. Tetrachloromethane9. Trichloroethene10. Bromodichloromethane11. Dibromochloromethane12. Tetrachloroethene13. Tribromomethane

5

1 11 132 12

3

4

6

7 8

910

5

10 15 min

Analysis of a haloform test mixtureMN Appl. No. 212480

Column: PERMABOND® SE-54-HKW, 50 m x 0.32 mm ID, REF 723945.50, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split ~1:30Carrier gas: 0.9 bar HeTemperature: 35 °C (25 min)

10 °C/min→ 160 °C

(5 min) Detector: ECD 300 °CPeaks [ng/ml]: 1. Dichloromethane [795]2. Trichloromethane [75]3. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane [67]4. 1,2-Dichloroethane [100]5. Tetrachloromethane [15.9]6. Trichloroethene [14.6]7. Bromodichloromethane [20]8. Dibromochloromethane [122]9. Tetrachloroethene [81]10. Tribromomethane [28.9]

10 20 30 40min

1 2

4

5

3 6

7 8

9

10

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MN 41

Volatile hydrocarbons

Separation of cis-1,2-dichloroethene and bromochloromethane from excess

trichloromethane (1:1:1000)MN Appl. No. 212570

Column: OPTIMA® 624 LB, 30 m x 0.32 mm ID, 1.8μmfilm,REF726786.30 max. temperature 280/300 °C

Injection: 1μl,280°C,split300ml/minCarriergas: 55kPaHe(1.7ml/min)Temperature: isothermal, 40 °C Detector: FID 280 °CPeaks: 1. Ethanol (stabilizer)2. cis-1,2-Dichloroethene3. Bromochloromethane4. Trichloromethane

0

1 4

2

3

10 min

Pleasenotethatforsuchalongisothermalseparationlittledifferencesinfilmthicknessmay result in longer or shorter retention times. In this case it may be necessary to adjust pres-sureorflowrate.

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Environmental pollutants

Analysis of volatile hydrocarbons with headspace GCMN Appl. No. 210330

Column: OPTIMA®624,50mx0.32mmID,1.8µmfilm,REF726787.50, max. temperature 280/300 °C

Injection: HSCryofocussion,splitless,150°CCarrier gas: 2.11 ml/min N2

Temperature: 36 °C (4 min) 10 °C/min→ 200 °C (2 min)

Detector: ECD 260 °CPeaks: 1. Dichloromethane2. trans-1,2-Dichloroethene3. cis-1,2-Dichloroethene4. Trichloromethane5. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane6. Tetrachloromethane7. Trichloroethene8. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane9. Tetrachloroethene

0 5 10 15 min

1

23

45

6

7

8

9

CourtesyofR.Mueller,G&PTorstenPlaarUmweltanalytik,Oldenburg,Germany

Analysis of chlorinated hydrocarbonsMN Appl. No. 210080

Column: OPTIMA®624,30mx0.25mmID,1.4µmfilm,REF726785.30, max. temperature 280/300 °C

Sample: 6.25 µl/lTemperature: 35 °C (4 min)

4 °C/min→ 180 °C (8 min)

Detector: FIDPeaks:1. Isoallyl chloride2. 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane3. 1-Chloropropene4. 3-Chloropropene5. 1-Chloropropane

6. 1,5-Hexadiene 7. 2,2-Dichloropropane 8. 1,1-Dichloropropane9. 2,3-Dichloropropene10. (Z)-1,3-Dichloropropene

11. 2-Chloromethyloxirane (Epichlorohydrine)

12. (E)-1,3-Dichloropropene13. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane

0

12

3

456

7

8/9

1011 12 13

2010 30 40min

CourtesyofMrs.Kehl,DOW,Stade,Germany

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MN 43

Volatile hydrocarbons

Analysis of volatile organic compounds (EPA 502/524)MN Appl. No. 250461

Column: OPTIMA® d-6,50mx0.20mmID,0.2µmfilm,REF726465.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: EPA 502 Volatile Organics Calibration Mix, 20 µg/ml per component in methanolInjection: 1 µl, split 20 ml/minCarrier gas: 1.5 bar HeTemperature: 40 °C (5 min)

2.5 °C/min→ 70 °C

3 °C/min→ 100 °C

4 °C/min→ 160 °C (10 min)

Detector: MSD Peaks:1. 1,1-Dichloroethene2. Dichloromethane3. trans-1,2-Dichloroethene4. 1,1-Dichloroethane5. 2,2-Dichloropropane6. cis-1,2-Dichloroethene7. Trichloromethane8. Bromochloromethane9. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane10. 1,1-Dichloroprop-1-ene

+ tetrachloromethane11. Benzene12. 1,2-Dichloroethane13. Trichloroethene14. 1,2-Dichloropropane15. Dibromomethane

+ bromo dichloromethane16. cis-1,3-Dichloropropene

17. Toluene18. trans-1,3-Dichloropropene19. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane20. Tetrachloroethene21. 1,3-Dichloropropane22. Dibromochloromethane23. 1,2-Dibromoethane24. Chlorobenzene25. Ethylbenzene26. 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane27. m-Xylene + p-xylene28. o-Xylene29. Styrene30. Isopropylbenzene31. Tribromomethane32. n-Propylbenzene33. Bromobenzene

+ 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane

34. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 35. 2-Chlorotoluene36. 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene37. 4-Chlorotoluene38. t-Butylbenzene39. 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene40. sec-Butylbenzene41. p-Isopropyltoluene42. 1,3-Dichlorobenzene43. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene44. n-Butylbenzene45. 1,2-Dichlorobenzene46. 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane47. Hexachlorobutadiene48. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene49. Naphthalene50. 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene

10

1

2

3

456

79 8

10

11

12

131415

16

17

18

2021

22 23

26

28

29

30

31

33

35

36

37

38

39

40 41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

32

34

2425

27

19

20 30 40min

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Analysis of volatile organic compounds (EPA 502/524)MN Appl. No. 211280

Column: OPTIMA®624,50mx0.25mmID,1.4µmfilm,REF726785.50, max. temperature 280/300 °C

Sample: EPA 502 Volatile Organics Calibration Mix, Supelco 502 111, 2000 µg/ml per component in methanol

Injection: 1 µl, split 1:50Carrier gas: 1.5 bar HeTemperature: 40 °C (5 min)

2.5 °C/min→ 70 °C

3 °C/min→ 100 °C

4 °C/min→ 220 °C (5 min)

Detector: MSD Peaks:1. 1,1-Dichloroethene2. Dichloromethane3. trans-1,2-Dichloroethene4. 1,1-Dichloroethane5. 2,2-Dichloropropane6. cis-1,2-Dichloroethene7. Bromochloromethane8. Trichloromethane9. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane10. 1,1-Dichloropropene11. Tetrachloromethane12. 1,2-Dichloroethane13. Benzene14. Trichloroethene15. 1,2-Dichloropropane16. Dibromomethane17. Bromodichloromethane18. cis-1,3-Dichloropropene

19. Toluene20. trans-1,3-Dichloropropene21. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane22. 1,3-Dichloropropane23. Tetrachloroethene24. Dibromochloromethane25. 1,2-Dibromoethane26. Chlorobenzene27. 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane28. Ethylbenzene29. m-Xylene30. p-Xylene31. o-Xylene32. Styrene33. Tribromomethane34. Isopropylbenzene35. 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane36. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane

37. Bromobenzene38. n-Propylbenzene39. 2-Chlorotoluene40. 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene41. 4-Chlorotoluene42. t-Butylbenzene43. 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene44. sec-Butylbenzene45. 1,3-Dichlorobenzene46. p-Isopropyltoluene47. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene48. n-Butylbenzene49. 1,2-Dichlorobenzene50. 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane51. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene52. Hexachlorobutadiene53. Naphthalene54. 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene

10

1

2

3

4

5/6

87

9

1418

19

20

21

23

2425

26

28

33

34

38

42

43 44

45

50

5152 53

54

47

46

39

35

27

2215

16 171011

1213

293040

41484948

49

3132

3637

3020 50 min40

39

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MN 45

Volatile hydrocarbons

Analysis of volatile organic compounds (EPA 624)MN Appl. No. 250200

Column: OPTIMA®624,25mx0.20mmID,1.1µmfilm,REF726784.25, max. temperature 280/300 °C

Sample: EPA 624 Volatile Organics, 20 µg/ml per component in methanolInjection: 1 µl, split 1:50Carrier gas: 20 cm/s HeTemperature: 40 °C (8 min)

1.5 °C/min→ 70 °C

4 °C/min→ 180 °C

Detector: MSD, EI Peaks:1. Dichlorofluoromethane2. Chloromethane3. Vinyl chloride4. Bromomethane5. Chloroethane6. Trichlorofluoromethane7. 1,1-Dichloroethene8. Dichloromethane9. trans-1,2-Dichloroethene10. 1,1-Dichloroethane11. cis-1,2-Dichloroethene12. Bromochloromethane

+ 2,2-dichloropropane13. Trichloromethane14. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane15. Tetrachloromethane

+ 1,1-dichloropropene16. Benzene

+ 1,2-dichloro ethane17. Trichloroethene

18. 1,2-Dichloropropane19. Dibromomethane20. Bromodichloromethane 21. cis-1,3-Dichloropropene 22. Toluene23. trans-1,3-Dichloropropene24. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane25. 2-Chloro-1-propene26. Tetrachloroethene27. Dibromochloromethane28. 1,2-Dibromoethane29. Chlorobenzene30. 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane31. Ethylbenzene32. m-Xylene + p-xylene33. Styrene + o-xylene34. Tribromomethane35. Isopropylbenzene46. Bromobenzene

37. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane + 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane

38. Benzyl chloride39. 2-Chlorotoluene

+ 3-chlorotoluene40. 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene41. t-Butylbenzene42. 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene43. sec-Butylbenzene

+ 1,3-dichlorobenzene44. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene45. o-Isopropyltoluene46. 1,2-Dichlorobenzene47. n-Butylbenzene48. 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane49. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene50. Naphthalene51. Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene52. 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene

0

123

4

5 67

89

10

11

1413

1516

17

20 21

22

23

24

25

26

27

2930

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

39

40

42

44

45 47

48

49

50

5152

46

41

4338

28

12

10 20 30 40 50 min

1918

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Analysis of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons and BTXMN Appl. No. 200150

Column: PERMABOND® SE-54-HKW, 50 m x 0.32 mm ID, REF 723945.50, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 1 µl, 0.2 % in methanol, split 15 ml/minCarriergas: 1.5ml/minHe(constantflow)Temperature: 40 °C (5 min)

10 °C/min→ 160 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks: 1. Vinyl chloride2. Ethanol3. Trichlorofluoromethane(F11)4. Pentane5. 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane(F113)6. Dichloromethane7. trans-1,2-Dichloroethene8. Hexane9. cis-1,2-Dichloroethene10. Trichloromethane11. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane + 1,2-dichloroethane12. Tetrachloromethane + benzene

13. Trichloroethene14. Dichlorobromomethane15. Toluene16. Chlorodibromomethane17. Tetrachloroethene18. Chlorobenzene19. Ethylbenzene20. m- + p-Xylene21. Tribromomethane22. o-Xylene23. Bromobenzene

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

Abundance

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 min

1 2

3

4

5

67

8

9

1011

1213 14

15

16 17

18

19

2021

22

23

3.2 3.4 min0

10000

20000 1

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MN 47

Chlorinated hydrocarbons

Analysis of chlorinated hydrocarbons (EPA 612)Peaks:1. 1,3-Dichlorobenzene2. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene3. 1,2-Dichlorobenzene

4. Hexachloroethane5. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene6. Hexachlorobutadiene

7. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene8. 2-Chloronaphthalene9. Hexachlorobenzene

MN Appl. No. 211290Column: OPTIMA® 5,

50 m x 0.20 mm ID, 0.20µmfilm,REF726857.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: chlorinated hydrocarbon standard EPA 612, 2000 µg/ml per component in isooctane

Injection: 1 µl , split 1:20Carrier gas: 2.5 bar HeTemperature: 50 °C

8 °C/min→ 260 °C (10 min)

Detector: MSD

10

6

12

34

5 7

89

20 min

MN Appl. No. 250440Column: OPTIMA® d-6,

50 m x 0.20 mm ID, 0.20µmfilm,REF726465.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: chlorinated hydrocarbon standard EPA 612, 200 µg/ml per component in isooctane

Injection: 1 µl, split 1:20Carrier gas: 2.0 bar HeTemperature: 50 °C

8 °C/min→ 260 °C (10 min)

Detector: MSD

10

123

4

6

5

7

8

9

20 min

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Analysis of a mixture of neutral and basic organic compoundsMN Appl. No. 200320

Column: OPTIMA® 5, 25 m x 0.20 mm ID, 0.2µmfilm,REF726857.25, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: 200 µg/ml each in 2-propanol Injection: 1.0µl;split1:150Carrier gas: 25 cm/s HeTemperature: 50 °C (5 min)

10 °C/min→ 220 °C

20 °C/min→ 330 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. 1,3-Dichlorobenzene2. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene3. 1,2-Dichlorobenzene4. Hexachloroethane5. Nitrobenzene6. Isophorone7. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene8. Hexachlorobutadiene9. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene10. 1-Chloronaphthalene11. 2-Methyl-1,3-dinitrobenzene12. 1-Methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene13. Azobenzene14. Hexachlorobenzene15. Carbazole

10

123 4

5

6

7 8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

20 min

MN Appl. No. 250070Column: OPTIMA® d-3,

25 m x 0.20 mm ID, 0.20µmfilm,REF726400.25, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split 1:150Carrier gas: 25 cm/s HeTemperature: 50 °C (5 min)

10 °C/min→ 220 °C

20 °C/min→ 330 °C

Detector: MSD Peaks:1. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene2. 1,3-Dichlorobenzene3. 1,2-Dichlorobenzene4. Hexachloroethane5. Nitrobenzene6. Isophorone8. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene7. Hexachlorobutadiene9. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene10. 1-Chloronaphthalene11. 2-Methyl-1,3-dinitrobenzene12. 1-Methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene13. Azobenzene14. Hexachlorobenzene15. Carbazole

10

12 3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1112

14

15

13

20min

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MN 49

Halogenated hydrocarbons

Analysis of chlorotoluene isomersColumn: OPTIMA®624,50mx0.32mmID,1.8µmfilm,REF726787.50,

max. temperature 280/300 °CCarriergas: 150kPaH2 (7.7 ml/min)Temperature: 70 °CDetector: FID 250 °C

MN Appl. No. 200340Injection: 1 µl (1 % each in toluene)

split 220 ml/minPeaks:1. o-Chlorotoluene2. m-Chlorotoluene3. p-Chlorotoluene

0 10

12

3

20 min

MN Appl. No. 200350Injection: 1 µl (undiluted sample)

split 220 ml/minPeaks:1. o-Chlorotoluene [0.16 %]2. m-Chlorotoluene [98.31 %]3. p-Chlorotoluene [0.39 %]

0 10

1

2

3

20 min

Structures of miscellaneous organicsIsophorone Carbazole Aramite Phenacetin

O CH3

CH3H3C

NH

(CH3)3C

CH3

(CH2)2ClO O O

O

S

O

HN CH3

OC2H5

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Analysis of semivolatile organics (EPA 8270)MN Appl. No. 212790

Column: OPTIMA®5MSAccent,30mx0.25mmID,0.25μmfilm,REF725820.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: 16μg/mlinCH2Cl2 Injection: 1μlsplitless(hold0.4min),300°CCarrier gas: 1.0 ml/min HeTemperature: 35 °C (2 min)

20 °C/min→ 260 °C

6 °C/min→ 330 °C (1 min)

Detection: MSD 280 °CPeaks:1. N-Nitrosodimethylamine2. Pyridine3. Methylmethanesulfonate4. 2-Fluorophenol5. Ethylmethanesulfonate6. Phenol-d67. Phenol8. Aniline9. Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether10. 2-Chlorophenol11. 1,3-Dichlorobenzene12. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene-d413. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene14. 1,2-Dichlorobenzene15. Benzyl alcohol16. 2-Methylphenol17. Bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether18. Acetophenone19a. 4-Methylphenol19b. 3-Methylphenol20. N-Nitroso-di-n-propylamine21. Hexachloroethane22. Nitrobenzene-d523. Nitrobenzene24. Isophorone25. 2-Nitrophenol26. 2,4-Dimethylphenol27. Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane28. Benzoic acid29. 2,4-Dichlorophenol30. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene31. Naphthalene-d832. Naphthalene33. 2,6-Dichlorophenol34. 4-Chloroaniline

35. Hexachloropropene36. Hexachlorobutadiene37. 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol38. Isosafrole39. 2-Methylnaphthalene40. 1-Methylnaphthalene41. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene42. 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene43. 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol44. 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol45. 2-Fluorobiphenyl46. Safrole47. 2-Chloronaphthalene48. 2-Nitroaniline49. 1,4-Naphthoquinone50. Dimethyl phthalate51. 1,3-Dinitrobenzene52. 2,6-Dinitrotoluene53. Acenaphthylene54. Acenaphthene-d1055. 3-Nitroaniline56. Acenaphthene57. 2,4-Dinitrophenol58. Pentachlorobenzene59. 4-Nitrophenol60. Dibenzofuran61. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene62. 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol63. Diethyl phthalate64. Fluorene65. 4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether66. 4-Nitroaniline67. 2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol68. Diphenylamine69. Azobenzene

70. 2,4,6-Tribromophenol71. Phenacetin72. 4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether73. Hexachlorobenzene74. Pentachlorophenol75. Pentachloronitrobenzene76. Phenanthrene-d1077. Dinoseb78. Phenanthrene79. Anthracene80. Di-n-butyl phthalate81. 4-Nitro-quinoline 1-oxide82. Isodrin83. Fluoranthene84. Benzidine85. Pyrene86. p-Terphenyl-d1487. Aramite88. Chlorobenzilate89. Kepone90. Butyl benzyl phthalate91. Benz[a]anthracene92. 3,3’-Dichlorobenzidine93. Chrysene-d1294. Chrysene95. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate96. Di-n-octyl phthalate97. Benzo[b]fluoranthene98. Benzo[k]fluoranthene99. Benzo[a]pyrene100. Perylene-d12101. 3-Methylcholanthrene102. Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene103. Dibenz[ah]anthracene104. Benzo[ghi]perylene

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MN 51

Semivolatile organics

Analysis of semivolatile organics (EPA 8270)MN Appl. No. 212790

Column: OPTIMA®5MSAccent,30mx0.25mmID,0.25μmfilm,REF725820.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: 16μg/mlinCH2Cl2 Injection: 1μlsplitless(hold0.4min),300°CCarrier gas: 1.0 ml/min HeTemperature: 35 °C (2 min) 260 °C 330 °C (1 min) Detection: MSD 280 °CPeaks:

10 20 min

12

8990

919293

94

97

3

4

5

80

81

82

83

84

85

95

96

98

99

100

101103

104102

86

87

88

10 128

1213

2728

4142

5455 58

59

7778

333435

1415

6,7

3771

74

7252

810

1621

22

23

30

32

38

43

45

47

48

49

50

53

56

57

60

7576

62

63

66

67

68

61

51

46

39

3144

3673

69

79

64, 65

40

29

24

26

2517

11

18, 19, 20

9

1. N-Nitrosodimethylamine2. Pyridine3. Methylmethanesulfonate4. 2-Fluorophenol5. Ethylmethanesulfonate6. Phenol-d67. Phenol8. Aniline9. Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether10. 2-Chlorophenol11. 1,3-Dichlorobenzene12. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene-d413. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene14. 1,2-Dichlorobenzene15. Benzyl alcohol16. 2-Methylphenol17. Bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether18. Acetophenone19a. 4-Methylphenol19b. 3-Methylphenol20. N-Nitroso-di-n-propylamine21. Hexachloroethane22. Nitrobenzene-d523. Nitrobenzene24. Isophorone25. 2-Nitrophenol26. 2,4-Dimethylphenol27. Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane28. Benzoic acid29. 2,4-Dichlorophenol30. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene31. Naphthalene-d832. Naphthalene33. 2,6-Dichlorophenol34. 4-Chloroaniline

35. Hexachloropropene36. Hexachlorobutadiene37. 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol38. Isosafrole39. 2-Methylnaphthalene40. 1-Methylnaphthalene41. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene42. 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene43. 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol44. 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol45. 2-Fluorobiphenyl46. Safrole47. 2-Chloronaphthalene48. 2-Nitroaniline49. 1,4-Naphthoquinone50. Dimethyl phthalate51. 1,3-Dinitrobenzene52. 2,6-Dinitrotoluene53. Acenaphthylene54. Acenaphthene-d1055. 3-Nitroaniline56. Acenaphthene57. 2,4-Dinitrophenol58. Pentachlorobenzene59. 4-Nitrophenol60. Dibenzofuran61. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene62. 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol63. Diethyl phthalate64. Fluorene65. 4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether66. 4-Nitroaniline67. 2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol68. Diphenylamine69. Azobenzene

70. 2,4,6-Tribromophenol71. Phenacetin72. 4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether73. Hexachlorobenzene74. Pentachlorophenol75. Pentachloronitrobenzene76. Phenanthrene-d1077. Dinoseb78. Phenanthrene79. Anthracene80. Di-n-butyl phthalate81. 4-Nitro-quinoline 1-oxide82. Isodrin83. Fluoranthene84. Benzidine85. Pyrene86. p-Terphenyl-d1487. Aramite88. Chlorobenzilate89. Kepone90. Butyl benzyl phthalate91. Benz[a]anthracene92. 3,3’-Dichlorobenzidine93. Chrysene-d1294. Chrysene95. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate96. Di-n-octyl phthalate97. Benzo[b]fluoranthene98. Benzo[k]fluoranthene99. Benzo[a]pyrene100. Perylene-d12101. 3-Methylcholanthrene102. Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene103. Dibenz[ah]anthracene104. Benzo[ghi]perylene

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Analysis of semivolatile organics (EPA 625)MN Appl. No. 212830

Column: OPTIMA®5MSAccent,30mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF725820.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1.0 µl, 10 ppm (20 ppm int. std.), 20 psi 0.3 min, pulsed splitless (hold 0.3 min), 300 °C

Carrier gas: 1.0 ml/min He Temperature: 35 °C (1 min)

18 °C/min→ 270 °C

5 °C/min→ 305 °C

30 °C/min→ 330 °C (1 min)

Detector: MSD 280 °CPeaks:1. N-Nitrosodimethylamine2. Pyridine-d53. 2-Fluorophenol (surrogate std.)4. Pentafluorophenol(int.std.)5. Phenol6. Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether7. 2-Chlorophenol8. 1,3-Dichlorobenzene9. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene10. 1,2-Dichlorobenzene11. Bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether12. N-Nitroso-di-n-propylamine13. Hexachloroethane14. Nitrobenzene-d5 (int. std.)15. Nitrobenzene16. Isophorone17. 2-Nitrophenol18. 2,4-Dimethylphenol19. Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane20. 2,4-Dichlorophenol

21. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene22. Naphthalene23. Hexachlorobutadiene24. 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol25. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene26. 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol27. 2-Chloronaphthalene28. Dimethyl phthalate29. 2,6-Dinitrotoluene30. Acenaphthylene31. Acenaphthene32. 2,4-Dinitrophenol33. 4-Nitrophenol34. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene35. Diethyl phthalate36. Fluorene37. 4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether38. 4,6-Dinitro-2-methylphenol39. Diphenylamine40. 4,4’-Dibromooctafluoro-

biphenyl

41. 4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether42. Hexachlorobenzene43. Pentachlorophenol44. Phenanthrene45. Anthracene46. Di-n-butyl phthalate47. 4,4’-Dibromobiphenyl (int.

std.)48. Fluoranthene49. Pyrene50. Butyl benzyl phthalate51. Benz[a]anthracene52. Chrysene53. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate54. Di-n-octyl phthalate55. Benzo[b]fluoranthene56. Benzo[k]fluoranthene57. Benzo[a]pyrene58. Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene59. Dibenz[ah]anthracene60. Benzo[ghi]perylene

Substituted benzene common names Structure Compound R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6

R1

R4

R3

R2R6

R5

HCB = Hexachlorobenzene Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl ClChloroneb Cl OCH3 H Cl OCH3 HChlorthal Cl COOH Cl Cl COOH ClDichlobenil Cl CN Cl H H HChlorothalonil Cl CN Cl CN Cl ClTecnazene Cl Cl NO2 Cl Cl HQuintozene Cl Cl NO2 Cl Cl ClDicloran Cl NH2 Cl H NO2 HDinoseb OH sec-C4H9 H NO2 H NO2

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MN 53

Semivolatile organics

Analysis of semivolatile organics (EPA 625)MN Appl. No. 212830

Column: OPTIMA®5MSAccent,30mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF725820.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1.0 µl, 10 ppm (20 ppm int. std.), 20 psi 0.3 min, pulsed splitless (hold 0.3 min), 300 °C

Carrier gas: 1.0 ml/min He Temperature: 35 °C (1 min) 270 °C 305 °C 330 °C (1 min) Detector: MSD 280 °CPeaks:

4

1

34

567

89

10

11

1213

14

1618

192021

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

30

31

32

33

3429

17

15

2

3

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

6057

56

54

5350

4948

43

41

4038

38

36/37

35

47

45

42

44

46

5251

55

5958

min

4 6 8 10

1. N-Nitrosodimethylamine2. Pyridine-d53. 2-Fluorophenol (surrogate std.)4. Pentafluorophenol(int.std.)5. Phenol6. Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether7. 2-Chlorophenol8. 1,3-Dichlorobenzene9. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene10. 1,2-Dichlorobenzene11. Bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether12. N-Nitroso-di-n-propylamine13. Hexachloroethane14. Nitrobenzene-d5 (int. std.)15. Nitrobenzene16. Isophorone17. 2-Nitrophenol18. 2,4-Dimethylphenol19. Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane20. 2,4-Dichlorophenol

21. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene22. Naphthalene23. Hexachlorobutadiene24. 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol25. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene26. 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol27. 2-Chloronaphthalene28. Dimethyl phthalate29. 2,6-Dinitrotoluene30. Acenaphthylene31. Acenaphthene32. 2,4-Dinitrophenol33. 4-Nitrophenol34. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene35. Diethyl phthalate36. Fluorene37. 4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether38. 4,6-Dinitro-2-methylphenol39. Diphenylamine40. 4,4’-Dibromooctafluoro-

biphenyl

41. 4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether42. Hexachlorobenzene43. Pentachlorophenol44. Phenanthrene45. Anthracene46. Di-n-butyl phthalate47. 4,4’-Dibromobiphenyl (int.

std.)48. Fluoranthene49. Pyrene50. Butyl benzyl phthalate51. Benz[a]anthracene52. Chrysene53. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate54. Di-n-octyl phthalate55. Benzo[b]fluoranthene56. Benzo[k]fluoranthene57. Benzo[a]pyrene58. Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene59. Dibenz[ah]anthracene60. Benzo[ghi]perylene

Substituted benzene common names Structure Compound R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6

HCB = Hexachlorobenzene Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl ClChloroneb Cl OCH3 H Cl OCH3 HChlorthal Cl COOH Cl Cl COOH ClDichlobenil Cl CN Cl H H HChlorothalonil Cl CN Cl CN Cl ClTecnazene Cl Cl NO2 Cl Cl HQuintozene Cl Cl NO2 Cl Cl ClDicloran Cl NH2 Cl H NO2 HDinoseb OH sec-C4H9 H NO2 H NO2

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Analysis of nitro- and chloronitroaromaticsMN Appl. No. 200300

Column: OPTIMA®1301,25mx0.32mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726777.25, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 55 ml/minCarriergas: 60kPaH2 (3.3 ml/min)Temperature: 120 °C (3 min)

15 °C/min→ 230 °C

Detector: FID 250 °CPeaks:1. Nitrobenzene 2. Isophorone3. 3-Nitrochlorobenzene4. 2-Nitrochlorobenzene5. 4-Nitrochlorobenzene6. 2,5- and 2,6-Dichloronitrobenzene 7. 2,4-Dichloronitrobenzene8. 2,6-Dinitrotoluene9. 2,5-Dinitrotoluene10. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene11. 2,3-Dinitrotoluene12. 3,5-Dinitrotoluene13. 3,4-Dinitrotoluene14. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

0 5

5

4

3

6 8

9

10

11

12

13

14

21

7

10 min

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Aromatic hydrocarbons

Analysis of nitro- and chloronitro-aromatics

MN Appl. No. 200290Column: OPTIMA® 1701,

50 m x 0.32 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF726318.50, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split 125 ml/minCarriergas: 100kPaH2Temperature: 140 °C (6 min)

4 °C/min→ 190 °C

Detector: FID 250 °CPeaks:1. 3-Nitrochlorobenzene2. 4-Nitrochlorobenzene3. 2-Nitrochlorobenzene4. 2,5- and 2,6-Dichloronitrobenzene5. 2,4-Dichloronitrobenzene6. 2,6-Dinitrotoluene7. 2,5-Dinitrotoluene8. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene9. 2,3-Dinitrotoluene10. 3,5-Dinitrotoluene11. 3,4-Dinitrotoluene

0 5

52

1 4 6

7

8

9

10

11

3

10 15 min

Analysis of nitroaromatic compounds (explosives)

MN Appl. No. 210350Column: OPTIMA® d-3,

30 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF726420.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1.0 µl, on column, 250 °CCarrier gas: 15 psi HeTemperature: 40 °C (1 min)

10 °C/min→ 250 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Nitrobenzene2. 2-Nitrotoluene-D73. 2-Nitrotoluene4. 3-Nitrotoluene5. 4-Nitrotoluene6. 2,6-Dinitrotoluene7. 1,3-Dinitrobenzene8. 2,5-Dinitrotoluene9. 2,3-Dinitrotoluene10. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene-D311. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene12. 3,5-Dinitrotoluene13. 3,4-Dinitrotoluene

10

1

2

4

5

67

8

9

10

12

13

11

3

1915 min

CourtesyofMr.Steinbach,Inst.ofOrganicChemistry,Univ.ofMarburg,Germany

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Analysis of nitromusk compounds in domestic dust Analysis of nitromusk compounds in domestic dust (cont.)MN Appl. No. 211851

Column: OPTIMA® d-3,30mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726420.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: 100 µl/l standard with 2-methyl-4,6-dinitroanisole in n-hexaneInjection: 260 °C, split 10 ml/minCarrier gas: H2Temperature: 150 °C (5 min)

7 °C/min→ 290 °C (5 min)

Detector: ECD 320 °C

MN Appl. No. 211853Samples: a)hexaneextractofasingledustsample,spikedwith100µg/lstandardand

50 µg/l 2-methyl-4,6-dinitroanisole b)hexaneextractofapooleddustsample,spikedwith50µg/lstandard,2-methyl-4,6-dinitroanisole and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)

Other conditions as in application 211851

Peaks for applications 211851 – 211853:1. 2-Methyl-4,6-dinitroanisole

NO2

OCH3

NO2H3C

2. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT)

NO2

CH3

NO2O2N

3. Muskambrette(MA)

CH3

CH3

H3CH3C

OCH3

NO2O2N

4. Muskxylene(MX)

NO2

CH3

CH3

H3C

H3C

H3C

NO2O2N

(continued next page)

10

1 5

3 64 7

2015 min

Peaks for applications 211851 – 211853 (cont.):5. Muskmoskene(MM)

6. Musktibetene(MT)

7. Muskketone(MK)

MN Appl. No. 211852Column: OPTIMA® d-6,30mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,

REF 726470.30, max. temperature 340/360 °CSample: pooled dust sample extracted by steam distillation

with t-butylmethylether,spikedwith50µg/lstandardand 2-methyl-4,6-dinitroanisole

Other conditions as above

0

345 6 7

2010 30min CourtesyofSvenHeegmann,AKProf.Butte,Diplomarbeit,UniversityofOldenburg,Germany

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MN 57

Aromatic hydrocarbons

Analysis of nitromusk compounds in domestic dust Analysis of nitromusk compounds in domestic dust (cont.)MN Appl. No. 211851

Column: OPTIMA® d-3,30mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726420.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: 100 µl/l standard with 2-methyl-4,6-dinitroanisole in n-hexaneInjection: 260 °C, split 10 ml/minCarrier gas: H2Temperature: 150 °C (5 min) 290 °C (5 min)Detector: ECD 320 °C

MN Appl. No. 211853Samples: a)hexaneextractofasingledustsample,spikedwith100µg/lstandardand

50 µg/l 2-methyl-4,6-dinitroanisole b)hexaneextractofapooleddustsample,spikedwith50µg/lstandard,2-methyl-4,6-dinitroanisole and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)

Other conditions as in application 211851

Peaks for applications 211851 – 211853:1. 2-Methyl-4,6-dinitroanisole

2. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT)

3. Muskambrette(MA)

4. Muskxylene(MX)

(continued next page)

Peaks for applications 211851 – 211853 (cont.):5. Muskmoskene(MM)

CH3

CH3CH3

H3C

H3CO2N

O2N

6. Musktibetene(MT)

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H3C

H3C

NO2O2N

7. Muskketone(MK)

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H3C

H3C

NO2O2N

O

10

1

a)

3 4

5

6 7

2015 minMN Appl. No. 211852

Column: OPTIMA® d-6,30mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm, REF 726470.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: pooled dust sample extracted by steam distillation with t-butylmethylether,spikedwith50µg/lstandardand 2-methyl-4,6-dinitroanisole

Other conditions as above

10

1

b)

2

3 4

5

6 7

15 20min

CourtesyofSvenHeegmann,AKProf.Butte,Diplomarbeit,UniversityofOldenburg,Germany

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Analysis of nitroaromatics (EPA 609)MN Appl. No. 250450

Column: OPTIMA® d-6, 50 m x 0.20 mm ID, 0.20 µm film,REF726465.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: EPA 609 Nitroaromatics and Isophorone Mix, 2000 µg/ml per substance in hexane

Injection: 1.0 µl, split 1:50Carrier gas: 2.0 bar HeTemperature: 100 °C (1 min)

10 °C/min→ 300 °C

(5 min)Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Nitrobenzene2. Isophorone3. 2,6-Dinitrotoluene4. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene

8

13

4

2

12 16min

Analysis of nitroaromatics (EPA 609)MN Appl. No. 213200

Column: OPTIMA® 35 MS, 30 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF726154.30, max. temperature 360/370 °C

Injection: 1.0 µl, split 1:50Carrier gas: 1 ml/min HeTemperature: 60 °C

8 °C/min→ 250 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Nitrobenzene2. Isophorone3. 2,6-Dinitrotoluene4. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene

10

1

2

3

4

15 min

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MN 59

Aromatic hydrocarbons

Analysis of aromatic hydrocarbonsMN Appl. No. 200370

Column: OPTIMA®210,50mx0.25mmID,0.5µmfilm,REF726874.50, max. temperature 260/280 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 64 ml/minCarriergas: 120kPaH2 (1.5 ml/min) Temperature: 60 °C (10 min)

5 °C/min→ 120 °C

Detector: FID 250 °CPeaks: 1. Benzene2. Toluene3. Ethylbenzene4. p-Xylene5. Chlorobenzene

+ m-xylene6. o-Xylene7. i-Propylbenzene8. Styrene9. n-Propylbenzene10. Bromobenzene11. 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene12. o-Chlorotoluene13. m-Chlorotoluene14. p-Chlorotoluene15. p-Isopropyltoluene16. n-Butylbenzene17. 2-Methylphenol 18. 2,6-Dichlorotoluene19. 3-Methylphenol20. 2,4-Dichlorotoluene

+ 3-methylphenol21. 2,5-Dichlorotoluene22. 2,3-Dichlorotoluene

0

1 2 5

6

7

8

9

3

4

10

10

11

12

13

1415

16

17

18 19

20

2122

20 min

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Analysis of phenols (EPA 8040 A)MN Appl. No. 200410

Column: OPTIMA®5,25mx0.20mmID,0.2µmfilm,REF726857.25, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: phenols (EPA 8040 A), 50 µg/ml in 2-propanol Injection: 1.0 µl, split 1:150Carrier gas: 25 cm/s HeTemperature: 60 °C (3 min)

8 °C/min→ 330 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Phenol2. 2-Chlorophenol3. 2-Methylphenol4. 4-Methylphenol5. 2-Nitrophenol6. 2,4-Dimethylphenol7. 2,4-Dichlorophenol

8. 2,6-Dichlorophenol9. 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol10. 2,3,5-Trichlorophenol 11. 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol12. 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol13. 2,3,4-Trichlorophenol14. 2,3,6-Trichlorophenol

15. 2,4-Dinitrophenol16. 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol17. 2,3,5,6-Tetrachlorophenol18. 2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol19. 3,4,5-Trichlorophenol20. Pentachlorophenol21. 2-Isopropyl-4,6-dinitrophenol

10

12

3

4

5

67 8

9

10

1112

13

14

15

16

18

1920

21

17

20min

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MN 61

Phenols

Analysis of isomeric phenols (EPA 8040 A)MN Appl. No. 250060

Column: OPTIMA® d-3,60mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726420.60, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1.0 µl, split 1:80Carrier gas: 1.3 bar HeTemperature: 60 °C (3 min)

6 °C/min→ 320 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Phenol 2. 2-Chlorophenol 3. 2-Methylphenol 4. 4-Methylphenol 5. 3-Methylphenol 6. 2,4-Dimethylphenol 7. 2-Nitrophenol 8. 2,4-Dichlorophenol

9. 2,6-Dichlorophenol10. 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol11. 2,3,5-Trichlorophenol12. 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol13. 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol14. 2,3,4-Trichlorophenol15. 2,3,6-Trichlorophenol

16. 2,3,5,6-Tetrachlorophenol17. 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorophenol18. 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol19. 2,4-Dinitrophenol20. 3,4,5-Trichlorophenol21. 2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol22. 2-Isopropyl-4,6-dinitrophenol

10 20

1

23

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

min

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Analysis of phenols (EPA 8040)MN Appl. No. 213240

Column: OPTIMA®35MS,30mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726154.30, max. temperature 360/370 °C

Sample: phenols (EPA 8040)Injection: 1.0 µl, 280 °C, split 20 ml/minCarrier gas: 0.8 ml/min HeTemperature: 60 °C

6 °C/min→ 280 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Phenol2. 2-Chlorophenol3. 2-Methylphenol4. 3-Methylphenol5. 4-Methylphenol6. 2,4-Dimethylphenol7. 2-Nitrophenol8. 2,4-Dichlorophenol

9. 2,6-Dichlorophenol10. 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol11. 2,3,5-Trichlorophenol 12. 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol13. 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol14. 2,3,4-Trichlorophenol15. 2,3,6-Trichlorophenol16. 2,3,5,6-Tetrachlorophenol

17. 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorophenol18. 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol19. 2,4-Dinitrophenol20. 4-Nitrophenol21. 3,4,5-Trichlorophenol22. 2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol23. Pentachlorophenol24. Methylpropyl-4,6-dinitrophenol

(Dinoseb)

10

1

2 3

4, 5

6

8

7

910

11 131415

12

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

16

15 20 25min

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MN 63

Phenols

Analysis of phenols (EPA 528)MN Appl. No. 212840

Column: OPTIMA® 5 MS Accent, 30 m x0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF 725820.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: 1 µl, 5 ppm, 5 ng/compoundInjection pulsed splitless (hold 0.5 min),

pulsed pressure 50 psi (hold 0.5 min)

Carrier gas: 1.3 ml/min HeTemperature: 40 °C (1 min)

12 °C/min→ 200 °C

30 °C/min→ 300 °C (1 min)

Detector: MSD 280 °CPeaks:1. Phenol2. 2-Chlorophenol-3,4,5,6-d4 + 2-chlorophenol3. 2-Methylphenol4. 2-Nitrophenol5. 2,4-Dimethylphenol-3,5,6-d3 + 2,4-dimethyl-

phenol6. 2,4-Dichlorophenol 7. 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol8. 1,2-Dimethyl-3-nitrobenzene (int. std. 1)9. 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol10. 2,4-Dinitrophenol11. 4-Nitrophenol12. 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorophenol (int. std. 2)13. 2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol14. 2,4,6-Tribromophenol (surrogate std.)15. Pentachlorophenol

6

1

23 6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

4

5

8 10 12 14 min

Analysis of phenols (EPA 604)MN Appl. No. 213170

Column: OPTIMA® 35 MS, 30 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF726154.30, max. temperature 360/370 °C

Injection: 1.0 µl, split 1:20Carrier gas: 1.5 ml/min HeTemperature: 60 °C (4 min)

5 °C/min→ 230 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Phenol2. 2-Chlorophenol3. 2,4-Dimethylphenol4. 2-Nitrophenol5. 2,4-Dichlorophenol6. 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol7. 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol8. 2,4-Dinitrophenol9. 4-Nitrophenol10. 2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol11. Pentachlorophenol

10

1234

5

6

7

9

8

10

11

15 20 min

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Analysis of various phenolsMN Appl. No. 210110

Column: OPTIMA® 5 MS, 30mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF 726220.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: 5ppmofeachcompoundexceptN-i-propylaniline (9.4 ppm)

Method: SPMETemperature: 40 °C (2 min)

6 °C/min→ 240 °C

20 °C/min→ 320 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Toluene-D82. Phenol3. 2-Methylphenol

(o-Cresol)4. Nitrobenzene-D55. N-i-Propylaniline6. 2,4-Dichlorophenol7. 4-Chlorophenol8. 4-Bromo-2-chloro-

phenol

9. 3-Bromophenol10. 4-Chloro-3-methyl-

phenol11. 2,4-Dibromophenol12. 2-Hydroxybiphenyl13. 2-Cyclohexylphenol14. Hexafluorobis-

phenol A

10

1

2

3 4

5

7

8

10

9

11

12

13

14

6

20 30 min

CourtesyofRiedel-de-Haën,Seelze,Germany

PAH structuresNaphthalene Acenaphthylene

Acenaphthene Fluorene

Anthracene Phenanthrene

Chrysene Pyrene

Benz[a]anthracene Dibenz[ah]anthracene

Benzo[a]pyrene Benzo[ghi]perylene

Fluoranthene Benzo[b]fluoranthene

Benzo[k]fluoranthene Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene

Page 67: GC Applis

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PAH

Analysis of 6 PAH according to German drinking water specificationsMN Appl. No. 212540

Column: OPTIMA® d-6,50mx0.2mm,0.2μmfilm,REF726465.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: testmixtureacc.toGermandrinkingwaterspecifications(REF722331), 20 µg/ml in toluene

Injection: 1μl,300°C,splitlessCarrier gas: 0.7 ml/min HeTemperature: 100 °C (1 min)

7 °C/min→ 340 °C

(15 min)Detector: MSD 280 °C Peaks: 1. Fluoranthene2. Benzo[b]fluoranthene3. Benzo[k]fluoranthene4. Benzo[a]pyrene5. Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene6. Benzo[ghi]perylene

25

1

3

4

5 6

2

30 35 40 45 50min

Analysis of 16 PAH (EPA 610)MN Appl. No. 212800

Column: OPTIMA®5MSAccent,30mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF725820.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl (20 µg/ml in toluene), 300 °C, splitless (hold 1 min)Carrier gas: 40 cm/s H2Temperature: 40 °C (1 min)

20 °C/min→ 200 °C

4 °C/min→ 310 °C (5 min)

Detector: FID 310 °CPeaks:1. Naphthalene2. Acenaphthylene3. Acenaphthene4. Fluorene5. Phenanthrene6. Anthracene7. Fluoranthene8. Pyrene9. Benz[a]anthracene10. Chrysene11. Benzo[b]fluoranthene12. Benzo[k]fluoranthene13. Benzo[a]pyrene14. Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene15. Dibenz[ah]anthracene16. Benzo[ghi]perylene 10

1

2 3 4

7 8

16

9 10

1114

13 1512

5

6

20 min30

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Analysis of 16 PAH (EPA 610)MN Appl. No. 213190

Column: OPTIMA®35MS,30mx0.25mmID,0.25μmfilm,REF726154.30, max temperature 360/370 °C

Injection: 1μl,split1:10Carrier gas: 0.6 bar H2Temperature: 100 °C (3 min)

6 °C/min→ 300 °C (10 min)

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Naphthalene2. Acenaphthylene3. Acenaphthene4. Fluorene

5. Phenanthrene6. Anthracene7. Fluoranthene8. Pyrene

9. Benz[a]anthracene10. Chrysene11. Benzo[b]fluoranthene12. Benzo[k]fluoranthene

13. Benzo[a]pyrene14. Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene15. Dibenz[ah]anthracene16. Benzo[ghi]perylene

106

1

2

3 45 6

7 8910

11 12

13

1415 16

8 12 14

14

16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 min

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MN 67

PAH · PCB

Rapid separation of PCB and PAHMN Appl. No. 212920/ 212930

Column: OPTIMA®XLB,30mx0.25mmID,0.25μmfilm,REF725850.30 max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1μl,standard0.005ng/μl;250°C,pulsed,splitless,pulse1.38barin1minPurgeflow: Hewithpurgeflow60ml/minTemperature: 40 °C (2 min)

30 °C/min→ 240 °C (2 min)

10 °C/min→ 340 °C (5 min)

Detection: MSsource230°C,interface280°C,quadrupol150°Ca) application 212920: standard; b) application 212930 PCB and PAH from slagPeaks:1. Naphthalene2. 2-Methylnaphthalene3. Acenaphthylene4. Acenaphthene5. Fluorene6. Phenanthrene7. Anthracene8. PCB-319. PCB-2810. PCB-52

11. Fluoranthene12. PCB-10113. Pyrene14. PCB-7715.2-Methylfluoranthene16. PCB-11817. PCB-15318. PCB-13819. PCB-12620. PCB-180

21. Benz[a]anthracene22. Chrysene23. PCB-16924. PCB-19425.Benzo[b]fluoranthene26.Benzo[k]fluoranthene27. Benzo[a]pyrene28. Dibenz[ah]anthracene29. Indeno[1,2,3-cd)pyrene30. Benzo[ghi]perylene

6

1

2

3

48: PCB-31

9: PCB-28

5

6

7

8/910

11 13

12 14

15

1617 18 19

21

20

22

23 24

25

25

26

26

2728

2930

8 10 12 14 16 18

212920

212930

20 min

82 % separationin less than 10 min!

benzo[b]fluoranthene / benzo[k]fluoranthene75 % separation in 17 min!

CourtesyofCentred’AnalysesdeRecherche,Lab.d’Hydrologie,Illkirch,France

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PCB nomenclatureBZ 23

4 4’

5 6

3’2’

6’ 5’

1 2-Chlorobiphenyl5 2,3-Dichlorobiphenyl

18 2,2’,5-Trichlorobiphenyl20 2,3,3’-Trichlorobiphenyl28 2,4,4’-Trichlorobiphenyl29 2,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl31 2,4’,5-Trichlorobiphenyl44 2,2’,3,5’-Tetrachlorobiphenyl47 2,2’,4,4’-Tetrachlorobiphenyl49 2,2’,4,5’-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 52 2,2’,5,5’-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 61 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 66 2,3’,4,4’-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 70 2,3’,4’,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl 98 2,2’,3’,4,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl99 2,2’,4,4’,5-Pentachlorobiphenyl

101 2,2’,4,5,5’-Pentachlorobiphenyl103 2,2’,4,5’,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl105 2,3,3’,4,4’-Pentachlorobiphenyl114 2,3,4,4’,5-Pentachlorobiphenyl118 2,3’,4,4’,5-Pentachlorobiphenyl128 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’-Hexachlorobiphenyl138 2,2’,3,4,4’,5’-Hexachlorobiphenyl149 2,2’,3,4’,5’,6-Hexachlorobiphenyl153 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-Hexachlorobiphenyl154 2,2’,4,4’,5,6’-Hexachlorobiphenyl156 2,3,3’,4,4’,5-Hexachlorobiphenyl170 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’,5-Heptachlorobiphenyl171 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl180 2,2’,3,4,4’,5,5’-Heptachlorobiphenyl183 2,2’,3,4,4’,5’,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl189 2,3,3’,4,4’,5,5’-Heptachlorobiphenyl194 2,2’,3,3’,4,4’,5,5’-Octachlorobiphenyl201 2,2’,3,3’,4,5’,6,6’-Octachlorobiphenyl209 Decachlorobiphenyl

Analysis of PCB (Aroclor 1248)MN Appl. No. 210510

Column: OPTIMA® d-3, 50 m x 0.20 mm ID, 0.20 µm film,REF726400.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1.0 µl, split 1:25Carrier gas: 25 cm/s HeTemperature: 100 °C

12 °C/min→ 220 °C

1 °C/min→ 260 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. PCB-312. PCB-283. PCB-524. PCB-495. PCB-446. PCB-617. PCB-708. PCB-66

12

2

4

1

3

6

7

8

5

2816 min20 24

Page 71: GC Applis

MN 69

PCB

Analysis of PCB (W22 congener mix)MN Appl. No. 211180

Column: OPTIMA® 5 MS, 50 m x 0.20 mm ID, 0.2µmfilm,REF726210.50, max. temperature: 340/360 °C

Injection: 1 µl PCB W22 congener mix, 10 µl/ml, split 80 ml/min

Carrier gas: 0.5 bar HeTemperature: 220 °C

1.5 °C/min→ 300 °C (15

min)Detector: ECD 300 °CPeaks:1. PCB-182. PCB-313. PCB-284. PCB-205. PCB-526. PCB-447. PCB-1018. PCB-149

9. PCB-11810. PCB-15311. PCB-10512. PCB-13813. PCB-18014. PCB-17015. PCB-194

1

2

2

3

3

4

5

6 7 8

9 10 1112

13 1415

10

15

20 30 40 50 min

Analysis of PCBMN Appl. No. 210770

Column: OPTIMA® d-3, 60 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25 µm film,REF726420.60, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1 µl, splitless, 36 pg/45 pg, depending on component

Carrier gas: 2.6 ml/min HeTemperature: 60 °C (1 min)

20 °C/min→ 200 °C

1.5 °C/min→ 290 °C (3 min)

Detector: ECD 300 °C, 25 ml/min Ar/CH4 5 %

Peaks:1. PCB-282. PCB-523. PCB-1014. PCB-1145. PCB-1536. PCB-1057. PCB-1388. PCB-1569. PCB-180

30

1

2

3

45

6 7

8 9

40 50 min 60

CourtesyofMr.Bauer,Mr.Drichelt,Zentr.Inst.d. San.dienstes BW, Kiel, Germany

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Analysis of PCB from window puttyMN Appl. No. 212071

Column: OPTIMA®5MS,50mx0.20mmID,0.2µmfilm,REF726210.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injector temp.: 200 °CCarrier gas: 32 psi HeTemperature: 120 °C (1 min)

10 °C/min→ 200 °C

15 °C/min→ 290 °C (5 min)

20 °C/min→ 320 °C

Detector: MSD

40

4

5

6

7

8

9

3

1

2

6045 min50 55

43.443.2 min

Peaks: 1. PCB-312. PCB-283. PCB-524. PCB-1015. PCB-1186. PCB-1537. PCB-1388. PCB-1809. PCB-209

CourtesyofN.Bertram,LTALaborf.Toxikol.u.Analytik,Königswinter,Germany

Page 73: GC Applis

MN 71

PCDD · PCDF

Analysis of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs)

MN Appl. No. 210180Column: OPTIMA® d-3,

60 m x 0.32 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF726440.60, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: 13C-labelled standardsInjection: 1.0 µl, splitlessCarrier gas: HeTemperature: 200 °C

4 °C/min→ 280 °C

2 °C/min→ 320 °C (10 min)

Detector: MSDPeaks: m/z1. Tetrachlorodibenzodioxins 333.92. Pentachlorodibenzodioxins 367.93. Hexachlorodibenzodioxins 401.94. Heptachlorodibenzodioxins 435.85. Octachlorodibenzodioxin 471.8

25

1 2 3 4 5

30 35 40 45min

CourtesyofDr.Klostermann,Mr.Ludwig,SGSIntercontrol, Wismar, Germany

O

O

Cl ClCl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Octachlorodibenzodioxin

Analysis of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in dust

MN Appl. No. 250520Column: OPTIMA® d-3,

60 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF726420.60 max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 2.0 µl, 6 – 160 pg/µl depend-ing on component

Carrier gas: 1.4 ml/min HeTemperature: 120 °C (1 min)

25 °C/min→ 220 °C

3 °C/min→ 300 °C (25 min)

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran2. 1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran3. 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran4. 1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran

+1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzofuran5. 2,3,4,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran6. 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzofuran7. 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-Heptachlorodibenzofuran8. Octachlorodibenzofuranm/z:a) 307b) 341c) 375 Dibenzofuran

O1 9

4 6

2

3

8

7

d) 409e) 443

30 40 50 min

a

1

2

3

45

6

7 8

b c d e

CourtesyofA.Dockwiller,Tredi,Strassbourg,France

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Analysis of halogenated hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides and PCBMN Appl. No. 200530

Column: OPTIMA®1301,25mx0.32mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726777.25, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 0.8 µl on columnCarriergas: 50kPaH2 Temperature: 80 °C

30 °C/min→ 200 °C

4 °C/min→ 270 °C

Detector: ECD 310 °CPeaks: [pg]

CourtesyofMr.Lembacher,HippNährmittel,Pfaffenhofen,Germany

1. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene [160]

2. Etridiazole [160] 3. a-2,4-Trichloroacetophenone

[80] 4. 2,4,5,6-Tetrachloroxylene [80] 5. Tecnazene [80] 6. 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloroaniline [240] 7. Trifluralin[320] 8. HCB [80] 9. Pentachloroanisole [80]10. a-BHC [80]11. Quintozene [80]12. Lindane [80] 13. Bromocyclen [80]

14. 2,3,4,5-Tetrachloroaniline [160]

15. PCB-28 [80]16. Heptachlor epoxide [80]17. b-BHC [80]18. PCB-52 [80]19. Methyl pentachlorophenyl

sulphide [80]20. d-BHC [80]21. Telodrin [80] 22. Octachlorostyrene [80]23. cis-Heptachlor epoxide [80]24. Alodan (int. std.) [80]25. PCB-101 [80] 26. Endosulfana [80]

27. p,p’-DDE [80]28. Dieldrin [80]29. Chlorfenson[160]30. o,p’-DDD [80] 31. o,p’-DDT [80]32. PCB-153 [80]33. Endosulfanb [80]34. p,p’-DDD [80]35. PCB-138 [80] 36. p,p’-DDT [80]37. Chlorbenside sulphone [80]38. Endosulfansulphate[80]39. PCB-180 [80] 40. Mirex [80]41. Tetradifon[80]

Pesticide structures: bridged diphenyl derivativesStructure Compound X R1 R2 R3 R4 R5

R4R3

R5

R2

R1

X

Bifenox –O– Cl Cl H NO2 CO-O-CH3Fluorodifen –O– CF3 NO2 H NO2 HTetrasul –S– Cl H Cl Cl ClTetradifon –SO2– Cl H Cl Cl ClChlorbenside sulphone –CH2-SO2– Cl H H Cl HChlorfenson –O–SO2– Cl H H Cl Ho,p’-DDD CH–CHCl2 H Cl H Cl Hp,p’-DDD CH–CHCl2 Cl H H Cl Ho,p’-DDE C=CCl2 H Cl H Cl Hp,p’-DDE C=CCl2 Cl H H Cl Ho,p’-DDT CH–CCl3 H Cl H Cl Hp,p’-DDT CH–CCl3 Cl H H Cl Hp,p’-Methoxychlor CH–CCl3 OCH3 H H OCH3 HChlorobenzilate C(OH)–CO–O–C2H5 Cl H H Cl HBromopropylate C(OH)–CO–O–i-C3H7 Br H H Br HFenarimol NOH

N

Cl H Cl H HNuarimol F H Cl H H

Page 75: GC Applis

MN 73

Halogenated hydrocarbons · Pesticides

Analysis of halogenated hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides and PCBMN Appl. No. 200530

Column: OPTIMA®1301,25mx0.32mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726777.25, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 0.8 µl on columnCarriergas: 50kPaH2 Temperature: 80 °C 200 °C 270 °CDetector: ECD 310 °CPeaks: [pg]

0 5

1

2 6 9

10

11

12

1413

15

16

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

2627

29

28

30

3132

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

17

18

8

34

57

10 15 min

CourtesyofMr.Lembacher,HippNährmittel,Pfaffenhofen,Germany

1. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene [160]

2. Etridiazole [160] 3. a-2,4-Trichloroacetophenone

[80] 4. 2,4,5,6-Tetrachloroxylene [80] 5. Tecnazene [80] 6. 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloroaniline [240] 7. Trifluralin[320] 8. HCB [80] 9. Pentachloroanisole [80]10. a-BHC [80]11. Quintozene [80]12. Lindane [80] 13. Bromocyclen [80]

14. 2,3,4,5-Tetrachloroaniline [160]

15. PCB-28 [80]16. Heptachlor epoxide [80]17. b-BHC [80]18. PCB-52 [80]19. Methyl pentachlorophenyl

sulphide [80]20. d-BHC [80]21. Telodrin [80] 22. Octachlorostyrene [80]23. cis-Heptachlor epoxide [80]24. Alodan (int. std.) [80]25. PCB-101 [80] 26. Endosulfana [80]

27. p,p’-DDE [80]28. Dieldrin [80]29. Chlorfenson[160]30. o,p’-DDD [80] 31. o,p’-DDT [80]32. PCB-153 [80]33. Endosulfanb [80]34. p,p’-DDD [80]35. PCB-138 [80] 36. p,p’-DDT [80]37. Chlorbenside sulphone [80]38. Endosulfansulphate[80]39. PCB-180 [80] 40. Mirex [80]41. Tetradifon[80]

Pesticide structures: bridged diphenyl derivativesStructure Compound X R1 R2 R3 R4 R5

Bifenox –O– Cl Cl H NO2 CO-O-CH3Fluorodifen –O– CF3 NO2 H NO2 HTetrasul –S– Cl H Cl Cl ClTetradifon –SO2– Cl H Cl Cl ClChlorbenside sulphone –CH2-SO2– Cl H H Cl HChlorfenson –O–SO2– Cl H H Cl Ho,p’-DDD CH–CHCl2 H Cl H Cl Hp,p’-DDD CH–CHCl2 Cl H H Cl Ho,p’-DDE C=CCl2 H Cl H Cl Hp,p’-DDE C=CCl2 Cl H H Cl Ho,p’-DDT CH–CCl3 H Cl H Cl Hp,p’-DDT CH–CCl3 Cl H H Cl Hp,p’-Methoxychlor CH–CCl3 OCH3 H H OCH3 HChlorobenzilate C(OH)–CO–O–C2H5 Cl H H Cl HBromopropylate C(OH)–CO–O–i-C3H7 Br H H Br HFenarimol Cl H Cl H HNuarimol F H Cl H H

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Analysis of pesticides and PCBMN Appl. No. 210690

Column: OPTIMA® d-6,50mx0.20mmID,0.20µmfilm,REF726465.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 0.03 – 0.5 µg/ml depending on component, splitless, purge time 0.8 min, 270 °CCarrier gas: 2.3 ml/min HeTemperature: 130 °C (1 min)

25 °C/min→ 180 °C (5 min)

2 °C/min→ 260 °C

6 °C/min→ 310 °C (14 min)

Detector: ECD 300 °CPeaks:1. Dichlobenil2. Chloroneb3. Trifluralin4. Tecnazene5. a-BHC6. Dichloran7. g-BHC8. Quintozene9. b-BHC10. Vinclozolin11. PCB-28 + heptachlor12. p-Chloroaniline

13. S 42114. d-BHC15. PCB-5216. Aldrin 17. Chlorothalonil18. Chlorpyrifos-ethyl19. Dichlofluanid20. Triadimefon21. Fluorochloridone22. Tolylfluanid23. Procymidone24. Anilazine

25. PCB-10126. a-Endosulfan27. Captan28. Folpet29. Dieldrin30. o,p’-DDD31. Endrin32. o,p’-DDT 33. PCB-15334. Tetrasul35. b-Endosulfan36. p,p’-DDT

37. PCB-13838. Nuarimol39. Endosulfansulphate40. Bromopropylate41. Captafol42. Methoxychlor43. PCB-18044. Tetradifon45. Flucythrinate (2 isomers46. Fluvalinate (2 isomers)

PhenylsulfamidesStructure Compound R

N

R

S–CCl2F

SO2–N(CH3)2

Dichlofluanid HTolylfluanid CH3

Otherformulasseestructureindexfrompage291.

0 4020 50 60 min 7010

1

2

3 45

6

7

8

9

10

12

14

1311

16

15

17

1819

20

2122

2930

31

32

33

34

35

39

4042

41

43

44

45 46

38

3637

2325

24

26

27

28

30

CourtesyofMr.Grabher,CLUA,Sigmaringen,Germany

Page 77: GC Applis

MN 75

Chlorinated hydrocarbons · Pesticides

Analysis of chlorinated hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides and PCB acc. to German Health Administration (BGA 1988)

MN Appl. No. 200700Column: OPTIMA®5,60mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726056.60,

max. temperature 340/360 °CSplit: 64 ml/minCarriergas: 160kPaH2 (2.3 ml/min)Temperature: 60 °C

40 °C/min→ 150 °C (1 min)

3.5 °C/min→ 300 °C (5 min)

Detector: ECD 320 °CPeaks:1. 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene2. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene3. 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene4. 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene5. 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene6. Pentachlorobenzene7. a-BHC8. HCB9. b-BHC10. g-BHC (lindane)11. d-BHC12. e-BHC

13. Bromocyclen14. Muskxylene15. PCB-28 16. Heptachlor17. PCB-5218. Aldrin19. Isodrin (int. std.)20. Octachlorostyrene21. cis-Heptachlor

epoxide22. Oxychlordane

23. trans-Heptachlor epoxide

24. trans-Chlordane25. o,p’-DDE26. PCB-10127. Endosulfana28. cis-Chlordane29. p,p’-DDE30. Dieldrin 31. o,p’-DDD32. Endrin33. Endosulfanb

34. p,p’-DDD35. o,p’-DDT36. PCB-15337. Endosulfan

sulphate38. p,p’-DDT39. PCB-13840. Methoxychlor41. PCB-18042. PCB-17043. Mirex

0

12

3

4

5

6

78

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

2021

2223

24

25

26

2827

30

40

41

4243

29

31

3233

3436

3739

3835

10 20 30 40 min

Organochlorine pesticide structuresAldrin

ClClCl

Cl

ClCl

AlodanClCl

ClCl

ClCl

ClCl

BromocyclenClCl

Br

ClCl

ClCl

Chlordane R = HNonachlor R = Cl

ClCl

Cl

R Cl

Cl

ClClCl

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Analysis of organochlorine pesticides and PCBMN Appl. No. 210230

Column: OPTIMA® d-3,50mx0.20mmID,0.20µmfilm,REF726400.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 0.01 – 0.15 µg/ml depending on component, splitless, purge time 0.5 minCarrier gas: 1.37 ml/min HeTemperature: 130 °C (1 min)

25 °C/min→ 180 °C (5 min)

3 °C/min→ 260 °C (2 min)

4 °C/min→ 300 °C

(20 min)Detector: ECDPeaks:1. Chloroneb2. Pentachlorobenzene3. a-BHC4. HCB5. g-BHC6. Quintozene7. Bromocyclen8. b-BHC

9. PCB-2810. p-Chloroaniline 11. Heptachlor12. d-BHC13. PCB-5214. Aldrin15. Isodrin16. Oxychlordane

17. o,p’-DDE18. PCB-10119. trans-Nonachlor20. cis-Chlordane 21. p,p’-DDE22. Dieldrin23. o,p’-DDD24. Endrin

25. p,p’-DDD26. PCB-15327. p,p’-DDT28. PCB-13829. PCB-18030. Mirex

0 2010

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

12

11

14

1516

17

20

21

23

24

29

30

25

27

26

28

1918

13

30 min40 50

22

CourtesyofMr.Grabher,CLUA,Sigmaringen,Germany

Organochlorine pesticide structuresDieldrin ClCl

ClCl

ClCl

O

Endosulfan ClClCl

Cl

ClCl

O=SO

O

Endrin ClClCl

Cl

ClCl

O

Heptachlor ClClCl

Cl

ClClCl

Page 79: GC Applis

MN 77

Organochlorine Pesticides · PCB

Analysis of organochlorine pesticides and PCBMN Appl. No. 210700

Column: OPTIMA® d-6,50mx0.20mmID,0.20µmfilm,REF726465.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 0.03 – 0.5 µg/ml depending on component, splitless, purge time 0.8 min, 270 °CCarrier gas: 2.3 ml/min HeTemperature: 130 °C (1 min)

25 °C/min→ 180 °C (5 min)

2 °C/min→ 260 °C

6 °C/min→ 310 °C (14 min)

Detector: ECD 300 °CPeaks:1. Chloroneb2. Pentachlorobenzene3. a-BHC4. HCB5. g-BHC6. Quintozene7. Bromocyclen8. b-BHC9. PCB-28 + heptachlor10. p-Chloroaniline

11. d-BHC12. PCB-5213. Aldrin14. Isodrin15. Oxychlordane16. o,p’-DDE17. PCB-10118. cis-Chlordane19. p,p’-DDE20. Dieldrin

21. o,p’-DDD22. Endrin23. o,p’-DDT24. PCB-15325. p,p’-DDD26. p,p’-DDT27. PCB-13828. Methoxychlor29. PCB-18030. Mirex

0

1

2 3

4

567

89

10

11

13

14

16

17

18

19

20

30

21

22

2324

26 2829

27

25

15

12

4020 60min10 30 50

CourtesyofMr.Grabher,CLUA,Sigmaringen,Germany

Organochlorine pesticide structuresIsobenzan ClCl

ClCl

Cl

O

ClClCl

Isodrin ClClCl

Cl

ClCl

Kepone Cl OClCl

ClClClCl

ClCl

Cl Mirex Cl ClCl

ClCl

ClClClCl

ClCl

Cl

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Analysis of halogenated hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides and PCBMN Appl. No. 250220

Column: OPTIMA®1701,50mx0.20mmID,0.20µmfilm,REF726841.50, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: accu-pesticide test mixture, 20 µg/ml, split 1:10Carrier gas: 1.1 bar HeTemperature: 100 °C (3 min)

4 °C/min→ 250 °C, then isothermal

Detector: MSD EIPeaks:1. Hexachlorobutadiene2. Pentachlorobenzene3. Hexachlorobenzene4. a-BHC5. b-BHC6. PCB-287. Heptachlor8. PCB-529. Aldrin10. g-BHC

11. Isobenzan12. d-BHC13. Isodrin14. Heptachlor epoxide A15. Heptachlor epoxide B16. PCB-10117. o,p’-DDE18. Endosulfan119. p,p’-DDE20. Dieldrin

21. o,p’-DDD22. PCB-11823. Endrin24. p,p’-DDD25. PCB-13826. o,p’-DDT27. PCB-153 + endosulfan228. p,p’-DDT29. PCB-180

10

1

2

3

4 5

6

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16 17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

2526

27

28

29

7

20 30 50 6040 min

Page 81: GC Applis

MN 79

Organochlorine pesticides · PCB

Analysis of halogenated hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides and PCBMN Appl. No. 250350

Column: OPTIMA®5MS,25mx0.20mmID,0.35µmfilm,REF726215.25, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: accu-pesticidetestmixture,10ng/peakInjection: 1 µl, 1 min splitlessCarrier gas: 30 cm/s HeTemperature: 75 °C (1 min)

5 °C/min→ 280 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Hexachlorobutadiene2. Pentachlorobenzene3. a-BHC4. Hexachlorobenzene5. b-BHC6. g-BHC7. d-BHC8. PCB-289. Heptachlor10. PCB-52

11. Aldrin12. Isobenzan13. Isodrin14. Heptachlor epoxide A15. Heptachlor epoxide B16. o,p’-DDE17. PCB-10118. Endosulfan119. p,p’-DDE20. Dieldrin

21. o,p’-DDD22. Endrin23. Endosulfan224. PCB-11825. p,p’-DDD26. o,p’-DDT27. PCB-153 28. p,p’-DDT29. PCB-13830. PCB-180

10

1

2

3

4

56

7

8

9

10

11

1213

14

17

16

15

18

19

20

21 24

27

28

29 30

22

23

20 30 min

2625

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Analysis of organochlorine pesticides and PCBMN Appl. No. 210500

Column: OPTIMA® d-3,60mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726420.60, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1 µl, 3 – 18 pg/µl depending on component, 270 °CCarrier gas: 1.37 ml/min H2 (1.76 bar)Temperature: 120 °C (1 min)

5 °C/min→ 300 °C (45 min)

Detector: ECD 300 °CPeaks: 1. TCNB = 1,2,4,5-Tetrachloro-

3-nitrobenzene = Tecnazene2. a-BHC3. HCB4. Lindane5. Bromocyclen6. Muskxylene7. b-BHC8. PCB-28/319. Heptachlor10. PCB-5211. PCB-4912. Aldrin13. Muskketone

14. Oxychlordane15. cis-Heptachlor epoxide16. trans-Heptachlor epoxide17. o,p’-DDE18. trans-Chlordane19. PCB-10120. cis-Chlordane21. a-Endosulfan22. p,p’-DDE23. Dieldrin24. o,p’-DDD25. Parlar 2626. Endrin27. o,p’-DDT

28. p,p’-DDD29. PCB-15330. b-Endosulfan31. p,p’-DDT32. PCB-13833. PCB-18334. Endosulfansulphate35. Parlar 5036. PCB-15637. PCB-18038. Ketoendrin39. Parlar 6240. PCB-18941. Deca-PCB = PCB-209

20

1

2

3

4

5

6

12

1314

15

16

17181920

2122

2330

32

33

36

37

38

39

40

41

26

29

27

2434

3525

97

8

28

31

1011

3025 35 min40 45

CourtesyofMr.Münch,Staatl.Med.Lebensm.u.Vet.UA,Gießen,Germany

Page 83: GC Applis

MN 81

Organochlorine pesticides · PCB

Analysis of organochlorine pesticides and PCBMN Appl. No. 200610

Column: OPTIMA®17,50mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726022.50, max. temperature 320/340 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl (100 pg each), splitless, 280 °CCarriergas: 250kPaH2

Temperature: 80 °C 30 °C/min→ 240 °C

6 °C/min→ 280 °C

Detector: ECD 310 °CPeaks: 1. HCB 2. a-BHC3. Lindane4. b-BHC5. PCB-286. d-BHC7. PCB-528. Telodrin9. Methyl pentachlorophenyl sulphide10. Octachlorostyrene11. Alodan (int. std.)12. cis-Heptachlor epoxide13. trans-Heptachlor epoxide14. PCB-10115. o,p’-DDE16. Endosulfana17. p,p’-DDE18. Dieldrin19. o,p’-DDD20. PCB-15321. p,p’-DDD22. Endosulfanb23. PCB-13824. Endosulfansulphate25. PCB-18026. Mirex

0 10 min 20

26

19

15

1613

1211

10

9632

1

8

7

5

4

17

18

14

2524

23

22

21

20

CourtesyofMr.Lembacher,HippNährmittel,Pfaffenhofen,Germany

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Separation of organochlorine pesticides (EPA 8081)MN Appl. No. 250430

Column: OPTIMA® d-6,50mx0.20mmID,0.2µmfilm,REF726465.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: EPA8081organochlorinepesticidecalibrationmix(Restek),200µg/mleachintoluene – hexane (1:1, v/v)

Injection: 1 µl, split 1: 30Carrier gas: 2.0 bar HeTemperature: 180 °C

4 °C/min→ 300 °C (10 min)

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. a-BHC2. g-BHC (lindane)3. b-BHC4. Heptachlor5. d-BHC6. Aldrin7. Heptachlor epoxide8. g-Chlordane9. a-Chlordane10. EndosulfanI11. 4,4’-DDE12. Dieldrin13. Endrin14. 4,4’-DDD15. EndosulfanII16. 4,4’-DDT17. Endrin aldehyde18. Endosulfansulphate19. Methoxychlor20. Endrinketone

2010 30

1 2

3

4

5

67

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1012

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15

16

17

18

19

20

14

11

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MN 83

Organochlorine pesticides

Separation of organochlorine pesticides (EPA 608)MN Appl. No. 213220

Column: OPTIMA®35MS,30mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726154.30, max. temperature 360/370 °C

Sample: EPA 608 organochlorine pesticide mixInjection: 1 µl, split 20 ml/minCarrier gas: 0.8 ml/min HeTemperature: 160 °C

6 °C/min→ 260 °C (10 min)

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. a-BHC2. g-BHC (lindane)3. b-BHC4. Heptachlor5. d-BHC6. Aldrin

7. Heptachlor epoxide8. EndosulfanI9. 4,4’-DDE10. Dieldrin11. Endrin

12. 4,4’-DDD13. EndosulfanII14. 4,4’-DDT15. Endrin aldehyde16. Endosulfansulphate

10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

1314

15

16

20min

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Environmental pollutants

Analysis of organochlorine pesticides from cod liver oilMN Appl. No. 213270

Column: OPTIMA® d-3,60mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726420.60, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: a)pesticidestandard(150pg/µlofeachcompound) b)NP-HPLCgroupseparationofNISTreferencematerialSRM1588(semivolatileorganohalogen compounds in cod liver oil) on 250 x 4 mm NUCLEOSIL® 100-10 NH2 using 10 ml n-hexane(fraction1)and32mln-hexane – dichloromethane (90:10 v/v, fraction2),flowrate1ml/min(seeapplication250510forchromatogramoffraction1)

Injection: 2µloffraction2,oncolumnCarriergas: 180kPaH2Temperature: 80 °C (3 min)

20 °C/min→ 200 °C

1.5 °C/min→ 290 °C (5 min)

Detector: ECD 300 °CPeaks:1. Pentachlorobenzene2. 2,4,6-Tribromoanisole3. Tetrachloro-1,4-dimethoxy benzene4. a-BHC5. Pentachloroanisole6. HCB7. g-BHC8. b-BHC9. Heptachlor10. e-BHC11. Aldrin12. 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro naphthalene (TCN)

13. PCB-10314. Oxychlordane15. cis-Heptachlor epoxide16. 2,4’-DDE17. trans-Chlordane18. cis-Chlordane

+ trans-nonachlor19.Endosulfan120. 4,4’-DDE21. Dieldrin22. 2,4’-DDD23. Endrin

24. 2,4’-DDT25. cis-Nonachlor 26. 4,4’-DDD27.Endosulfan228. 4,4’-DDT29. Parlar 4130. Parlar 4031. Parlar 4432.Endosulfansulphate33. Parlar 5034. Mirex

10

1

4

2

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

1415

16

17

1920

21

22

23

24

25

27

30

31

33

34

32

29

26 2818

3 4

5

6

b)

a)

20 30 40 50min

R. Looser, K. Ballschmiter, J. Chromatogr. A 836 (1999) 271 – 284

Page 87: GC Applis

MN 85

Halogenated hydrocarbons

Analysis of organohalogen compounds incl. PCB from cod liver oilMN Appl. No. 250510

Column: OPTIMA® d-3,60mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726420.60, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: NP-HPLCgroupseparationofNISTreferencematerialSRM1588(semivolatileorganohalogen compounds in cod liver oil) on 250 x 4 mm NUCLEOSIL® 100-10 NH2 using 10 ml n-hexane(fraction1)and32mln-hexane – dichloromethane (90:10 v/v, fraction2),flowrate1ml/min(seeapplication213270forchromatogramoffraction2)

Injection: 2µloffraction1,oncolumnCarriergas: 180kPaH2Temperature: 80 °C (3 min)

20 °C/min→ 200 °C

1.5 °C/min→ 290 °C (5 min)

Detector: ECD 300 °CPeaks:1. Pentachlorobenzene2. 2,4,6-Tribromoanisole3. HCB4. PCB-285. PCB-526. 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-

naphthalene (TCN, recovery standard)

7. PCB-103 (int. std.)

8. PCB-66 9. 2,4’-DDE10. PCB-10111. PCB-9912. 4,4’-DDE 13. PCB-8714. Parlar 2615. PCB-15116. PCB-82

17. PCB-13918. PCB-11819. PCB-14620. PCB-15321. PCB-10522. PCB-13723. PCB-13824. PCB-18725. Parlar 50

26. PCB-12827. PCB-18028. 2,2’,4,4’-Tetrabromo diphenyl

ether29. Mirex30. 2,2’,4,4’,6-Pentabromo diphenyl

ether31. 2,2’,4,4’,5-Pentabromo diphenyl

ether

20

1

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

13

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

12 14

2

3

30

31

40 50 60min

R. Looser, K. Ballschmiter, J. Chromatogr. A 836 (1999) 271 – 284

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Analysis of a pesticide mixtureMN Appl. No. 210710

Column: OPTIMA® d-6, 50 m x 0.20 mm ID, 0.20 µm film,REF726465.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 0.03 – 0.5 µg/ml, depending on component, splitless, purge time 0.8 min, 270 °C

Carrier gas: 2.3 ml/min HeTemperature: 130 °C (1 min)

25 °C/min→

180 °C (5 min) 2 °C/min→ 260 °C

6 °C/min→ 310 °C (14 min)

Detector: ECD 300 °CPeaks:1. Muskxylene2. Muskketone3. cis-Heptachlor epoxide4. trans-Heptachlor epoxide5. trans-Chlordane6. a-Endosulfan7. Toxaphene 26 = Parlar 268. b-Endosulfan9. Toxaphene 50 = Parlar 5010. Endosulfansulphate11. Ketoendrin12. Toxaphene 62 = Parlar 62

0

1

234

5

67

8910

11

12

5020 60min10 30 40

CourtesyofMr.Grabher,CLUA,Sigmaringen,Germany

Pesticide structures: carbamates

N SO

R3R1

R2

Compound R1 R2 R3

Butylate i-C4H9 i-C4H9 C2H5

Cycloate C2H5 cyclohexyl C2H5

EPTC n-C3H7 n-C3H7 C2H5

Prothiocarb H (CH2)3–N(CH3)2

C2H5

Pebulate C2H5 n-C4H9 n-C3H7

Vernolate n-C3H7 n-C3H7 n-C3H7

Thiobencarb C2H5 C2H5 Cl

Compound Structure

CarbarylNH

O

OCH3

CarbofuranO CH3

CH3

NH

O

OCH3

Molinate N SO

C2H5

Pirimicarb

N(CH3)2

NN

H3C

H3C

N(CH3)2O

O

Page 89: GC Applis

MN 87

Pesticides

Analysis of 28 pesticides (Ökotex 100)MN Appl. No. 210270

Column: OPTIMA® d-3,30mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726420.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 250 °C, splitless, purge time 1 minCarrier gas: HePressure: 21.4kPa(1min)

9kPa/min→ 42.9kPa

1.1kPa/min→ 72kPa(20min)

Temperature: 60 °C (1 min) 40 °C/min→ 150 °C

4.8 °C/min→ 280 °C (20 min)

Detector: MSD 320 °CPeaks:1. Carbaryl2. Trifluralin3. a-BHC4. HCB5. Lindane6. Quintozene7. b-BHC8. Heptachlor9. d-BHC10. e-BHC

11. Parathion-methyl12. Malathion13. Aldrin14. Parathion15. cis-Heptachlor epoxide16. trans-Heptachlor epoxide17. o,p’-DDE18. a-Endosulfan19. p,p’-DDE20. Dieldrin

21. o,p’-DDD22. Endrin23. o,p’-DDT24. p,p’-DDD25. b-Endosulfan26. p,p’-DDT27. Methoxychlor28. Mirex

12

1

2

3

4

56

7

8

9

12/13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

25 26

2728

24

10

11

2016 min24 28 32

CourtesyofK.Friedrichs,Chem.Untersuchungsamt,Bielefeld,Germany

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Analysis of toxaphenesMN Appl. No. 211920

Column: OPTIMA®17,50mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726022.50, max. temperature 320/340 °C

Injection: 1 – 2 µl, 1.0 min splitless, 240 °CCarrier gas: HeTemperature: 70 °C (2 min)

15 °C/min→ 180 °C

1.5 °C/min→ 250 °C (5 min)

10 °C/min→ 290 °C (15 min)

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Parlar 11 (±)-2,2,3-exo-Trichloro,5,5-bis(chloromethyl),6-(E)-chloromethylene-8,9,10-trinorbor-

nane2. Parlar 12 (±)-5-exo,6-endo-Dichloro,2-endo-chloromethyl,3-(E)-chloromethylene-8,9,10-trinor-

bornane3. Parlar 15 (±)-5-exo,6-endo,7-anti-Trichloro,2,2-bis(chloromethyl),3-(E)-chloromethylene-

8,9,10-trinorbornane4. Parlar 21 (±)-2,2,5,5-9c,10a,10b-Heptachlorobornane5. Parlar 26 (±)-2-endo,3-exo,5-endo,6-exo,8b,8c,10a,10c-Octachlorobornane6. Parlar 25 (±)-2,2,3,-exo-Trichloro,5-endo-chloromethyl,6-(E)-chloromethylene-5-

dichloromethyl,8,9,10-trinorbornane7. Parlar 31 (±)-2,2,3-exo-Trichloro,6-(E)-chloromethylene,5,5-bis(dichloromethyl),8,9,10-trinor-

bornane8. Parlar 32 (±)-2,2,5-endo,6-exo,8c,9b,10a-Heptachlorobornane9. Parlar 38 (±)-2,2,5,5,9b,9c,10a,10b-Octachlorobornane10. Parlar 39 (±)-2,2,3-exo,5-endo,6-exo,8c,9b,10a-Octachlorobornane11. Parlar 41 (±)-2-exo,3-endo,5-exo,8c,9b,9c,10a,10b-Octachlorobornane12. Parlar 40 (±)-2-endo,3-exo,5-endo,6-exo,8b,9c,10a,10c-Octachlorobornane13. Parlar 42a (±)-2,2,5-endo,6-exo,8b,8c,9c,10a-Octachlorobornane14. Parlar 42b (±)-2,2,5-endo,6-exo,8c,9b,9c,10a-Octachlorobornane15. Parlar 44 (±)-2-exo,5,5,8c,9b,9c,10a,10b-Octachlorobornane16. Parlar 50 (±)-2-endo,3-exo,5-endo,6-exo,8b,8c,9c,10a,10c-Nonachlorobornane17. Parlar 51 (±)-2,2,5,5,8c,9b,10a,10b-Octachlorobornane + Parlar 56 (±)-2,2,5-endo,6-exo,8b,8c,9c,10a,10b-Nonachlorobornane18. Parlar 58 (±)-2,2,3-exo,5,5,8c,9b,10a,10b-Nonachlorobornane19. Parlar 59 (±)-2,2,5,endo,6-exo,8c,9b,9c,10a,10b-Nonachlorobornane20. Parlar 62 (±)-2,2,5,5,8c,9b,9c,10a,10b-Nonachlorobornane21. Parlar 63 (±)-2-exo,3-endo,5-exo,6-exo,8b,8c,9c,10a,10c-Nonachlorobornane22. Parlar 69 (±)-2,2,5,5,6-exo,8c,9b,9c,10a,10b-Decachlorobornane

48

1

2 345

6

7 8

9

10

1112 15

1314

17

1819

20

21

22

16

5652 60 64 7268 76min

endo

endoendo

endo

exo

exo exo

exo12

34

5

6

79 8

10

M.Kaltenecker,Dissertation,UniversitätWuppertal,GermanyandM.Kaltenecker,K.-H.Schwind,K.-H.Ueberschär,H.Hecht,M.Petz,OrganohalogenCompounds35 (1998) 281 – 285

Page 91: GC Applis

MN 89

Toxaphenes

Analysis of a complex toxaphene mixtureMN Appl. No. 250130

Column: OPTIMA® d-3,40mx0.20mmID,0.35µmfilm,custom-madecolumn we recommend REF 726400.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1 µl, splitlessCarrier gas: 1.3 ml/min HeTemperature: 100 °C

7 °C/min→ 270 °C

Detector: ECD

1 – 3

4

5

6

78

9

10

11

12

15 16

17

18

1920

21

22

1314

30 4035 min

Peaks:1. Parlar 112. Parlar 123. Parlar 154. Parlar 215. Parlar 266. Parlar 257. Parlar 318. Parlar 329. Parlar 3810. Parlar 3911. Parlar 4112. Parlar 4013. Parlar 42a14. Parlar 42b15. Parlar 4416. Parlar 5017. Parlar 51 + Parlar 5618. Parlar 5819. Parlar 5920. Parlar 6221. Parlar 6322. Parlar 69

CourtesyofR.Baycan-Keller,M.Oehme,Inst.Org.Anal.Chem.,UniversityofBasel,Switzerland

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Environmental pollutants

Structures of organophosphorus pesticides Structure Compound X R1 R2 R3 R4 R5

P

R2

R1

R3 OR4OR5

XO

Chlorfenvinphos O Cl H

Cl

Cl C2H5 C2H5

Crotoxyphos O CO–O–CH(C6H5)–CH3 H CH3 CH3 CH3Dichlorphos O Cl Cl H CH3 CH3Dicrotophos O CO–N(CH3)2 H CH3 CH3 CH3Mevinphos O CO–O–CH3 H CH3 CH3 CH3Monocrotophos O CO–NH–CH3 H CH3 CH3 CH3Phosphamidon O CO–N(C2H5)2 Cl CH3 CH3 CH3Tetrachlorvinphos O Cl H

Cl

Cl

Cl CH3 CH3

Methacrifos S CO–OCH3 CH3 H C2H5 C2H5

Structure Compound R1 R2 R3

POR2

R1 R3

SS

Chlormephos CH2Cl C2H5 OC2H5Fonofos C6H5 C2H5 C2H5Malathion CH CH2 – CO – OC2H5

CO – OC2H5 CH3 OCH3

Dimethoate CH2–CO–NH–CH3 CH3 OCH3Amidithion CH2–CO–NH–(CH2)2–OCH3 CH3 OCH3Mecarbam CH2–CO–N(CH3)–CO–OC2H5 C2H5 OC2H5Phorate CH2–S–C2H5 C2H5 OC2H5Terbufos CH2–S–C(CH3)3 C2H5 OC2H5Carbophenothion CH2–S–4-C6H4Cl C2H5 OC2H5Phenkapton CH2–S–2,5-C6H4Cl2 C2H5 OC2H5Disulfoton (CH2)2–S–C2H5 C2H5 OC2H5Thiometon (CH2)2–S–C2H5 CH3 OCH3

Phosmet

O

O

N X

X = CH2 CH3 OCH3Dialifos X = CH–CH2Cl C2H5 OC2H5

PhosaloneO

NO

CH2

Cl

C2H5 OC2H5

Methidathion O

CH3ON

NS

CH2

CH3 OCH3

Azinphos-methyl

O

N CH2

NN CH3 OCH3Azinphos-ethyl C2H5 OC2H5

Page 93: GC Applis

MN 91

Organophosphorus pesticides

Structures of organophosphorus pesticides Structure Compound R1 R2 R3

PR2

R1

R3

O

Acephate NH–CO–CH3 OCH3 SCH3Dimefox N(CH3)2 N(CH3)2 FEdifenphos OC2H5 SC6H5 SC6H5Ethoprophos OC2H5 S–n-C3H7 S–n-C3H7Heptenophos

Cl

– O OCH3 OCH3

Naled OCHBr–CBrCl2 OCH3 OCH3Trichlorfon CH(OH)–CCl3 OCH3 OCH3Vamidothion S–(CH2)2–S–CH(CH3)–CO–NH–CH3 OCH3 OCH3

POR2

R1 OR3

SO

Coumaphos

O

CH3

O

ClC2H5 C2H5

Chlorpyrifos N

ClCl

Cl C2H5 C2H5

DiazinonN N

X2

X1 X1 = CH3, X2 = i-C3H7 C2H5 C2H5Etrimfos X1 = OC2H5, X2 = C2H5 CH3 CH3Pirimiphos-ethyl X1 = CH3, X2 = N(C2H5)2 C2H5 C2H5Pirimiphos-methyl X1 = CH3, X2 = N(C2H5)2 CH3 CH3

Pyridaphenthion NN

O

C2H5 C2H5

Quinalphos N

NC2H5 C2H5

Thionazin N

NC2H5 C2H5

IsazofosN

NNX1

X2

X1 = i-C3H7, X2 = Cl C2H5 C2H5Triazophos X1 = C6H7, X2 = H C2H5 C2H5

Structure Compound X1 X2 R1 R2

POR2

OR2

R1 X1

X2

S

Demeton-O O S C2H5 C2H5Demeton-S S O C2H5 C2H5Demeton-O-methyl O S C2H5 CH3Demeton-S-methyl S O C2H5 CH3Demephion-O O S CH3 CH3Demephion-S S O CH3 CH3

PPOR1R1O

OR1R1O

X2X2X1

Sulfotep O S C2H5 –TEPP O O C2H5 –Ethion S–CH2–S S C2H5 –Dioxathion

O

OS

S

S C2H5 –

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Analysis of organophosphorus pesticides (EPA 8140 / 8141 / 8141 A)MN Appl. No. 213030

Column: OPTIMA®1MSAccent,30mx0.32mmID,0.50μmfilm,REF725807.30Sample: 0.2μg/mlinhexane,

8140/8141 OP pesticides calibration mix A and 8141 OP pesticides calibration mix B;IStriphenylphosphateandtributylphosphate

Injection: splitless (hold 1 min), 250 °C Carrier gas: He, 1 ml/min, constant pressureTemperature: 100 °C

10 °C/min→ 180 °C (2 min)

18 °C/min→ 300 °C (3 min)

Detector: FPD (Flame Photometric Detector), 280 °CPeaks:1. Dichlorvos, 2. Hexamethylphosphoramide, 3. Mevinphos, 4. Trichlorfon,5.TEPP, 6. Thionazin, 7. Demeton-O, 8. Ethoprop 9. Tributyl phosphate (IS), 10. Dicrotophos, 11. Monocrotophos, 12. Naled,13.Sulfotepp,14.Phorate, 15. Dimethoate, 16. Demeton-S, 17. Dioxathion, 18. Ter-bufos,19.Fonofos,20.Phosphamidon isomer, 21. Diazinon, 22. Disulfoton,23.Phosphamidon,24. Dichlofenthion,25.Parathion-methyl, 26. Chlorpyrifosmethyl,27.Ronnel, 28. Fenitrothion, 29. Malathion, 30. Fenthion, 31. Chlordane, 32. Parathion-ethyl, 33. Chlorpyrifos,34.Trichloronate, 35. Chlorfenvinphos,36.Merphos, 37. Crotoxyphos, 38. Stirofos,39.Tokuthion(prothiophos),40. Merphos oxidation product, 41. Fensulfothion,42.Famphur, 43. Ethion, 44. Bolstar, 45. Car-bophenothion, 46. Triphenyl phosphate (IS), 47. Phosmet, 48. EPN, 49. Azinphos-methyl, 50. Lepto-phos, 51. Tri-o-cresyl phosphate, 52. Azinphos-ethyl, 53. Coumaphos

1

4 8 12 16 min

2

13

15

14

20

22

2627

28

29

30

3438

3940

41 45

4847

49

50

51

52 53

42

35

21

23

3

4

5

7

8

910

1112

1617

1819

2425

3637

313233

4344

6

46

Page 95: GC Applis

MN 93

Separation of organophosphorus pesticides (EPA 8140 / 8141)MN Appl. No. 250420

Column: OPTIMA® d-6,50mx0.20mmID,0.2µmfilm,REF726465.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: EPA8140OPpesticidecalibrationmix(Restek), 200 µg/ml each in hexane – acetone (95:5, v/v)

Injection: 1 µl, split 1:30Carrier gas: 2.0 bar HeTemperature: 150 °C

2.5 °C/min→ 300 °C (10 min)

Detector: MSD

Merphos: P SS

S(CH2)3CH3

(CH2)3CH3

H3C(CH2)3

20

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

1920

15

16

17

18

1413

21

22

40 60 min

Peaks: 1. Dichlorvos 2. Mevinphos 3. Demeton-S 4. Ethoprop 5. Naled 6. Phorate 7. Demeton-O 8. Diazinon 9. Disulfoton10. Ronnel11. Parathion-methyl12. Chlorpyrifos13. Trichloronate14. Fenthion15. Merphos16. Stirofos17. Tokuthion(prothiophos)18. Merphos oxidation product19. Fensulfothion20. Bolstar21. Azinphos-methyl 22. Coumaphos

Organophosphorus pesticides

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Analysis of organophosphorus insecticidesMN Appl. No. 200940

Column: OPTIMA®1301,25mx0.32mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726777.25, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl on columnCarriergas: 80kPaH2 Temperature: 80

30 °C/min→ 220 °C

4 °C/min→ 270 °C

Detector: PNDPeaks: [ng]

CourtesyofMr.Lembacher,HippNährmittel,Pfaffenhofen,Germany

1. Dimefox[0.25]2. Triethyl phosphate [0.25]3. Dichlorvos [0.25]4. Chlormephos [0.25] 5. Mevinphos [0.5]6. Methacrifos[0.25]7. Demephion [0.5]8. Heptenophos [0.5]9. TEPP [0.25] 10. Ethoprophos [0.25]11. Tributyl phosphate [0.25]12. Sulfotep[0.25]13. Thiometon [0.25] 14. Diazinon [0.25]15. Disulfoton[0.25]16. Tris-2-chloroethyl phosphate

[0.25]17. Isazofos[0.25]

18. Dichlofenthion[0.5]19. Dursban-methyl =

Chlorpyrifos-methyl[0.5]20. Tolclofos-methyl[0.25]21. Fenchlorphos [0.5]22. Pirimiphos-methyl [0.5]23. Dursban-ethyl =

Chlorpyrifos-ethyl[0.5]24. Malathion [0.5]25. Pirimiphos-ethyl [1.0]26. Parathion-ethyl [0.5]27. Amidithion [0.5]28. Crufomate[0.5]29. Quinalphos (0.5]30. Bromophos-ethyl [0.5]31. Methidathion [0.5] 32. Iodofenphos[0.5]33. Prothiophos [0.5]

34. Fenamiphos [0.5]35. Vamidothion [0.5] 36. Ethion [0.25]37. Sulprofos[0.5]38. Carbophenothion [0.5]39. Edifenphos[0.5]40. Triazophos [0.5]41. Triphenyl phosphate [0.5]42. Phenkapton[0.5]43. Pyridaphenthion [0.5] 44. Azinphos-methyl [0.5]45. Phosalone [0.5]46. Azinphos-ethyl [0.5]47. Dialifos[0.5]48. Tri-p-cresyl phosphate [0.5]49. Coumaphos [0.5]

Structures of organophosphorus pesticidesStructure Compound X R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7

P

R4

R3

R6 R7

R2

R1 R5XO

Bromophos-ethyl S Cl H Br Cl H OC2H5 OC2H5Chlorthion S H Cl NO2 H H OCH3 OCH3Crufomate O Cl H C(CH3)3 H H OCH3 NH–CH3Dichlofenthion S Cl H Cl H H OC2H5 OC2H5EPN S H H NO2 H H OC2H5 C6H5Famphur S H H SO2–N(CH3)2 H H OCH3 OCH3Fenamiphos O H CH3 SCH3 H H OC2H5 NH–i-C3H7Fenchlorphos S Cl H Cl Cl H OCH3 OCH3Fenitrothion S H CH3 NO2 H H OCH3 OCH3Fensulfothion S H H SO-CH3 H H OC2H5 OC2H5Fenthion S H CH3 SCH3 H H OCH3 OCH3Iodofenphos S Cl H I Cl H OCH3 OCH3Leptophos S Cl H Br Cl H OCH3 C6H5Parathion-ethyl S H H NO2 H H OC2H5 OC2H5Profenofos O Cl H Br H H OC2H5 S–n-C3H7Prothiofos S Cl H Cl H H OC2H5 S–n-C3H7Sulprofos S H H SCH3 H H OC2H5 S–n-C3H7Tolclofos-methyl S Cl H CH3 H Cl OCH3 OCH3Trichloronat S Cl H Cl Cl H OC2H5 C2H5

Page 97: GC Applis

MN 95

Organophosphorus pesticides

Analysis of organophosphorus insecticidesMN Appl. No. 200940

Column: OPTIMA®1301,25mx0.32mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726777.25, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl on columnCarriergas: 80kPaH2 Temperature: 80 220 °C 270 °CDetector: PNDPeaks: [ng]

1

23 12 18 2625

13

1416

1517

2119

22

2329

2731

28

30 20

32

33

3424

3536

37

38

403941

43

4244

45

46

47

48

49

4 5

6

7

8

9

10

11

0 5 10 15 min

CourtesyofMr.Lembacher,HippNährmittel,Pfaffenhofen,Germany

1. Dimefox[0.25]2. Triethyl phosphate [0.25]3. Dichlorvos [0.25]4. Chlormephos [0.25] 5. Mevinphos [0.5]6. Methacrifos[0.25]7. Demephion [0.5]8. Heptenophos [0.5]9. TEPP [0.25] 10. Ethoprophos [0.25]11. Tributyl phosphate [0.25]12. Sulfotep[0.25]13. Thiometon [0.25] 14. Diazinon [0.25]15. Disulfoton[0.25]16. Tris-2-chloroethyl phosphate

[0.25]17. Isazofos[0.25]

18. Dichlofenthion[0.5]19. Dursban-methyl =

Chlorpyrifos-methyl[0.5]20. Tolclofos-methyl[0.25]21. Fenchlorphos [0.5]22. Pirimiphos-methyl [0.5]23. Dursban-ethyl =

Chlorpyrifos-ethyl[0.5]24. Malathion [0.5]25. Pirimiphos-ethyl [1.0]26. Parathion-ethyl [0.5]27. Amidithion [0.5]28. Crufomate[0.5]29. Quinalphos (0.5]30. Bromophos-ethyl [0.5]31. Methidathion [0.5] 32. Iodofenphos[0.5]33. Prothiophos [0.5]

34. Fenamiphos [0.5]35. Vamidothion [0.5] 36. Ethion [0.25]37. Sulprofos[0.5]38. Carbophenothion [0.5]39. Edifenphos[0.5]40. Triazophos [0.5]41. Triphenyl phosphate [0.5]42. Phenkapton[0.5]43. Pyridaphenthion [0.5] 44. Azinphos-methyl [0.5]45. Phosalone [0.5]46. Azinphos-ethyl [0.5]47. Dialifos[0.5]48. Tri-p-cresyl phosphate [0.5]49. Coumaphos [0.5]

Structures of organophosphorus pesticidesStructure Compound X R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7

Bromophos-ethyl S Cl H Br Cl H OC2H5 OC2H5Chlorthion S H Cl NO2 H H OCH3 OCH3Crufomate O Cl H C(CH3)3 H H OCH3 NH–CH3Dichlofenthion S Cl H Cl H H OC2H5 OC2H5EPN S H H NO2 H H OC2H5 C6H5Famphur S H H SO2–N(CH3)2 H H OCH3 OCH3Fenamiphos O H CH3 SCH3 H H OC2H5 NH–i-C3H7Fenchlorphos S Cl H Cl Cl H OCH3 OCH3Fenitrothion S H CH3 NO2 H H OCH3 OCH3Fensulfothion S H H SO-CH3 H H OC2H5 OC2H5Fenthion S H CH3 SCH3 H H OCH3 OCH3Iodofenphos S Cl H I Cl H OCH3 OCH3Leptophos S Cl H Br Cl H OCH3 C6H5Parathion-ethyl S H H NO2 H H OC2H5 OC2H5Profenofos O Cl H Br H H OC2H5 S–n-C3H7Prothiofos S Cl H Cl H H OC2H5 S–n-C3H7Sulprofos S H H SCH3 H H OC2H5 S–n-C3H7Tolclofos-methyl S Cl H CH3 H Cl OCH3 OCH3Trichloronat S Cl H Cl Cl H OC2H5 C2H5

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Analysis of organophosphorus pesticidesMN Appl. No. 213180

Column: OPTIMA®35MS,30mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726154.30, max. temperature 360/370 °C

Injection: 1.0 µl, 250 °C, split 1:25Carrier gas: 1.5 ml/min HeTemperature: 130 °C

6 °C/min→ 300 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Demeton-O2. Phorate3. Demeton-S4. Disulfoton5. Trichloronate6. Fenthion7. Prothiophos8. Sulprofos9. Fensulfothion10. Azinphos-methyl11. Coumaphos

15 20 2510

1 3

2

45

6

7

8

9

10

11

min

Pesticide structures: dinitroaniline herbicides Structure Compound R1 R2 R3 R4

NO2

NO2

R4

R3

NR2

R1

Ethalfluralin C2H5 CH2–C(CH3)=CH2 H CF3Fluchloralin C2H4Cl n-C3H7 H CF3Isopropalin n-C3H7 n-C3H7 H CH(CH3)2Pendimethalin H CH(C2H5)2 CH3 CH3Profluralin n-C3H7 cyclopropylmethyl H CF3Trifluralin n-C3H7 n-C3H7 H CF3

Pesticide structures: triazinesStructure Compound R1 R2 R3

N NNOR3

R2

R1 Isomethiozin C(CH3)3 SCH3 N=CH–CH(CH3)2

Metamitron C6H5 CH3 NH2

Metribuzin C(CH3)3 SCH3 NH2

O

O

CH3N(CH3)2N

N N Hexazinone – – –

For more triazine structures see page 102.

Page 99: GC Applis

MN 97

Pesticide structures: triazole and imidazole derivatives, conazolesStructure Compound R1 R2 R3 R4

R3

R2

R1

Cl

R4

N

NN

Cyproconazole H OH 1-cyclopropylethyl HDiclobutrazole CH(OH)–C(CH3)3 H H ClHexaconazole H OH n-C4H9 ClMyclobutanil H CN n-C4H9 HPenconazole H H n-C3H7 Cl

O

NNN

R2

R1

Bitertanol CH(OH)–C(CH3)3 C6H5 – –Triadimefon CO–C(CH3)3 Cl – –Triadimenol CH(OH)–C(CH3)3 Cl – –

Flutriafol Tebuconazole Imazalil

HOF

F

N

NN

C(CH3)3

HOCl N

NN

O–CH2–CH=CH2

Cl

Cl

N

N

Flusilazole Propiconazole Prochloraz

H3CF

F

Si

N

NN Cl

H3C

NCl

NN

O OO

O

Cl Cl

Cl

NCH3

N

NFluotrimazole Triflumizole

N

NN

CF3

O

CH3

Cl

N

N

N

F3C

Pesticide structures: urea derivativesStructure Compound R1 R2 R3

N N

O

R3R2

CH3R1

FluometuronF3C

H CH3

Tebuthiuron (H3C)3CN N

S CH3 H

Pesticides

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Analysis of a pesticide mixtureMN Appl. No. 210740

Column: OPTIMA® d-6,50mx0.20mmID,0.20µmfilm,REF726465.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 0.03 – 0.5 µg/ml depending on component, splitless, purge time 0.8 min, 270 °CCarrier gas: 2.3 ml/min HeTemperature: 130 °C (1 min)

25 °C/min→ 180 °C (5 min)

2 °C/min→ 260 °C

6 °C/min→ 310 °C (4 min)

Detector: PND 300 °CPeaks:1. Dichlorvos2. Degradationproductofethion/

dioxathion3. Mevinphos4. Propham5. Methacrifos6. Heptenophos7. Sulfotep/

degradationproductofdiazinon8. Diphenylamine9. Chlorpropham10. Diazinon

11. Dioxathion12. Dimethoate13. Etrimfos14. Fenchlorphos/pirimiphos15. Tolclofos-methyl16. Malathion17. Fenthion18. Bromophos-methyl19. Chlorthion20. Chlorfenvinphos21. Penconazole22. Quinalphos

23. Methidathion24. Imazalil25. Flusilazole26. Myclobutanil27. Ethion28. Carbophenothion29. Tebuconazole30. Pyridaphenthion31. Phenkapton32. Azinphos-methyl33. Bitertanol34. Azinphos-ethyl

0

1

5

6

3

710

13

17

16

18

20

21

22 2324

2526

27

28

29

30

33

31

32

34

19

14

15

12

11

8/92 4

4020 50 min10 30 60

CourtesyofMr.Grabher,CLUA,Sigmaringen,Germany

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MN 99

Pesticides

Analysis of pyrethroid insecticidesMN Appl. No. 210720

Column: OPTIMA® d-6,50mx0.20mmID,0.20µmfilm,REF726465.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 0.03 – 0.5 µg/ml depending on component, splitless, purge time: 0.8 min, 270 °CCarrier gas: 2.3 ml/min HeTemperature: 130 °C (1 min)

25 °C/min→ 180 °C (5 min)

2 °C/min→ 260 °C

6 °C/min→ 310 °C (14 min)

Detector: ECD 300 °CPeaks:1. Bioallethrin isomers 2. Chlorthion3. Fenpropathrin + tetramethrin isomer 1 4. Tetramethrin isomer 2 5. Cyhalothrin 6. Permethrin isomers 7. Cyfluthrinisomers8. Alphamethrin = a-Cypermethrin9. Fenvalerate isomers

CourtesyofMr.Grabher,CLUA,Sigmaringen,Germany

0

1

2

3

67 8

94

5

4020 60 min10 30 50

Pesticide structures: pyrethroidsStructure Compound R1 R2 R3 R4

OO

O R3

R1

R2

R4CH3H3C

Cyfluthrin CH=CCl2 H CN FCyhalothrin CH=CCl–CF3 H CN Ha-Cypermethrin CH=CCl2 H CN HFenpropathrin CH3 CH3 CN HPermethrin CH=CCl2 H H H

OO

O CN

R1

CH3

H3C

Fenvalerate 4-Cl-phenyl – – –Flucythrinate 4-CHF2O-phenyl – – –Fluvalinate 4-CF3,2-Cl-phenyl–NH – – –

O

OR1

CH3H3C

CH3H3C Bioallethrin CH3

CH2–CH=CH2

O

– – –

Tetramethrin O

–CH2–N

O

– – –

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Analysis of acaricides and fungicides for peel-treatmentMN Appl. No. 210210

Column: OPTIMA® d-3,30mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726420.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1.0 µl, 250 °C, 1 min splitless, then 1:25Carrier gas: HePressure: 26.5kPa(1min)

7kPa/min→ 42.9kPa

1.1kPa/min→ 71kPa(20.2min)

Temperature: 80 °C (1 min) 30 °C/min→ 150 °C

4.8 °C/min→ 280 °C (20 min)

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Mecarbam2. Imazalil3. Chlorfenson4. Tetradifon

CourtesyofK.Friedrichs, Chem.Untersuchungsamt,Bielefeld,Germany

10

1

34

2

15 min

Pesticide structures: carboxylic acid amidesStructure Compound R1 R2 R3 R4

NO

R3

R4

R2

R1

Acetochlor CH2Cl CH2–OC2H5 CH3 C2H5Alachlor CH2Cl CH2–OCH3 C2H5 C2H5Butachlor CH2Cl CH2–O–n-C4H9 C2H5 C2H5Fenfuram o-methylfuranyl H H HMetalaxyl CH2–OCH3 CH(CH3)–CO–OCH3 CH3 CH3Metazachlor CH2Cl CH2–

NN CH3 CH3

Methfuroxam trimethylfuranyl H H HMetolachlor CH2Cl CH(CH3)–CH2–OCH3 CH3 C2H5Ofurace CH2Cl g-butyrolactone CH3 CH3Propachlor CH2Cl CH(CH3)2 H H

NO

R3

R4

R2

R1

Chlorpropham O–i-C3H7 H Cl HFlamprop C6H5 CH(CH3)–COOH Cl FPentanochlor CH(CH3)–i-C3H7 H Cl CH3Propanil C2H5 H Cl ClPropham O–i-C3H7 H H H

R4

O

N

R3

R2

R1

Diethyltoluamide C2H5 C2H5 CH3 HPropyzamide C(CH3)2–C≡CH H Cl Cl

O

NR3

R2

R1

Diphenamid CH3 CH3 CH(C6H5)2

Isocarbamid CH2– CH(CH3)2 H HN

NO

Napropamide C2H5 C2H5CH(CH3)–O–1-naphthyl

Page 103: GC Applis

MN 101

Analysis of fungicidesMN Appl. No. 200910

Column: OPTIMA®1,25mx0.32mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726302.25, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1 µl on columnCarriergas: 50kPaH2

Temperature: 80 °C 40 °C/min→ 200 °C

6 °C/min→ 280 °C

Detector: PND 300 °C Peaks: [ng]1. Etridiazole [2]2. Prothiocarb [2.5]3. Diphenylamine [2]4. Azobenzene [2]5. Cycloate [2.5]6. Ethalfluralin[2]7. Dicloran [2.5]8. Ethoxyquin [5]9. Benzo[h]quinoline [2]10. Fenfuram[2.5]11. Fluchloralin [2.5] 12. Vinclozolin [5]

13. Alachlor [5]14. Metalaxyl [5]15. Dichlofluanid[2]16. Thiobencarb [2.5]17. Methfuroxam[4]18. Triadimefon[2]19. Fenpropimorph [5]20. Thiabendazole [2.5]21. Penconazole [2]22. Triadimenol [2.5]23. Quinomethionate [2.5]24. Triflumizole[2.5]

25. Flutriafol[2]26.Flurodifen[5]27. Hexaconazole [2]28. Myclobutanil [2]29. Diclobutrazol [2]30. Thioquinox [2]31. Ofurace[5]32. Nuarimol [2]33. Fenarimol [2.5]34. Bitertanol [2.5]35. Prochloraz [2]

0

1 2

3

4 8 9

10

11

12

1314

15

16

17

18

19

20

22

2324

25

29

30

31

3233

34

34

35

2627

21 28

5

6

7

5 10 15min

Fenpropimorph

(CH3)3C

H3C

H3C

CH3N

O

CourtesyofMr.Lembacher,Hipp-Nährmittel,Pfaffenhofen,Germany

Pesticides

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Analysis of herbicidesMN Appl. No. 200770

Column: OPTIMA®1301,25mx0.32mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726777.25, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, splitless, 280 °CCarriergas: 50kPaH2 Temperature: 80

30 °C/min→ 200 °C

4 °C/min→ 270 °C

Detector: PND 310 °CPeaks: [ng]

CourtesyofMr.Lembacher,HippNährmittel,Pfaffenhofen,Germany

1. EPTC [5]2. Butylate [5]3. Vernolate [5]4. Pebulate [5]5. Propham [5]6. Molinate [5]7. Azobenzene [2.5]8. Cycloate [5]9. Diphenylamine [5]10. Ethalfluralin[5]11. Terbumeton desethyl [5]12. Desethyldesisopropylatrazine [1.25]13. Desisopropylatrazine [1.25]14. Desethylatrazine [1.25]15. Terbuthylazine desethyl [1.25]16. Atraton [2.5]

17. Prometon [2.5]18. Trietazine [1.25]19. Atrazine [1.25])20. Sebuthylazine desethyl [1.25]21. Isocarbamid [2.5]22. Fluchloralin [5]23. Sebuthylazine [1.25] 24. Desmetryn [1.25]25. Simetryn [1.25]26. Metalaxyl [5]27. Terbutryn [1.25]28. Isomethiozin [1.25] 29. Metolachlor [5]30. Propanil [5]31. Pentanochlor [5]32. Isopropalin [2.5]

33. Dimethametryn [1.25] 34. Metazachlor [2.5]35. Bromacil [5]36. Triadimenol [5]37. Oxadiazon [5]38. Methoprotryn [1.25] 39. Fluazifop-butyl[5]40. Thioquinox [2.5]41. Fluorodifen[5]42. Flamprop-isopropyl [5]43. Metamitron [2.5]44. Propiconazole [5]45. Fluotrimazole [5]46. Lenacil [5]47. Hexazinone [5]

Pesticide structures: triazinesCompound R1 R2 R3

NN N

R2 R3

R1

Atrazine Cl NH–C2H5 NH–CH(CH3)2Cyanazine Cl NH–C2H5 NH–C(CH3)2–CNPropazine Cl NH–CH(CH3)2 NH–CH(CH3)2Sebuthylazine Cl NH–C2H5 NH–(CH2)3–CH3Simazin Cl NH–C2H5 NH–C2H5Terbuthylazine Cl NH–C2H5 NH–C(CH3)3Trietazine Cl NH–C2H5 N(C2H5)2

Anilanzine Cl Cl NH–(o-Cl-C6H4)Atratone O–CH3 NH–C2H5 NH–CH(CH3)2Prometon O–CH3 NH–CH(CH3)2 NH–CH(CH3)2Secbumeton O–CH3 NH–C2H5 NH–CH(CH3)–C2H5Terbumeton O–CH3 NH–C2H5 NH–C(CH3)3

Ametryn S–CH3 NH–C2H5 NH–CH(CH3)2Desmetryn S–CH3 NH–CH3 NH–CH(CH3)2Dimethametryn S–CH3 NH–C2H5 NH–CH(CH3)–CH(CH3)2Methoprotryn S–CH3 NH–CH(CH3)2 NH–(CH2)3–OCH3Prometryn S–CH3 NH–CH(CH3)2 NH–CH(CH3)2Simetryn S–CH3 NH–C2H5 NH–C2H5Terbutryn S–CH3 NH–C2H5 NH–C(CH3)3

Page 105: GC Applis

MN 103

Herbicides

Analysis of herbicidesMN Appl. No. 200770

Column: OPTIMA®1301,25mx0.32mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726777.25, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, splitless, 280 °CCarriergas: 50kPaH2 Temperature: 80 200 °C 270 °CDetector: PND 310 °CPeaks: [ng]

1

2

34

5

6

7 8

9

10

11

12

1314

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

3032

3334

35 36

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

44

45

46

47

31

5 10 min

CourtesyofMr.Lembacher,HippNährmittel,Pfaffenhofen,Germany

1. EPTC [5]2. Butylate [5]3. Vernolate [5]4. Pebulate [5]5. Propham [5]6. Molinate [5]7. Azobenzene [2.5]8. Cycloate [5]9. Diphenylamine [5]10. Ethalfluralin[5]11. Terbumeton desethyl [5]12. Desethyldesisopropylatrazine [1.25]13. Desisopropylatrazine [1.25]14. Desethylatrazine [1.25]15. Terbuthylazine desethyl [1.25]16. Atraton [2.5]

17. Prometon [2.5]18. Trietazine [1.25]19. Atrazine [1.25])20. Sebuthylazine desethyl [1.25]21. Isocarbamid [2.5]22. Fluchloralin [5]23. Sebuthylazine [1.25] 24. Desmetryn [1.25]25. Simetryn [1.25]26. Metalaxyl [5]27. Terbutryn [1.25]28. Isomethiozin [1.25] 29. Metolachlor [5]30. Propanil [5]31. Pentanochlor [5]32. Isopropalin [2.5]

33. Dimethametryn [1.25] 34. Metazachlor [2.5]35. Bromacil [5]36. Triadimenol [5]37. Oxadiazon [5]38. Methoprotryn [1.25] 39. Fluazifop-butyl[5]40. Thioquinox [2.5]41. Fluorodifen[5]42. Flamprop-isopropyl [5]43. Metamitron [2.5]44. Propiconazole [5]45. Fluotrimazole [5]46. Lenacil [5]47. Hexazinone [5]

Pesticide structures: triazinesCompound R1 R2 R3

Atrazine Cl NH–C2H5 NH–CH(CH3)2Cyanazine Cl NH–C2H5 NH–C(CH3)2–CNPropazine Cl NH–CH(CH3)2 NH–CH(CH3)2Sebuthylazine Cl NH–C2H5 NH–(CH2)3–CH3Simazin Cl NH–C2H5 NH–C2H5Terbuthylazine Cl NH–C2H5 NH–C(CH3)3Trietazine Cl NH–C2H5 N(C2H5)2

Anilanzine Cl Cl NH–(o-Cl-C6H4)Atratone O–CH3 NH–C2H5 NH–CH(CH3)2Prometon O–CH3 NH–CH(CH3)2 NH–CH(CH3)2Secbumeton O–CH3 NH–C2H5 NH–CH(CH3)–C2H5Terbumeton O–CH3 NH–C2H5 NH–C(CH3)3

Ametryn S–CH3 NH–C2H5 NH–CH(CH3)2Desmetryn S–CH3 NH–CH3 NH–CH(CH3)2Dimethametryn S–CH3 NH–C2H5 NH–CH(CH3)–CH(CH3)2Methoprotryn S–CH3 NH–CH(CH3)2 NH–(CH2)3–OCH3Prometryn S–CH3 NH–CH(CH3)2 NH–CH(CH3)2Simetryn S–CH3 NH–C2H5 NH–C2H5Terbutryn S–CH3 NH–C2H5 NH–C(CH3)3

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Analysis of triazine herbicidesMN Appl. No. 200820

Column: PERMABOND®FFAP,25mx0.25mmID,0.1µmfilm,REF723936.25, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Injection: 2.5 µl, 1 min splitless, then split 1:50 Carriergas: 250kPaHeTemperature: 100 °C

5 °C/min→ 240 °C

Detector: PND 250 °CPeaks: [ng/ml]1. Azobenzene [4768]2. Prometon [716]3. Terbumeton [1646]4. Atraton [740]5. Propazine [820]6. Terbuthylazine [780]7. Secbumeton [748]8. Atrazine [828]9. Prometryn [792]10. Terbutryn [784]

11. Simazin [856]12. Ametryn [764]13. Cyanazine [728]14. Simetryn [836]15. Desethylatrazine [872]16. Metribuzin [744]17. Desisopropylatrazine [784]18. Anilazine [3488]19. Methoprotryn [1544]

15

1

2

3

4

5

6 78 9

10

1112

13

14

15

1617

18

19

20 25 min

CourtesyofJ.Heering,DiplomarbeitFHKöln,Germany

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MN 105

Analysis of triazine herbicidesMN Appl. No. 210410

Column: OPTIMA®5Amine,25mx0.20mmID,0.35µmfilm,REF726355.25, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Carriergas: 24 cm/s HeTemperature: 70 °C (3 min)

8 °C/min→ 300 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Benzothiazole2. Tetradecane3. Desisopropylatrazine4. Simazin5. Atrazine6. Propazine7. Terbuthylazine8. Ametryn9. Prometryn10. Terbutryn11. Metolachlor12. Metazachlor13. Docosane14. Tetracosane15. Methoxychlor16. Eicosane

2015

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5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

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25 30 35 40 min

Herbicides

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Analysis of triazinesMN App. No. 250210

Column: OPTIMA® 5 MS, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm, REF 726220.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: splitless Carrier gas: 25 cm/s HeTemperature: 120 °C (1 min)

4 °C/min→ 280 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks: [ppm]1. Desisopropylatrazine [10.0]2. Desethylatrazine [11.4]3. Desethylterbuthylazine [10.9]4. Simazin [9.8]5. Atrazine [10.2]6. Propazine [10.8]7. Terbuthylazine [12.2]8. Sebuthylazine [12.1]9. Ametryn [9.7]10. Prometryn [12.1]11. Terbutryn [9.3]12. Metolachlor [14.8]13. Metazachlor [12.6]

20

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

30 min

Analysis of dinitroanilline herbicides (EPA 627)

MN Appl. No. 200740Column: OPTIMA® 1301,

25 m x 0.32 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm, REF 726777.25, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl on column, 100 pg eachCarriergas: 50kPaH2 Temperature: 80 °C

30 °C/min→ 200 °C

4 °C/min→

270 °CDetector: ECD 310 °CPeaks: 1. Trifluralin2. Ethalfluralin3. Profluralin4. Isopropalin

0

4

3

21

10 min

CourtesyofMr.Lembacher,HippNährmittel,Pfaffenhofen,Germany

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MN 107

Pesticides

Analysis of organo-nitrogen pesticides (EPA 633)

MN Appl. No. 250110Column: OPTIMA® d-3,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm, REF 726420.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1.0 µl, 3 s splitlessCarrier gas: 1.3 bar HeTemperature: 50 °C

10 °C/min→ 220 °C

20 °C/min→

320 °CDetector: MSD

16

1

2

3

4

5

6

20 24min

Peaks:1. Diethyltoluamide

(DEET)2. Terbacil3. Metribuzin4. Triadimefon5. Bromacil6. Hexazinone

Pesticide structures: uracil derivativesStructure Compound R1 R2

O

O

N

NH

H3C

R1 R2Bromacil Br CH(CH3)–C2H5

Terbacil Cl C(CH3)3

O

O

N

NH

Lenacil – –

Analysis of carbamate/urea pesticides (EPA 632)

MN Appl. No. 200860Column: OPTIMA® 5,

25 m x 0.20 mm ID, 0.20µmfilm, REF 726857.25, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1.0 µl carbamate/urea pes-ticides (EPA 632), 10 µg/ml each in MeOH, 3 s splitless

Carrier gas: 25 cm/s HeTemperature: 50 °C (5 min)

10 °C/min→ 220 °C

20 °C/min→ 330 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Oxamyl2. Methomyl3. Fluometuron4. Carbofuran

14

1

2

3

4

16 min

Pesticide structures: oxime carbamatesStructure Compound R1

R1

H3CS NNH–CH3O

OMethomyl CH3

Oxamyl CO – N(CH3)2

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Analysis of phenoxycarboxylic acid herbicidesMN Appl. No. 201060

Column: OPTIMA®1301,25mx0.32mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726777.25, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl on columnCarriergas: 70kPaH2 Temperature: 80

30 °C/min→ 220 °C

4 °C/min→ 270 °C

Detector: ECD 310 °CPeaks: [ng]1. Chlorfenprop-methyl[0.25]2. 2,4-D methyl ester [0.25]3. 2,4,5-TP methyl ester [0.125] 4. 2,4,5-T methyl ester [0.125]5. 2,4-D isobutyl ester [0.25]6. 2,4-D 1-butyl ester [0.25]7. Alodan (int. std.)[0.05]8. Dichlorprop 2-ethyl 1-hexyl ester [0.50]9. 2,4-D isooctyl ester [0.50]10. 2,4,5-T isooctyl ester [0.125]11. Dichlorprop methyl ester [0.50]12. 2,4,5-T octyl ester [0.50]

1

2

3

5

6

78

9

10

11

12

4

0 5 10 min

CourtesyofMr.Lembacher,HippNährmittel,Pfaffenhofen,Germany

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MN 109

Phenoxycarboxylic acid pesticides

Analysis of phenoxycarboxylic acid herbicides (DIN 38407-14)

MN Appl. No. 213280Column: OPTIMA® 35 MS,

30 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF726154.30, max. temperature 360/370 °C

Injection: 2 µl, 280 °C, analytes deriva-tised with TMSH split 10 ml/min

Carrier gas: 1 bar HeTemperature: 145 °C

3 °C/min→ 220 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks: methylestersof1. Mecoprop2. MCPA 3. Dichlorprop4. 2,4-D

5. Fenoprop6. MCPB7. 2,4,5-T8. 2,4-DB

15

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7

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20 20 20min

Pesticide structures: phenoxycarboxylic acids

Compound R1 R2 R3

Phenoxyacetic acid derivatives

R1

R3R2

HO

OO

2,4-D Cl Cl H2,4,5-T Cl Cl ClMCPA CH3 Cl H

Phenoxypropionic acid derivatives

R1

R3R2CH3

HO

OO

2,4-DP = Dichlorprop

Cl Cl H

2,4,5-TP = Fenoprop

Cl Cl Cl

MCPP = Mecoprop

CH3 Cl H

Fluazifop H CF3ON H

Chlorfenprop Cl

Cl

O

HO

Phenoxybutyric acid derivatives

R1

R2

HO

OO

2,4-DB Cl Cl –MCPB CH3 Cl –

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Analysis of a pesticide mixtureMN Appl. No. 210680

Column: OPTIMA® d-3, 50 m x 0.20 mm ID, 0.20µmfilm, REF 726400.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 2 µl, 8 ng/µl, splitless, KAS 60 °C

12 °C/s→ 250 °C

(2 min)Carrier gas: 50 ml/min He, 35 psiTemperature: 100 °C (12 min)

15 °C/min→

220 °C (1 min) 5 °C/min→ 340 °C

(10 min)Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Acephate2. Pirimicarb3. Metalaxyl4. Metazachlor5. a-Endosulfan6. Profenofos7. Propiconazole8. Methoxychlor9. Phosalone

20 28 32min16

1

2 3

46

7

8

9

5

24

CourtesyofMr.Heinzler,Staatl.Medizinal-,Lebensmittel-undVeterinär-Untersuchungsamt,Kassel, Germany

Analysis of organochlorine pesticidesMN Appl. No. 210840

Column: OPTIMA® d-6, 30 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF726470.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 10 µg/ml in acetoneCarrier gas: H2 Temperature: 60 °C (2 min)

30 °C/min→ 150 °C

8 °C/min→ 300 °C (6 min)

Detector: MSD (ion trap)Peaks:1. a-BHC2. Quintozene3. b-BHC4. Heptachlor5. d-BHC6. Chlorothalonil7. Aldrin8. Isodrin9. cis-Heptachlor epoxide10. trans-Heptachlor epoxide11. p,p’-DDE12. Dieldrin13. Endrin14. o,p’-DDT15. p,p’-DDT16. Methoxychlor

15

1

2

3 4

5

6

7

89

1011

1215

16

13

14

20 min 25

CourtesyofMrs.Geilen,Berg.Wasser-u.Umweltlabor, Wuppertal Germany

Column and conditions as in application 210840MN Appl. No. 210830

Peaks:1. Carbofuran2. Dichlobenil3. Propazine4. Atrazine5. Simazin6. Terbuthylazine7. g-BHC8. Alachlor9. Parathion-methyl10. Metolachlor11. Parathion-ethyl12. Bromacil13. Chlorfenvinphos14. Metazachlor15. a-Endosulfan16. b-Endosulfan17. Chloridazon18. Azinphos-ethyl

Plant-protective pesticides

MN Appl. No. 210850Peaks:1. Propham2. Trifluralin3. Chlorpropham4. Desethylatrazine5. Desethylterbuthylazine6. Desisopropylatrazine7. Sebuthylazine8. Vinclozolin9. Desmetryn10. Prometryn11. Ametryn12. Metribuzin13. Terbutryn14. Cyanazine15. Pendimethalin16. Triadimenol17. Flusilazole18. Methoprotryn19. Cyproconazole20. Metamitron21. Tebuconazole22. Prochloraz

Organonitrogen pesticides

CourtesyofMrs.Geilen,Berg.Wasser-u.Umweltlabor,WuppertalGermany

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Pesticides

Analysis of organochlorine pesticidesMN Appl. No. 210840

Column: OPTIMA® d-6, 30 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF726470.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 10 µg/ml in acetoneCarrier gas: H2 Temperature: 60 °C (2 min) 150 °C

300 °C (6 min)Detector: MSD (ion trap)Peaks:1. a-BHC2. Quintozene3. b-BHC4. Heptachlor5. d-BHC6. Chlorothalonil7. Aldrin8. Isodrin9. cis-Heptachlor epoxide10. trans-Heptachlor epoxide11. p,p’-DDE12. Dieldrin13. Endrin14. o,p’-DDT15. p,p’-DDT16. Methoxychlor

CourtesyofMrs.Geilen,Berg.Wasser-u.Umweltlabor, Wuppertal Germany

Column and conditions as in application 210840MN Appl. No. 210830

Peaks:1. Carbofuran2. Dichlobenil3. Propazine4. Atrazine5. Simazin6. Terbuthylazine7. g-BHC8. Alachlor9. Parathion-methyl10. Metolachlor11. Parathion-ethyl12. Bromacil13. Chlorfenvinphos14. Metazachlor15. a-Endosulfan16. b-Endosulfan17. Chloridazon18. Azinphos-ethyl

Plant-protective pesticides

15 20 min2510

1

2

3

6

4 5

8

9

10

11

13

15

17

18

16

14

12

7

MN Appl. No. 210850Peaks:1. Propham2. Trifluralin3. Chlorpropham4. Desethylatrazine5. Desethylterbuthylazine6. Desisopropylatrazine7. Sebuthylazine8. Vinclozolin9. Desmetryn10. Prometryn11. Ametryn12. Metribuzin13. Terbutryn14. Cyanazine15. Pendimethalin16. Triadimenol17. Flusilazole18. Methoprotryn19. Cyproconazole20. Metamitron21. Tebuconazole22. Prochloraz

Organonitrogen pesticides

10

1

2

3

4 – 6

79

10

11

1216

18

1920

21

22

17

8

13 14/15

2015 25 min

CourtesyofMrs.Geilen,Berg.Wasser-u.Umweltlabor,WuppertalGermany

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Separation of pesticides and aromatic hydrocarbons (EPA 526 mix)MN Appl. No. 212820

Column: OPTIMA®5MSAccent,30mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF725820.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: EPA method 526 mix, 10 ppm (20 ppm internal standard)Injection: 1 µl splitless, hold 0.3 min, 300 °CCarrier gas: 0.8 ml/min HeTemperature: 50 °C (1 min)

20 °C/min→ 200 °C (5 min)

30 °C/min→ 310 °C (3 min)

Detector: MSD 280 °CPeaks:1. Nitrobenzene2. 2,4-Dichlorophenol3. 1,3-Dimethyl-2-nitrobenzene4. 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol5. Acenaphthene-d10 (int. st.)6. Azobenzene (decomposition

productof1,2-diphenyl-hydrazine)

7. Prometon8. Terbufos9. Diazinon10. Fonofos11. Phenanthrene-d10 (int. st.)12. Disulfoton13. Acetochlor14. Cyanazine15. Triphenyl phosphate16. Chrysene-d12

14 16 min128 106

2

3

5

4

67 8

9

11

13 14

15

16

1210

1

Pesticide structures: miscellaneous heterocyclic aromatic compounds Structure Compound R1 R2 R3 R4 R5

R4

R3R2

R1 R5

Fluorochloridone N O

ClClH2C

H CF3 H H

Iprodione NN–CO–NH–CH(CH3)2

OO H Cl H Cl

OxadiazonNN

(CH3)3C O O Cl H Cl O-CH(CH3)2

Procymidone N OO

CH3H3C

H Cl H Cl

Vinclozolin NO

OO

H3CCH=CH2

H Cl H Cl

Page 115: GC Applis

MN 113

Pesticides

On-column analysis of a pesticide mixtureMN Appl. No. 210430

Column: OPTIMA®5,50mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726056.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Retention gap: Me-Sil deactivated, 1.6 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723706.10 (10 m)Injection: 2 µl on columnFlow: 0.8 bar → 2.0 bar, 0.025 bar/minTemperature: 60 °C (1 min)

5 °C/min→ 270 °C

20 °C/min→ 310 °C (8 min)

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Dichlorvos2. Trichlorfon3. Tecnazene4. Sulfotep5. a-BHC6. HCB7. Dimethoate8. b-BHC9. g-BHC10. Quintozene11. Diazinon12. Disulfoton13. Chlorpyrifos-methyl14. Parathion-methyl15. Demeton-S-methylsulfon

16. Heptachlor17. Fenitrothion18. Pirimiphos-methyl19. Malathion20. Aldrin21. Fenthion22. Chlorpyrifos-ethyl23. Chlorthion24. Bromophos-methyl25. trans-Heptachlor epoxide26. cis-Heptachlor epoxide27. Chlorfenvinphos28. Methidathion29. trans-Chlordane30. Bromophos-ethyl

31. o,p’-DDE32. a-Endosulfan33. cis-Chlordane34. p,p’-DDE35. Dieldrin36. o,p’-DDD37. Endrin38. b-Endosulfan39. p,p’-DDD40. o,p’-DDT41. Ethion42. p,p’-DDT43. Methoxychlor44. Azinphos-methyl45. Azinphos-ethyl

20

1

2

3

7

8

9

10 17

1115

16

18

19

21

31

3435

36 39

40/4128/29

22 30

333732

2523

26

24

42

43

44

45

27

20

13/14

12

4

5

6

3525 30 min40

38

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Environmental pollutants

Analysis of pesticide mixturesColumn: OPTIMA®1301,60mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726771.60,

max. temperature 300/320 °CInjection: 3 µl, 0.1 ng/µl, 80 °C (1 min) → 250 °C (1 min), pulsed splitlessCarrier gas: 54 ml/min HeTemperature: 80 °C (2 min)

20 °C/min→ 190 °C (12 min)

2 °C/min→ 240 °C (23 min)

10 °C/min→ 260 °C

(20 min)Detector: ECD

MN Appl. No. 210630Peaks: 1. Phosphamidon2. Tecnazene3. a-BHC4. Lindane5. Chlorothalonil6. Fenchlorphos7. Metazachlor8. Bromophos-ethyl9. Prothiophos10. Dieldrin

+ profenofos11. o,p’-DDT12. Nuarimol13. Bromopropylate14. Bifenox15. Tetradifon16. – 19. Cypermethrin,

4 stereoisomers

0

1

2

3

10

4

56

7

89

1112 13 14

15 16

5030 60 70 80 min4010 20

MN Appl. No. 210640Peaks: 1. Dimethoate2. Propyzamide3. Demeton-S-methyl

+ chlorpyrifos-ethyl4. Parathion-ethyl5. Quinalphos

+ penconazole6. Procymidone

+ methidathion7. Dieldrin

+ profenofos8. Myclobutanil9. PCB-128

+ b-endosulfan + ethion

10. PCB-15311. Propiconazole

0

1

23

45

6

8 9

10 117

5010 60 70 80 min20 30 40

CourtesyofMrs.Goda,Lebensmitteluntersuchungsamt,Braunschweig,Germany

Page 117: GC Applis

MN 115

Pesticides

Analysis of a pesticide mixtureSample: pesticidestandardofKantonalLaboratorySchaffhausen(Switzerland)

0.1 mg/ml or 0.01 mg/ml eachInjection: 1.0 µl, 3 s splitlessCarrier gas: 25 cm/s HeTemperature: 100 °C (3 min)

8 °C/min→ 250 °C

10 °C/min→ 320 °C

Detector: MSD

MN Appl. No. 200920Column: OPTIMA® 5,

25 m x 0.20 mm ID, 0.20µmfilm,REF726857.25, max. temperature 340/360 °C

MN Appl. No. 200930Column: OPTIMA® 17,

25 m x 0.20 mm ID, 0.20µmfilm,REF726065.25, max. temperature: 320/340 °C

Peaks:1. Dichlorvos2. Naled3. Chlorothalonil4. Vinclozolin5. Dichlofluanid6. Chlorpyrifos7. Captan8. Folpet9. Procymidone10. Carbophenothion11. Captafol12. Iprodione13. Coumaphos

10

12

3 4 5 7 8 9 1112

13

10

6

20 min

15 16 17 18 19 min

34 5

789

6

Peaks:1. Dichlorvos2. Naled3. Vinclozolin4. Chlorothalonil5. Chlorpyrifos6. Dichlofluanid7. Procymidone8. Captan9. Folpet10. Carbophenothion11. Iprodione12. Captafol13. Coumaphos

10

1 2 5

6 789

10

1112

13

34

20 30 min

Pesticide structures: phthalimide derivativesStructure Compound R Structure Compound

O

O

N SR

Captan CCl3

O

O

N SCCl3

FolpetCaptafol CCl2–CCl2H

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Environmental pollutants

Miscellaneous pesticide structuresStructure Compound R1 R2 Structure Compound

NR1–N

HN

OCl R2

Chloridazon H HN

NSC2H5O

CCl3

EtridiazoleNorflurazon CH3 CF3

N

NR1

R2SS Quinomethionat CH3 O Fluridone

Thioquinox H S

O

OS

CH3HN

Carboxin – – NNS N

H

Thiabendazole

CH3

CH3CH3

C2H5O

HN

Ethoxyquin – –NN

S

NCH3

Tricyclazole

Analysis of halogenated acetic acids (EPA 552.2)MN Appl. No. 213210

Column: OPTIMA®35MS,30mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726154.30, max. temperature 360/370 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split 1:20Carrier gas: 1 ml/min HeTemperature: 50 °C (3 min)

10 °C/min→ 200 °C (10 min)

Detector: MSDPeaks: 1. Chloroacetic acid methyl ester2. Dichloroacetic acid methyl ester3. Bromoacetic acid methyl ester4. Trichloroacetic acid methyl ester5. Bromochloroacetic acid methyl ester6. Bromodichloroacetic acid methyl ester7. Dibromoacetic acid methyl ester8. Dibromochloroacetic acid methyl ester9. Tribromoacetic acid methyl ester

5

1

2, 3

4

56

7

8

9

10 15min

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MN 117

Organic acids

Analysis of acetic acid and trifluoroacetic acidMN Appl. No. 213250

Column: OPTIMA® FFAP, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF726116.25, max. temperature 250/260 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split 1:40Carrier gas: 0.95 bar HeTemperature: 40 °C (5 min)

10 °C/min→ 120 °C

Detector: FID 250 °CPeaks: 1. Trifluoroaceticacid(TFA)2. Acetic acid

0

1

2

10 min

Analysis of acetic acid and acetic acid anhydride

MN Appl. No. 250620Column: PERMABOND® FFAP,

25 m x 0.53 mm ID, 1.0µmfilm,REF723555.25, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.6 µl, split 1:100Carrier gas: 0.4 bar HeTemperature: a) 100 °C, b) 130 °CDetector: FID 200 °CPeaks: 1. Acetic acid anhydride (1 %)2. Acetic acid(99 %)

0

1

2

b)

12

a)

5 10min

Although retention times are drastically de-creased at higher temperatures, the title com-poundsarestillperfectlyseparatedat130°Cwithanevenbetterpeakshape.

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Solvents · Chemicals

SolventsChemicals

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MN 119

Aromatic hydrocarbons

Analysis of aromatic hydrocarbons (BTX)

MN Appl. No. 200230Column: OPTIMA® 210,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.5µmfilm,REF726874.50, max. temperature 260/280 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 105 ml/minCarriergas: 130kPaN2 (1.1 ml/min) Temperature: 50 °CDetector: FID 250 °CPeaks: 1. Benzene2. Toluene3. Ethylbenzene4. p-Xylene5. m-Xylene6. o-Xylene

0

1 2

3

4

5

6

10 20 min

Analysis of aromatic hydrocarbons (BTX)

MN Appl. No. 200210Column: PERMABOND® CW 20 M,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF723060.25, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Injection: 0.2 µl, split 1:50Carrier gas: 0.8 bar N2Temperature: 40 °C (3 min)

5 °C/min→ 80 °C

Detector: FID 260 °CPeaks:1. Benzene2. Toluene3. Ethylbenzene4. p-Xylene5. m-Xylene6. o-Xylene

0 5

63

4

52

1

10 min

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Analysis of aromatic hydrocarbons (BTX with toluene-d8)

MN Appl. No. 200260Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-PM,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723370.50, max. temperature 230/250 °C

Split: 185 ml/minCarriergas: 120kPaH2 (2 ml/min)Temperature: 60 °C

4 °C/min→ 100 °C

Detector: FID 250 °CPeaks in n-hexane:1. Benzene2. Toluene-d83. Toluene4. p-Xylene5. m-Xylene6. Ethylbenzene7. o-Xylene

0 5

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

10 min

Analysis of aromatic hydrocarbonsMN Appl. No. 210590

Column: OPTIMA® d-3, 30 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF726420.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, 250 °C, split 1:10Carrier gas: HeTemperature: 50 °C

12 °C/min→ 200 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Ethylbenzene2. p-Xylene3. o-Xylene4. Cumene5. n-Propylbenzene6. 4-Ethyltoluene7. 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene8. 2-Ethyltoluene9. 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene10. 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

105

1

23

57

8

9

10

5

4

min

CourtesyofMr.B.Sievers,Riedel-deHaenAG,Seelze, Germany

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MN 121

Aromatic hydrocarbons

Analysis of aromatic solventsColumn: OPTIMA® 210,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF726871.50, max. temperature 260/280 °C

Injection: 0.2 µl, split 89 ml/minCarriergas: 60kPaN2Temperature: 50 °C (10 min)

2 °C/min→ 180 °C

(20 min)Detector: FID 260 °CPeaks:

MN Appl. No. 211871

0 155

2

4

6

7

8 1012

1415

16

3

5

20 25min10

1. n-Butane 2. n-Hexane3. Cyclohexane4. Methylcyclohexane5. Benzene6. Toluene7. n-Nonane8. Ethylbenzene9. p-Xylene10. m-Xylene11. o-Xylene12. i-Propylbenzene

13. n-Propylbenzene14. p-Ethyltoluene15. m-Ethyltoluene16. 1,2,4-Trimethyl-

benzene17. Indane

18. Tetralin

19. Naphthalene

MN Appl. No. 211872

0

2

10

1315 16

17

1819

5 6

3

4

20 min10 30 40

MN Appl. No. 211873

10

1

2

7

8911

121314

15 16

1718

19

10

5 6

43

3020 40min

CourtesyofAralAromaticsGmbH,Gelsenkirchen,Germany

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Analysis of solventsMN Appl. No. 201390

Column: OPTIMA®1,60mx0.32mmID,1.0µmfilm,REF726323.60, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: solventmixture,courtesyofJ.Lutz,AlcanRorschach,SwitzerlandInjection: 0.4 µl, split 1:60Carriergas: 120kPaH2 Temperature: 50 °C (9 min)

4 °C/min→ 90 °C

14 °C/min→ 280 °C (2 min)

Detector: FID 300 °CPeaks:1. Methanol2. Ethanol3. Acetone4. Propanol-25. Methyl acetate6. Propanol-17. Methylethylketone8. Ethyl acetate9. Isobutanol10. Butanol-111. 1-Methoxy-2-propanol12. Isooctane13. Ethylglycol 14. Isoheptane15. Methylisobutylketone

16. 1-Ethoxy-2-propanol17. Toluene18. i-Butyl acetate19. n-Butyl acetate20. 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone21. 1-Methoxy-2-propyl acetate22. Xylene23. Cyclohexanone24. Ethyl glycol acetate25. Butyl glycol26. Heptanol27. Ethyldiglycol28. Butyldiglycol29. Butyl glycol acetate30. Butyldiglycol acetate

10 0

1

3

2 4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1112

1314

15

16

17

18

1920

21

23

24

25

26

27

30

2928

20 30 min

22

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Solvents

Analysis of solventsMN Appl. No. 213150

Column: OPTIMA® 1 MS Accent, 60 m x 0.32 mm ID, 0.5µmfilm, REF 725807.60, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split 1:150Carrier gas: 1 bar HeTemperature: 40 °C (5 min)

10 °C/min→ 60 °C

(2 min)Detector: FID 280 °CPeaks:1. Methanol2. Ethanol3. Acetone4. Propanol-25. Dichloromethane6. t-Butyl ethyl ether7. Methylethylketone8. Hexane9. Tetrahydrofuran(THF)

O

10. Dioxane OO

11. Heptane12. Toluene

2

1

23

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

4 6 8 min

Analysis of volatile solventsMN Appl. No. 210300

Column: OPTIMA® d-3, 60 m x 0.32 mm ID, 1µmfilm,REF726442.60, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split 1:75Carrier gas: 1.2 bar HeTemperature: 34 °C (1 min)

4 °C/min→

50 °C 6 °C/min→ 100 °C

8 °C/min→

200 °C (5 min)Detector: FIDPeaks:1. Methanol2. Methylformate3. Methyl acetate4. Acetonitrile5. n-Hexane6. Ethyl acetate7. Cyclohexane

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

4 min8 12

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Analysis of solventsMN Appl. No. 210260

Column: OPTIMA® d-3, 60 m x 0.32 mm ID, 1µmfilm,REF726442.60, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 1:100Carrier gas: 1.2 bar HeTemperature: 60 °C (1 min)

6 °C/min→ 240 °C

(5 min)Detector: FIDPeaks:1. Methanol2. Ethanol3. Pentane4. Propanol-25. Acetone6. Ethyl acetate7. Benzene

0 105

1

24

56

7

3

15min

Analysis of solvents by headspace GCMN Appl. No. 212960

Column: Optima® WAX, 30 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF726600.30, max. temperature 250/260 °C

Sample: headspace: heat 1 ml water + 20µlofeachsolventto80°Cinaheadspacevialfor15min

Injection: 240 °C, split 3.64:1Carrier gas: 7.35 psi He, 1 ml/minTemperature: 45 °C (1 min)

10 °C/min→ 180 °C

(2 min) 30 °C/min→ 240 °C (3 min)

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Cyclohexane2. Acetone3. Tetrahydrofuran4. Ethyl acetate5. Dichloromethane6. Propanol-2 7. Trichloromethane8. Toluene

2.0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

3.0 min

CourtesyofV.Cirimele,LaboratoireChemTox,IllkirchGraffenstaden,France

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Solvents

Rapid analysis of a complex solvent mixtureMN Appl. No. 250500

Column: OPTIMA® d-3,30mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726420.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1.0 µl, split 1:80Carriergas: 100kPaHeTemperature: 35 °C (1.8 min)

25 °C/min→ 50 °C

70 °C/min→ 200 °C (15 min)

Detector: FIDPeaks:1. Methanol2. Ethanol3. Propanol-24. Acetone5. Dichloromethane6. n-Hexane7. Vinyl acetate8. Butanol-29. Ethyl acetate10. Trichloromethane

11. Benzene12. Trichloroethene13. 1,4-Dioxane14. Propylene glycol15. Toluene + pentenol16. Heptanol-117. Limonene18. Cineole19. Linalool20. 1-Vinylpyrrolidone

21. Menthofuran+menthone22. Isomenthone + pulegone23. Menthyl acetate24. Carvone25. Anethole26. Anisaldehyde27. Dodecanol-1

2 4 6 8

1

2 34

5 6

7

8

9

10

11

15

2221

16

17

18

19

20

2324

25

26

27

12 13

14

10min

CourtesyofM.Bürkler,SolcoBaselAG,Birsfelden,Switzerland

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Analysis of solvents and semi-volatilesMN Appl. No. 212520

Column: OPTIMA®624LB,30mx0.32mmID,1.8µmfilm,REF726786.30 max. temperature 280/300 °C, retention gap Phe-Sil 0.5 m x 0.53 mm, REF 723711.10

Injection: 1 µl, cold on-column, 10 ppm per substance in acetoneCarrier gas: 1.1 bar HeTemperature: 45 °C (3 min)

6 °C/min→ 150 °C

18 °C/min→ 300 °C (20 min)

Detection: FID 280 °CPeaks: 1. Acetone 2. Ethyl acetate 3. Tetrahydrofuran 4. Cyclohexane 5. 2-Methylbutanol-2 6. Butanol-1 7. Pyridine 8. Toluene 9. Dimethylformamide10. Dimethylsulfoxide

11. Decane12. Octanol-113. Acetophenone14. Butyrophenone15. Heptanophenone16. Methoxy-5-indole17. Dibenzylamine18. Methyl eicosanoate19. Methyl cis-13-docosenoate20. Methyl docosanoate

1

0 10 20 30 40 min

23

456

7

8

910

11 12

13

1415

16

17

18

19

20

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Solvents

Analysis of solventsMN Appl. No. 201410

Column: OPTIMA®1701,50mx0.32mmID,1.0µmfilm,REF726929.50, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl, split 147 ml/minCarriergas: 150kPaHe(3ml/min)Temperature: 50 °C (5 min)

5 °C/min→ 160 °C

Detector: FID 240 °CPeaks:1. Methanol2. Ethanol3. Acetone4. Propanol-2

+ methyl acetate5. Dichloromethane6. t-Butanol7. Propanol-18. Ethyl acetate9. Butanone (MEK)10. Trichloroethane11. Trichloromethane12. Benzene13. i-Propyl acetate14. i-Butanol15. Methyl glycol16. 1-Methoxypropanol-217. Butanol-118. n-Propyl acetate19. Glycolic acid20. Ethyl glycol21. Toluene22. i-Butylmethylketone23. i-Butyl acetate24. Tetrachloroethene25. Ethoxypropanol26. n-Butyl acetate27. Ethylbenzene28. m-Xylene + p-xylene29. Methyl glycol acetate30. 1-Methoxypropyl acetate-231. o-Xylene32. 2-Methoxypropyl acetate-133. Ethyl glycol acetate34. Butyl glycol

+ ethoxypropyl acetate35. Cyclohexanone36. Glycolic acid n-butyl ester0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

1617

18

19

20

21

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

22

2425

26

27

23

28

29

10 20 min

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Analysis of solventsMN Appl. No. 201420

Column: PERMABOND®CW20M,50mx0.32mmID,0.5µmfilm,REF723296.50, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Injection: 0.2 µl, split 90 ml/minCarrier gas: 1 bar N2Temperature: 60 °C (5 min)

5 °C/min→ 210 °C

Detector: FID 250 °CPeaks:1. Acetone2. Methyl acetate3. Ethyl acetate4. Methanol + isopropyl acetate5. Butanone (MEK)6. Propanol-27. Ethanol8. Isobutylmethylketone9. Propanol-110. Toluene11. n-Butyl acetate12. i-Butanol

13. 1-Methoxypropanol-214. Ethylbenzene15. Butanol-1 + p-xylene16. m-Xylene17. Ethoxypropanol 18. o-Xylene19. 1-Methoxypropyl acetate-220. Ethyl glycol 21. 2-Methoxypropyl acetate-122. Ethyl glycol acetate23. Cyclohexanone24. Ethylene glycol

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1112

13

15

16

1719

20

21 2223

24

1814

10 20 30 min

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MN 129

Solvents

Analysis of solvent residues in ethanolic tincturesMN Appl. No. 210880

Column: PERMABOND® CW 20 M, 60 m x 0.32 mm ID, 0.5µmfilm,REF723296.60, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split 50 ml/minCarriergas: 50kPaN2Temperature: 60 °C (19 min)

5 °C/min→ 100 °C

Detector: FID 250 °CPeaks:1. Acetone2. Ethyl acetate3. Methanol4. Methylethylketone5. Propanol-2 6. Ethanol7. Isobutylmethylketone8. Propanol-1

10

12

34

5

6

7 8

2515 15min20

CourtesyofMr.Fischer,Pharmaz.FabrikEvers&Co.GmbH,Hamburg,Germany

Analysis of glycolsMN Appl. No. 210950

Column: OPTIMA® d-3, 30 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF726420.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split 100 ml/minCarriergas: 70kPaHeTemperature: 150 °C

10 °C/min→ 250 °C

(15 min)Detector: FIDPeaks:1. Diethylene glycol2. Triethylene glycol3. Tetraethylene glycol4. Pentaethylene glycol

0 104 min2

1 2 3 4

6 8

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Analysis of alcohols in dichloromethane

MN Appl. No. 201460Column: OPTIMA® 5,

25 m x 0.32 mm ID, 5.0µmfilm, REF 726934.25, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 2 µl, split 30 ml/minCarrier gas: 1 bar N2Temperature: 60 °CDetector: FID 240 °CPeaks:1. Methanol2. Ethanol3. Propanol-24. Dichloromethane5. Propanol-1

0

1

23

5

4

5 min 10

Analysis of alcoholsMN Appl. No. 201430

Column: OPTIMA® 17, 50 m x 0.32 mm ID, 0.5µmfilm,REF723744.50, max. temperature 320/340 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split 1:50Carriergas: 50kPaN2

Temperature: 50 °C 4 °C/min→ 200 °C

Detector: FID 250 °CPeaks:1. Methanol2. Ethanol 3. Propanol-24. Propanol-15. Butanol-16. Hexanol-17. Cyclohexanol8. Octanol-1

0

1

2

3 4

5

6 7

8

10 min 20

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MN 131

Alcohols

Headspace analysis of alcoholsMN Appl. No. 212630

Column: OPTIMA® 624, 60 m x 0.32 mm ID, 1.80μmfilm,REF726787.60, max. temperature 280/300 °C

Injection: headspace 200 °C, sample temperature60°Cfor20min,needle temperature 70 °C, transferline80°C

Carriergas: 130kPaHeTemperature: 40 °C (5 min)

20 °C/min→ 200 °C

Detector: FID 200 °CPeaks: 1. Acetaldehyde 2. Methanol 3. Ethanol 4. Acetone 5. Propanol-26. Propanol-1 7. Butanol-1

4

1

23

4

5

6

7

8 12 16min

CourtesyofMr.Kress,INSTANDe.V.,Düssel-dorf,Germany

Headspace analysis of alcoholsMN Appl. No. 212940

Column: OPTIMA® WAX, 30 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25μmfilm,REF726600.30, max. temperature 250/260 °C

Sample: headspace: heat 1 ml water + 20µlofeachalcoholto80°Cinaheadspacevialfor15min

Injection: 250 °C, split 30:1Carrier gas: 11.78 psi He, 1 ml/minTemperature: 70 °C (10 min)Detector: MSDPeaks: 1. Acetone 2. Methanol 3. Propanol-24. Ethanol5. Propanol-1 6. Butanol-1

2

1

2

3

4

5

6

4 6min

CourtesyofV.Cirimele,LaboratoireChemTox,IllkirchGraffenstaden,France

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Headspace analysis of alcoholsMN Appl. No. 212950

Column: OPTIMA® WAX, 30 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25μmfilm,REF726600.30, max. temperature 250/260 °C

Injection: headspace: heat 1 ml blood + 20 µl int. std. (50 mg/l propanol-1) to 80 °C in a headspacevialfor15min; 240 °C, split 3.64:1

Carrier gas: 7.35 psi He, 1 ml/minTemperature: 45 °C (1 min)

10 °C/min→ 180 °C

(2 min) 30 °C/min→ 240 °C (3 min)

Detector: MSDPeaks: 1. Acetone 2. Ethanol3. Propanol-1 4. Acetic acid5. Butyric acid 6. Piperidinone-2

O NH

4

1

2

3

45

6

8 12 16 min

CourtesyofV.Cirimele,LaboratoireChemTox,IllkirchGraffenstaden,France

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MN 133

Neutral and basic organics

Analysis of a mixture of neutral and basic organic compoundsSample: Base/Neutrals Mix 1, 200 µg/ml each in 2-propanol Injection: 1.0 µl, split 1:150Carrier gas: 25 cm/s HeDetector: MSDPeaks:1. N-Nitrosodimethylamine2. s-Dichloroethyl ether3. Bis(1-chloroisopropyl) ether4. Bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether5. N-Nitroso-di-n-propylamine6. Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane7. Dimethyl phthalate8. 4-Chlorophenoxybenzene

9. Diethyl phthalate10. N-Nitrosodiphenylamine11. 4-Bromophenoxybenzene12. Dibutyl phthalate13. Benzyl butyl phthalate14. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate15. Di-n-octyl phthalate

MN Appl. No. 201170Column: OPTIMA® 5,

25 m x 0.20 mm ID, 0.20µmfilm,REF726857.25, max. temperature: 340/360 °C

Temperature: 45 °C (5 min) 8 °C/min→ 330 °C

1

2

3

4

5

67

89

1011

12

13

14

15

10 20 30 min

MN Appl. No. 201180Column: OPTIMA® 17,

25 m x 0.20 mm ID, 0.20µmfilm,REF726065.25, max. temperature 320/340 °C

Temperature: 50 °C (3 min) 8 °C/min→ 320 °C

1

3

4

25 10

11

67

89

12 141513

10 20 30 min

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Analysis of organic pollutants from water-packaging materials

MN Appl. No. 212870Column: OPTIMA® 17,

15 m x 0.53 mm ID, 1.0µmfilm,REF726747.15 max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: splitless, 270 °CCarrier gas: 10 ml/min N2Temperature: 50 °C (1 min)

10 °C/min→ 270 °C

(10 min)Detector: FID 300 °CPeaks:1. Chlorobenzene2. Isopentyl acetate3. Styrene4. Phenol5. Benzyl alcohol6. Cyclohexylbenzene7. Benzophenone8. Diazinon9. Dibutyl phthalate

0

1

2

3 4

5

6

78

9

10 20 min

S. Guillot, M. T. Kelly, H. Fenet, M. Larroque, J. Chromatogr. A 1101 (2006) 46 – 52

Analysis of 2,4-dinitrophenyl-hydrazones

MN Appl. No. 201250Column: OPTIMA® 1,

10 m x 0.53 mm ID, 0.50µmfilm, REF 726519.10, max. temperature 320/340 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split 1:50Carrier gas: 0.3 bar H2

Temperature: 60 °C 30 °C/min→ 160 °C

8 °C/min→

300 °CDetector: FID 320 °CPeaks: DNPhydrazonesof

1. Benzanthrone

O

2. Benzophenone O

3. Fluorenone

O

0

3

2

1

10 min

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MN 135

Miscellaneous

Analysis of plasticizersMN Appl. No. 201200

Column: OPTIMA®5,50mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726056.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1 µl on column, 20 ng eachCarriergas: 140kPaH2 Temperature: 80

40 °C/min→ 240 °C

6 °C/min→ 280 °C

Detector: FIDPeaks: 1. Dimethyl phthalate2. Diethyl phthalate3. Diallyl phthalate4. Dipropyl phthalate5. Diisobutyl phthalate6. Di-n-butyl phthalate7. Methyl glycol phthalate8. Dibutyl sebacate9. Butyl benzyl phthalate

10. Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate11. Triphenyl phosphate12. Diphenyl-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate13. Tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate14. Dicyclohexyl phthalate15. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate16. Diphenyl phthalate17. Di-n-octyl phthalate18. Tri-p-cresyl phosphate

0 10

16

101211

13 1415

17

181 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9

20 min

CourtesyofMr.Lembacher,HippNährmittel,Pfaffenhofen,Germany

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Analysis of phthalates (EPA 606)MN Appl. No. 213160

Column: OPTIMA® d-3, 30 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF726420.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split 1:10Carrier gas: 1.4 ml/min H2

Temperature: 100 °C 15 °C/min→ 320 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Dimethyl phthalate2. Diethyl phthalate3. Dibutyl phthalate4. Butyl benzyl phthalate5. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate6. Di-n-octyl phthalate

6

1

2

3

4

5

6

8 10 12 14min

Analysis of phosphonic acid diethyl esters

MN Appl. No. 211860Column: OPTIMA® d-3,

30 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF726420.30, max. temperature 340/350 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, 250 °C, split 40 ml/minCarriergas: 80kPAHeTemperature: 60 °C

5 °C/min→ 150 °C

20 °C/min→

300 °CDetector: FID 300 °CPeaks:1. Diethyl methylphophonate2. Diethyl ethylphosphonate3. Diethyl allylphosphonate4. Tetraethyl-ethylene-1,2-diphosphonate5. Tetraethyl-propylene-1,3-diphosphonate6. Tetraethyl-butylene-1,4-diphosphonate

0

1 2 3 4 5 6

2010 30min

VeZerfLaborsynthesenGmbH,Idar-Oberstein,Germany

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MN 137

Miscellaneous

Analysis of halogeno- and phosphor organic compoundsMN Appl. No. 210340

Column: OPTIMA®5,30mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726056.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1.0 µl, splitlessCarrier gas: 1.5 bar H2Temperature: 39 °C (1 min)

10 °C/min→ 120 °C

12 °C/min→ 280 °C (10 min)

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Dimethyl methylphosphonate2. Trimethyl phosphate3. 4-Fluorophenol4. 1,2-Dichlorobenzene5. 1-Octanol6. 2,6-Dimethylphenol7. Triethyl phosphate8. 2,6-Dimethylbenzylamine9. Naphthalene10. n-Dodecane11. 1-Dodecanol12. 5-Chloro-2-methylbenzylamine13. Tributyl phosphate14. Dibenzothiophene15. Malathion16. Methyl octadecanoate

1 2

3

4

5

6

7

8 11

12

13

14

15

169 10

2010 min

CourtesyofMr.Kremer,Wehrwissenschaftl.Inst.fürSchutztechnologien,Munster,Germany

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Analysis of methylaminesMN Appl. No. 210490

Column: OPTIMA® 5, 50 m x 0.32 mm ID, 5.0µmfilm,REF726934.50, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Split: 108 ml/minCarrier gas: 2.2 ml/min HeTemperature: 85 °CDetector: FIDPeaks: 20ng/peak1. Methylamine2. Dimethylamine3. Trimethylamine

4

1

32

6 min5

Analysis of ethylaminesMN Appl. No. 250050

Column: OPTIMA® 5 Amine, 30 m x 0.32 mm ID, 1.0µmfilm,REF726353.30, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split 1:70Carrier gas: 0.5 bar H2

Temperature: 40 °C 5 °C/min→ 100 °C

Detector: FIDPeaks: 1. Ethylamine2. Diethylamine3. Triethylamine

1

1

2

2

3

3

min

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MN 139

Amines

Analysis of aminesMN Appl. No. 201520

Column: FS-CW 20 M-AM, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF733110.25, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Injection: 0.2 µl, split 1:100Carrier gas: 0.45 bar N2Temperature: 80 °C (5 min)

8 °C/min→ 180 °C

Detector: FID 250 °CPeaks:1. Butylamine2. Di-i-propylamine3. Dibutylamine4. Nonylamine5. Decylamine6. Undecylamine

0 5

1

2

3

45

6

10 15 min

Analysis of aminesMN Appl. No. 201530

Column: FS-CW 20 M-AM, 25 m x 0.32 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF733299.25, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl Carrier gas: 0.5 bar N2

Temperature: 80 °C 10 °C/min→ 190 °C

Detector: FID 240 °CPeaks:1. Dibutylamine2. n-Nonylamine3. n-Decylamine4. Benzylamine5. n-Undecylamine6. Dicyclohexylamine

0

2

1

3

4

5

6

5 min

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Solvents · Chemicals

Separation of the OPTIMA® Amine test mixture (REF 722317)

MN Appl. No. 250020Column: OPTIMA® 5 Amine,

30 m x 0.32 mm ID, 1.0µmfilm,REF726353.30,max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split 1:40Carrier gas: 0.6 bar H2

Temperature: 100 °C 10 °C/min→ 280 °C

Detector: FIDPeaks:1. Di-i-butylamine2. Diethanolamine3. 2,6-Dimethylaniline4. o-Propanol-pyridine5. Dicyclohexylamine6. Dibenzylamine

100

12

3

45

6

min

Analysis of secondary and tertiary amines

MN Appl. No. 210280Column: OPTIMA® 5 Amine,

30 m x 0.25 mm ID, 1.0µmfilm,REF726358.30, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 1.0 µl, 0.01 % in pentane split 1:100

Carrier gas: 0.55 bar H2Temperature: 50 °C (3 min)

10 °C/min→ 280 °C

(10 min)Detector: FID 280 °CPeaks:1. Diethylamine2. Di-i-propylamine3. Triethylamine4. Di-n-propylamine5. Di-n-butylamine6. Tri-n-propylamine7. Di-i-butylamine 8. Tri-n-butylamine9. Di-i-hexylamine10. Dicyclohexylamine11. Dibenzylamine 12. Tri-n-hexylamine

4

1

2 3

4

5

67

8

9

10

11

12

8 12 16 20min

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MN 141

Amines

Analysis of ethanolaminesMN Appl. No. 250040

Column: OPTIMA® 5 Amine, 30 m x 0.32 mm ID, 1.0µmfilm,REF726353.30, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 1 µl, 20 % in methanol split 1:30

Carrier gas: 0.6 bar H2

Temperature: 80 °C 10 °C/min→ 200 °C

Detector: FIDPeaks: 1. Ethanolamine2. Diethanolamine3. Triethanolamine

0

12

3

5 10 min

Analysis of pyridine compoundsMN Appl. No. 210360

Column: OPTIMA® 5 Amine, 25 m x 0.20 mm ID, 0.35µmfilm,REF726355.25, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 310 °CCarrier gas: 25 cm/s HeTemperature: 50 °C (3 min)

8 °C/min→ 290 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Pyridine2. o-Propanolpyridine3. m-Propanolpyridine4. p-Propanolpyridine

5

1

2

3

4

1510 20min

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Solvents · Chemicals

Analysis of an oxazole derivative of N,N-dimethylformamide

MN Appl. No. 210520Column: OPTIMA® 240,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF726089.25, max. temperature 260/280 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 100 ml/minCarrier gas: 0.8 bar HeTemperature: 50 °C

7 °C/min→ 200 °C

Detector: FID 280 °CPeaks:1. N,N-Dimethylformamide2. 5-Cyano-4-methyloxazole3. Methyl decanoate4. N-Methylpyrrolidone5. 4-Methyl-5-oxazole-carboxylic acid amide

0

4

2

3

5

1

105 min

CourtesyofHoffmann-LaRocheAG,Basel,Switzerland

N-Methylpyrrolidone Oxazole

NOCH3

O

N

Analysis of aniline derivativesMN Appl. No. 210380

Column: OPTIMA® 5 Amine, 25 m x 0.20 mm ID, 0.35µmfilm,REF726355.25, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 310 °CCarriergas: 25 cm/s HeTemperature: 50 °C (3 min)

8 °C/min→ 290 °C

Detector: MSD

5

2

1

3

4

5

6

1510 20min

Peaks:1. Pyridine2. Aniline3. Benzylamine4. 3-Methylaniline5. 2,6-Dimethylaniline6. 2-Ethanolaniline

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MN 143

Aromatic amines

Analysis of substituted anilinesMN Appl. No. 201560

Column: FS-CW20M-AM,25mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF733110.25, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Injection: 2 µl, split 1:20Carriergas: 80kPaHeTemperature: 80 °C (5 min)

5 °C/min→ 210 °C (10 min)

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Aniline2. o-Toluidine3. p-Toluidine4. m-Toluidine5. o-Chloroaniline6. 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline7. 2,6-Dichloroaniline8. 4-i-Propylaniline (int. std.)9. 2-Chloro-4-methylaniline10. p-Chloroaniline

11. 2,4,6-Trichloroaniline12. m-Chloroaniline13. 3-Chloro-2-methylaniline14. 4-Chloro-2-methylaniline15. 5-Chloro-2-methylaniline16. m-Phenetidine17. 2,4-Dichloroaniline18. 2,5-Dichloroaniline 19. 2,3-Dichloroaniline20. 3,5-Dichloroaniline

21. 3,4-Dichloroaniline22. 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline23. 1-Naphthylamine (int. std.)24. 2,3,4-Trichloroaniline25. 5-Chloro-2-nitroaniline26. 2-Chloro-5-nitroaniline27. 4-Chloro-2-nitroaniline28. 3,4,5-Trichloroaniline29. 2-Chloro-4-nitroaniline30. 4-Chloro-3-nitroaniline

20

1

2

3

4

568

79

10

11/12

13

14

1615

17

1819

20

21

22

23

25

26/27

28

29

30

24

30 40 min

B.Scholz,N.Palauschek,Z.Anal.Chem.331 (1988) 282 – 289

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Solvents · Chemicals

Analysis of aromatic aminesMN Appl. No. 213230

Column: OPTIMA®35MS,30mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726154.30, max. temperature 360/370 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split 1:20Carrier gas: 1.0 ml/min HeTemperature: 80 °C

10 °C/min→ 320 °C (10 min)

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. o-Toluidine2. o-Anisidine3. 4-Chloroaniline4. p-Cresidine5. 2,4,5-Trimethylaniline6. 4-Chloro-o-toluidine7. 2,4-Diaminotoluene8. 2,4-Diaminoanisole9. 2-Naphthylamine10. 5-Nitro-o-toluidine

11. 4-Aminobiphenyl12. 4-Aminoazobenzene13. 4,4’-Oxydianiline14. Benzidine + 4,4’-diaminodiphenylmethane15. o-Aminoazotoluene + 3,3’-dimethyl-4,4’-diaminodiphenylmethane16. 3,3’-Dimethylbenzidine17. 4,4’-Thiodianiline18. 3,3’-Dichlorobenzidine 19. 4,4’-Methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline)20. 3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine

5

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

9

8

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

20

19

10 15 20min

Structures of selected aromatic amineso-ToluidineH3C

NH2

o-AnisidineOCH3

NH2

p-Cresidine

CH3

H2N

H3CO

2,4-DiaminoanisoleNH2

OCH3H2N

BenzidineNH2H2N

Page 147: GC Applis

MN 145

Aromatic amines

Analysis of azo-dyes and aromatic amines by fast GCMN Appl. No. 210820

Column: OPTIMA® d-3,10mx0.1mmID,0.1µmfilm,REF726410.10, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1.0 µl, 250 °CCarrier gas: 84 ml/min, splitlessPressure: 580kPa(1min)

42kPa/min→ 966kPa(5min)

Temperature: 50 °C (1 min) 25 °C/min→ 280 °C (5 min)

Detector: MSD 320 °CPeaks:1. o-Toluidine2. 2,4- and 2,6-Dimethylaniline3. o-Anisidine4. 4-Chloroaniline5. p-Cresidine6. 2,4,5-Trimethylaniline7. 4-Chloro-o-toluidine8. 2,4-Diaminotoluene9. 2,4-Diaminoanisole10. 2-Naphthylamine11. 5-Nitro-o-toluidine12. 4-Aminobiphenyl

13. 4-Aminoazobenzene14. 4,4’-Oxydianiline15. 4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane16. Benzidine17. o-Aminoazotoluene18. 3,3’-Dimethyl-4,4’-diaminodiphenylmethane19. 3,3’-Dimethylbenzidine20. 4,4’-Thiodianiline21. 3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine

+ 4,4’-methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline) + 3,3’-dichlorobenzidine

4

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8 9

11

12

1317

18

19

20

21

15

16

14

10

5 6 7 8 9 10 min 11

CourtesyofMrs.K.Friedrichs,Chem.Untersuchungsamt,Bielefeld,Germany

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Analysis of azo-dyes and aromatic aminesMN Appl. No. 210170

Column: OPTIMA®5Amine,30mx0.25mmID,0.5µmfilm,REF726354.30, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 2.0 µlCarrier gas: HeTemperature: 50 °C

7 °C/min→ 300 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. o-Toluidine2. o-Anisidine3. 4-Chloroaniline4. p-Cresidine5. 2,4,5-Trimethylaniline6. 4-Chloro-o-toluidine7. 2,4-Diaminotoluene8. 2,4-Diaminoanisole9. 2-Naphthylamine10. 5-Nitro-o-toluidine11. 4-Aminobiphenyl12. 4-Aminoazobenzene

13. 4,4’-Oxydianiline14. Benzidine15. 4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane16. o-Aminoazotoluene17. 3,3’-Dimethyl-4,4’-diamino-

diphenylmethane18. 3,3’-Dimethylbenzidine19. 4,4’-Thiodianiline20. 4,4’-Methylene-bis-(2-chloro-

aniline) + 3,3’-dichlorobenzidine + 3,3’-dimethoxybenzidine

16

1

2 3 4

5

6

7

8

9

1011 12

16

18

19

14

2015

17

13

3224 40 min20 28 36

CourtesyofMrs.Friedrichs,Chem.UntersuchungsamtBielefeld,Germany

Structures of selected aromatic amineso-Aminoazotoluene

NH2H2N

H3C H3C

N=NNH2

H2N

X 4,4’-Oxydianiline X = O4,4’-Thiodianiline X = S

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MN 147

Miscellaneous

Analysis of organotin compoundsMN Appl. No. 210730

The sample is dissolved in n-hexane.AftertheGrignard reaction with pentylmagnesium bro-mide the residue is extracted with diethyl ether and dried with Na2SO4.Column: OPTIMA® 5 MS,

12 m x 0.20 mm ID, 0.35µmfilm,REF726215.12, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Septum purge: 4.5 ml/minInjection: 1 µl, 250 °C, splitlessCarriergas: 1ml/minHe(20kPa)Temperature: 90 °C

6 °C/min→ 280 °C (3 min)

Detector: MSD 280 °C, EI, SIMPeaks:1. Tetrabutyl tin (internal standard)2. Tributyl pentyl tin3. Dibutyl dipentyl tin

13

1

2

3

14 15 16 17 min

CourtesyofMr.Wohlfarth,Staatl.Med.Leb-ensm, Vet. UA, Wiesbaden, Germany

Qualitative determination of organotin compounds

MN Appl. No. 212140Column: OPTIMA® 1,

25 m x 0.2 mm ID, 0.35µmfilm,REF726837.25, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split 15 ml/minCarrier gas: HeTemperature: 50 °C

6 °C/min→ 300 °C

Detector: MSD,transferline300°CPeaks:1. BuSnEt32. Bu2SnEt23. Bu3SnEt4. Bu4Sn5. i-OcBu2SnEt6. Oc3SnEt

1

2

4

5

6

3

2010 30 40min

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Solvents · Chemicals

Analysis of methyl silanesMN Appl. No. 200080

Column: PERMABOND® Silane, 50 m x 0.32 mm ID, REF 723409.50, max. temperature 260/280 °C

Injection: 1 ml gasCarriergas: 60kPaHeTemperature: 35 °CDetector: MSDPeaks:1. Methylsilane2. Dimethylsilane3. Trimethylsilane

1

2

3

1 2 3 min

CourtesyofTh.GoldschmidtAG,Essen,Germany

Analysis of chloromethyl silanesMN Appl. No. 200090

Column: PERMABOND® Silane, 50 m x 0.32 mm ID, REF 723409.50, max. temperature 260/280 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 80 ml/minCarriergas: 1ml/minHe(constantflow)Temperature: 50 °C (1 min)

5 °C/min→ 100 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Tetramethylsilane2. Dichloromethane3. Tetrachlorosilane4. Chlorotrimethylsilane5. Methyltrichlorosilane6. Dichlorodimethylsilane7. Hexamethyldisiloxane

4 6 8 10 min

1

2 3

4

5

6

7

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MN 149

Silanes

Analysis of silanesMN Appl. No. 200100

Column: PERMABOND® Silane, 50 m x 0.32 mm ID, REF 723409.50, max. temperature 260/280 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 80 ml/minCarriergas: 1.5ml/minHe(constantflow)Temperature: 60 °C (6 min)

20 °C/min→ 250 °C (15 min)

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Trimethylmethoxysilane2. Methylhydrodimethoxysilane3. Vinyldimethylmethoxysilane4. Dimethyldimethoxysilane5. Hexamethyldisiloxane6. 1,1,3,3-Tetramethyldisiloxane7. Hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS)8. Vinyltrimethoxysilane

9. 1,3-Divinyltetramethyldisiloxane10. 1,3-Divinyltetramethyldisilazane11. Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4)12. (Cyanopropyl)methyldimethoxysilane13. (Phenylpropyl)methyldimethoxysilane14. Diphenyldimethoxysilane15. 1,3-Diphenyltetramethyldisilazane16. 1,3-Dicyanopropyltetramethyldisiloxane

8 12 16 20 24 28 min

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

910

11 12

13

14 15

13

16

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Solvents · Chemicals

Analysis of bifunctional alkyl nitratesMN Appl. No. 210290

Column: OPTIMA®1701,50mx0.32mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726318.50, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Carrier gas: H2Temperature: 40 °C (3 min)

5 °C/min→ 200 °C (10 min)

Detector: ECD 260 °CPeaks:1. 1-Nitrooxypropanol-22. 2-Nitrooxyethanol3. RR/SS-3-Nitrooxybutanol-24. 2-Nitrooxypropanol-15. RS/SR-3-Nitrooxybutanol-26. 1-Nitrooxybutanol-27. 1,2-Ethanediol dinitrate / 1,2-Propanediol

dinitrate / 2-Nitrooxybutanol-18. 2,3-Butanediol dinitrate9. 1,2-Butanediol dinitrate10. 1-Hydroxy-2-nitrooxycyclopentane

11. 1,3-Propanediol dinitrate12. 1,3-Butanediol dinitrate13. 1,2-Pentanediol dinitrate14. 1-Hydroxy-2-nitrooxycyclohexane15. 1,2-Hexanediol dinitrate16. trans-1,2-Cyclohexanediol dinitrate17. cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediol dinitrate18. cis-/trans-1,3-Cyclohexanediol dinitrate19. trans-1,2-Cycloheptanediol dinitrate /

cis-/trans-1,3-Cyclohexanediol dinitrate

15

1

2

6

910

12

1314 15

16

17

18

19

11

3

4

7

5

8

2520 30 min

J. Kastler, K. Ballschmiter, Fresenius J Anal Chem 360 (1998) 812 – 816

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MN 151

Miscellaneous

Comparison of a separation on a 50 m standard capillary with separation on a 10 m fast GC column

MN Appl. No. 211260A) Fast GC columnColumn: OPTIMA® 5, 10 m x 0.1 mm ID,

0.1µmfilm,REF726846.10, max. temperature 340/360 °C

injection 1 µl, split 1:40, carrier gas 0.75 bar He

B) standard GC columnColumn: OPTIMA® 5, 50 x 0.25 mm ID,

0.25µmfilm,REF726056.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

injection 1 µl, split 1:35, carrier gas 1.5 bar He

both separations: temperature: 80 °C 8 °C/min→ 320 °C (10 min), detector: FID

Whilemaintainingthetemperatureprogrammeandhalvingthepressureatimesavingof30%resultswithidenticalseparationefficiency.Peaks:1. Octanol2. Undecane3. Dimethylaniline4. Dodecane5. Decylamine6. Methyl decanoate7. Methyl undecanoate8. Henicosane9. Docosane10. Tricosane

0 10 20 min

13

2

4

5

6 78 9 10

0 10 20 30 min

1 32 4

56 7

8

910

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Food and cosmetic components

Food and Cosmetic ComponentsFragrances

FAMEs

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Fragrances

Analysis of a perfume standardMN Appl. No. 201350

Column: OPTIMA®5,25mx0.20mmID,0.20µmfilm,REF726857.25, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1.0µlofastandardofperfumeingredients,1:100inEtOH,split1:100 samplecourtesyofMr.Vogel,LuziAG,Dietlikon,Switzerland

Carrier gas: 25 cm/s HeTemperature: 70 °C (3 min)

2 °C/min→ 320 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Benzaldehyde2. b-Pinene3. Limonene4. Eucalyptol (Cineole)5. Benzyl alcohol6. 2,6-Dimethyl-7-octen-2-ol7. Hexanoic acid 2-propenyl

ester8. Benzoic acid methyl ester9. Phenylethanol10. p-Menth-1(7)-en-9-ol11. 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenal

12. Phenylacetic acid methyl ester

13. Menthol14. Acetic acid isononyl ester15. Linalyl propanoate16. a-Methylbenzyl acetate 17. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde18. Bornyl acetate19. Nonanoic acid ethyl ester20. 3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol21. Piperonal

22. 2-Aminobenzoic acid methyl ester

23. 2-Carene24. Eugenol25. Diphenyl ether26. a-Isomethyl ionone27. Lilial28. Diethyl phthalate29. 2-Naphthylmethylketone30. Methyl dihydrojasmonate31. Benzyl benzoate32. Isopropyl myristate

10 20 30 40 50 60 min

3231

3029

1

2

3 4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

16

19

18

17

15

28

27

26

25

24

23

22

21

20

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Food and cosmetic components

Analysis of commercial perfumeMN Appl. No. 201360

Column: OPTIMA®5,25mx0.20mmID,0.20µmfilm,REF726857.25, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1.0µlperfumesample,1:100inEtOH,3ssplitlessCarrier gas: 25 cm/s HeTemperature: 100 °C (3 min)

5 °C/min→ 320 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Benzyl alcohol2. Linalyl butyrate3. Phenylethanol4. Phenylacetic acid methyl ester5. a-Methylbenzyl acetate6. 3,7-Dimethyl-octen-1-ol7. 3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol8. 7-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-octanal9. Piperonal10. Vanillin11. Ethylvanillin12. a-Isomethyl ionone13. b-Methylionone14. Butylated hydroxytoluene15. Diethyl phthalate16. Methyl dihydrojasmonate17. Benzyl benzoate18. 2-Hydroxycyclopentadecanone

1 2

34

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

15

13 14

17

18

16

10 20 30min

Structures of selected perfume ingredientsStructure Compound R Structure Compound

HO

H3CO R Vanillin CHO OCH3

CH3

CH3H3Cb-Methylionone

Vinylguaiacol CH=CH2

Eugenol CH2–CH=CH2

RO

O

Piperonal CHO OCOOCH3

CH3 Methyl dihydro jasmonateSafrole CH2–CH=CH2

H3CO

R Anisaldehyde CHOH3CH3C

CH3 2-CareneAnethole CH=CH–CH3

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MN 155

Fragrances

Analysis of a perfume standardMN Appl. No. 250530

Column: OPTIMA® d-6,50mx0.20mmID,0.20µmfilm,REF726465.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1.0µlofastandardofperfumeingredients,1:30inEtOH,split1:40 samplecourtesyofMr.Vogel,LuziAG,Dietlikon,Switzerland

Carrier gas: 1.8 bar HeTemperature: 60 °C

2 °C/min→ 280 °C (5 min)

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Limonene2. Cineole3. Linalool4. 2-Phenylethanol5. Menthol6. Benzyl acetate7. Styralyl acetate (1-phenylethyl acetate)8. 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol9. Linalyl anthranilate10. Ethyl nonanoate11. Bornyl acetate12. Hydroxycitronellal13. 4-t-Butylcyclohexyl acetate

14. a-Isomethyl ionone15. Lilial16. Diethyl phthalate17. 3,5-Di-t-butylphenol18. Methyl dihydrojasmonate19. Isopropyl myristate20. Methyl atratate

(methyl 2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoate)21. Hexylcinnamic aldehyde22. Benzyl benzoate23. AETT (acetylethyltetramethyl tetralin)24. Oxacyclohexadecan-2-one25. Benzyl salicylate

20

2 51

3

4 6

78

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

21

22

23

24

25

20

40 60 80 min

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Food and cosmetic components

Analysis of essential oilsMN Appl. No. 201340

Column: PERMABOND®CW20M,50mx0.32mmID,0.5µmfilm,REF723296.50, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Injection: 1 µlCarrier gas: 1.5 bar HeTemperature: 60 °C (5 min)

8 °C/min→ 250 °C (10 min)

Detector: FID 250 °CPeaks:1. a-Pinene2. Camphene3. b-Pinene4. Sabinene5. Carene6. Myrcene7. a-Terpinene

8. Limonene9. Cineole10. g-Terpinene11. Hexanol-1 12. Fenchone13. L-Menthone14. Menthofuran

15. Isomenthone16. Linalool17. Camphor18. Linalyl acetate19. Menthyl acetate20. Bornyl acetate21. Menthol

22. a-Terpineol 23. Borneol 24. Menthyl

valerianate25. Carvone26. Geraniol27. Anethole

28. Benzyl alcohol29. Safrole30. Dodecanol31. Thymol32. Eugenol33. a-Bisabolol

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

89

10

11 30

12

13

14

1619

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

2829

3132

33

1817

15

10 20 30 min

(CH3)3C

H3CCHO

(CH3)2CH CH3

HO

(CH3)2CH CH3Geraniol

H3C

CH3CH2OH

CH3

Lilial Thymol a-Terpinene MyrceneH3C

CH2CH2

CH3

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MN 157

Essential oils

Analysis of essential oilsMN Appl. No. 201330

Column: OPTIMA® 5, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.35µmfilm, REF 726623.50, max. temperature: 340/360 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 1:50Carrier gas: 1 bar N2Temperature: 95 °C (10 min)

6 °C/min→ 200 °C

Detector: FID 280 °CPeaks:1. a-Pinene2. b-Pinene3. Int. std.4. D3-Carene5. Limonene6. 1,8-Cineole7. Camphor8. Menthol9. Int. std.10. Bornyl acetate

15

712

3

4

56

8

9

10

20 25 min

1,8-Cineole O

CH3H3C

H3C

Analysis of essential oilsMN Appl. No. 201370

Column: PERMABOND® FFAP, 50 m x 0.32 mm ID, 0.5µmfilm, REF 723344.50, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 1:50Carrier gas: 0.7 bar N2Temperature: 60 °C (6 min)

8 °C/min→ 200 °C

(20 min)Detector: FID 250 °C Peaks:1. a-Pinene2. b-Pinene3. D3-Carene4. Limonene5. Eucalyptol (Cineole)6. Camphor7. Linalool8. Bornyl acetate9. Menthol10. Carvone

0

1

2

34

5

6

7

8

9

10

10 20 30 min

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Key odorants in beer MN Appl. No. 211880

Column: PERMABOND®FFAP,60mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF723116.60, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Injection: 1 µl, splitless (split open at 1.0 min)Carrier gas: H2 (5.0)Temperature: 40 °C (2 min)

5 °C/min→ 230 °C (40 min)

Detector: FIDPeaks:1. 2-Methylpropyl acetate2: Ethyl butanoate3. Methyl pentanoate4. 3-Methylbutyl acetate5. Methyl hexanoate6. Ethyl hexanoate7. Methyl heptanoate8. Ethyl octanoate9. 2-Methylthioethanol

10. 2-Methylpropionic acid11. Butyric acid12. 3-Methylbutyric acid13. 3-Methylthiopropanol14. 2-Phenylethyl acetate15. Hexanoic acid16. Benzyl alcohol17. 3-Ethyl-2-hydroxy-

2-cyclopenten-1-one

18. 2-Phenylethanol19. (E)-2-Hexenoic acid20. Maltol21. Furaneol22. Octanoic acid23. Eugenol24. 4-Vinylguaiacol25. Phenylacetic acid26. Vanillin

0 2010

12

3

6

7

8

11

1213 14 16 19

20

21

22 23

17

4 5 910

30 40 min

15 18 24

2526

B.Thum,W.Back,EBCCongress1999

Furaneol Maltol BisabololO

OHO

H3C CH3OH

O

O CH3

H3C

CH3

CH3

H3C OH

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MN 159

Alcoholic beverages

Analysis of a plum brandyMN Appl. No. 210930

Column: PERMABOND® CW 20 M, 25 m x 0.32 mm ID, 0.5 µm film,REF723296.25, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Injection: 1 ml, 150 °C, split 1:20Carrier gas: N2, 40 Kpa (1 – 2 ml/min)Temperature: 50 °C (2 min)

2 °C/min→ 60 °C

(5 min) 10 °C/min→ 150 °C (9 min)

10 °C/min→ 170 °C (5 min)

Detector: FID 180 °CPeaks:1. Acetaldehyde2. Ethyl acetate3. Methanol4. Ethanol5. Propanol-16. 2-Methylpropanol-17. Butanol-18. Isoamyl alcohol9. Pentanol-1

0 105

1

2

5

6

7

3 4 99

15min

CourtesyofDr.Nilles,Wein-u.Bodenlabor,Volkach,Germany

Analysis of brandy made from wineMN Appl. No. 201480

Column: OPTIMA® 5, 50 m x 0.32 mm ID, 1.0µmfilm, REF 726325.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 30 ml/minCarrier gas: 1 bar N2Temperature: 60 °C (10 min)

4 °C/min→ 80 °C

Detector: FID 250 °CPeaks:1. Acetaldehyde/methanol2. Ethanol3. Acetone4. Propanol-15. Ethyl acetate6. i-Butanol7. Diethyl acetal8. 3-Methyl-1-butanol9. 2-Methyl-1-butanol

0

1

2

3

45

6

7

8

9

5 10 min

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Analysis of brandy made from wineMN Appl. No. 201490

Column: PERMABOND® CW 20 M, 50 m x 0.32 mm ID, 0.5µmfilm, REF 723296.50, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split 20 ml/minCarrier gas: 1 bar N2Temperature: 60 °C (10 min)

4 °C/min→ 140 °C

Detector: FID 250 °CPeaks:1. Acetaldehyde2. Acetone3. Methyl acetate4. Ethyl acetate5. Methanol6. Ethanol7. Propanol-18. i-Butanol9. 2-Methyl-1-butanol/3-methyl-1-butanol

0

1

2 3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10 20 min

Analysis of DEG standard (5 g/l etha-nol) for wine analysis

MN Appl. No. 201500Column: PERMABOND® CW 20 M-DEG

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF723063.25, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 1:40Carrier gas: 1.2 bar N2

Temperature: 80 °C 10 °C/min→ 200 °C

Detector: FID 260 °CPeaks: DEG standard1. 1,4-Butanediol 2. Diethylene glycol (DEG)3. Glycerol

0

3

2

1

10 min

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MN 161

Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME)

Summary of important saturated fatty acidsCode Common name Systematic nameC2:0 acetic acid ethanoic acidC3:0 propionic acid propanoic acidC4:0 butyric acid butanoic acidC4:0 iso isobutyric acid 2-methylpropanoic acidC5:0 valeric acid pentanoic acidC5:0 iso isovaleric acid 3-methylbutanoic acidC6:0 caproic acid hexanoic acidC6:0 iso isocaproic acid 4-methylvaleric acidC7:0 enanthic acid heptanoic acidC8:0 caprylic acid octanoic acidC9:0 pelargonic acid nonanoic acidC10:0 capric acid decanoic acidC12:0 lauric acid dodecanoic acidC14:0 myristic acid tetradecanoic acidC14:0 iso isomyristic acid 12-methyltridecanoic acidC15:0 pentadecanoic acidC15:0 iso 13-methylmyristic acid 13-methyltetradecanoic acidC15:0 anteiso 12-methylmyristic acid 12-methyltetradecanoic acidC16:0 palmitic acid hexadecanoic acidC16:0 iso isopalmitic acid 14-methylpentadecanoic acidC17:0 margaric acid heptadecanoic acidC17:0 iso isomargaric acid

15-methylpalmitic acid15-methylhexadecanoic acid

C17:0 anteiso anteisomargaric acid 14-methylpalmitic acid

14-methylhexadecanoic acid

C18:0 stearic acid octadecanoic acidC19:0 cyclo methylene stearic acid methylene octadecanoic acidC20:0 arachidic acid eicosanoic acidC22:0 behenic acid docosanoic acidC23:0 trocosanoic acid tricosanoic acidC24:0 lignoceric acid tetracosanoic acidC26:0 cerotic acid hexacosanoic acid

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Summary of important unsaturated fatty acidsCode Systematic name ωreference

systemCommon name ω-3

acidω-6acid

C3:1 propenoic acid acrylic acidC6:2 2,4-hexadienoic acid C6:2n2 sorbic acidC14:1 cis-9-tetradecenoic acid C14:1n5c myristoleic acid

trans-9-tetradecenoic acid C14:1n5t myristelaidic acidC15:1 cis-10-pentadecenoic acid C15:1n5C16:1 cis-9-hexadecenoic acid C16:1n7c palmitoleic acid

trans-9-hexadecenoic acid C16:1n7t palmitelaidic acidC17:1 cis-10-heptadecenoic acid C17:1n7C18:1 cis-9-octadecenoic acid C18:1n9c oleic acid

trans-9-octadecenoic acid C18:1n9t elaidic acidcis-11-octadecenoic acid C18:1n7 vaccenic acid

C18:2 cis-9,12-octadecadienoic acid C18:2n6c linoleic acid xtrans-9,12-octadecadienoic acid C18:2n6t linolelaidic acid x

C18:3 cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid C18:3n3 a -linolenic acid xcis-6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid C18:3n6 g-linolenic acid x

C18:4 cis-6,9,12,15-octadecatetraenoic acid C18:4n3 stearidonic acid xC20:1 cis-11-eicosenoic acid C20:1n9 gondoic acidC20:2 cis-11,14-eicosadienoic acid C20:2n6 xC20:3 cis-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid C20:3n9 mead acid

cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid C20:3n6 xcis-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid C20:3n3 x

C20:4 cis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid C20:4n6 arachidonic acid xcis-8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid C20:4n3 x

C20:5 cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid C20:5n3 xC22:1 cis-13-docosenoic acid C22:1n9 erucic acidC22:2 cis-13,16-docosadienoic acid C22:2n6 xC22:3 cis-13,16,19-docosatrienoic acid C22:3n3 xC22:4 cis-7,10,13,16-docosatetraenoic acid C22:4n6 adrenic acid xC22:5 cis-7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoic a. C22:5n3 clupanodonic acid xC22:6 cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic a. C22:6n3 xC24:1 cis-15-tetracosenoic acid C24:1n9 nervonic acid

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MN 163

Fatty acids

Determination of butyric acid content in edible fats

MN Appl. No. 210130In so-called mixed spreads unsaturated vegeta-bleoilsandfatsreplaceacertainpercentageofmilkfat(MF).TheproportionofMFintheprod-uct has to be labelled to protect the consumer fromfraudulentmalpractise,sincethepriceofMFishigherthanthatofotherrelevantrawmaterials.Inordertocheckcorrectlabellingofmixedspreads,foodinspectionauthoritiesneeda reliable analytical method to determine the percentageofMFinthespread.Themostdis-tinctivefeatureofMF,i.e.theuniqueoccurenceofbutyricacid,ismostoftendeterminedbychromatographyandusedasanindicatorforcalculatingtheMFcontentinfoodstuffs.MF (100 mg) is weighed in a 10 ml HS vial, 1 ml sodium methoxide (0.5 % metallic sodium in methanol), 1 ml internal standard solution (isobutyric acid, valeric acid) are added, and the vial is sealed with a PTFE-lined crimp cap.Column: OPTIMA® 5,

25 m x 0.32 mm ID, 1.0µmfilm,REF726325.25, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: head space, split 1:34, 150 °CCarrier gas: 3 ml/min H2,50kPahead-

pressureTemperature: 50 °C (7 min)

4 °C/min→ 60 °C

Detector: FID 250 °CPeaks:1. C4 iso2. C43. C5

0 2

1 2 3

4 6 8min

F. Ulberth, Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. A, 206 (1998) 305 – 307

Analysis of free carboxylic acids C2 – C7

MN Appl. No. 201570Column: PERMABOND® FFAP,

10 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF723116.10, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 1:50Carrier gas: 0.3 bar N2

Temperature: 120 °C 6 °C/min→ 150 °C

(10 min)Detector: FID 260 °CPeaks:1. C22. C33. C4 iso4. C45. C5 iso6. C57. C6 iso8. C69. C7

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10 min

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Separation of C18 FAMEsMN Appl. No. 212640

Column: OPTIMA® d-6, 50 m x 0.20 mm ID, 0.2µmfilm,REF726465.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1 µl, 0.1 % FAME in hexane split 20 ml/min

Carrier gas: 2.2 bar HeTemperature: 120 °C

6 °C/min→ 180 °C

2 °C/min→ 300 °C (5 min)

Detector: MSD 280 °CPeaks:1. C18:1n9c2. C18:2n6c3. C18:1n9t4. C18:05. C18:3n3

37

1 23

4

5

38min

Analysis of FAMEs C10:0 – C18:2MN Appl. No. 201700

Column: PERMABOND® FFAP, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm, REF 723116.25, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 1:50Carrier gas: 1 bar N2Temperature: 200 °CDetector: FID 260 °CPeaks:1. C10:02. C16:03. C18:04. C18:1n9c5. C18:2n6c6. C18:2 (cis, cis, 9, 11)7. C18:2 (cis, trans, 9, 11)8. C18:2 (trans, trans, 9, 11)

0

1

4

5 6 78

2

3

10 min

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MN 165

FAMEs

Analysis of FAMEsMN Appl. No. 250120

Column: OPTIMA® d-3,25mx0.20mmID,0.20µmfilm,REF726400.25, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split 1:40Carrier gas: 1.1 bar HeTemperature: 100 °C (1 min)

6 °C/min→ 300 °C (5 min)

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. C6:0 2. C8:0 3. C10:0 4. C11:05. C12:06. C13:07. C14:18. C14:0

9. C15:110. C15:011. C16:112. C16:013. C17:114. C17:015. C18:316. C18:1

17. C18:018. C18:219. C20:420. C20:321. C20:122. C20:223. C20:024. C20:3

25. C21:026. C20:527. C22:128. C22:229. C22:030. C23:031. C24:132. C24:0

10

1

2

3

4 6

10

10

11 1314

16

18

3031

32

25

19 – 24

17

12

7 9

15

5

20 30 min

26 – 29

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Analysis of FAMEsMN Appl. No. 250470

Column: OPTIMA® d-6,50mx0.20mmID,0.20µmfilm,REF726465.50, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1 µl, 10 mg FAME mix per ml in CH2Cl2, split 1:50Carrier gas: 2.2 bar HeTemperature: 120 °C

6 °C/min→ 180 °C

2 °C/min→ 300 °C (5 min)

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. C6:0 2. C8:0 3. C10:0 4. C11:05. C12:06. C13:07. C14:0 + C14:1n5c8. C15:0 + C15:1n5c9. C16:1n7c

10. C16:011. C17:1n712. C17:013. C18:3n614. C18:1n9c 15. C18:2n6c16. C18:1n9t17. C18:2n6t

18. C18:019. C18:3n320. C20:4n621. C20:3n622. C20:5n323. C20:1n924. C20:2n625. C20:0

26. C20:3n327. C21:028. C22:1n929. C22:2n630. C22:031. C23:032. C24:1n933. C24:0

44 45 46 min36 37

10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

13

14

15

1617

19 2122

2324

2620

18 25

1112

2728

30

3132

33

29

13 – 1920 – 26

20 30 40 50 60min

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FAMEs

Analysis of FAMEs in porcine fatMN Appl. No. 210060

Column: OPTIMA®225,25mx0.32mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726352.25, max. temperature 260/280 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split 1:40Carriergas: 60kPaH2

Temperature: 50 °C (2 min) 30 °C/min→ 125 °C

5 °C/min→ 160 °C

20 °C/min→ 180 °C

3 °C/min→ 200 °C

20 °C/min→ 220 °C (10 min)

Detector: FID 260 °CPeaks:1. C4:02. C5:03. C6:04. C8:05. C10:0

6. C11:07. C12:08. C13:09. C13:110. C14:0

11. C14:1n5c12. C15:013. C15:114. C16:015. C16:1n7c

16. C17:017. C17:118. C18:019. C18:1n9c20. C18:2n6c

21. C18:322. C19:023. C20:024. C20:125. C20:2

26. C20:4n627. C20:328. C20:529. C22:030. C22:1

31. C22:232. C22:633. C24:034. C24:1n9

FAME standard

1

0

2

3 45

6

7 8 10 14 1518

19

20

9 11

10 20 min

13

12

17

16

23

2122

2425

2627 29

2830

3132

33 34

FAMEs in porcine fat

0

8

2

5 7

10

1112

15

14 18 2019

1617

21

22

23

24

252627 32

10 20 min

CourtesyofDr.Bantleon,Mr.Leusche,Mr.Hagemann,VFG-Labor,Versmold,Germany

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Analysis of FAMEs from pork and salmonMN Appl. No. 210990 / 211000

Column: OPTIMA®225,25mx0.32mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726352.25, max. temperature 260/280 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split 1:40Carriergas: 60kPaH2

Temperature: 50 °C (2 min) 30 °C/min→ 125 °C

5 °C/min→ 160 °C

20 °C/min→ 180 °C

3 °C/min→ 200 °C

20 °C/min→ 220 °C (10 min)

Detector: FID 260 °CApplication 210990: FAME mixture · Application 211000: FAMEs from pork and salmonPeaks:1. C4:0 2. C5:03. C6:0 4. C8:0 5. C10:06. C11:07. C12:08. C13:0

9. C14:010. C14:1n5 11. C15:012. C15:1n513. C16:014. C16:1n715. C17:016. C17:1n7

17. C18:018. C18:1n9c+t19. C18:2n6t 20. C18:2n6c21. C18:3n622. C18:3n323. C19:024. C20:0

25. C20:1n9 26. C20:2n627. C20:3n628. C20:4n629. C20:3n3 30. C21:031. C20:5n332. C22:0

33. C22:1n9 34. C22:2n635. C23:036. C22:6n337. C24:038. C24:1n9

1

3

2

5

6

7

8

9

13

10

1112

14

15

17

19

20

21

32

33

3536

37

38

3422

23

24

25

26

2728293031

18

16

4

20

210990

211000

min10

CourtesyofDr.Bantleon,Mr.Leusche,Mr.Hagemann,VFG-Labor,Versmold,Germany

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FAMEs

Fast analysis of a FAME mixtureMN Appl. No. 211820

Column: OPTIMA®225,10mx0.1mmID,0.1µmfilm,REF726080.10, max. temperature 260/280 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split 1:250Carriergas: 280kPaH2Temperature: 50 °C (1 min)

40 °C/min→ 160 °C

6 °C/min→ 200 °C

25 °C/min→ 240 °C (2 min)

Detector: FID 260 °CPeaks:1. C4:0 2. C6:0 3. C8:0 4. C10:05. C11:06. C12:07. C13:08. C14:09. C14:1

10. C15:011. C15:1n512. C16:013. C16:114. C17:015. C17:1n716. C18:017. C18:1n9c+t18. C18:2n6t

19. C18:2n6c20. C18:3n621. C18:3n322. C20:023. C20:1n924. C20:2n625. C20:3n626. C20:4n627. C20:3n3

28. C21:029. C20:5n330. C22:031. C22:1n932. C22:2n633. C23:034. C22:6n335. C24:036. C24:1

0

1 2 3 4 5 6

7

8

9

1011

12

13

1415

16

17

1819

2021

22

23

24

2526

28

30

31

32

34

33

35

36

27

29

4 8 12min

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Analysis of FAMEs incl. cis/trans C18:1MN Appl. No. 201620

Column: OPTIMA®240,60mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726089.60, max. temperature 260/280 °C

Injection: 1.0µlofaFAMEmixture,split1:25Carriergas: 150kPaH2

Temperature: 80 °C 20 °C/min→ 120 °C

3 °C/min→ 260 °C (10 min)

Detector: FID 280 °CPeaks:1. C4:02. C5:03. C8:04. C10:05. C11:06. C12:07. C13:08. C14:0

9. C14:110. C15:011. C15:112. C16:013. C16:114. C17:015. C17:116. C18:0

17. C18:1n9t18. C18:1n9c19. C18:220. C18:321. C18:3 22. C20:023. C20:124. C20:2

25. C20:326. C20:427. C20:328. C22:029. C22:130. C22:331. C24:1

0

1

2

3

4 5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

1516

1718

19

2021

2223

24

2527

26

2829

30

31

20 30 10 40 min

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FAMEs

Analysis of FAMEsMN Appl. No. 201660

Column: PERMABOND®FFAP,25mx0.25mmID,0.1µmfilm,REF723936.25, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 120 ml/minCarrier gas: 0.75 bar H2

Temperature: 100 °C 6 °C/min→ 240 °C (5 min)

Detector: FID 250 °CPeaks:1. C8:02. C10:03. C11:04. C12:05. C13:06. C14:0 iso7. C14:08. C15:0 iso9. C15:0 anteiso10. C15:0

11. C16:0 iso12. C16:013. C16:114. C17:0 iso15. C17:0 anteiso16. C17:017. C18:018. C18:1n9c19. C18:1n9t20. C18:2

21. C19:0 + C18:3n622. C19:0 cyclo23. C18:3n324. C18:425. C20:026. C20:127. C20:128. C20:229. C21:030. C20:4

31. C20:3n332. C20:533. C22:034. C22:135. C24:036. C24:137. C22:6

0

1

2 3 4 5 7 10 12 16 17 25 26

27

28

29

30

32

33

34

3536

37

31

1820 22

23

24

19

21

11

13

14

15

8

9

6

10 20 min

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Analysis of a FAME standardMN Appl. No. 212750

Column: PERMABOND®FFAP,50mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF723116.50, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Injection: 1.0 µl, FAME standard, 250 °CCarriergas: 80kPaH2Temperature: 200 °C (10 min)

2 °C/min→ 220 °C

Detector: FID 250 °C

10

3231

30

2928

2726

25

2423

19

18

14

9

5

3

1

4

67

8

2

13

17

16

15

121110

2221

20

20 30 40 min

Peaks: 1. C10:02. C11:03. C12:04. C13:05. C14:06. C14:1n57. C15:08. C15:1n59. C16:010. C16:1n711. C17:012. C17:1n7

13. C18:014. C18:1n9t + C18:1n9c15. C18:2n6t + C18:2n6c16. C18:3n617. C18:3n318. C20:019. C20:120. C20:221. C21:022. C20:3n323. C20:4n624. C20:3n625. C22:026. C20:5n327. C22:1n928. C22:2n629. C23:030. C24:031. C24:1n932. C22:6n3

CourtesyofDr.E.Most,InstitutfürTierernährungundErnährungsphysiolgie, Justus-Liebig-Universität,Gießen,Germany

Page 175: GC Applis

MN 173

FAMEs

Analysis of FAMEs in rapeseed oil by fast GC

MN Appl. No. 212010Column: PERMABOND® FFAP,

20 m x 0.10 mm ID, 0.1µmfilm,REF723180.20, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Injection: 0.5 µlCarriergas: 170kPaTemperature: 60 °C

15 °C/min→ 120 °C

10 °C/min→

210 °C (5 min) 15 °C/min→ 240 °C

(30 min)Detector: FID 300 °CPeaks:1. C16:02. C18:03. C18:1n9c4. C18:25. C18:36. C20:0

7. C20:18. C20:29. C22:0 + C22:1n910. C22:211. C24:012. C24:1

0

1 2

3 45 6

7

9

8

10 1211

10 min20 30

Analysis of FAMEs in rapeseed oil by fast GC

MN Appl. No. 212150Column: PERMABOND® FFAP,

10 m x 0.10 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF723181.10, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Injection: 1.0 µl, 250 °CCarrier gas: HeTemperature: 60 °C

15 °C/min→ 230 °C

(13.67 min)Detector: FID 300 °CPeaks:a)fractionrichinoleicacidb)fractionofrapeseedoilrichinerucicacid1. C12:02. C14:03. C16:04. C16:15. C17:06. C18:0

7. C18:1n9c8. C18:29. C18:310. C20:011. C20:112. C20:2

13. C21:014. C22:015. C22:1n916. C22:217. C2418. C24:1

5

1

a)

b)

2

3

4 5

910

1213

14

1618

17

116

8

157

10 15 min

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Food and cosmetic componentsFood and cosmetic components

Analysis of FAMEs from olive oilMN Appl. No. 210550

Column: PERMABOND® FFAP, 25 m x 0.32 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF723341.25, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split 110 ml/minCarrier gas: 3.3 ml/min H2 Temperature: 50 °C (4 min)

6 °C/min→ 240 °C

Detector: FID 260 °CPeaks: 1. C16:02. C16:13. C17:04. C18:05. C18:16. C18:27. C18:3

0 10

1

2 3

4

6

5

7

20 30 min

Analysis of ethoxylated fatty alcohols C12 and C14 (TMS)MN Appl. No. 201760

Column: OPTIMA® 5, 25 m x 0.20 mm ID, 0.2µmfilm,REF726857.25, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: ethoxylatedfattyalcohols R – (O – CH2 – CH2)n – O – TMS, silylated with BSTFA, R = C12 and C14

Injection: 0.5 µl, 300 °C, split 1:150Carrier gas: 25 cm/s HeTemperature: 120 °C (3 min)

10 °C/min→ 330 °C

Detector: MSDn=degreeofethoxylation

n=1

n=2

n=3

n=4n=5

n=6

n=7

n=8

n=9

n=10

10 20 30min

Page 177: GC Applis

MN 175

Lipids

Analysis of triglycerides from butterMN Appl. No. 201790

Column: OPTIMA® 1-TG, 25 m x 0.32 mm ID, REF 726132.25, max. temperature 370 °CInjection: 0.5 µlCarriergas: 80kPaH2Temperature: 80 °C (1 min)

20 °C/min→ 250 °C

5 °C/min→ 370 °C (10 min)

Detector: FID 380 °CPeaks:1. Cholesterol2. T-303. T-344. T-385. T-426. T-467. T-508. T-54

0

12

3

4

5

6

7

8

10

160 278 328 370

20 30 40 min

°C

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Food and cosmetic componentsFood and cosmetic components

Analysis of triglycerides from butterMN Appl. No. 201800

Column: OPTIMA® 17-TG, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 726130.25, max. temperature 370 °CInjection: 1 µlCarriergas: 100kPaH2

Temperature: 260 °C 4 °C/min→ 370 °C (10 min)

Detector: FID 370 °C not baseline-corrected

Peaks:1. T-262. Cholesterol

0

12

3

4

5

6

7

8

10 20 30 min

3. T-304. T-365. T-406. T-467. T-508. T-54

Analysis of triglycerides from olive oilMN Appl. No. 201780

Column: OPTIMA® 1-TG, 25 m x 0.32 mm ID, REF 726132.25, max. temperature 370 °C

Injection: 0.5 µlCarriergas: 80kPaH2

Temperature: 80 °C (1 min) 20 °C/min→ 250 °C

5 °C/min→ 370 °C (10 min)

Detector: FID 380 °CPeaks:1. T-502. T-523. T-54

0

1

23 12 3

10

160 278 328 370

20 30 40 min

°C

Page 179: GC Applis

MN 177

Miscellaneous

Ceramide analysis by GC/MSMN Appl. No. 211980

Column: OPTIMA® 5, 30 m x 0.32 mm ID, 0.1µmfilm,REF726313.30,max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, 320 °C, splitlessCarrier gas: He, 0.6 bar HeTemperature: 260 °C

3 °C/min→ 360 °C

(20 min)Detector: MSDPeaks:a) Ceramide IV

(2-hydroxyfattyacid ceramides, X = OH)

b) Ceramide III (non-hydroxyfattyacidceramides, X = H)

1. 18:02. 22:03. 23:04. 24:15. 24:0

6. 25:17. 25:08. 26:19. 26:0

1. 18:02. 24:1

10 35302515 20 min

10

1

2

1

2

34

5

6

7

89

35302515 20 min

OH

OH

X

OR

HN

H3C

K. Raith, J. Darius, R.H.H. Neubert, J. Chromatography A, 876 (2000) 229 – 233

Analysis of parsolsMN Appl. No. 201240

Column: OPTIMA® 5, 25 m x 0.20 mm ID, 0.20µmfilm,REF726857.25, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1.0 µl parsol mixture, 1:1000 in MeOH, split 1:150

Carrier gas: 25 cm/s HeTemperature: 120 °C (3 min)

10 °C/min→ 220 °C

20 °C/min→ 330 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Parsol 5000 =

3-(4’-Methylbenzylidene)camphor2. Parsol MCX = p-Methoxycinnamic acid

2-ethylhexyl ester (cis isomer)3. Parsol MCX (trans isomer)

13

1

2

3

14 15 16 min

O

CH3H3C

H3C

CH3O

H3C

H3C

OO

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Food and cosmetic componentsFood and cosmetic components

Determination of benzimidazole anthelmintics in meat samplesMN Appl. No. 212040

Column: OPTIMA®1,10mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726050.10, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1 µl, 270 °C, splitlessCarrier gas: 1 ml/min HeTemperature: 60 °C (0.5 min)

30 °C/min→ 150 °C

6 °C/min→ 300 °C

Detector: PND 350 °CChromatogram a)extractofakidneysamplefromapigtreatedwithfenbendazole,derivatizedwithpentafluoro-benzyl bromidePeaks:1.and2.PFBderivativesoffenbendazole3.and4.PFBderivativesofthemetabolitefenbendazolesulphone

0

1 2

3

4

10 20 30min

Chromatogram b)extractofabloodsamplefromapigtreatedwithfenbendazole,derivatizedwithmethyliodidePeaks:1.and2.Mederivativesoffenbendazole3.and4.Mederivativesofthemetabolitefenbendazolesulphone5.and6.Mederivativesofthemetaboliteoxfendazole

0

1, 2

5

3

6

4

20 3010 min

Fenbendazole

NO

SH3C – O – C – NH

NH

Oxfendazole

NO

O

SH3C – O – C – NH

NH

Fenbendazole sulphone

NO

O O

SH3C – O – C – NH

NH

A.M. Marti, A.E. Mooser, H. Koch, J. Chromatography 498 (1990) 145 – 157

Page 181: GC Applis

MN 179

Miscellaneous

Determination of melamine, ammeline, ammelide and cyanuric acid in accord-

ance with FDA regulationsMN Appl. No. 213300

Column: OPTIMA® 5 MS, 30 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF726220.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1 µl, 250 °C, split 10 ml/minCarrier gas: 0.5 ml/min HeTemperature: 75 °C (1 min)

15 °C/min→ 320 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Cyanuric acid (R1 = R2 = R3 = OH)2. Ammelide (R1 = NH2, R2 = R3 = OH) 3. Ammeline (R1 = R2 = NH2, R3 = OH)4. Melamine (R1 = R2 = R3 = NH2)

10

1

2

3

4

12 min

NN N

R2

R1

R3

Analysis of D, L-a-tocopherol acetate (vitamin E acetate)MN Appl. No. 210440

Column: OPTIMA® 1, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF726050.25, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1 µl, 320 °C, split 1:100Carrier gas: 10 psi N2Temperature: 50 °C (3 min)

8 °C/min→ 290 °C

Detector: FID 320 °CPeaks:1. D,L-a-Tocopherol acetate [2.5 ng/ml]

O

O

O CH3CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H3C

CH3 CH3

CH3

2. Tetratriacontane [5.0 ng/ml]

0 64 min2

1

2

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DrugsPharmaceutical ingredients

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MN 181

Drugs of abuse

Analysis of amphetaminesMN App. No. 210460

Column: OPTIMA® d-3, 30 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm, REF 726420.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1.0 µl, 20 µg/ml in methanol, 250 °C, split 10 ml/min

Carrier gas: 2 ml/min He (5.0)Temperature: 60 °C (2 min)

20 °C/min→ 150 °C

6 °C/min→ 250 °C (5 min)

Detector: MSD (Ion Trap)Peaks: 1. Amphetamine2. Methamphetamine3. 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)4. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

(MDMA)5. 3,4-Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine

(MDE)

5

1

3

4

5

2

100 min

CourtesyofMr.S.Motsch,Mr.P.Stein,Zoll-kriminalamt,Köln,Germany

Structures of selected drugsCompound Structure

Alprazolam Midazolam

Cl

NNH3C

N

N

ClF

NH3C

N

N

Noscapine = Narcotine

Papaverine

OOCH3O

N

O

OOCH3

CH3O

CH3

OCH3OCH3

CH3O

CH3O

N

Meconin MethadoneO

OOCH3

CH3O

H3C

H5C2– CO

N(CH3)2

Morphine alkaloids

R1OO

N R3

6

R2

Substance R1 R2 R3Morphine H OH CH3

Nalorphine H OH CH2-CH=CH2

Codeine CH3 OH CH3

Heroin COCH3 OCOCH3 CH3

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Drugs · Pharmaceutical ingredientsDrugs · Pharmaceutical ingredients

Compound Structure Compound StructureClomethiazole S

Cl

H3CN

Nicotine

NN

H3C

Diphenhydramine O N(CH3)2 Caffeine O

OCH3

CH3H3C N

N N

N

Tilidine

N(CH3)2

COOC2H5

Methaqualone N

NO

CH3

H3C

ThioridazineH3C

CH3N

N

S

S

ThiothixeneN

H3C–N

S

SO2–N(CH3)2

Butaperazine

N

NH3C–N

S

CO–C3H7

Quinine

H3CO

H2C

HOH

H

H

N

N

Lidoflazine

H3C

CH3

F

N ON

HN

F

Page 185: GC Applis

MN 183

Drug screening

Drug screening analysisMN Appl. No. 201300

Column: OPTIMA®1,15mx0.53mmID,2.0µmfilm,REF726521.15, max. temperature 320/340 °C

Injection: 1 µl in methanol, 0.5 min splitless, 270 °CCarrier gas: 10 ml/min H2(constantflow)Temperature: 134 °C

10 °C/min→ 277 °C

Detector: N-FID 300 °CPeaks: [ng]1. Amphetamine [50]2. Clomethiazole [50]3. Nicotine [20]4. Ephedrine [100]5. Barbital [100]6. Phenacetin [100]7. Caffeine[20]8. Diphenhydramine [50]9. Tilidine [100]10. Cyclobarbital (200)

11. 5-Chloro-2-aminobenzophenone (int. std.) [50]12. Methaqualone [50]13. Codeine [100]14. Morphine [100]15. Quinine [200]16. Thioridazine (int. std.) [100]17. Butaperazine [100618. Thiothixene19.Thiothixeneartefact} [100]20. Lidoflazine[100]

0

1

2 4

6

9

1011

12

13

14

16

17

18

19

20

7

8

153

5

10 20 min

CourtesyofInstitutfürRechtsmedizinderHeinrich-Heine-Universität,Düsseldorf,Germany

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Drugs · Pharmaceutical ingredientsDrugs · Pharmaceutical ingredients

Analysis of drugs of abuseMN Appl. No. 211900

Column: OPTIMA® 5 MS, 12 m x 0.2 mm ID, 0.2µmfilm,REF726210.12, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: OCI/PTV, split ratio 28Carrier gas: 1.0 ml/min, 57.9 cm/sTotalflow: 30.0ml/minPressure: 58.7kPa(3min)

7kPa/min→

108kPa2.6kPa/min→ 133kPa

8kPa/min→ 150kPa(4.7min)

Temperature: 70 °C (3 min) 20 °C/min→

200 °C 7 °C/min→ 270 °C

20 °C/min→ 300 °C (4.7 min)

Detector: MSD 280 °CPeaks:1. Amphetamine2. Methamphetamine3. Methadone 4. Methaqualone5. Codeine6. Morphine7. Nalorphine8. Alprazolam

2010

1

2

34

5

6

7

8

min

CourtesyofMr.Szigan,LaboratoriumLembke-Lempfrid,Köln,Germany

Analysis of cocaineMN Appl. No. 210020

Column: OPTIMA® 1, 30mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF 726050.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: 4mgofdrugmixuredissolvedin 600 µl CH2Cl2 and derivatised with MSTFA (REF 701270.201).

Injection: 1 µlCarrier gas: N2Temperature: 170 °C

7.5 °C/min→ 280 °C (4 min)

Detector: FID 330 °CPeaks:1. H-Lidocaine, MSTFA derivative2. N-Lidocaine, MSTFA derivative3. Cocaine4. Internal standard

0 105

1 3 4

2

15min

NH N(C2H5)2

O

CH3

H3C

O

OCH3

O

O

CH3

N

Lidocain Cocaine

Page 187: GC Applis

MN 185

Drugs of abuse

Analysis of heroinMN Appl. No. 210010

Column: OPTIMA® 1, 30 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF726050.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Samplepreparation:4mgofadrugmixturearedissolved in 600 µl CH2Cl2 and derivatised with MSTFA (REF 701270.201).Injection: 1 µlCarrier gas: N2Temperature: 170 °C

7.5 °C/min→ 280 °C

(9.5 min)Detector: FID 330 °CPeaks:1. Diparacetamol (MSTFA derivative)2. Monoparacetamol ((MSTFA derivative)3. Caffeine4. Glucose (MSTFA derivative)5. Internal standard6. Acetylcodeine7. Acetylmorphine (MSTFA derivative)8. Diacetylmorphine (heroin)9. Papaverine10. Narcotine (MSTFA derivative)

0

2

1

3

4

5

6 7

8

910

10 20 min

Analysis of commercial heroinMN Appl. No. 250360

Column: OPTIMA® 5, 30 m x 0.20 mm ID, 0.35µmfilm,REF726860.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1 µl, 30 s splitlessCarrier gas: 30 cm/s HeTemperature: 60 °C (1 min)

30 °C/min→ 120 °C

10 °C/min→ 280 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Paracetamol2. Caffeine3. Acetylcodeine4. Monoacetylmorphine5. Diacetylmorphine (heroin)6. Papaverine7. Narcotine

10

1

3

4

5

6

7

2

3020 min

CourtesyofA.Jeger,GerichtschemischesInstitut, Basel, Switzerland

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Analysis of heroin (street quality)MN Appl. No. 210470

Column: OPTIMA® d-3, 30 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF726420.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Sample: 5 mg heroin (street quality) + 1 mg tetracosane + 1 ml CHCl3 + 200 µl pyridine + 150 µl MSTFA

Injection: 1.0 µl, 250 °C, split 30 ml/minCarrier gas: 2 ml/min He (5.0)Temperature: 150 °C

9 °C/min→ 280 °C (25 min)

Detector: MSD (ion trap)Peaks: 1. Paracetamol di-TMS2. GlucoseTMSpeak13. Citric acid 4-TMS4.GlucoseTMSpeak25. Paracetamol TMS6.GlucoseTMSpeak37. Meconin8. Caffeine9. Tetracosane

10. Morphine di-TMS11. Monoacetyl-

morphine TMS12. Acetylcodeine13. Acetylthebaol14. Diacetylmorphine

(heroin)15. Papaverine

5

1 3 94 14

2

5

7 1013

15

6

8 12

11

1510 20min

CourtesyofMr.S.Motsch,Mr.P.Stein,Zollkriminalamt,Köln,Germany

Analysis of hashishMN Appl. No. 212072

Column: OPTIMA® d-3, 60 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF726420.60, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Carriergas: 180kPa(26psi)HeTemperature: 100 °C

10 °C/min→ 360 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Caryophyllene

CH3

CH2

H3C

H3C

2. Cannabichromene

CH3

CH3

H3CO

C5H11

3. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

CH3

H3CH3C

OH

O

HH

C5H11

4. Cannabinol

CH3

H3CH3C

OH

O C5H11

5

1

4

2

3

252010 15 min

N.Bertram,LTALaborf.Toxikol.u.Analytik,Königswinter,Germany

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MN 187

Pharmaceuticals

Analysis of barbituratesMN Appl. No. 201290

Column: OPTIMA® 5, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF726056.25, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split 1:10Carrier gas: 1.8 bar N2

Temperature: 150 °C 8 °C/min→ 300 °C

Detector: FID 280 °CPeaks:1. Pentobarbital2. Secobarbital3. Phenobarbital

HN

R2

R1 NH

O O

O4. Cyclobarbital

0

1

2

3

4

5 min 10

Compound R1 R2

Barbital C2H5 C2H5

Pentobarbital C2H5 CH(CH3)-C3H7

Secobarbital CH2-CH=CH2 CH(CH3)-C3H7

Phenobarbital C2H5 C6H5

Cyclobarbital C2H5

Analysis of narcotic analgesic drugs in urine

MN Appl. No. 201270Column: OPTIMA® 17,

25 m x 0.20 mm ID, 0.20µmfilm,REF726065.25, max. temperature 320/340 °C

Injection: 1.0µlofaliquidextractofaurine sample, 1:10 in MeOH, concentrationofpeaks2–5approximately 0.5 µg/ml, 3 s splitless

Carrier gas: 25 cm/s HeTemperature: 130 °C (3 min)

8 °C/min→ 320 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Levomethorphan2. Dextrorphan3.unknownmetabolite4. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate5.unknownmetabolite

20

1

2 3 4 5

25 min

DextromethorphanandmetabolitescourtesyofDr. Baumann, Hôpital Prilly, Switzerland

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Analysis of b-agonists from urineMN Appl. No. 210670

Column: OPTIMA® d-3,30mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726420.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1.0µl,10µg/lfromurine,derivatisedwithHMDS/TMCS9:1,280°C,splitlessTemperature: 100 °C (1 min)

5 °C/min→ 300 °C

Detector: MSD 300 °CPeaks:1. Mabuterol-TMS2. Salbutamol-TMS3. Clenbuterol-TMS + Clenbuterol-D6-TMS4. Cimaterol-TMS5. Hydroxymethyl-clenbuterol-TMS6. Isoxsuprine-TMS7. Ractopamine-TMS

30 403525

1

2

3

4

5

7

6

45min

CourtesyofMr.Wohlfarth,Mr.Rosensprung,Staatl.Untersuchungsamt,Wiesbaden,Germany

Structure Compound R1 R2 R3 R4

OHR1

R2

R3

HN R4

Mabuterol CF3 NH2 Cl C(CH3)3

Clenbuterol Cl NH2 Cl C(CH3)3

Cimaterol CN NH2 H CH(CH3)2

Salbutamol CH2OH OH H C(CH3)3

OH

HO

HN

R1

R2CH3

Isoxsuprine CH3 O–C6H5 – –Ractopamine H CH2–p-C6H4–OH – –

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MN 189

Pharmaceuticals

Analysis of acidic drugs from waste waterMN Appl. No. 212000

Samplepreparation:100µlsampleisderivatisedwith30µlofa0.2MmethanolicTMSHsolution(REF 701520.101).Column: OPTIMA® d-3,30mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726420.30,

max. temperature 340/360 °CInjection: 2 µl (5 µl/s), 275 °C, splitlessTemperature: 70 °C (1 min)

15 °C/min→ 280 °C

5 °C/min→ 300 °C (10 min)

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Clofibricacid2. Ibuprofen3. 2,3-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (int. std.)4. Gemfibrozil5. Fenoprofen6. Naproxen7. Ketoprofen8. Indomethacin 9. Tolfenamicacid10. Diclofenac11. Meclofenamicacid

20

12

3

4

5

678

9

10

11

3525 30 min

CourtesyofStaatlichesUmweltamtAachen,Germany

Structure Compound R1 R2 R3 R4

R1

OR4R2

Clofibricacid H Cl – C(CH3)2–COOHGemfibrozil CH3 CH3 – (CH2)3– C(CH3)2–COOH

R1

NH R4

R2 R3

Diclofenac Cl H Cl CH2–COOHMeclofenamicacid Cl CH3 Cl COOHTolfenamicacid H Cl CH3 COOH

COOH

CH3

CH3O

Naproxen – – – –

Otherformulasseestructureindexfrompage291.

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Determination of picogram levels of midazolam and metabolites in human

plasmaMN Appl. No. 212580

Column: OPTIMA® 1, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF726050.25, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 3 µl, 300 °C, pulsed splitless Carrier gas: 1.1 ml/min He

(8.6 psi, 43 cm/s)Temperature: 85 °C (1 min)

30 °C/min→ 200 °C

10 °C/min→ 310 °C (1 min)

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Midazolam2. N-Ethyloxazepam (int. std.)3. 4-Hydroxymidazolam4. 1-Hydroxymidazolam

12

2

1

3

4

14 16 min

C. B. Eap et al., J. Chromatography B, 802 (2004) 339 – 345

Analysis of amitriptylineMN Appl. No. 210370

Column: OPTIMA® 5 Amine, 25 m x 0.20 mm ID, 0.35µmfilm,REF726355.25, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 310 °CCarrier gas: 25 cm/s HeTemperature: 70 °C (3 min)

10 °C/min→ 290 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:1. Diphenhydramine2. Amitriptyline

N(CH3)2

3. 5-(p-Methylphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (MPPH)

2520

1

2

3

min

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MN 191

Steroids

Analysis of Fusarium mycotoxinsMN Appl. No. 210660

Column: OPTIMA® 1701, 25 m x 0.32 mm ID, 0.35µmfilm,REF726824.25, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 1 µl, 250 °C, splitlessCarrier gas: 30 cm/s N2, linear velocity at

160 °CTemperature: 160 °C (3 min)

6 °C/min→ 240 °C

30 °C/min→ 270 °C (3 min)

Detector: 63Ni-ECD 320 °CPeaks: 1. Nivalenol (0.007 ppm)

H3C

O HO

H

OH

OHOH

HO

O

H3C

2. Deoxynivalenol (0.006 ppm)3. 15-o-Acetyl-4-deoxynivalenol (0.006 ppm)4. 3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol (0.005 ppm)

1

2

34

14 15 16 17 min

F.Walker,B.Meier,JournalofAOACInt.Vol.81, No. 4 (1998) 741 – 748

Analysis of free steroidsMN Appl. No. 201310

Column: OPTIMA® 17, 25 m x 0.53 mm ID, 1.0µmfilm,REF726747.25, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 1 µl (0.1 % in CH2Cl2) split 1:30

Carriergas: 40kPaN2Temperature: 260 °CDetector: FID 280 °CPeaks:1. Androsterone 2. Estrone

H3C

H3C

HO

O H3C

HO

O

3. Progesterone 4. Cholesterol

H3C

H3CH3C

O

O

H3C

CH3

H3CH3C

H3C

HO

0

1

2

3

4

10 20 min

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Drugs · Pharmaceutical ingredientsDrugs · Pharmaceutical ingredients

Quantification of 2,3-dinor-thrombox-ane B2 and 2,3-dinor-6-oxo-prostagla-

din F1a in human urineMN Appl. No. 211950

Column: OPTIMA® 17, 30 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25µmfilm,REF726022.30, max. temperature 320/340 °C

Injection: 280 °C, splitlessCarriergas: 55kPaHeTemperature: 70 °C (2 min)

25 °C/min→ 280 °C

4 °C/min→ 320 °C

Detector: MSD (quadrupole) Chromatograms:a) endogenous 2,3-dinorthromboxane B2b) tetradeuterated 2,3-dinorthromboxane B2c) endogenous 2,3-dinor-6-oxoprostaglandin F1ad) tetradeuterated 2,3-dinor-6-oxoprosta-

glandin F1a

20

a)

b)

c)

d)

25min

20 25min

O

OH

HO

OH

COOH

CH3

HO

OHO

OH

COOH

CH3

D.Tsikas,F.M.Böhme,I.Fuchs,J.Fröhlich,J.Chromatography A, 885 (2000) 351 – 359

Analysis of steroidsMN Appl. No. 250300

Column: OPTIMA® 5, 30 m x 0.20 mm ID, 0.35µmfilm,REF726860.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Carrier gas: HeTemperature: 200 °C (2 min)

3 °C/min→ 320 °C

Detector: MSD Peaks:1. Androstanediol

H3C

H3C

HO

OH

2. Androstanolone (1st isomer)3. Androstanolone (2nd isomer)

H3C

H3C

O

OH

4. Testosterone

H3C

H3C

O

OH

5. Progesterone

20

1 2

3

4

5

22 24 26 28min

Page 195: GC Applis

MN 193

Miscellaneous

Separation of endocrinic compoundsMN Appl. No. 212620

Column: OPTIMA® d-6,30mx0.32mmID,0.35μmfilm,REF726481.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 5.0μlstandards10mg/l,nonylphenol(NP)20mg/linmethanol,splitlessCarrier gas: 5.0 ml/min H2,constantflowTemperature: 80 °C

12 °C/min→ 305 °C

60 °C/min→ 340 °C

Detector: FID 300 °CPeaks:1. 4-t-Octylphenol2. tech. 4-Nonylphenol (NP)3. Bisphenol A (R = CH3)

4. Bisphenol B (R = C2H5)H3C R

HO OH

5. Diethylstilbestrol

H3C

CH3HO

OH

6. Mestranol (A, R = OCH3)7. Testosterone8. Ethinylestradiol (A, R = OH) 9. Progesterone

A H3C

R

OHC CH

10

1

2

NP1

NP2

NP3

NP4

NP5

NP6

NP7

NP8

NP9

NP10

NP11

34

56

7

8 9

12 14 16 18 20 min

12.2 12.6 13min

CourtesyofMr.Stollenwerk,Inst.f.ChemischeVerfahrenstechnik,RWTHAachen,Germany

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Drugs · Pharmaceutical ingredients

Separation of dicarboxylic acids for profiling of urinary acidic metabolitesMN Appl. No. 212590

Column: OPTIMA® d-6,30mx0.25mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726470.30, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 2 µl, 220 °C, split 1:10Carriergas: 80kPaH2

Temperature: 80 °C 10 °C/min→ 310 °C

Detector: FID 280 °CPeaks:1. 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid

(CH3)2C(OH)–CH2–COOH2. Lactic acid [H3C)–CH(OH)–COOH]3. Succinic acid [HOOC–(CH2)2–COOH]4. Fumaric acid [HOOC–CH=CH–COOH]5. Glutaric acid [HOOC–(CH2)3–COOH]6. 3-Methylglutaric acid7. 2-Phenylbutyric acid (int. std.)8. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid9. Adipic acid [HOOC–(CH2)4–COOH]10. 3-Hydroxyglutaric acid11. 2-Oxoglutaric acid12. Hippuric acid

(benzoylglycine) NH

HOOC

O

Sample:urineofapatientwithfumaraseenzymeimpairedfunction,derivatisedwithethylchloroformate

6

2

3

4 7

9min

Sample:urineofapatientwith3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acidurea, derivatised with ethyl chloroformate

5

1

5

6

7

9

8

10min

Sample:urineofapatientwithglutaricacidureaoftheI.type,derivatisedwithethylchloroformate

5

3

7

8

10

11

125

10 min

P.Hušeketal.,Chromatographia58 (2003) 623 – 630

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MN 195

Application Gallery

Petrochemical products

©christian42/www.fotolia.com

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Petrochemical productsPetrochemical products

Analysis of hydrocarbons C1 – C5MN Appl. No. 200030

Column: OPTIMA® 5, 15 m x 0.32 mm ID, 5.0µmfilm,REF726934.15, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 100 µl, split 60 ml/minCarrier gas: 0.08 bar N2Temperature: 36 °CDetector: FID

0

1 2

3

4 56 7

5 min

Peaks:1. Methane2. Ethane3. Propane4. i-Butane5. Butane 6. Methylbutane7. Pentane

Analysis of hydrocarbons C1 – C5MN Appl. No. 200041

Column: PERMABOND® P-100, 100 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.5µmfilm,REF723890.100, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 100 µl, split 200 ml/minCarriergas: 200kPaH2 (2.3 ml/min)Temperature: 31 °CDetector: FID 250 °CPeaks:1. Methane2. Ethane3. Propane4. i-Butane5. Butane6. Methylbutane7. Pentane

1 2

20 6 min4

3

45

6 7

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MN 197

Hydrocarbons

Analysis of tea warmer candleMN Appl. No. 200050

Column: OPTIMA® 1-TG, 25 m x 0.32 mm ID, REF 726132.25, max. temperature: 370 °CInjection: 1.0 µl, split 100 ml/minCarriergas: 50kPaH2 (3.5 ml/min)Temperature: 80 °C (1 min)

20 °C/min→ 200 °C

5 °C/min→ 370 °C (5 min)

Detector: FID 380 °C, baseline correctedPeaks:1. C142. C183. C204. C225. C246. C267. C28

0

12

3

4 5 6 7 8 9

10

11

12

1314 15 16

10 20 30 40 min

8. C309. C3210. C3411. C3612. C3813. C4014. C4215. C4416. C45

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Petrochemical productsPetrochemical products

Analysis of hydrocarbons acc. to ISO DIS 9377-4 (H-53)MN Appl. No. 210600

Sample: standard (1 mg/l) extracted with 50:900 ml n-hexane:H2O, pH 2 with H2SO4, (ex-traction solvent n-hexane with n-C10 and n-C40 standard), then evaporated with N2 to 1 ml

Column: OPTIMA®1,25mx0.32mmID,0.25µmfilm,REF726302.25, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1.0 µl on columnCarrier gas: 3 ml/min H2Temperature: 60 °C (1 min)

15 °C/min→ 350 °C (19 min)

Detector: FID (30:300:40 ml/min H2:O2:He)Peaks:1. n-C102. n-C40

0 128 16 20 24 min28 32 364

1 2

Forasamplechromatogramofamixtureofdieselandheavyoilseeapplication210600atwww.mn-net.comCourtesyofMr.W.Elling,INFU,Dortmund,Germany

Page 201: GC Applis

MN 199

Hydrocarbons

Analysis of commercial gas oilMN Appl. No. 200060

Column: OPTIMA® 17, 25 m x 0.20 mm ID, 0.2µmfilm,REF726065.25, max. temperature 320/340 °C

Injection: 2.0 µl gas oil, diluted 1:100 in MeOH, split 1:120

Carrier gas: 25 cm/s HeTemperature: 80 °C (4 min)

15 °C/min→ 320 °C

Detector: MSDPeaks:

4 8 12 16 min

2

1

3

4

1716

15

14

13

12

11

109

8

765

1. C102. C113. C124. C135. C146. C157. C168. C179. C18

10. C1911. C2012. C2113. C2214. C2315. C2416. C2517. C26

Analysis of unleaded gasolineMN Appl. No. 200071

Column: PERMABOND® P-100, 100 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 726890.100, max. temperature 300/320 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 70 ml/minCarriergas: 200kPaH2 (2.3 ml/min)Temperature: 35 °C (15 min)

2 °C/min→ 200 °C (5 min)

Detector: FID 250 °C

Peaks:1. n-Pentane2. n-Hexane3. Benzene4. n-Heptane5. Toluene6. n-Octane7. Ethylbenzene8. m-Xylene9. p-Xylene10. o-Xylene11. n-Nonane12. Methyl-3-ethylbenzene13. 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene14. 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene15. 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene16. Naphthalene17. 2-Methylnaphthalene18. 1-Methylnaphthalene19. Dimethylnaphthalene

isomers

1

20 0 40 60 80 min

2 3 5 89 10

12

14

15

16

1718 19

13

11

6

7

4

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Petrochemical productsPetrochemical products

Pyrolysis GC of polyethylene and polypropyleneMN Appl. No. 210030

Column: OPTIMA®5MS,60mx0.32mmID,1µmfilm,REF726212.60, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 270 µg solid, headspaceTemperature: 60 °C (5 min)

8 °C/min→ 320 °C

Detector: MSD

10 3020 40 min50 60 70 80 90

CourtesyofMrs.Engel,VW,Wolfsburg,Germany

Pyrolysis GC of chloroprene rubberMN Appl. No. 210040

Column: OPTIMA®5MS,60mx0.32mmID,1µmfilm,REF726212.60, max. temperature 340/360 °C

Injection: 1gsolidisdissolvedin10mlofhexaneormethanol,100µlofthissolutionarepyrolysed in a crucible, headspace

Temperature: 60 °C (5 min) 8 °C/min→ 320 °C

Detector: MSD

0 20 40 60 min

CourtesyofMrs.Engel,VW,Wolfsburg,Germany

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MN 201

Application Gallery

Chiral GC

Please note: enantiomer separations have been arranged by increasing molecular size. Several chro-matogramsshowseparationsofhomologousseries;theyarelistedaccordingtothesmallestmoleculeofthemixture.Relatedmoleculesorfamiliesofcompoundsmaybefoundonearlierorlaterpagesdependingonsize.Specificcompoundscanbefoundinthechromatogramindexfrompage276.

D/L-Fenchone from fennel

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Chiral separationsChiral separations

Analysis of amino acid enantiomersMN Appl. No. 212761

Column: FS-LIPODEX® E, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723368.25, max. temp. 200/220 °CInjection: 250 °CCarriergas: 1.2ml/minHe,purgeflow65.9ml/minTemperature: 60 °C (5 min)

3 °C/min→ 185 °C (15 min)

Detector: MSD 280 °CPeaks: (N-pentafluoropropionyl2-propylesters)1. Aminoisobutyric acid 2. L-Isovaline 3. D-Isovaline 4. D-Valine 5. D-Alanine 6. L-Alanine

7. L-Valine 8. D-Isoleucine 9. D-Leucine 10. L-Isoleucine 11. L-Leucine 12. Glycine

13. L-Proline 14. D-Proline 15. D-Aspartic acid 16. D-Methionine 17. L-Methionine 18. L-Aspartic acid

19. D-Phenylalanine 20. D-Glutamic acid 21. L-Glutamic acid 22. D-Ornithine 23. D-Lysine 24. L-Lysine

252015

12

3

4

5

6

7

8 9

1011 12

13

1415

16

1718

19

20

11

22

23

24

30 35 40 min

O. Vandenabeele-Trambouze et al., Chromatographia 53 (2001) Suppl., S-332 – S-339

Summary of important amino acidsFormula Common name Systematic name StructureC2H5NO2 glycine aminoethanoic acid NH2-CH2-COOHC3H7NO2 alanine 2-aminopropanoic acid CH3-CH(NH2)-COOHC4H7NO4 aspartic acid 2-aminobutanedioic acid HOOC-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOHC4H9NO2 aminoisobutyric acid 2-amino-2-methylpropanoic acid (CH3)2C(NH2)-COOHC5H9NO2 proline pyrrolidine-2- carboxylic acidC5H9NO4 glutamic acid 2-aminopentanedioic acid HOOC-(CH2)2-CH(NH2)-COOHC5H11NO2 valine 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid (CH3)2CH-CH(NH2)-COOHC5H11NO2 isovaline 2-amino-2-methylbutanoic acid H5C2-C(CH3)(NH2)-COOHC5H11NO2S methionine 2-amino-4-(methylsulfanyl)-buta-

noic acidCH3-S-(CH2)2-CH(NH2)-COOH

C5H12N2O2 ornithine 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid H2N-(CH2)3-CH(NH2)-COOHC6H13NO2 leucine 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid (CH3)2CH-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOHC6H13NO2 isoleucine 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid C2H5-CH(CH3)-CH(NH2)-COOHC6H14N2O2 lysine 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid H2N-(CH2)4-CH(NH2)-COOHC9H11NO2 phenylalanine 2-amino-3-phenyl-propanoic acid C6H5-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH

Page 205: GC Applis

MN 203

Compounds C2 and greater

Enantiomer separation of epichloro- and epibromohydrin

MN Appl. No. 202621 Column: FS-LIPODEX® A,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 245 ml/min

Carriergas: 110kPaH2 (2.3 ml/min)Temperature: 65 °CDetector: FID 240 °CPeaks:1. Epichlorohydrin (C3H5ClO)2. Epibromohydrin (C3H5BrO)

0

1

2

105 min

O CH2Cl

O CH2Br

Enantiomer separation of epichlorohydrin

MN Appl. No. 212880 Column: FS-LIPODEX® A,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Sample: compounds dissolved in MeOH (1:100)

Injection: 0.2 µl sample + 0.3 µl air, split 80 ml/min, 230 °C

Carriergas: 85kPaN2Temperature: 50 °CDetector: FID 250 °Ca) racemate (S/R 50:50)b) S/R 2:98c) S/R 99:1Peaks:1. S-Epichlorohydrin (C3H5ClO)2. R-Epichlorohydrin

6

a)

b)c)

1

2

8 12 16min

CourtesyofB.Mischke,SchulungundChroma-tographie, Berlin (Germany)

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Chiral separations

Enantiomer separation of propane-1,2-diol and butane-1,3-diol (TFA)MN Appl. No. 202881

Column: LIPODEX® D, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723366.50, max. temperature 200/220 °CCarrier gas: 0.7 bar H2Temperature: 105 °CDetector: FIDPeaks:1. Propane-1,2-diol (C3H8O2)2. Butane-1,3-diol (C4H10O2)

W.A.Königetal.,HRC11 (1988) 506 – 509 0

1 2

105 min

Enantiomer separation of chiral amines and amino alcohols (N,O-TFA)

MN Appl. No. 202421Column: LIPODEX® D, 50 m x 0.25 mm

ID, REF 723366.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: 1 bar H2

Temperature: 140 °C 2 °C/min→ 170 °C

Detector: FIDPeaks: Renantiomersareelutedfirst.1. 2-Aminopentane (C5H13N)2. 2-Aminohexane (C6H15N)3. 2-Amino-5-methylhexane (C7H17N)4. 2-Aminoheptane (C7H17N)5. 2-Amino-6-methylheptane (C8H19N)6. 2-Aminooctane (C8H19N)7. Valinol (C5H13NO)8. Phenylethylamine (C8H11N)9. Alaninol (C3H9NO)

0

12

3

45

6

7

8 9

105 15min

W.A.Königetal.,HRC11 (1988) 506 – 509

Enantiomer separation of amino alcohols (N,O-TFA)MN Appl. No. 202431

Column: LIPODEX® B, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723362.50, max. temperature 200/ 220 °C

Carrier gas: H2Temperature: 150 °CDetector: FIDPeaks:1. 1-Aminopropan-2-ol (C3H9NO)2. Alaninol = 2-aminopropan-1-ol (C3H9NO)3. 2-Aminobutanol (C4H11NO)4. Leucinol (C6H15NO)

0

1

2

3

4D

L

D

L

DL

105 min

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg,Germany

Page 207: GC Applis

MN 205

Compounds C3 and greater

Enantiomer separation of 1-butin-3-ol (TFA)MN Appl. No. 202751

Column: LIPODEX® C, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723364.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: 1 bar H2Temperature: 20 °CDetector: FIDC4H6O

W.A.Königetal.,HRC12 (1989) 35 – 393

R S

R

S

2 min4 32 min4

OH (TFA)

CH3HC

Enantiomer analysis of 1,2-diols (cyclic carbonates)MN Appl. No. 202861

Column: LIPODEX® B, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723362.50, max. temperature 200/220 °CCarrier gas: 1 bar H2

Temperature: 165 °C 2 °C/min→ 210 °C

Detector: FIDPeaks:1. 3,3-Dimethylbutane-1,2-diol (C7H12O3, R = t-C4H9)2. 3-Methylbutane-1,2-diol (C6H10O3, R = CH(CH3)2)3. Propane-1,2-diol (C4H6O3, R = CH3)4. Butane-1,2-diol (C5H8O3, R = C2H5)5. Pentane-1,2-diol (C6H10O3, R = C3H7)6. Hexane-1,2-diol (C7H12O3, R = C4H9)

7. Heptane-1,2-diol (C8H14O3, R = C5H11)8. Phenylglycol (C9H8O3, R = C6H5)9. Octane-1,2-diol (C9H16O3, R = C6H13)10. 1-Octene-7,8-diol (C9H14O3,

R = (CH2)4-CH=CH2)11. Nonane-1,2-diol (C10H18O3, R = C7H15)

0

1

2 34 5 6

7

8

910

11

105 2015 min 25

OO

RO

W.A.Königetal.,HRC11 (1988) 621 – 625

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Chiral separations

Enantiomer separation of 2-bromo-propionic acid methyl ester

MN Appl. No. 210580Column: FS-LIPODEX® A, 25 m x 0.25

mm ID, REF 723360.25, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 1 µl (1% in CH2Cl2) split 200 ml/min

Carrier gas: 11 psi HeTemperature: 60 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC4H7BrO2

0 5 min

Br

H3CO

OCH3

CourtesyofMr.B.Sievers,Riedel-deHaenAG,Seelze, Germany

Enantiomer separation of 2-chloropro-pionic acid methyl ester

MN Appl. No. 202512Column: FS-LIPODEX® C,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723364.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Split: 200 ml/minCarriergas: 150kPaHeTemperature: 70 °CDetector: FID 200 °CPeaks:1. L-2-Chloropropionic acid

methyl ester } ee = 96%2. D-2-Chloropropionic acid

methyl esterC4H7ClO2

0 5

1

2

10min

Cl

H3CO

OCH3

Page 209: GC Applis

MN 207

Compounds C4 – C8

Enantiomer separation of 1,2-epoxy alkanesMN Appl. No. 202611

Column: FS-LIPODEX® E, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723368.25, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl split 135 ml/min

Carriergas: 50kPaH2 (1.2 ml/min)

Temperature: 40 °C (3 min) 4 °C/min→

120 °CDetector: FID 250 °CPeaks:1. 1,2-Epoxybutane (C4H8O)2. 1,2-Epoxyhexane (C6H12O)3. 1,2-Epoxyoctane (C8H16O)

0 105

1

2

3

2015 min

Enantiomer separation of aldols (TFA)MN Appl. No. 202961

Column: LIPODEX® B, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723362.50, max. temperature 200/220 °CCarrier gas: 1 bar H2Temperature: 85 °CDetector: FID

3-Hydroxybutyraldehyde (C4H8O2)

0 105 min

O

H(TFA) HO

H3C

2-Methyl-3-hydroxyvaleraldehyde (C6H12O2)

0 105 min

O

H(TFA) HO

CH3

H3C

W.A.Königetal.,HRC11 (1988) 621 – 625

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Chiral separations

Enantiomer separation of methyl lactateMN Appl. No. 202762

Column: FS-LIPODEX® A, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 320 ml/min

Carriergas: 120kPaH2 (2.2 ml/min)Temperature: 80 °CDetector: FID 250 °CPeaks: (C4H8O3)1. S-(–)2. R-(+)

0

1

2

5min

H3C – O

CH3

HOO

MN Appl. No. 202772Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-PM,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723370.50, max. temperature 230/250 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 150 ml/min

Carriergas: 120kPaH2 (1.7 ml/min)Temperature: 90 °CDetector: FID 250 °CPeaks: (C4H8O3)1. R-(+)2. S-(–)

0 105 min

H3C – O

CH3

HOO

1

2

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MN 209

Compounds C4 – C6

Enantiomer separation of lactic and 2-hydroxybutyric acid methyl esters

(TFA)MN Appl. No. 202752

Column: LIPODEX® A, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: H2Temperature: 50 °CDetector: FIDPeaks:1. Lactic acid methyl ester (C4H8O3)2. 2-Hydroxybutyric acid methyl ester (C5H10O3)

0

D1

2D

LL

5min

H3C – O

H3C

(TFA) HOO

2.

H3C – O

CH3

(TFA) HOO

1.

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg,Germany

Enantiomer separation of erythrose (TFA)MN Appl. No. 202362

Column: LIPODEX® A, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: H2Temperature: 80 °CDetector: FIDC4H8O4

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg,Germany 0 105 min

H

OH (TFA)

O

(TFA) HOOH (TFA)

Enantiomer separation of glyceric and tartaric acid methyl esters (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 202732Column: LIPODEX® A, 50 m x

0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: 1 bar H2Temperature: 90 °CDetector: FIDPeaks: 1. D-Glyceric acid methyl ester (C4H8O4)2. L-Glyceric acid methyl ester3. L-Tartaric acid dimethyl ester (C6H10O6)4. D-Tartaric acid dimethyl ester

0

1 2

3 4

5 min

(TFA) HO

(TFA) HO

H3C – OO

O

(TFA) HO

H3C – O

OH (TFA)

O

O – CH3

W.A.König,S.Lutz,G.Wenz,Angew.Chem.Int. Ed. Engl. 27 (1988) 979-980

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Enantiomer separation of 3-methyl-1-hexene, 2-bromobutane and 3-methyl cyclohexene

MN Appl. No. 201880Column: LIPODEX® C, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723364.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C Injection: headspaceCarrier gas: 1 bar H2Temperature: 30 °CDetector: FIDPeaks:1. 3-Methyl-1-hexene (C7H14)2. 2-Bromobutane (C4H9Br)3. 3-Methylcyclohexene (C7H12)

W.A.Königetal.,HRC12 (1989) 35 – 39 0 1 2 43 5 min

CH3

3

Br

2CH3H3C

1

CH3

CH3H2C

Enantiomer separation of chiral alkyl bromidesMN Appl. No. 202250

Column: LIPODEX® C, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723364.50, max. temperature 200/220 °CCarrier gas: H2Temperature: 50 °CDetector: FIDPeaks:1. 2-Bromobutane (C4H9Br)2. 2-Bromopentane (C5H11Br)3. 2-Bromohexane (C6H13Br)

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg, Germany 0 105 15min

2

3

1

BrCH3

H3C

Br

CH3H3C

BrCH3

H3C

Page 213: GC Applis

MN 211

Compounds C4 – C7

Enantiomer separation of butane-2,3-diol

MN Appl. No. 202901Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-PM,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID REF 723370.50, max. temperature 230/250 °C

Injection: 1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 150 ml/min

Carriergas: 120kPaH2 (1.7 ml/min)Temperature: 100 °CDetector: FID 250 °CPeaks: (C4H10O2)1. RR/SS2. meso

0 105 min

1

2

Enantiomer separation of butane-2,3-diol (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 202891Column: FS-LIPODEX® E,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723368.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 200 ml/min

Carriergas: 120kPaH2 (2.1 ml/min)Temperature: 80 °CDetector: FID 250 °CPeaks: (C4H10O2)1. meso2. RR/SS

0

2

1

105 min

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Chiral separations

Enantiomer separation of butane-1,3-diolMN Appl. No. 211320

Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID: a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °CCarrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °C

a b cTemperature: 95 °C 65 °C 85 °CResolution: <0.5 2.33 0.66

partial TFA derivativeMN Appl. No. 211330

Column a)Temperature: 75 °CResolution: 9.98

TFA derivativeMN Appl. No. 211340

Column a)Temperature: 75 °CResolution: 8.79

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentrald’Analyse,Vernaison,France

Enantiomer analysis of 1,2-diols (TFA)MN Appl. No. 202851

Column: LIPODEX® A, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °CCarrier gas: H2Temperature:48 °C (5 min)

2 °C/min→ 120 °C

Detector: FIDPeaks:1. Butane-1,2-diol (C4H10O2)2. Pentane-1,2-diol (C5H12O2)3. Hexane-1,2-diol (C6H14O2)4. Cyclohexane-trans-1,2-diol

(C6H12O2)5. Heptane-1,2-diol (C7H16O2)6. Cycloheptane-trans-1,2-diol

(C7H14O2)7. Octane-1,2-diol (C8H18O2)8. Phenylglycol (C8H10O2)9. Nonane-1,2-diol (C9H20O2)

0

1

23

4

5

6

7

8

9

1510 3025 min20 355

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg,Germany

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MN 213

Compounds C4 and greater

Enantiomers separation of butane-1,2,4-triol (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 202931Column: LIPODEX® A,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: H2Temperature: 70 °CDetector: FIDC4H10O3

0 105 min

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg,Germany

Enantiomer separation of 2-butylamine (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 202340Column: FS-LIPODEX® D,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723366.25, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 190 ml/min

Carriergas: 50kPaH2 (1.5 ml/min)Temperature: 105 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC4H11N

0 5min

NH2 (TFA)CH3

H3C

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Chiral separations

Enantiomer separation of 2-amino butanol-1 (N,O-TFA)

MN Appl. No. 210570Column: FS-LIPODEX® A,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.25, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 200 ml/min

Carrier gas: 11 psi HeTemperature: 90 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC4H11NO

0 105 min

CourtesyofMr.B.Sievers,Riedel-deHaenAG,Seelze, Germany

Enantiomer separation of a-methylbutyrolactone

MN Appl. No. 202842Column: FS-LIPODEX® A,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 245 ml/min

Carriergas: 110kPaH2 (2.3 ml/min)Temperature: 90 °CDetector: FID 240 °CC5H8O2

0 105 min

O

H3C

O

Page 217: GC Applis

MN 215

Compounds C4 and greater

Enantiomer analysis of g-lactonesMN Appl. No. 202982

Column: LIPODEX® B, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723362.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: H2Temperature: 135 °C

3 °C/min→ 200 °C

Detector: FIDPeaks:1. a-Methylbutyrolactone (structure A, C5H8O2)2. g-Valerolactone (structure C, C5H8O2, R = CH3)3. g-Hexalactone (structure C, C6H10O2, R = C2H5)4. g-Heptalactone (structure C, C7H12O2, R = C3H7)5. g-Octalactone (structure C, C8H14O2, R = C4H9)6. Tetrahydroisobenzofuranone(structureB,C8H10O2)7. g-Nonalactone (structure C, C9H16O2, R = C5H11)8. g-Decalactone (structure C, C10H18O2, R = C6H13)9. g-Undecalactone (structure C, C11H20O2, R = C7H15)10. g-Dodecalactone (structure C, C12H22O2, R = C8H17)

0 10 205 15 min

1 2 34

56

7

8

9 10

O ROO

H3C

O O O

A (peak 1) B (peak 6) C (peaks 2 – 5, 7 – 9)

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg,Germany

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Chiral separations

Enantiomer analysis of g-lactonesColumns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID:

a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), O RO

b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °CCarrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °C

g-ValerolactoneMN Appl. No. 211350

a b cTemperature: 90 °C 105 °C 85 °CResolution: 4.29 2.88 1.15

g-HexalactoneMN Appl. No. 211360

a b cTemperature: 100 °C 115 °C 95 °CResolution: 4.13 7.54 1.39

g-HeptalactoneMN Appl. No. 211390

a b cTemperature: 115 °C 115 °C 110 °CResolution: 5.74 10.27 1.63

g-OctalactoneMN Appl. No. 211440

a b cTemperature: 125 °C 115 °C 120 °CResolution: 5.99 11.83 1.39

g-NonalactoneMN Appl. No. 211480

a b cTemperature: 135 °C 120 °C 130 °CResolution: 3.57 7.27 1.05

g-DecalactoneMN Appl. No. 211660

a b cTemperature: 140 °C 130 °C 140 °CResolution: 2.77 5.18 0.63

Forseparationofg-decalactone also see appl. 212530 at www.mn-net.com

g-UndecalactoneMN Appl. No. 211720

a b cTemperature: 160 °C 140 °C 150 °CResolution: <0.5 4.51 0.3

g-DodecalactoneMN Appl. No. 211750

a b cTemperature: 175 °C 135 °C 150 °CResolution: 0.99 1.64 <0.5

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentrald’Analyse,Vernaison,France

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MN 217

Compounds C5 and greater

Enantiomer separation of 1-O-alkylglycerols (cyclic carbonates)MN Appl. No. 202951

Column: LIPODEX® B, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723362.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Sample: O-alkylglycerolsderivatised with phosgene (very toxic)

Carrier gas: 1 bar H2

Temperature: 160 °C 2 °C/min→ 200 °C

Detector: FIDPeaks: (RenantiomersareelutedbeforeSenantiomers)1. 1-O-Methylglycerol

(C5H8O4, R = – CH3)2. 1-O-Ethylglycerol

(C6H10O4, R = – C2H5)3. 1-O-Isobutylglycerol

(C8H14O4, R = – CH2 – CH(CH3)2)4. 1-O-Butylglycerol

(C8H14O4, R = – (CH2)3 – CH3)5. 1-O-Isopentylglycerol

(C9H16O4, R = – (CH2)2 – CH(CH3)2)6. 1-O-Pentylglycerol

(C9H16O4, R = – (CH2)4 – CH3)

0 105 2015 min

OO ORO

1 2

3

4

5

6

W.A.Königetal.,HRC11 (1988) 621 – 625

Enantiomer separation of cyanohydrins (TFA)MN Appl. No. 202280

Column: LIPODEX® C, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723364.50, max. temperature 200/ 220 °C

Carrier gas: 1 barH2

Temperature: 50 °C 2 °C/min→ 180 °C

Detector: FIDPeaks:1. R = n-propyl (C5H9NO)2. R = i-butyl (C6H11NO)3. R = n-butyl (C6H11NO)4. R = n-pentyl (C7H13NO)5. R = n-hexyl (C8H15NO)6. R = n-heptyl (C9H17NO) RenantiomersareelutedbeforeSenantiomers.

W.A.Königetal.,HRC12 (1989) 35 – 39

0 105

1 2 3 4 5 6

2015 min25

R C OH (TFA)CN

H

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Enantiomer separation of 2-methylbutyric acid and ethyl esterMN Appl. No. 202462

Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-PM, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723370.50, max. temperature 230/250 °C

Injection: 1 µl (0.5 % in CH2Cl2) split 1:100

Carriergas: 110kPaH2 Temperature: 65 °C (12 min)

4 °C/min→ 130 °C

Detector: FID 250 °CPeaks:1. 2-Methylbutyric acid ethyl ester

(C7H14O2)2. 2-Methylbutyric acid

(C5H10O2)0 105 2015 min25

CH3

H3C

O

OH1 2

CH3

H3C

O

OC2H5

Enantiomer separation of 2,3-epoxy-3-methylbutanol-1MN Appl. No. 202681/202691

Column: FS-LIPODEX® E, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723368.25, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 135 ml/minCarriergas: 50kPaH2 (1.2 ml/min)Temperature: 100 °CDetector: FID 250 °CA) racemate (Appl. 202681)B) ee = 83 % (Appl. 202691)C5H10O2

2,3-epoxy-3-methylbutanol-1 can also be separated on HYDRODEX b-PM (applications 202661/202671) or LIPODEX® A (applications 202701/202711). See our application database at www.mn-net.com.

OOH

H3C

H3C

0 105 min

A

B

Page 221: GC Applis

MN 219

Compounds C5 – C7

Enantiomer separation of 1,4- and 1,5-anhydroarabinitol (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 203021Column: LIPODEX® A,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: H2Temperature: 90 °CDetector: FIDPeaks:1. 1,4-Anhydroarabinitol (TFA), C5H10O4

OH (TFA)

OH (TFA)

(TFA) HO

O

2. 1,5-Anhydroarabinitol (TFA), C5H10O4

OH (TFA)OH (TFA)

(TFA) HO

O

0 105

1

2

min

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg,Germany

Enantiomer separation of 2-bromopentane

MN Appl. No. 202240Column: FS-LIPODEX® C,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723364.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split 1:100Carriergas: 100kPaH2Temperature: 60 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC5H11Br

0 105 min

Br

H3C CH3

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Enantiomer separation of chiral alkyl chloridesMN Appl. No. 202260

Column: LIPODEX® C, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723364.50, max. temperature 200/ 220 °C

Carrier gas: 1 bar H2Temperature: 60 °CDetector: FIDPeaks:1. 2-Chloropentane (C5H11Cl)2. 2-Chlorohexane (C6H13Cl)3. 2-Chloroheptane (C7H15Cl)

W.A.Königetal.,HRC12 (1989) 35 – 390 105 15 min

Cl1

2

3

Cl Cl

Enantiomer separation of 2-alkanolsMN Appl. No. 202451

Column: FS-LIPODEX® E, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723368.50, max. temperature 200/ 220 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 200 ml/min

Carriergas: 120kPaH2 (2.1 ml/min)Temperature: 80 °C (4 min)

4 °C/min→ 130 °C

Detector: FID 250 °CPeaks:1. R/S-Pentanol-2 (C5H12O)2. R/S-Heptanol-2 (C7H16O)3. R/S-Nonanol-2 (C9H20O)

0

1 3

2

105 15min

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MN 221

Compounds C5 and greater

Enantiomer separation of pentanol-2 (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 202471Column: FS-LIPODEX® E,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723368.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 200 ml/min

Carriergas: 120kPaH2 (2.1 ml/min)Temperature: 60 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC5H12O

0 5min

Enantiomer separation of pentane-2,4-diol (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 202911Column: FS-LIPODEX® E,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723368.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 200 ml/min

Carriergas: 120kPaH2 (2.1 ml/min)Temperature: 100 °CDetector: FID 250 °CPeaks: (C5H12O2)1. RR/SS2. meso

0 5 min

2

1

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Enantiomer separation of 1,2-diols (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 202921Column: FS-LIPODEX® E,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723368.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 200 ml/min

Carriergas: 120kPaH2 (2.1 ml/min)Temperature: 80 °C

3 °C/min→ 130 °C

Detector: FID 250 °CPeaks:1. Pentane-1,2-diol (TFA), C5H12O22. Hexane-1,2-diol (TFA), C6H14O23. Octane-1,2-diol (TFA), C8H18O2

0 105 15min

2

3

1

Enantiomer separation of arabinitol (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 203011Column: LIPODEX® A,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: H2Temperature: 110 °CDetector: FIDC5H12O5

0 5min

OH (TFA)

OH (TFA)

OH (TFA)

(TFA) HOOH (TFA)

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg,Germany

Page 225: GC Applis

MN 223

Compounds C5 – C8

Enantiomer separation of R/S-1-(2-furyl)ethanol and R/S-1-(2-furyl)ethanol

acetateMN Appl. No. 213260

Column: equivalent to FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723381.25, max. temperature 230/250 °C

Injector: 250 °CCarriergas: 60kPaH2Temperature: 85 °CDetector: FID 300 °CPeaks:1. (S)-1-(2-furyl)ethanolacetate(R=CO-CH3)2. (R)-1-(2-furyl)ethanol(R=H)3. (S)-1-(2-furyl)ethanol(C6H8O2)4. (R)-1-(2-furyl)ethanolacetate(C8H10O3)

8

1 4

2 3

12 min

OR

CH3O

CourtesyofA.Ghanem,V.Schurig,InstituteofOrganicChemistry,UniversityofTübingen,Germany

Enantiomer separation of lactideMN Appl. No. 202832

Column: FS-LIPODEX® A, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.25, max. temperature 200/220 °CInjection: 0.5 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 180 ml/minCarrier gas: 60kPaH2 (1.8 ml/min)Temperature: 150 °CDetector: FID 250 °CPeaks: (C6H8O4)1. meso2. SS3. RR

0 2 4min

1

1.

2.

3.

2

3O

OO

O

CH3

H3C

O

OO

O

CH3

H3C

O

OO

O

CH3

H3C

Lactide can also be separated on HYDRODEX b-PM (see application 202822 at www.mn-net.com).

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Analysis of 4 stereoisomers of 3,4-dimethylbutyrolactone

MN Appl. No. 202892Column: LIPODEX® B,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723362.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: 1 bar H2Temperature: 135 °CDetector: FIDPeaks: (C6H10O2)1. (3S, 4R)2. (3R, 4S)3. (3S, 4S)4. (3R, 4R)

0 5min

O

CH3

CH3O

12

3

4

W.A.Königetal.,HRC11 (1988) 621 – 625

Enantiomer analysis of pantolactone (TFA)MN Appl. No. 202922

Column: LIPODEX® B, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723362.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: H2Temperature: 110 °CDetector: FID

C6H10O3

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg,Germany 0 105 min

O

(TFA) HOCH3

H3C

O

Enantiomer analysis of pantolactoneMN Appl. No. 202912

Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-PM, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723370.50, max. temperature 230/250 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 1:100Carriergas: 100kPaH2Temperature: 160 °CDetector: FID 250 °C

C6H10O3

0 105 min

O

HOCH3

H3C

O

Pantolactone can also be separated on LIPODEX® E (applications 202902). See our application database at www.mn-net.com.

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MN 225

Compounds C6

Enantiomer separation of dimethyl malateMN Appl. No. 211370

Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723381.25Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °CCarrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeTemperature: 100 °CDetector: FID 250 °C OCH3

H3CO

OHO

O

C6H10O5

Resolution: 8.22 CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentrald’Analyse,Vernaison,France

Enantiomer separation of tartaric acid dimethyl esters (TFA)MN Appl. No. 202712

Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-PM, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723370.50, max. temperature 230/250 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 150 ml/min

Carriergas: 120kPaH2 (1.7 ml/min)

Temperature: 135 °CDetector: FID 250 °CPeaks: (C6H10O6)1. impurities2. D-(–)3. L-(+)

Tartaric acid dimethyl ester can also be separated on HYDRODEX b-PM (application 202722) or LIPODEX® A (application 202702). See our application database at www.mn-net.com.

0 105

1

2

31

15min

O

(TFA) HO

H3C – O

OH (TFA)

O

O – CH3

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Enantiomer separation of trans-1,2-cyclohexanediol

MN Appl. No. 202841Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-PM,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723370.50, max. temperature 230/250 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 1:100Carriergas: 100kPaH2Temperature: 150 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC6H12O2

0 105 min

OH

OH

trans-1,2-cyclohexanediol can also be sepa-rated on LIPODEX® A (see application 202821 at www.mn-net.com).

Enantiomer separation of trans-1,2-cyclohexanediol (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 202831Column: FS-LIPODEX® E,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723368.25, max. temperature 200/ 220 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 1:100Carriergas: 60kPaH2Temperature: 105 °CDetector: FID 250 °C

OH (TFA)

OH (TFA)

0 5 min

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MN 227

Compounds C6 and greater

Enantiomer analysis of trans-1,2- and trans-1,3-cycloalkanediols (TFA)MN Appl. No. 202871

Column: LIPODEX® D, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723366.25, max. temperature 200/220 °CCarrier gas: 0.7 bar H2Temperature: 150 °CDetector: FID

Peaks:0

12

3 4 56

105 2015 min

1. Cyclohexane-trans-1,2-diol (C6H12O2)2. Cycloheptane-trans-1,2-diol (C7H14O2)3. Cycloheptane-trans-1,3-diol (C7H14O2)

4. Cyclooctane-trans-1,2-diol (C8H16O2)5. Cyclodecane-trans-1,2-diol (C10H20O2)6. Cyclodecane-trans-1,3-diol (C10H20O2)

W.A.König,S.Lutz,G.Wenz,E.vonderBey,HRC11 (1988) 506 – 509

Enantiomer separation of 2-methylbutyric acid methyl ester

MN Appl. No. 211380Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID:

a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °CCarrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °CC6H12O2

CH3

H3C

O

OCH3

a b cTemperature: 50 °C 40 °C 50 °CResolution: 2.86 2.02 0.66

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, France

Enantiomer separation of solketal (TFA)MN Appl. No. 202971

Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-PM, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723370.50, max. temperature 230/250 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 150 ml/min

Carriergas: 120kPaH2 (1.7 ml/min)Temperature: 120 °CDetector: FID 250 °C

C6H12O3

0 5 min

O

O

OH (TFA)CH3

CH3

SolketalcanalsobeseparatedonLIPODEX® A (see application 202981 at www.mn-net.com).

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Enantiomer separation of 1,5-anhydro-glucitol, -galactitol und -mannitol (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 203031Column: LIPODEX® A, 50 m x 0.25 mm

ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: H2Temperature: 120 °CDetector: FIDPeaks:1. 1,5-Anhydroglucitol (C6H12O5)

(TFA) HO(TFA) HO

OH (TFA)

OH (TFA)

O

2. 1,5-Anhydrogalactitol (C6H12O5)(TFA) HO

(TFA) HOOH (TFA)

OH (TFA)

O

3. 1,5-Anhydromannitol (C6H12O5)

OH (TFA)OH (TFA)

(TFA) HO(TFA) HO

O

0 105

12

3

min

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg,Germany

Enantiomer separation of arabinose (a- and b-anomers, methylglycosides,

TFA)MN Appl. No. 202372

Column: LIPODEX® A, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: H2Temperature: 100 °CDetector: FIDPeaks:1. a-Arabinose (C6H12O5)

(TFA) HO

OCH3OOH (TFA)

OH (TFA)

2. b-Arabinose (C6H12O5)

(TFA) HO

OCH3

OOH (TFA)

OH (TFA)

0 105

1

2

min

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg,GermanyForseparationofothersugaranomersonLIPODEX® A see applications 202432, 202392, 202382 at www.mn-net.com.

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MN 229

Compounds C6 and greater

Separation of chiral alkyl nitratesMN Appl. No. 212050

Column: FS-LIPODEX® D, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723366.25, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: on-columnCarriergas: 70kPAH2, 55 cm/s, 100 °C Temperature: 40 °C (2 min)

2 °C/min→ 190 °C

Detector: ECD 240 °CPeaks:1. n-Hexyl-3-nitrate (C6H13NO3, R = C2H5)2. n-Heptyl-3-nitrate (C7H15NO3, R = C3H7)3. n-Octyl-3-nitrate (C8H17NO3, R = C4H9)4. n-Nonyl-3-nitrate (C9H19NO3, R = C5H11)5. n-Undecyl-3-nitrate (C11H23NO3, R = C7H15)

10

1

2 3 4 5

403020

56 1169678

min

°C

H3CO

R

NO2

dashedlinesindicatewherepeak1wouldbeexpected to eluteM. Schneider, K. Ballschmiter, J. Chromatography A 852 (1999) 525 – 534

Enantiomer separation of 2-methyl pentanol-1MN Appl. No. 212450

Column: FS-HYDRODEX® b-TBDAc, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723384.50, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Sample: 0.1 % in CH2Cl2Carrier gas: 1.5 bar H2Temperature: 80 °CDetector: FIDPeaks: (C6H14O)1. (R)-2-Methylpentanol-12. (S)-2-Methylpentanol-1

0

1

2

10min

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Enantiomer separation of sorbitol (TFA)MN Appl. No. 203001

Column: LIPODEX® A, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: H2Temperature: 110 °CDetector: FIDC6H14O6

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg,Germany

0 5

DL

min

OH (TFA)

OH (TFA)

(TFA) HO

(TFA) HO

(TFA) HO

OH (TFA)

Enantiomer separation of thioacetic acid cyclopent-2-enyl esterCarriergas: 100kPaH2Temperature: 70 °C (2 min)

10 °C/min→ 100 °C (2 min)

10 °C/min→ 130 °C (2 min)

Detector: FIDMN Appl. No. 212270

Column: FS-LIPODEX® E, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723368.25, max. temperature 200/220 °C

5 10min

S

O

CH3

MN Appl. No. 212280Column: FS-LIPODEX® G,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF723379.25, max. temperature 220/240 °C

C7H10OS

5 10min

CourtesyofMrs.Vermeeren,AKProf.Gais,Inst.fürOrg.Chemie,RWTHAachen,Germany

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MN 231

Compounds C6 – C7

Enantiomer separation of acetic acid cyclopent-2-enyl ester

MN Appl. No. 212300Column: FS-LIPODEX® G,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723379.25, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Carriergas: 100kPaH2Temperature: 50 °C (5 min)

10 °C/min→ 80 °C

(5 min) Detector: FIDC7H10O2

5 10min

O

O

CH3

CourtesyofMrs.Vermeeren,AKProf.Gais,Inst.fürOrg.Chemie,RWTHAachen,Germany

Enantiomer separation of cyclopent-2-enyl methyl carbonate

MN Appl. No. 212330Column: FS-LIPODEX® E, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723368.25, max. temperature 200/220 °CCarriergas: 100kPaH2

Temperature: 50 °C (15 min) 10 °C/min→ 80 °C

(5 min) 10 °C/min→ 120 °C (5 min)

Detector: FIDC7H10O3

17 20 22min

O

O

OCH3

CourtesyofMrs.Vermeeren,AKProf.Gais,Inst.fürOrg.Chemie,RWTHAachen,Germany

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Chiral separations

Enantiomer separation of cyclopentanonecarboxylic acid me-

thyl esterMN Appl. No. 202080

Column: FS-LIPODEX® A, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 320 ml/min

Carriergas: 120kPaH2 (2.2 ml/min)Temperature: 120 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC7H10O3

0 5 min 10

O

O

H3CO

Enantiomer separation of 3-methyl-cyclohexene

MN Appl. No. 201860Column: FS-LIPODEX® C,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723364.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 1.0 µl, split 1:100Carriergas: 100kPaH2Temperature: 35 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC7H12

0 105 min

CH3

3-methylcyclohexene can also be separated on LIPODEX® A (see application 201870 at www.mn-net.com).

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MN 233

Compounds C7 – C8

Enantiomer separation of 3-methyl-1,4(Z)-hexadiene and 3,5-dimethyl-1,4-

hexadieneMN Appl. No. 201890

Column: LIPODEX® C, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723364.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: headspaceCarrier gas: 1 bar H2Temperature: 30 °CDetector: FIDPeaks:1. 3-Methyl-1,4-hexadiene (C7H12)2. 3,5-Dimethyl-1,4-hexadiene (C8H14)

0 1 2 3 4

R

1

2R

S

S

5 min

CH3

CH3H2C

H3CH2C

CH3

CH3

W.A.Königetal.,HRC12 (1989) 35 – 39

Enantiomer separation of 2-methyl cyclohexanone

MN Appl. No. 202050Column: FS-LIPODEX® A, 50 m x

0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 245 ml/min

Carriergas: 110kPaH2 (2.3 ml/min)Temperature: 70 °CDetector: FID 240 °CC7H12O

0 5 min 10

O

CH3

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Enantiomer separation of glycidyl butyrate

MN Appl. No. 202731Column: FS-LIPODEX® A,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.25, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 180 ml/min

Carriergas: 60kPaH2 (1.8 ml/min)Temperature: 60 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC7H12O3

0 2010 min

OO-CO-C3H7

Enantiomer separation of 2-chloropro-pionic acid isobutyl ester

MN Appl. No. 202532Column: FS-LIPODEX® E, 25 m x 0.25

mm ID, REF 723368.25, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 1 µl, 1 % in CH2Cl2, split 125 ml/min

Carriergas: 50kPaH2 (1.5 ml/min)Temperature: 90 °CDetector: FID 250 °C

C7H13ClO2 Cl

H3C

O

OCH3

CH3

0 5 min

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MN 235

Compounds C7

Enantiomer separation of 1-i-propyl-2-carboxymethyl aziridine

MN Appl. No. 202361Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-PM,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723370.50, max. temperature 230/250 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 100 ml/min

Carriergas: 120kPaH2 (1.7 ml/min)Temperature: 110 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC7H13NO2

0 10 min

N

CO2CH3

CH3H3C

Enantiomers separation of 2-methylbutyric acid ethyl ester

MN Appl. No. 211400Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID:

a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °CCarrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °CC7H14O2

a b cTemperature: 55 °C 40 °C 50 °CResolution: 2.93 1.31 0.98

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, France

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Chiral separations

Enantiomer separation of isobutyl lactateMN Appl. No. 202802

Column: FS-LIPODEX® A, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID,REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 220 ml/min

Carriergas: 120kPaH2 (2.5 ml/min)

Temperature: 60 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC7H14O3

0 105 15 min

21

O

CH3

CH3

HOO

H3C

Enantiomer separation of a-methyl rhamnoside and a-methylquinovoside (TFA)MN Appl. No. 203041

Column: LIPODEX® C, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723364.50, max. temperature 200/220 °CCarrier gas: 1 bar H2 Temperature: 90 °CDetector: FIDPeaks:

0 105

1

2

min

1. a-Methyl rhamnoside (C7H14O5)

OCH3

CH3

(TFA) HO(TFA) HO O

OH (TFA)

2. a-Methylquinovoside (C7H14O5)

OCH3

CH3

(TFA) HO(TFA) HO

(TFA) HO O

W.A.Königetal.,HRC12 (1989) 35 – 39

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MN 237

Compounds C7

Enantiomer separation of glucose and mannose (a- and b-anomers,

methylglycosides, TFA)MN Appl. No. 202412

Column: LIPODEX® B, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723362.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: H2Temperature: 155 °CDetector: FIDPeaks: (C7H14O6)1. a-Glucose

O(TFA) HO(TFA) HO

(TFA) HOOCH3

OH (TFA)

2. b-Glucose O(TFA) HO

(TFA) HO OCH3

OH (TFA)

OH (TFA)

3. a-Mannose

O(TFA) HO(TFA) HO

OCH3

OH (TFA)OH (TFA)

4. b-Mannose

O(TFA) HO(TFA) HO OCH3

OH (TFA)OH (TFA)

0 10

1

2

3

4

min

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg,GermanySee application 202402 at www.mn-net.comforseparationofglucoseanomermethylglycosideson LIPODEX® A

Enantiomer separation of 2-heptanol (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 202511Column: FS-LIPODEX® A,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 320 ml/min

Carriergas: 120kPaH2 (2.2 ml/min)Temperature: 80 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC7H16O

0 5min

2-heptanol (TFA) can also be separated on LIPODEX® E (see application 202501 at www.mn-net.com).

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Analysis of 4 stereoisomers of heptane-1,2,3-triol (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 202941Column: LIPODEX® A,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: H2Temperature: 85 °CDetector: FID C7H16O3

0 105 15min

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg,Germany

Enantiomer separation of styrene oxideMN Appl. No. 211410

Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID: a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °CCarrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °CC8H8O

a b cTemperature: 90 °C 80 °C 85 °CResolution: 4.81 13.06 1.69

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, France

Enantiomer separation of 2-chloro- and 2-bromo-1-phenylethanol (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 202531Column: LIPODEX® A,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: H2Temperature: 110 °CDetector: FIDPeaks:1. 2-Chloro-1-phenylethanol (TFA) (C8H9ClO)2. 2-Bromo-1-phenylethanol (TFA) (C8H9BrO)

0

1

2

105 15min

H

CH2ClOH (TFA)

H

CH2BrOH (TFA)

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg,Ger-many

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Compounds C7 – C8

Enantiomer separation of a-methyl-benzyl alcohol = a-phenyl ethanol

MN Appl. No. 212400Column: FS-HYDRODEX® b-TBDAc,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723384.25, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Carrier gas: 0.6 bar H2Temperature: 130 °CDetector: FID

C8H10O

0 2 4 6min

H

CH3

OH

a-Phenylethanol can also be separated on HYDRODEX b-PM (application 202541), HYDRODEX b-3P (application 202571), LIPODEX® A (application 202561). See our application database at www.mn-net.com.

MN Appl. No. 211420Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID:

a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °CCarrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °C

a b cTemperature: 115 °C 80 °C 100 °CResolution: <0.5 3.52 3.47

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, France

Enantiomer separation of a-phenylethanol (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 211430Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID:

a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °CCarrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °C

a b cTemperature: 90 °C 80 °C 100 °CResolution: 2.4 3.52 3.47

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, Francea-Phenylethanol (TFA) can also be separated on HYDRODEX b-3P (application 202601) or LIPODEX® A (application 202591). See our application database at www.mn-net.com.

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Enantiomer separation of 1-phenyl-ethanol and o-, m-, p-methyl derivatives

(TFA)MN Appl. No. 202521

Column: LIPODEX® A, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: H2Temperature: 75 °CDetector: FIDPeaks:1. 1-Phenylethanol (C8H10O)2. 1-(2-Methylphenyl)ethanol (C9H12O)3. 1-(3-Methylphenyl)ethanol4. 1-(4-Methylphenyl)ethanol

0 105

1

2

3

4

2015 min

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg, Germany

Enantiomer separation of a-phenyl-ethylamine (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 202290Column: FS-LIPODEX® A,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 245 ml/min

Carriergas: 110kPaH2 (2.3 ml/min)Temperature: 120 °CDetector: FID 240 °CC8H11N

0 105 min

HNH2 (TFA)

CH3

Page 243: GC Applis

MN 241

Compounds C8 – C9

Enantiomer separation of p-chloro-phenylethylamine (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 202300Column: FS-LIPODEX® D,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723366.25, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl (5 % in CH2Cl2) split 130 ml/min

Carriergas: 50kPaH2 (1.1 ml/min)Temperature: 170 °CDetector: FID 250 °CRiselutedbeforeS.C8H11ClN

0 105 min

HNH2 (TFA)CH3

Cl

p-

o-m- (?)

Enantiomer separation of 2-methyl-3-vinylcyclopentanone

MN Appl. No. 202060Column: FS-LIPODEX® E,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723368.25, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.2 µl, split 80 ml/minCarriergas: 50kPaH2 (1.2 ml/min)Temperature: 70 °C (3 min)

2 °C/min→ 110 °C

Detector: FID 250 °CC8H12O

0 5 15min10

O

CH3

H2C

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Enantiomer composition of a bicyclic lactone (hexahydroisobenzofuranone)

MN Appl. No. 202962Column: LIPODEX® D,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723366.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: H2Temperature: 170 °CDetector: FIDC8H12O2

0 105 min

O O

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg,Germany

Enantiomer separation of acetic acid cyclohex-2-enyl ester

MN Appl. No. 212290Column: FS-LIPODEX® G,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF723379.25, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Carriergas: 100kPaH2Temperature: 50 °C (5 min)

10 °C/min→ 80 °C

(5 min) 10 °C/minDetector: FIDC8H12O2

10 12.5min

O

O

CH3

CourtesyofMrs.Vermeeren,AKProf.Gais,Inst.fürOrg.Chemie,RWTHAachen,Germany

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MN 243

Compounds C8

Enantiomer separation of (E)-2,3-epoxy-4-octin-1-ol (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 202631Column: LIPODEX® A,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: 1 bar H2Temperature: 80 °CDetector: FIDPeaks:C8H12O2, 1. (2S,3S), 2. (2R,3R)Trace A: ee = 89.3 %, trace B = racemate

0 105

1

1

2

2A

B

15min

O

CH3

OH (TFA)

W.A.Königetal.,Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Engl.28 (1989) 178

Separation of 4 stereo isomers of 5-amino methylnorbornene (N-TFA)

MN Appl. No. 202350Column: LIPODEX® D,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723366.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Temperature: 150 °CCarrier gas: 1 bar H2Detector: FIDC8H13N

0 105 2015 min

CH2

NH2 (TFA)

CH2 NH2 (TFA)

W.A.König,S.Lutz,G.Wenz,E.vonderBey,HRC 11 (1988) 506 – 509

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Enantiomer separation of frontalinMN Appl. No. 202190

Column: FS-LIPODEX® E, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723368.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 180 ml/minCarriergas: 100kPaH2 (1.5 ml/min)Temperature: 100 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC8H14O2

0 105 min

O

OCH3

H3C

Enantiomer analysis of d-lactonesColumns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID:

a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °C O ROCarrier gas: 1.1 ml/min He

Detector: FID 250 °Cd-Octalactone (C8H14O2)

MN Appl. No. 211450a b c

Temperature: 120 °C 115 °C 120 °CResolution: 5.92 1.2 1.32

d-Nonalactone (C9H16O2)MN Appl. No. 211490

a b cTemperature: 130 °C 120 °C 130 °CResolution: 6 7.65 1.07

d-Decalactone (C10H18O2)MN Appl. No. 211670

a b cTemperature: 145 °C 125 °C 145 °CResolution: 1.04 2.01 <0.5

d-Undecalactone (C11H20O2)MN Appl. No. 211730

a b cTemperature: 170 °C 130 °C 155 °CResolution: 0.88 0.67 <0.5

d-DodecalactoneMN Appl. No. 211760

a b cTemperature: 155 °C 140 °C 155 °CResolution: 1.25 1.11 <0.5

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, France

Page 247: GC Applis

MN 245

Compounds C8 and greater

Enantiomer separation of 2-hex-3-enyl methyl carbonateMN Appl. No. 212310

Column: FS-LIPODEX® G, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF723379.25, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Carriergas: 100kPaH2

Temperature: 50 °C (20 min) 10 °C/min→ 80 °C

(5 min) 10 °C/min→ 120 °C (5 min)

Detector: FIDC8H14O3

15 20min

O

O

OCH3

CH3

H3C

CourtesyofMrs.Vermeeren,AKProf.Gais,Inst.fürOrg.Chemie,RWTHAachen,Germany

Enantiomer separation of 1-t-butyl-2-carboxymethyl aziridine

MN Appl. No. 202371Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-PM,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723370.50, max. temperature 230/250 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 100 ml/min

Carriergas: 120kPaH2 (1.7 ml/min)Temperature: 130 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC8H15NO2

0 105 min

N

CO2CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

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Enantiomer separation of 4-methyl-3-heptanone (ant pheromone)

MN Appl. No. 201900Column: LIPODEX® A,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: H2Temperature: 85 °C Detector: FIDC8H16O

0

R S

10 min

O

CH3

CH3H3C

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg,Germany

Enantiomer separation of 1-octen-3-olMN Appl. No. 211460

Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID: a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °C Carrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °CC8H16O

H

OH

CH3

H2C

a b cTemperature: 90 °C 60 °C 80 °CResolution: <0.5 1.34 <0.5

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, France

1-octen-3-ol can also be separated on LIPODEX® A (see application 202761 at www.mn-net.com).

Enantiomer separation of 1-octen-3-ol (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 211470Columns: FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723381.25

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °CCarrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeTemperature: 80 °CDetector: FID 250 °CResolution: 1.49

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, France

Page 249: GC Applis

MN 247

Compounds C8 – C9

Enantiomer separation of 1-octen-3-ol and 2,2,2-trifluorophenylethanol

MN Appl. No. 212460Column: FS-HYDRODEX® b-TBDAc,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723384.50, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Sample: 0.1 % in CH2Cl2Carrier gas: 1.2 bar H2Temperature: 80 °C (5 min)

3 °C/min→ 140 °C

(5 min)Detector: FIDPeaks:1. (S)-1-Octen-3-ol (C8H16O)2. (R)-1-Octen-3-ol3./4. (R)/(S)-2,2,2-Trifluorophenylethanol

(C8H7F3O)

0

12

34

10 20 30min

H

OH

CH3

H2C

OHFF

F

Enantiomer separation of 1-indanol (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 202781Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-PM,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723370.50, max. temperature 230/250 °C

Injection: 1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 150 ml/min

Carriergas: 120kPaH2 (1.7 ml/min)Temperature: 130 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC9H10O

OH (TFA)

0 105 15min

1-indanol can also be separated on LIPODEX® A (see application 202771 at www.mn-net.com).

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Enantiomer separation of phenylcyclo-propylmethanol, phenylcyclopropyl-methyl acetate and cinnamyl alcohol

(TFA)MN Appl. No. 212680

Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-TBDAc, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723384.25, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Injection: 1 µl (0.1 % in methyl t-butyl ether), 220 °C, split 15 ml/min

Carrier gas: 0.6 bar H2Temperature: 130 °CDetector: FID 220 °CPeaks:1. (±)-trans-2-Phenylcyclopropylmethyl

acetate (C12H14O2)2. (±)-trans-2-Phenylcyclopropylmethanol

(C10H12O)3. Cinnamyl alcohol (C9H10O)

15

1

2 OH

CH2OH

3

20 25min

CH2O-CO-CH3

Enantiomer separation of mandelic acid methyl ester

MN Appl. No. 213020Column: FS-HYDRODEX g-TBDAc,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723387.25, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split 50 ml/minCarrier gas: 0.6 bar H2Temperature: 170 °CDetector: FIDC9H10O3

0 2 4 6 min

COOCH3HO

Mandelic acid methyl ester can also be sepa-rated on LIPODEX® A (application 202672) or LIPODEX® C (application 202682). See our application database at www.mn-net.com.

Page 251: GC Applis

MN 249

Compounds C9 – C12

Enantiomer separation of 1-phenyl-propan-1-ol

MN Appl. No. 212320Column: FS-LIPODEX® G,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF723379.25, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Carriergas: 100kPaH2Temperature: 50 °C (5 min)

10 °C/min→ 80 °C

(5 min) Detector: FIDC9H12O

10 15min

OH

CH3

CourtesyofMrs.Vermeeren,AKProf.Gais,Inst.fürOrg.Chemie,RWTHAachen,Germany

Enantiomer separation of phenylpropanols (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 212970Column: FS-HYDRODEX g-TBDAc,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF723378.50, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Injection: 1 µl, split 50 ml/minCarrier gas: 1.2 bar H2Temperature: 100 °C Detector: FIDPeaks: (C9H12O)1. 1-Phenylpropan-1-ol (TFA)2. 2-Phenylpropan-1-ol (TFA)

0 10 20 min

OH (TFA)

1

CH3

OH (TFA)

2

CH3

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Enantiomer separation of ampheta-mine, ephedrine and norephedrine

(N,O-TFA)MN Appl. No. 202310

Column: LIPODEX® D, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723366.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: H2Temperature: 150 °CDetector: FIDPeaks:1. Amphetamine2. Ephedrine3. Norephedrine

0 105

1 2

3

15 min

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg,Germany

Amphetamine (C9H13N)CH3

NH2 (TFA)

Ephedrine (C10H15NO)

(TFA) HN

OH (TFA)

CH3

CH3

Norephedrine (C9H13NO)

NH2 (TFA)(TFA) HO

CH3

Enantiomer separation of sympathomi-metic amines (N,O-TFA)

MN Appl. No. 202320Column: LIPODEX® D,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723366.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: 1 bar H2Temperature: 175 °CDetector: FIDPeaks:1. Amphetamine2. Mexiletine3. Pholedrine4. Tranylcypromine

0 105

1

2

34

2015 min

W.A.König,S.Lutz,G.Wenz,E.vonderBey,HRC 11 (1988) 506 – 509

Mexiletine (C11H17NO)CH3

O

CH3

NH2 (TFA)

CH3

Pholedrine (C10H15NO)

(TFA) HN

(TFA) HO

CH3

CH3

Tranylcypromine (C9H11N)

(TFA) H2N

Page 253: GC Applis

MN 251

Compounds C9 – C11

Enantiomer separation of 3-isoprope-nyl-2-methylcyclopentanone

MN Appl. No. 202070Column: FS-LIPODEX® E,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723368.25, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.2 µl, split 80 ml/minCarriergas: 50kPaH2 (1.2 ml/min)Temperature: 70 °C (3 min)

2 °C/min→ 110

°CDetector: FID 250 °CC9H14O

0 5 min 10

O

CH2 CH3

H3C

Enantiomer separation of vinyl-endo-brevicomin

MN Appl. No. 202130Column: FS-LIPODEX® E,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723368.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 180 ml/minCarriergas: 100kPaH2 (1.5 ml/min)Temperature: 120 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC9H14O2

0 5 min

O

OCH3

CH2

Vinyl-endo-brevicomin can also be separated on HYDRODEX b-PM (see application 202120 at www.mn-net.com).

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Enantiomer separation of vinyl-exo-brevicomin

MN Appl. No. 202150Column: FS-LIPODEX® E,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723368.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 180 ml/minCarriergas: 100kPaH2 (1.5 ml/min)Temperature: 105 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC9H14O2

0 105 min

O

OCH3

CH2

Vinyl-exo-brevicomin can also be separated on HYDRODEX b-PM (see application 202140 at www.mn-net.com).

Enantiomer separation of 2-t-butyl-5-bromomethylene 1,3-dioxane

MN Appl. No. 202230Column: FS-LIPODEX® A,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl (2 % in CH2Cl2) split 92 ml/min

Carriergas: 130kPaH2 (2.0 ml/min)Temperature: 105 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC9H15BrO2

0 2010 30min

O O

CH3

CH3H3C

Br

Page 255: GC Applis

MN 253

Compounds C9

Enantiomer separation of cis-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanol

MN Appl. No. 201970Column: FS-LIPODEX® E,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723368.25, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 125 ml/min

Carriergas: 60kPaH2 (1.6 ml/min)Temperature: 80 °CDetector: FID 250 °C C9H16O

0 10 min

OH

H3C

H3C

CH3

Enantiomer separation of (–)-exo-brevicominMN Appl. No. 202160

Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-PM, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723370.50, max. temperature 230/250 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 150 ml/min

Carriergas: 120kPaH2 (1.7 ml/min)Temperature: 120 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC9H16O2

0 105 min

O

O

CH3

CH3

(–)-exo-brevicomin can also be separated on LIPODEX® E (see application 202170 at www.mn-net.com).

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Enantiomer separation of endo-brevi-comin

MN Appl. No. 202180Column: FS-LIPODEX® E,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723368.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 180 ml/minCarriergas: 100kPaH2 (1.5 ml/min)Temperature: 110 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC9H16O2

0 5 min

O

OCH3

CH3

Enantiomer analysis of 4-butyl-3-methyl butyrolactone (Whisky lactone)

MN Appl. No. 202862Column: FS-LIPODEX® E,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723368.25, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 95 ml/min

Carriergas: 60kPaH2 (1.7 ml/min)Temperature: 145 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC9H16O2

0 105 min

O

CH3CH3

O

WhiskylactonecanalsobeseparatedonHYDRODEX b-PM (application 202882) or LIPODEX® A (application 202852). See our ap-plication database at www.mn-net.com.

Page 257: GC Applis

MN 255

Compounds C9 – C11

Enantiomer separation of spiroacetalsMN Appl. No. 202200

Column: LIPODEX® A, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/ 220 °C

Temperature: 80 °CCarrier gas: H2Detector: FIDPeaks:1. 7-Methyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4,5]decane

0 105 15min

1

2 4

3

O CH3

O C9H16O2

2. 2,8-Dimethyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5,5]undecane

O CH3

OH3C

C11H20O2

3. 1,7-Dioxaspiro[5,5]undecane

OO

C9H16O2

4. 2-Ethyl-7-methyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4,5]decaneO CH3H3C

OC11H20O2

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg,Germany

Enantiomer separation of 1,7-dioxaspiro[5,5]undecaneMN Appl. No. 202220

Column: FS-LIPODEX® A, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723360.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 320 ml/min

Carriergas: 120kPaH2 (2.2 ml/min)Temperature: 95 °CDetector: FID 240 °CC9H16O2

0 105 min

OO

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Enantiomers separation of fenoprop methyl ester

MN Appl. No. 202552Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-3P,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723358.25, max. tem-perature 230/250 °C

Injection: 1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 130 ml/min

Carriergas: 60kPaH2 (1.9 ml/min)Temperature: 140 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC10H9Cl3O3

0 7060 min

Cl

O

COOCH3H3C

Cl

Cl

Enantiomer separation of dichlorprop methyl ester

MN Appl. No. 202542Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-3P,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723358.25, max. temperature 230/250 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 130 ml/min

Carriergas: 60kPaH2 (1.9 ml/min)Temperature: 160 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC10H10Cl2O3

10 15 min50

Cl

O

COOCH3H3C

Cl

Page 259: GC Applis

MN 257

Compounds C10 – C11

Enantiomer composition of 3-phenyl- and 3-benzylbutyrolactoneMN Appl. No. 202932

Column: LIPODEX® B, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723362.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: H2Temperature: 175 °CDetector: FID

0 201010 30 40min

1

2

34

O O

O O

Peaks: 1. (S)-3-Phenylbutyrolactone (C10H10O2)2. (R)-3-Phenylbutyrolactone3. (S)-3-Benzylbutyrolactone (C11H12O2)4. (R)-3-Benzylbutyrolactone

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg,Germany

Enantiomer analysis of g-phenylbutyrolactoneMN Appl. No. 202942

Column: FS-LIPODEX® E, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723368.25, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 1:100Carriergas: 60kPaH2Temperature: 170 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC10H10O2

0 105 min

O O

g-phenylbutyrolactone can also be separated on HYDRODEX b-PM (see application 202952 at www.mn-net.com).

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Enantiomer separation of 2-phenylpropionic acid (hydratropic

acid) methyl esterMN Appl. No. 202572

Column: FS-LIPODEX® E, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723368.25, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl (0.1 % in CH2Cl2) split 100 ml/min

Carriergas: 60kPaH2Temperature: 80 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC10H12O2

0 2010 30min

COOCH3H3C

Enantiomer separation of carvoneMN Appl. No. 211500

Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID: a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °C Carrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °CC10H14O2

a b cTemperature: 105 °C 90 °C 110 °CResolution: 1.22 1.02 <0.5

OCH3

CH2H3C

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSService Central d’Analyse, Vernaison, FranceCarvone can also be separated on LIPODEX® A (see applications 202110 and 211940 at www.mn-net.com).

Enantiomer separation of desoxyephedrine (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 202330Column: FS-LIPODEX® E,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723368.25, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 70 ml/min

Carriergas: 60kPaH2 (1.3 ml/min)Temperature: 130 °CDetector: FID 250 °CPeaks:1. D-Desoxyephedrine (TFA) C10H15N2. L-Desoxyephedrine (TFA)

0

1

2

105 min

(TFA) HNCH3

CH3

Page 261: GC Applis

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Compounds C10 – C12

Chiral constituents of peppermint oilMN Appl. No. 250410

Column: FS-LIPODEX® G, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, max. temp. 220/240 °C, REF 723379.25Carriergas: 50kPaH2Temperature: 75 °C, isothermalDetector: FIDPeaks:1. (+)-trans-Sabinene hydrate (C10H16)

13

14

15

17

18

6

7

16

Standard

Mentha arvensis(China)

Mentha piperita(Idaho)

9

8

1

2

10 20 40 min

3

4

5

10

11

12

CH3

CH3

H2C

2. (+)-Menthone3. (+)-Isomenthone4. (–)-Menthone5. (–)-Isomenthone

H3C

CH3

O

H3C

(C10H18O)

6. (+)-Menthofuran O

CH3

H3C(C10H14O)

7. (–)-Isopulegol

HO

H2C

CH3

H3C(C10H18O)

8. (–)-Menthyl acetate O-CO-CH3H3C

CH3

H3C(C12H22O2)

9. (+)-Pulegone

O

H3C

CH3

H3C(C10H16O)

10. (+)-Neomenthol11. (–)-Neomenthol12. (+)-Neoisomenthol13. (+)-Menthol14. (–)-Neoisomenthol

OHH3C

CH3

H3C

15. (+)-Piperitone H3C

CH3

O

H3C(C10H16O)

16. (–)-Menthol17. (+)-Isomenthol18. (–)-Isomenthol

(C10H20O) structure see above

W.A.Königetal.,HighResol.Chromatogr.20 (1997) 55 – 61

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Enantiomer separation of D3-careneMN Appl. No. 211530

Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID: a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °C

H3C

CH3

CH3

Carrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °CC10H16

a b cTemperature: 75 °C 50 °C 70 °CResolution: 3.01 8.65 2.41

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, France

Enantiomer separation of sabineneMN Appl. No. 211540

Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID: a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °CCarrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °C CH3

CH3

H2CC10H16

a b cTemperature: 75 °C 50 °C gradientResolution: 5.19 2.1 1.29

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, France

Enantiomer separation of cyclic olefins including limoneneMN Appl. No. 201830

Column: LIPODEX® C, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723364.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: 1 bar H2Temperature: 70 °CDetector: FIDC10H16

0

+

SR

10 20 30 min

CH2

H3C

CH3

CH2

CH2

W.A.Königetal.,HRC12 (1989) 35 – 39

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MN 261

Terpenes C10

Enantiomer separation of limoneneMN Appl. No. 211550

Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID: a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °C

H3C

CH3

CH2

Carrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °C

C10H16a b c

Temperature: 80 °C 55 °C 70 °CResolution: 6.48 <0.5 0.55

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, France

Limonene can also be separated on HYDRODEX b-3P (see application 201850 at www.mn-net.com).

Enantiomer separation of a-pineneMN Appl. No. 211510

Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID: a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °C H3C

CH3

CH3

Carrier gas: 1.1 ml/min He Detector: FID 250 °C

C10H16a b c

Temperature: 68 °C 40 °C 60 °CResolution: 1.79 1.66 3.33

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, France

Enantiomer separation of b-pineneMN Appl. No. 211520

Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID: a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °CCarrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °CC10H16 a b cTemperature: 75 °C 50 °C 70 °CResolution: 3.23 4.26 1.23

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, France

Enantiomer separation of fenchoneMN Appl. No. 202090

Column: FS-LIPODEX® E, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723368.25, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 1:100Carriergas: 60kPaH2Temperature: 90 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC10H16O

0 5

(–)

(+)

min 10

O

CH3

CH3

H3C

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Chiral separations

Enantiomer separation of camphorMN Appl. No. 211560

Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID: a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °C

O

CH3H3C

H3C

Carrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °CC10H16O

a b cTemperature: 100 °C 90 °C 100 °CResolution: 2.11 6.66 <0.5

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, France

Separation of essential oilsMN Appl. No. 212980 / 212990 / 213000

Column: FS-HYDRODEX g-TBDAc, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, max. temp. 220/240 °C, REF 723387.50

Injector: 220 °CCarrier gas: 1.2 bar H2Temperature: 125 °CDetector: FID 220 °CPeaks:1. Fenchone [1.5 mg/ml] (C10H16O)2. Menthone [0.5 mg/ml] (C10H18O)

H3C

CH3

O

H3C

3. Menthol [2 mg/ml] (C10H20O)OHH3C

CH3

H3C

0 2

1

2

3

4 6 8 10 12min

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MN 263

Terpenes C10

Enantiomer separation of cis-pinaneMN Appl. No. 201810

Column: LIPODEX® C, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723364.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: H2 Temperature: 70 °CDetector: FIDC10H18

0

S R

10 min

H3CCH3

CH3

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg,Germany

Enantiomer separation of terpinen-4-olMN Appl. No. 211630

Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID: a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °CCarrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °CC10H18O a b cTemperature: 110 °C 75 °C 70 °CResolution: 2.1 <0.5 0.65

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, France

Enantiomer separation of a-terpineolMN Appl. No. 211640

Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID: a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °C

HOH3C

CH3

CH3

Carrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °CC10H18O

a b cTemperature: 115 °C 80 °C 110 °CResolution: 4.29 1.26 1.75

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, France

Enantiomer separation of menthoneMN Appl. No. 211600

Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID: a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °C Carrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °C H3C

CH3

O

H3CC10H18O

a b cTemperature: 100 °C 80 °C 90 °CResolution: 1.88 11.45 <0.5

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, France

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Enantiomer separation of isomenthoneMN Appl. No. 211610

Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID: a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °CCarrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °CC10H18O

a b cTemperature: 100 °C 90 °C 90 °CResolution: 10.01 10.11 2.04

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, France

Enantiomer separation of borneolMN Appl. No. 211570

Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID: a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °CCarrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °CC10H18O

OHH

CH3H3C

H3Ca b c

Temperature: 115 °C 80 °C 110 °CResolution: 4.99 1.77 2.95

Enantiomer separation of isoborneolMN Appl. No. 211580

Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID: a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °CCarrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °CC10H18O

HOH

CH3H3C

H3Ca b c

Temperature: 115 °C 90 °C 110 °CResolution: 3.07 1.36 1.25

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentrald’Analyse,Vernaison,France

Enantiomer separation of grandisol (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 202811Column: LIPODEX® C, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723364.50, max. temperature 200/220 °CCarrier gas: 1 bar H2Temperature: 90 °CDetector: FIDC10H18O

0 105 15 min

OH (TFA)

CH2

CH3

CH3

W.A.Königetal.,HRC12 (1989) 35 – 39

Page 267: GC Applis

MN 265

Terpenes C10 – C12

Enantiomer separation of rose oxideMN Appl. No. 212430

Column: FS-HYDRODEX® b-TBDAc, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723384.50, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Sample: 0.1 % in hexaneCarrier gas: 1.4 bar H2Temperature: 90 °CDetector: FIDPeaks: (C10H18O)1. (+)-cis-Rose oxide2. (–)-cis-Rose oxide3. (–)-trans-Rose oxide4. (+)-trans-Rose oxide

0

1 2

3 4

10 min

O

CH3

H3C H3C

MN Appl. No. 211620Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID:

a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25)

Carrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °C

a bTemperature: 90 °C 60 °CResolution: 1.41 <0.5

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, France

Enantiomer separation of lavandulolMN Appl. No. 211590

Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID: a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °CCarrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °C

a b cTemperature: 110 °C 80 °C 100 °CResolution: 6 0.95 2.82

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, France

CH3

CH3CH3

H2C

HO

Lavandulol C10H18O

Enantiomer separation of lavandulyl acetate

MN Appl. No. 211740Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID:

a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °CCarrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °C

a b cTemperature: 105 °C 85 °C 100 °CResolution: 1.9 <0.5 0.54

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, France

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Enantiomer separation of citronellal and citronellol

MN Appl. No. 212440Column: FS-HYDRODEX® b-TBDAc,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723384.50, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Sample: 0.1 % in CH2Cl2Carrier gas: H2, 1.5 barTemperature: 100 °CDetector: FIDPeaks:1. (R)/(S)-Citronellal (C10H18O)2. (S)/(R)-Citronellal3. (S)-Citronellol (C10H20O)4. (R)-Citronellol

min0 10 20 30

12

3 4

CH3

CH3

H3C

HO

CH3

CH3

H3C

O

Also see application 211680 at www.mn-net.com

Enantiomer separation of citronellol (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 211690Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID:

a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25)

Carrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °C

a bTemperature: 95 °C 85 °CResolution: 0.67 1.75

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, France

Enantiomer separation of linaloolMN Appl. No. 201920

Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-3P, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723358.25, max. temperature 230/250 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 130 ml/min

Carriergas: 60kPaH2 (1.9 ml/min)Temperature: 120 °CDetector: FID 250 °CPeaks:1. Linalool oxide 2. Linalool (C10H18O)

Linalool can alsobe separated onLIPODEX® C (application 201910),HXDRODEX b-6TBDMand LIPODEX® E(application 210532).See our applicationdatabase at 0

1

2

}5 min 10

OHH3C

H3C CH3

www.mn-net.com

Enantiomer separation of linalool oxideMN Appl. No. 210533

Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID: a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °CCarrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °CC10H18O2 a b cTemperature: 90 °C 65 °C 85 °CResolution: 6.12 3.18 1.54

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, France

Page 269: GC Applis

MN 267

Compounds C10 – C12

Enantiomer separation of linalool and linalyl acetate

MN Appl. No. 212410Column: FS-HYDRODEX® b-TBDAc,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723384.25, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Sample: 0.1 % in CH2Cl2Carrier gas: 0.8 bar H2Temperature: 75 °C (20 min)

1 °C/min→ 110 °C

(5 min)Detector: FIDPeaks:1. (R)-Linalyl acetate (C12H20O2)2. (S)-Linalyl acetate3. (R)-Linalool (C10H18O)4. (S)-Linalool

0

1 2 3 4

10 20 30 40min

Enantiomer separation of d-decalac-tone and d-dodecalactone

MN Appl. No. 212420Column: FS-HYDRODEX® b-TBDAc,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723384.25, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Sample: 0.1 % in hexaneCarrier gas: H2, 0.8 barTemperature: 160 °C (12 min)

4 °C/min→

200 °C (10 min)Detector: FIDPeaks:1. (S)-d-Decalactone (C10H18O2)2. (R)-d-Decalactone3. (S)-d-Dodecalactone (C12H18O2)4. (R)-d-Dodecalactone

0

12

3 4

10 20min

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Enantiomer separation of mentholMN Appl. No. 211700

Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID: a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °CCarrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °CC10H20O

a b cTemperature: 115 °C 85 °C 105 °CResolution: 1.5 2.34 1.46

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, France

Menthol can also be separated on LIPODEX® A (see application 210090 at www.mn-net.com).

Enantiomer separation of menthol (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 211710Columns: FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723381.25

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °CCarrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeTemperature: 85 °CDetector: FID 250 °CResolution: 2.52

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, France

Enantiomer separation of antiepileptic drugs mesuximide and phensuximide

MN Appl. No. 202381Column: LIPODEX® B,

50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723362.50, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carrier gas: 1 bar H2

Temperature: 135 °C 3 °C/min→ 200 °C

Detector: FIDPeaks:1. Mesuximide (C12H13NO2)2. Phensuximide (C11H11NO2)

0 105 2015 min25

CH3

H

N OO

CH3

CH3

N OO

W.A.Königetal.,HRC11 (1988) 621 – 625

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MN 269

Compounds C10 – C12

Enantiomer separation of mecoprop methyl ester

MN Appl. No. 202562Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-3P,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723358.25, max. temperature 230/250 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 130 ml/min

Carriergas: 60kPaH2 (1.9 ml/min)Temperature: 160 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC11H13ClO3

0 105 15min

Cl

O

COOCH3H3C

CH3

Enantiomer separation of 5-(2-methyl-propan-2-sulphonyl)-hept-3-eneMN Appl. No. 212260

Column: FS-LIPODEX® G, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723379.25, max. temperature 220/240 °C

Carriergas: 100kPaH2Temperature: 60 °C (15 min)

10 °C/min→ 100 °C

(5 min)Detector: FIDC11H22O2S

CourtesyofMrs.Vermeeren,AKProf.Gais, Inst.fürOrg.Chemie,RWTHAachen,Germany

15 20min

SO2

CH3

CH3

CH3

H3C

H3C

C

Enantiomer separation of N-phenyl-cyclohex-2-enamine

MN Appl. No. 212250Column: FS-LIPODEX® E,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723368.25, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Sample: 10 µl in 3 ml CH2Cl2Carrier gas: 0.6 bar H2Temperature: 110 °C Detector: FIDC12H15N

0 20 40 60 min

NH

CourtesyofMrs.Eschmann,InstitutfürBrennstoffchemie,RWTHAachen,Germany

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Enantiomer separation of hexobarbital (TFA)

MN Appl. No. 202401Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-3P,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723358.25, max. temperature 230/250 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl, split 130 ml/minCarriergas: 60kPaH2 (1.9 ml/min)Temperature: 210 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC12H16N2O3

0 2010 min

N

NH

O O

O

CH3

H3C

Enantiomer separation of 3,3-dimethyl-1- phenyl-butan-1-olMN Appl. No. 212350

Column: FS-LIPODEX® G, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723379.25, max. temperature 200/220 °C

Carriergas: 100kPaH2

Temperature: 100 °C (5 min) 10 °C/min→ 120 °C

(5 min) 10 °C/min→ 140 °C (5 min)

10 °C/min→ 170 °C (45 min)

Detector: FIDC12H18O

13 1514 min

HO CH3

CH3

CH3

CourtesyofMrs.Vermeeren,AKProf.Gais,Inst.fürOrg.Chemie,RWTHAachen,Germany

Page 273: GC Applis

MN 271

Compounds C12 and greater

Enantiomer separation of menthyl acetate

MN Appl. No. 202010Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-3P,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723358.25, max. temperature 230/250 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 130 ml/min

Carriergas: 60kPaH2 (1.9 ml/min)Temperature: 150 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC12H22O2

0 5 min

Menthyl acetate can also be separated on HYDRODEX b-PM (see application 202000 at www.mn-net.com).

Separation of isomeric antiinflammatory drugs

MN Appl. No. 210150Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, max. temperature 250 °C, REF 723381.25

Carrier gas: H2Temperature: 135 °C

1 °C/min→ 200 °C

Detector: FIDPeaks:1. Ibuprofen C13H18O2 CH3

H3C COOH

CH3

2. Flurbiprofen C15H13FO2

F

COOH

CH3

3. Fenoprofen C15H14O3O

O

OHCH3

4. Naproxen C14H14O3COOH

CH3

CH3O

5. Ketoprofen C16H14O3 O

COOHH3C

0 105

SR

1 23

4

5

20 30 40 5015 min

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg,Germany

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Enantiomer separation of a-damasconeMN Appl. No. 202030

Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-PM, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723370.50, max. temperature 230/250 °C

Injection: 0.1 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 150 ml/min

Carriergas: 120kPaH2 (1.7 ml/min)Temperature: 130 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC13H20O

0 10 20 min

O H

HCH3

CH3

H3CH3C

Enantiomer separation of a-iononeMN Appl. No. 213010

Column: FS-HYDRODEX g-TBDAc, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723370.50, max. temperature 230/250 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl, split 5 0 ml/minCarrier gas: 1.2 bar H2Temperature: 155 °CDetector: FID C13H20O

0 10 min

H

H

O

CH3

CH3

H3CH3C

MN Appl. No. 211770Columns: all 25 m x 0.25 mm ID:

a) FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM (REF 723381.25), b) FS-LIPODEX® E (REF 723368.25), c) FS-HYDRODEX b-PM (REF 723370.25)

Injection: 1 µl, split, 250 °CCarrier gas: 1.1 ml/min HeDetector: FID 250 °C

a b cTemperature: 125 °C 105 °C 120 °CResolution: 7.42 3.89 3.19

CourtesyofH.Casabianca,CNRSServiceCentral d’Analyse, Vernaison, France

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MN 273

Compounds C13 – C14

Enantiomer separation of theaspiranMN Appl. No. 202210

Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-PM, 50 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723370.50, max. temperature 230/250 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 1:100

Carriergas: 200kPaH2Temperature: 120 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC13H22O

0 105 2015 min

O CH3

H3C

CH3

CH3

Enantiomer separation of ibuprofen methyl ester

MN Appl. No. 202582Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-3P,

25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723358.25, max. temperature 230/250 °C

Injection: 0.5 µl (1 % in CH2Cl2) split 130 ml/min

Carriergas: 60kPaH2 (1.9 ml/min)Temperature: 140 °CDetector: FID 250 °CC14H20O2

0 10 20 min

COOCH3H3C

H3C

CH3

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Separation of isomeric sesquiterpenesMN Appl. No. 250170

Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM, 15 m x 0.25 mm ID, max. temperature 230/250 °C

Carrier gas: H2

Temperature: 100 °C 2 °C/min→ 200 °C

Detector: FIDPeaks: (C15H24)1. (–)-g-Cadinene2. (–)-d-Cadinene3. (–)-a-Cadinene4. (+)-g-Cadinene5. (+)-a-Cadinene6. (+)-d-Cadinene7. (+)-Cadina-1,4-diene8. (–)-Cadina-1,4-diene

CH3

CH3

H

H

H3C

H3C

a-Cadinene

CH3

CH3

H

H3C

H3C

d-Cadinene

CH3

CH3

H

H

H2C

H3C

g-Cadinene

CH3

CH3

H

H3C

H3C

Cadina-1,4-diene

0 105

1

2

3 45 6

7

8

15min

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg,Germany

Enantiomer separation of fluoxetine and norfluoxetineMN Appl. No. 212220

Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723358.25, max. temperature 230/250 °C

Temperature: 170 °C 1 °C/min→ 200 °C

Carrier gas: 1.1 ml/min H2Detector: PND 300 °CPeaks:1. (S)-Norfluoxetine(R=H)2. (R)-Norfluoxetine3. (S)-Fluoxetine (R = CH3)4. (R)-Fluoxetine

15

1

3

4

2

15.5 16 16.5min

*O H

NF3C R

S. Ulrich, J. Chromatography B, 783 (2003) 481 – 490

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Compounds C15 and greater

Separation of isomeric paracyclophanesMN Appl. No. 250190

Column: FS-HYDRODEX b-6TBDM, 25 m x 0.25 mm ID, REF 723381.25 max. temperature 230/250 °C

Carrier gas: H2Temperature: 135 °C

1 °C/min→ 200 °C

Detector: FIDPeaks: 1. 4-Methyl-[2.2]-paracyclophane (C17H18, R = -CH3)2. 4-Ethinyl-[2.2]-paracyclophane (C18H16, R = -C≡CH)3. 4-Allyloxy-[2.2]-paracyclophane (C19H20O, R = -O-CH2-CH=CH2)4. 4-Acetyl-[2.2]-paracyclophane (C18H18O, R = -CO-CH3)5. 4-Formyl-[2.2]-paracyclophane (C17H16O, R = -CHO)6. 4-Cyano-[2.2]-paracyclophane (C17H15N, R = -CN)7. 4-Hydroxymethyl-[2.2]-paracyclophane (C17H18O, R = -CH2OH)8. 4-Hydroxy-[2.2]-paracyclophane (C16H16O, R = -OH)

0 50 60403020

1 23

4

5

6 78

10 min

R

CourtesyofProf.W.A.König,Hamburg,Germany

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(e) = chiral (enantiomer) separation

Chromatogram index

AAcenaphthene 38–39, 50–53, 65, 66Acenaphthene-d10 38–39, 50–51, 112Acenaphthylene 50–53, 65, 66Acephate 110Acetaldehyde 131, 159, 160Acetaminophen see ParacetamolAcetic acid anhydride 117Acetic acid (C2) 117, 132, 163Acetic acid cyclohex-2-enyl ester (e) 242Acetic acid cyclopent-2-enyl ester (e) 231Acetochlor 112Acetone 122–126, 128, 129, 131, 132, 159, 160Acetonitrile 123Acetophenone 50–51, 126Acetylcodeine 185, 1863-Acetyldeoxynivalenol 19115-o-Acetyl-4-deoxynivalenol 191Acetylethyltetramethyltetralin 155Acetylmorphine 1854-Acetyl-[2.2]-paracyclophane (e) 275Acetylthebaol 186Adipic acid 194AETT see AcetylethyltetramethyltetralinAlachlor 38–39, 101, 110Alanine propyl esters (e) 202Alaninol (e) 204Aldols (e) 207Aldrin 38–39, 74–80, 82, 83, 87, 110, 113Alkylbromides(e) 210Alkylchlorides(e) 2201-O-Alkylglycerols(e) 217Alkylnitrates 150Alkylnitrates(e) 2294-Allyloxy-[2.2]-paracyclophane (e) 275Allylphosphonic acid diethyl ester

see Diethyl allylphosphonateAlodan 72–73, 81, 108Alphamethrin see a-CypermethrinAlprazolam 184Ametryn 38–39, 104–106, 110Amidithion 94–954-Aminoazobenzene 144–146o-Aminoazotoluene 144–146Aminobenzene see Aniline2-Aminobenzoic acid methyl ester 1534-Aminobiphenyl 144–1462-Aminobutanol-1 (e) 204, 214Amino-i-butyric acid isopropyl ester (e) 2022-Aminoheptane (e) 2042-Aminohexane (e) 2042-Amino-6-methylheptane (e) 2042-Amino-5-methylhexane (e) 2045-Aminomethylnorbornene (e) 243

2-Amino-4-nitrotoluene see 5-Nitro-o-toluidine2-Aminooctane (e) 2042-Aminopentane (e) 2041-Aminopropan-2-ol (e) 204Aminotoluene see ToluidineAmitriptyline 190Ammelide, Ammeline 179Amphetamine 181, 183, 184Amphetamine (e) 250Androstanediol 192Androstanolone 192Androsterone 191Anethole 125, 156Anhydroarabinitol (e) 2191,5-Anhydrogalactitol (e) 2281,5-Anhydroglucitol (e) 2281,5-Anhydromannitol (e) 228Anilazine 74, 104Aniline 50–51, 142, 143Anisaldehyde 125o-Anisidine 17, 144–146Anteisomargaric acid methyl ester (C17:0 iso) 171Anthelmintics 178Anthracene 38–39, 50–53, 65, 66Arabinitol (e) 222Arabinose anomers (e) 228Arachidic acid methyl ester (C20:0) 126, 165–173Arachidonic acid methyl ester (C20:4n6) 165–172Aramite 50–51Aspartic acid propyl esters (e) 202Aspon see ChlordaneAtraton 38–39, 102–104Atrazine 38–39, 102, 104–106, 110Azinphos-ethyl 92, 94–95, 98, 110, 113Azinphos-methyl 92–96, 98, 113Azobenzene 48, 50–51, 101–104, 112

BBarbital 183Behenic acid methyl ester (C22:0) 165–173Benzaldehyde 153Benz[a]anthracene 38–39, 50–53, 65, 66Benzanthrone 134Benzene 43–45, 59, 119–121, 124, 125, 127, 199Benzidine 50–51, 144, 145, 146Benzo[b]fluoranthene 38–39, 50–53, 65, 66Benzo[k]fluoranthene 38–39, 50–53, 65, 66Benzoic acid 50–51Benzoic acid methyl ester 153Benzo[ghi]perylene 38–39, 50–53, 65, 66Benzophenone 134Benzo[a]pyrene 38–39, 50–53, 65, 66Benzo[h]quinoline 101Benzothiazole 105

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Benzoylglycine 194Benzyl acetate 155Benzyl alcohol 50–51, 134, 153, 154, 156, 158Benzylamine 139, 142Benzyl benzoate 153–155Benzyl butyl phthalate see Butyl benzyl phthalate3-Benzylbutyrolactone (e) 257Benzyl chloride 45Benzyl salicylate 155a-BHC 38–39, 72–83, 87, 110, 113, 114b-BHC 38–39, 72–83, 87, 110, 113d-BHC 38–39, 72–79, 81–83, 87, 110e-BHC 75, 87g-BHC (lindane) 38–39, 72–83, 87, 110, 113, 114BHT see Butylated hydroxytolueneBicyclic lactone (e) 242Bifenox 114Bioallethrin 99a-Bisabolol 156Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane 50–51, 52–53, 133Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether 50–51, 52–53Bis(1-chloroisopropyl) ether 133Bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether 50–51, 52–53, 133Bis(diethyl-phosphonates) 136Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate 38–39Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

see Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalateBisphenol A and B 193Bis(phosphonic acid diethyl esters) 136Bitertanol 98, 101Bladex see CyanazineBolstar seeSulprofosBorneol 156Borneol (e) 264Bornyl acetate 153, 155–157endo-Brevicomin (e) 254(–)-exo-Brevicomin (e) 253Bromacil 38–39, 102–103, 107, 110Bromoacetic acid methyl ester 116Bromobenzene 43–46, 592-Bromobutane (e) 210Bromochloroacetic acid methyl ester 116Bromochloromethane 41, 43–454-Bromo-2-chlorophenol 64Bromocyclen 72–73, 75–77, 80Bromodichloroacetic acid methyl ester 116Bromodichloromethane 40, 43–45Bromoform seeTribromomethane2-Bromohexane (e) 210Bromomethane 452-Bromopentane (e) 210, 2193-Bromophenol 644-Bromophenoxybenzene 1332-Bromo-1-phenylethanol (e) 2384-Bromophenyl phenyl ether 50–53Bromophos-ethyl 94–95, 113, 114Bromophos-methyl 98, 113

2-Bromopropionic acid methyl ester (e) 206Bromopropylate 74, 114Butachlor 38–39i-Butane 196n-Butane 121, 196Butane-1,2-diol (e) 205, 212Butane-1,3-diol (e) 204, 212Butane-1,4-diol 160Butane-2,3-diol (e) 211Butanediol dinitrate isomers 150Butane-1,2,4-triol (e) 213Butanoic acid see Butyric and Isobutyric acidButanol-1 122, 126–128, 130, 131, 159Butanol-2 125t-Butanol 127Butanone seeMethylethylketoneButaperazine 1831-Butin-3-ol (e) 205Butter: triglycerides 175, 176i-Butyl acetate 122, 127n-Butyl acetate 122, 127, 128i-Butyl alcohol see 2-Methyl-1-propanol2-Butylamine (e) 213Butylamine 139Butylate 38–39, 102–103Butylated hydroxytoluene 154n-Butylbenzene 43–45, 59sec-Butylbenzene 43–45t-Butylbenzene 43–45Butyl benzyl phthalate 38–39, 50–53, 133, 135, 1362-t-Butyl-5-bromomethylene 1,3-dioxane (e) 252g-Butylbutyrolactone see g-Octalactone1-t-Butyl-2-carboxymethyl aziridine (e) 245n-Butylcyanohydrin (e) 2174-t-Butylcyclohexyl acetate 155Butyldiglycol 122Butyldiglycol acetate 1224-t-Butyl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dinitroacetophenone

seeMuskketone1-t-Butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene

seeMuskxylene2-sec-Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol see Dinosebt-Butyl ethyl ether 1231-O-Butylglycerol (e) 217Butyl glycol 122, 127Butyl glycol acetate 122i-Butyl lactate (e) 2364-Butyl-3-methylbutyrolactone (e) 254i-Butylmethylketone 127, 128Butyl-triethyl-tin 147d-Butylvalerolactone see d-NonalactoneButyric acid (C4) 132, 158, 163Butyric acid methyl ester 167–170Butyrophenone 126

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CCadina-1,4-diene (e) 274Cadinene (e) 274Caffeine 183, 185, 186Camphene 156Camphor 156, 157Camphor (e) 262Cannabichromene 186Cannabinol 186Capric acid methyl ester (C10:0) 18, 142, 151, 164–172Caproic acid (C6:0) 163Caproic acid methyl ester 158, 165–169Caprylic acid (C8:0) 158Caprylic acid methyl ester 165–171Captafol 74, 115Captan 74, 115Carbaryl 87Carbazole 48Carbofuran 107, 110Carbon tetrachloride see TetrachloromethaneCarbophenothion 92, 94–95, 98, 115Carboxin 38–392-Carene 153Carene 156D3-Carene 157D3-Carene (e) 260Carvone 125, 156, 157Carvone (e) 258Caryophyllene 186Ceramides 177Cervonic acid methyl ester

(C22:6n3, DHA) 168, 169, 172Chinomethionat see QuinomethionateChlorbenside sulphone 72–73a-Chlordane (cis) 38–39, 75–77, 80, 82, 113g-Chlordane (trans) 38–39, 75, 80, 82, 86, 113Chlordane 92Chlordecone see KeponeChlorfenprop-methyl 108Chlorfenson 72–73, 100Chlorfenvinphos 92, 98, 110, 113Chloridazon 110Chlormephos 94–95Chloroacetic acid methyl ester 1165-Chloro-2-aminobenzophenone 1832-Chloroaniline 1433-Chloroaniline 1434-Chloroaniline 17, 50–51, 74, 76, 77, 143–146Chlorobenzene 43–46, 59, 134Chlorobenzilate 38–39, 50–512-Chlorobiphenyl see PCB-1Chlorobornane derivatives see ParlarChlorodibromomethane 46Chloroethane 45Chloroform seeTrichloromethane

2-Chloroheptane (e) 2202-Chlorohexane (e) 220Chloromethane 45Chloromethylaniline isomers 1435-Chloro-2-methylbenzylamine 1372-Chloromethyloxirane see Epichlorohydrin4-Chloro-3-methylphenol 50–53, 60–644-Chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid see MCPA4-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic acid

see MCPB1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 421-Chloronaphthalene 482-Chloronaphthalene 47, 50–53Chloroneb 38–39, 74, 76, 77Chloronitroaniline isomers 1432-Chloropentane (e) 2202-Chlorophenol 50–53, 60–634-Chlorophenol 644-Chlorophenoxybenzene 1332-Chloro-1-phenylethanol (e) 2384-Chlorophenylethylamine (e) 2414-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether 50–53Chloroprene rubber, pyrolysis 2001-Chloropropane 421-Chloropropene 422-Chloro-1-propene 453-Chloropropene 422-Chloropropionic acid isobutyl ester (e) 2342-Chloropropionic acid methyl ester (e) 206Chlorothalonil 38–39, 74, 110, 114, 1152-Chlorotoluene 43–45, 49, 593-Chlorotoluene 45, 49, 594-Chlorotoluene 43, 44, 49, 594-Chloro-o-toluidine 17, 144–146Chlorotrimethylsilane 148Chlorpropham 38–39, 98, 110Chlorpyrifos-ethyl 38–39, 74, 92–95, 113, 114, 115Chlorpyrifos-methyl 92, 94–95, 113Chlorthal-methyl 38–39Chlorthalonil see ChlorothalonilChlorthion 98, 99, 113Cholesterol 191Chrysene 38–39, 50–53, 65, 66Chrysene-d12 38–39, 50–51, 112Cimaterol 188Cineole 125, 153, 155–157Cinnamyl alcohol (e) 248Citric acid 186Citronellal (e) 266Citronellol (e) 266Clenbuterol 188Clofibricacid 189Clomethiazole 183Cocaine 184Codeine 183, 184Conjugated linoleic acid methyl esters 164

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Coumaphos 92–96, 115p-Cresidine 17, 144–146m-Cresol see 3-Methylphenolo-Cresol see 2-Methylphenolp-Cresol see 4-MethylphenolCrotoxyphos 92Crufomate 94–95Cumene see i-PropylbenzeneCyanazine 38–39, 104, 110, 112Cyanohydrins (e) 2175-Cyano-4-methyloxazole 1424-Cyano-[2.2]-paracyclophane (e) 275(Cyanopropyl)methyldimethoxysilane 149Cyanuric acid 179Cyclicolefins(e) 260Cycloate 38–39, 101–103Cyclobarbital 183, 187Cyclodecane-trans-1,2-diol (e) 227Cyclodecane-trans-1,3-diol (e) 227trans-1,2-Cycloheptanediol dinitrate 150Cycloheptane-trans-1,2-diol (e) 212, 227Cycloheptane-trans-1,3-diol (e) 227Cyclohexane 121, 123, 124, 126Cyclohexanediol dinitrate isomers 150Cyclohexane-trans-1,2-diol (e) 212, 226, 227Cyclohexanol 130Cyclohexanone 122, 127, 128Cyclohexylbenzene 1342-Cyclohexylphenol 64Cyclooctane-trans-1,2-diol (e) 227Cyclopent-2-enyl methyl carbonate (e) 231Cyclopropylstearic acid see Methylene stearic acidCyfluthrin 99Cyhalothrin 99a-Cypermethrin 99Cypermethrin 114Cyproconazole 110

D2,4-D esters 108, 109a-Damascone (e) 2722,4-DB 1092,4’-DDD 72–81, 87, 1134,4’-DDD 38–39, 72–73, 75–83, 87, 1132,4’-DDE 75–81, 85, 87, 1134,4’-DDE 38–39, 72–73, 75–83, 85, 87, 110, 1132,4’-DDT 72–75, 77–80, 87, 110, 113, 1144,4’-DDT 38–39, 72–80, 82, 83, 87, 110, 113Decachlorobiphenyl see PCB-209d-Decalactone (e) 244, 267g-Decalactone 216g-Decalactone (e) 215Decane 126Decanolide see DecalactoneDecylamine 18, 139, 151n-Decylamine 139

DEET see DiethyltoluamideDEG see Diethylene glycolDemephion 94–95Demeton-O 92, 93, 96Demeton-S 92, 93, 96Demeton-S-methyl 114Demeton-S-methylsulfon 113Deoxynivalenol 191Desethylatrazine 102–104, 106, 110Desethyldesisopropylatrazine 102–103Desethylsebuthylazine 102–103Desethylterbumeton 102–103Desethylterbuthylazine 102–103, 106, 110Desisopropylatrazine 102–106, 110Desmetryn 102–103, 110Desoxyephedrine (e) 258Dextrorphan 187DHA see Cervonic acidDiacetylmorphine see HeroinDialifos 94–95Diallyl phthalate 1352,4-Diaminoanisole 144–1464,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane 144–1462,4-Diaminotoluene 144–146o-Dianisidine see 3,3’-DimethoxybenzidineDiazinon 38–39, 92, 94–95, 98, 112, 113, 134Dibenz[ah]anthracene 38–39, 50–53, 65, 66Dibenzofuran 50–51Dibenzothiophene 137Dibenzylamine 126, 140Dibrom see NaledDibromoacetic acid methyl ester 1164,4’-Dibromobiphenyl 52–53Dibromochloroacetic acid methyl ester 116Dibromochloromethane 40, 43–451,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 43–451,2-Dibromoethane 43–45Dibromomethane 43–454,4’-Dibromooctafluorobiphenyl 52–532,4-Dibromophenol 64Dibutylamine 139Di-i-butylamine 140Di-n-butylamine 140Dibutyl-diethyl-tin 147Dibutyl-dipentyl-tin 1473,5-Di-t-butylphenol 155Dibutyl phthalate 133–136Di-i-butyl phthalate 135Di-n-butyl phthalate 38–39, 50–53Dibutyl sebacate 135Dichlobenil 74, 110Dichlofenthion 92, 94–95Dichlofluanid 74, 101, 115Dichloran see DicloranDichloroacetic acid methyl ester 116Dichloroaniline isomers 1431,2-Dichlorobenzene 43–45, 47, 48, 50–53, 137

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1,3-Dichlorobenzene 43–45, 47, 48, 50–531,4-Dichlorobenzene 43–45, 47, 48, 50–531,4-Dichlorobenzene-d4 50–513,3’-Dichlorobenzidine 50–51, 144–1462,3-Dichlorobiphenyl see PCB-5Dichlorobromomethane 46Dichlorodimethylsilane 1481,1-Dichloroethane 43–451,2-Dichloroethane 40, 43–461,1-Dichloroethene 43–45cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 40–46trans-1,2-Dichloroethene 40, 42–46s-Dichloroethyl ether 133Dichlorofluoromethane 45Dichloromethane 40, 42–46, 123–125, 127, 130, 148Dichloronitrobenzene isomers 54, 552,4-Dichlorophenol 50–53, 60–64, 1122,6-Dichlorophenol 50–51, 60–624-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid see 2,4-DB2,3-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 1892,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid see 2,4-D1,1-Dichloropropane 421,2-Dichloropropane 43–451,3-Dichloropropane 43, 442,2-Dichloropropane 42–451,1-Dichloropropene 43–452,3-Dichloropropene 42cis-1,3-Dichloropropene (Z) 42–45trans-1,3-Dichloropropene (E) 42–45Dichlorotoluene isomers 59Dichlorprop 2-ethyl 1-hexyl ester 108Dichlorprop methyl ester 108, 109Dichlorprop methyl ester (e) 256Dichlorvos 38–39, 92–95, 98, 113, 115Diclobutrazol 101Diclofenac 189Dicloran 74, 101Dicrotophos 921,3-Dicyanopropyltetramethyldisiloxane 149Dicyclohexylamine 139, 140Dicyclohexyl phthalate 135Dieldrin 38–39, 72–83, 87, 110, 113, 114Diethanolamine 140, 141Diethyl acetal 159Diethyl allylphosphonate 136Diethylamine 138, 140Diethylene glycol 129, 160Diethyl ethylphosphonate 136Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate 135Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

38–39, 50–53, 133, 135, 136, 187Diethyl methylphosphonate 136Diethyl phthalate

38–39, 50–53, 133, 135, 136, 153–155Diethylstilbestrol 193Diethyltoluamide 107

Di-i-hexylamine 140Dihydrotestosterone see AndrostanoloneDimefox 94–95Dimethametryn 102–103Dimethoate 92, 98, 113, 1143,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine 144–146Dimethylamine 17, 1382,4-Dimethylaniline 1452,6-Dimethylaniline 140, 142, 145Dimethylaniline 18, 151Dimethylbenzene see Xylene3,3’-Dimethylbenzidine 144–1462,6-Dimethylbenzylamine 1373,3-Dimethylbutane-1,2-diol (e) 2053,4-Dimethylbutyrolactone (e) 2243,3’-Dimethyl-4,4’-diaminodiphenylmethane 144–146Dimethyldimethoxysilane 1492,8-Dimethyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5,5]undecane (e) 255Dimethylformamide 126N,N-Dimethylformamide 1423,5-Dimethyl-1,4-hexadiene (e) 2332,2-Dimethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolane

seeSolketalDimethyl malate (e) 225Dimethyl methylphosphonate 137Dimethylnaphthalene isomers 1991,2-Dimethyl-3-nitrobenzene 631,3-Dimethyl-2-nitrobenzene 1123,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol 1543,7-Dimethyl-6-octenal 1532,6-Dimethyl-7-octen-2-ol 1533,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol 1553,7-Dimethyl-octen-1-ol 1542,4-Dimethylphenol 50–53, 60–632,6-Dimethylphenol 1373,3-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-butan-1-ol (e) 270Dimethyl phthalate 38–39, 50–53, 133, 135, 136Dimethylsilane 148Dimethylsulfoxide 1261,3-Dinitrobenzene 50–51, 554,6-Dinitro-2-methylphenol 52–532,4-Dinitrophenol 50–53, 60, 61–632,3-Dinitrotoluene 54, 552,4-Dinitrotoluene 38–39, 50–55, 582,5-Dinitrotoluene 54, 552,6-Dinitrotoluene 38–39, 50–55, 583,4-Dinitrotoluene 54, 553,5-Dinitrotoluene 54, 552,3-Dinor-6-oxo-prostagladin F1a 1922,3-Dinor-thromboxane B2 192Dinoseb 50–51, 62Di-n-octyl phthalate 50–53Dioctyl phthalate 133, 135, 1361,4-Dioxane 125Dioxane 1231,7-Dioxaspiro[5,5]undecane (e) 255

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Dioxathion 92, 98Diparacetamol 185Diphenamid 38–39Diphenhydramine 183, 190Diphenylamine 50–53, 98, 101–103Diphenyldimethoxysilane 149Diphenyl ether 153Diphenyl-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate 135Diphenyl phthalate 1351,3-Diphenyltetramethyldisilazane 149Di-i-propylamine 139, 140Di-n-propylamine 140Dipropyl phthalate 135Disulfoton 38–39, 92–96, 112, 1131,3-Divinyltetramethyldisilazane 1491,3-Divinyltetramethyldisiloxane 149Docosadienoic acid methyl ester

(C22:2) 165–169, 172, 173cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoic acid

see Cervonic acidDocosahexaenoic acid methyl ester (C22:6) 167, 171Docosane 18, 105, 151Docosatrienoic acid methyl ester 170d-Dodecalactone (e) 244, 267g-Dodecalactone 216g-Dodecalactone (e) 215Dodecane 18, 151n-Dodecane 137Dodecanol 125, 137, 156Dodecanolide see Dodecalactone2,4-DP see DichlorpropDursban seeChlorpyrifos-methyl

EEdifenphos 94–95cis-11,14-Eicosadienoic acid methyl ester

(C20:2n6) 168, 169Eicosadienoic acid methyl ester 165, 167, 170–173Eicosane 105Eicosapentaenoic acid methyl ester

(C20:5) 165, 167, 171 also see Timnodonic acid methyl ester

cis-8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester (C20:3n6) 166, 168, 169, 172

cis-11,14,17-Eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester (C20:3n3) 166, 168, 169, 172

Eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester (C20:3) 165, 167, 170, 171

Eicosenoic acid methyl ester (C20:1) 165, 167–173Elaidic acid methyl ester

(C18:1n9 trans) 164, 166, 168–172Enanthic acid see Heptanoic acidEndosulfan1(alpha),Endosulfan2(beta)

38–39, 72–75, 78–83, 86, 87, 110, 113Endosulfansulphate 38–39, 72–75, 80–83, 86Endrin 38–39, 74–80, 82, 83, 87, 110, 113

Endrin aldehyde 38–39, 82, 83Endrinketone 38–39, 82EPA 502 43, 44EPA 524 43, 44EPA 525 38EPA 528 63EPA 552.2 116EPA 604 63EPA 606 136EPA 608 83EPA 609 58EPA 610 65, 66EPA 612 47EPA 624 45EPA 625 52EPA 627 106EPA 632 107EPA 633 107EPA 8040 62EPA 8040 A 60, 61EPA 8081 82EPA 8140 92, 93EPA 8141 92, 93EPA 8270 50EPA also see Timnodonic acidEphedrine 183Ephedrine (e) 250Epibromohydrin (e) 203Epichlorohydrin 42Epichlorohydrin (e) 203EPN 921,2-Epoxybutane (e) 2071,2-Epoxyhexane (e) 2072,3-Epoxy-3-methylbutanol-1 (e) 2181,2-Epoxyoctane (e) 207(E)-2,3-Epoxy-4-octin-1-ol (e) 2432,3-Epoxypropanol-1 see GlycidolEPTC 38–39, 102–103Erucic acid methyl ester (C22:1n9) 126, 165–173Erythrose (e) 209Estrone 191Ethalfluralin 101–103, 106Ethane 1961,2-Ethanediol dinitrate 150Ethanol 41, 46, 122–125, 127–132, 159, 160Ethanolamine 1412-Ethanolaniline 142Ethinylestradiol 1934-Ethinyl-[2.2]-paracyclophane (e) 275Ethion 92, 94–95, 98, 113Ethoprophos (ethoprop) 38–39, 92–951-Ethoxy-2-propanol 122Ethoxypropanol 127, 128Ethoxypropyl acetate 127Ethoxyquin 101Ethyl acetate 122–129, 159, 160Ethylamine 138

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Ethylbenzene 43–46, 59, 119–121, 127, 128, 199Ethyl butanoate 158g-Ethylbutyrolactone see g-HexalactoneEthyldiglycol 122S-Ethyl N,N-dipropylthiocarbamate see EPTCEthylene glycol 1281-O-Ethylglycerol (e) 217Ethyl glycol 122, 127, 128Ethyl glycol acetate 122, 127, 128Ethyl hexanoate 1583-Ethyl-2-hydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one 158Ethylmethanesulfonate 50–512-Ethyl-7-methyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4,5]decane (e) 255Ethylmethylketone seeMethylethylketoneEthyl nonanoate 155Ethyl octanoate 158N-Ethyloxazepam 190Ethylphosphonic acid diethyl ester

see Diethyl ethylphosphonate2-Ethyltoluene 1203-Ethyltoluene 1214-Ethyltoluene 120, 121Ethylvanillin 154Etridiazole 38–39, 72, 101Etrimfos 98Eucalyptol see CineoleEugenol 153, 156, 158

FFAMEs 164–174Famphur 92Fatty acid methyl esters see FAMEsFatty alcohols, ethoxylated 174Fenamiphos 38–39, 94–95Fenarimol 38–39, 101Fenchlorphos 92–95, 98, 114Fenchone 156Fenchone (e) 261Fenfuram 101Fenitrothion 92, 113Fenoprofen 189Fenoprofen(e) 271Fenoprop methyl ester 108, 109Fenoprop methyl ester (e) 256Fenpropathrin 99Fenpropimorph 101Fensulfothion 92, 93, 96Fenthion 92, 93, 96, 98, 113Fenvalerate 99Flamprop-isopropyl 102–103Fluazifop-butyl 102–103Fluchloralin 101–103Flucythrinate 74Fluometuron 107Fluoranthene 50–53, 65, 66

Fluorene 38–39, 50–53, 65, 66Fluorenone 1342-Fluorobiphenyl 50–51Fluorochloridone 74Fluorodifen 102–1032-Fluorophenol 50–534-Fluorophenol 137Fluotrimazole 102–103Fluoxetine (e) 274Flurbiprofen(e) 271Fluridone 38–39Flusilazole 98, 110Flutriafol 101Fluvalinate 74Folpet 74, 115Fonofos 92, 1124-Formyl-[2.2]-paracyclophane (e) 275Frontalin (e) 244Fumaric acid 194Furaneol 1581-(2-Furyl)ethanol (e) 2231-(2-Furyl)ethanol acetate (e) 223

GGemfibrozil 189Geraniol 156Glucose 185, 186Glucose anomers (e) 237Glutamic acid propyl esters (e) 202Glutaric acid 194Glyceric acid methyl ester (e) 209Glycerol 160Glycidyl butyrate (e) 234Glycine propyl esters 202Glycolic acid 127Glycolic acid n-butyl ester 127Glycophene see IprodioneGondoic acid methyl ester (C20:1n9) 166Grandisol (e) 264

HHCB 38–39, 47, 48, 50–53, 72–73, 75–81, 85, 87, 113HCH see BHCHenicosane 18, 151Henicosanoic acid methyl ester

(C21:0) 165, 166, 168, 169, 171–173Heptachlor 38–39, 74–80, 82, 83, 87, 110, 113cis-Heptachlor epoxide (B)

38–39, 72–73, 75, 78–81, 86, 87, 110, 113trans-Heptachlor epoxide (A)

38–39, 75, 78–81, 86, 87, 110, 113Heptachlor epoxide 72–73, 82, 83Heptachlorobiphenyls see PCB nomenclature 68Heptachlorodibenzodioxins 71Heptachlorodibenzofurans 71

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cis-10-Heptadecenoic acid methyl ester (C17:1n7) 166, 168, 169

Heptadecenoic acid methyl ester (C17:1) 165, 167, 170, 172

g-Heptalactone (e) 215, 216Heptane 123n-Heptane 199Heptane-1,2-diol (e) 205, 212Heptane-1,2,3-triol (e) 238Heptanoic acid 163Heptanol 122Heptanol-1 125Heptanol-2 (e) 220, 2374-Heptanolide see g-HeptalactoneHeptanophenone 126Heptenophos 94–95, 98g-Heptylbutyrolactone see g-Undecalactonen-Heptylcyanohydrin (e) 217n-Heptyl-3-nitrate (e) 229d-Heptylvalerolactone see d-DodecalactoneHeroin 185, 186Hexachlorobenzene see HCBHexachlorobiphenyls see PCB nomenclature 68Hexachlorobutadiene 43–45, 47, 48, 50–53, 78, 79Hexachlorocyclopentadiene

38–39, 47, 48, 50–53, 72–73Hexachlorodibenzodioxins 71Hexachlorodibenzofurans 71Hexachloroethane 47, 48, 50–51, 52–53Hexachloropropene 50–51Hexaconazole 101Hexadecenoic acid methyl ester

(C16:1) 165, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174 also see Palmitoleic acid methyl ester

1,5-Hexadiene 42HexafluorobisphenolA 64Hexahydroisobenzofuranone(e) 242g-Hexalactone 216g-Hexalactone (e) 215Hexamethyldisilazane 149Hexamethyldisiloxane 148, 149Hexamethylphosphoramide 92Hexane 123n-Hexane 46, 121, 123, 125, 199Hexane-1,2-diol (e) 205, 212, 2221,2-Hexanediol dinitrate 150Hexanoic acid 158

also see Caproic and Isocaproic acidHexanoic acid 2-propenyl ester 153Hexanol-1 130, 156Hexanolactone see Hexalactone4-Hexanolide see g-HexalactoneHexazinone 38–39, 102–103, 107(E)-2-Hexenoic acid 158Hex-3-en-2-yl methyl carbonate (e) 245Hexobarbital (e) 270g-Hexylbutyrolactone see g-Decalactone

Hexylcinnamic aldehyde 155n-Hexylcyanohydrin (e) 217n-Hexyl-3-nitrate (e) 229d-Hexylvalerolactone see d-UndecalactoneHippuric acid 194Hydratropic acid methyl ester (e) 2582-Hydroxybiphenyl 643-Hydroxybutyraldehyde (e) 2072-Hydroxybutyric acid methyl ester (e) 209Hydroxycitronellal 1552-Hydroxycyclopentadecanone 1547-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-octanal 1543-Hydroxyglutaric acid 194Hydroxymethylclenbuterol 1883-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid 1944-Hydroxymethyl-[2.2]-paracyclophane (e) 2754-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone 122Hydroxymidazolam metabolites 1901-Hydroxy-2-nitrooxycyclohexane 1501-Hydroxy-2-nitrooxycyclopentane 1504-Hydroxy-[2.2]-paracyclophane (e) 2753-Hydroxy-i-valeric acid 194Hydroxyvaleronitrile (e) 217

IIbuprofen 189Ibuprofen(e) 271Ibuprofenmethylester(e) 273Imazalil 98, 100Indane 1211-Indanol (e) 247Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene 38–39, 50–53, 65, 66Indomethacin 189Iodofenphos 94–95a-Ionone (e) 272Iprodione 115i-Propylbenzene 120Isazofos 94–95Isoallyl chloride 42Isoamyl alcohol 159Isobenzan 78, 79Isoborneol (e) 264Isobumeton see SecbumetonIsobutanol see 2-Methyl-1-propanolIsobutyl also see i-ButylIsobutylcyanohydrin (e) 2171-O-Isobutylglycerol (e) 217Isobutylmethylketone 129Isobutyric acid see 2-Methylpropionic acidIsocaproic acid 163Isocarbamid 102–103Isodrin 50–51, 75–79, 110Isoheptane 122Isoleucine propyl esters (e) 202Isomargaric acid methyl ester (C17:0 iso) 171Isomenthol (e) 259

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Isomenthone 125, 156Isomenthone (e) 259, 264Isomethiozin 102–103a-Isomethyl ionone 153–155Isomyristic acid methyl ester (C14:0 iso) 171Isononyl acetate 153Isooctane 122Isooctyl-dibutyl-ethyl-tin 147Isopalmitic acid methyl ester (C16:0 iso) 171Isopentyl acetate 1341-O-Isopentylglycerol (e) 217Isophorone 38–39, 48, 50–54, 583-Isopropenyl-2-methylcyclopentanone (e) 251Isopropalin 102–103, 106Isopropyl see i-Propyl1,2-Isopropylideneglycerol seeSolketalIsopulegol (e) 259Isosafrole 50–51Isovaleric acid 163Isovaline isopropyl ester (e) 202Isoxsuprine 188

KKepone 50–51Ketoendrin 80, 86Ketoprofen 189Ketoprofen(e) 271

LLactic acid 194Lactide (e) 223Lauric acid methyl ester (C12:0) 126, 165–173Lavandulol (e) 265Lavandulyl acetate (e) 265Lenacil 102–103Leptophos 92Leucine propyl esters (e) 202Leucinol (e) 204Levomethorphan 187Lidocaine 184Lidoflazine 183Lignoceric acid methyl ester

(C24:0) 165–169, 171–173Lilial 153, 155Limonene 125, 153, 155–157Limonene (e) 260, 261Linalool 125, 155–157Linalool (e) 266, 267Linalool oxide (e) 266Linalyl acetate (e) 156, 267Linalyl anthranilate 155Linalyl butyrate 154Linalyl propanoate 153Lindane see g-BHCLinoleic acid methyl ester (C18:2n6 cis) 164–174

Linolelaidic acid methyl ester (C18:2n6 trans) 166, 168, 169, 172

a-Linolenic acid methyl ester (C18:3n3) 164, 166, 168, 169, 171, 172

g-Linolenic acid methyl ester (C18:3n6) 166, 168, 169, 171, 172

Linolenic acid methyl ester (C18:3) 165, 167, 170, 173, 174

Lysine propyl esters (e) 202

MMabuterol 188Malathion 87, 92, 94–95, 98, 113, 137Maltol 158Mandelic acid methyl ester (e) 248Mannose anomers (e) 237Margaric acid methyl ester (C17:0) 165–174MCPA 109MCPB 109MCPP see MecopropMecarbam 100Meclofenamicacid 189Meconin 186Mecoprop methyl ester 109Mecoprop methyl ester (e) 269MEK seeMethylethylketoneMelamine 179p-Menth-1(7)-en-9-ol 153Menthofuran 125, 156Menthofuran(e) 259Menthol 153, 155–157Menthol (e) 259, 268L-Menthone 156Menthone 125Menthone (e) 259, 263Menthyl acetate 125, 156Menthyl acetate (e) 259, 271Menthyl valerianate 156Merphos 38–39, 92, 93Merphos oxidation product 92, 93Mestranol 193Mesuximide (e) 268Metalaxyl 101, 102–103, 110Metamitron 102–103, 110Metazachlor 102–103, 105, 106, 110, 114Methacrifos 94–95, 98Methadone 184Methamphetamine 181, 184Methane 196Methanol 122–125, 127–131, 159, 160Methaqualone 183, 184Methfuroxam 101Methidathion 94–95, 98, 113, 114Methionine propyl esters (e) 202Methomyl 107

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Methoprotryn 102–104, 110Methoxyaniline see Anisidine4-Methoxybenzaldehyde 153Methoxychlor

38–39, 74, 75, 77, 82, 87, 105, 110, 113p-Methoxycinnamic acid 2-ethylhexyl ester

cis- and trans- isomer 177Methoxy-5-indole 1264-Methoxy-m-phenylene diamine

see 2,4-Diaminoanisole1-Methoxypropanol-2 122, 127, 1281-Methoxypropyl acetate-2 122, 127, 1282-Methoxypropyl acetate-1 127, 128Methyl acetate 122, 123, 127, 128, 160Methylamine 138Methylaniline see ToluidineMethyl atratate 155Methylbenzene see Toluenea-Methylbenzyl acetate 153, 1543-(4’-Methylbenzylidene)camphor 177Methylbutane 1963-Methylbutane-1,2-diol (e) 2052-Methyl-1-butanol 159, 1602-Methyl-2-butanol 1263-Methyl-1-butanol 159, 1603-Methylbutyl acetate 158Methyl butyrate see Butyric acid methyl ester2-Methylbutyric acid (e) 2182-Methylbutyric acid ethyl ester (e) 218, 2352-Methylbutyric acid methyl ester (e) 2273-Methylbutyric acid 158a-Methylbutyrolactone (e) 214, 2153-Methylcholanthrene 50–513-Methylcyclohexene (e) 210, 232Methylcyclohexane 1212-Methylcyclohexanone (e) 233Methyl decanoate

see Capric acid methyl ester (C10:0)Methyl dihydrojasmonate 153–155Methyl 2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoate 1552-Methyl-4,6-dinitroanisole 56Methyldinitrobenzene isomers 482-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol 50–51, 60–637-Methyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4,5]decane (e) 255Methyl cis-13-docosenoate see EPTC: 1n9)Methyl dodecanoate

see Lauric acid methyl ester (C12:0)Methyl eicosanoate

see Arachidic acid methyl ester (C20:0)4,4’-Methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline) 144–146Methylene chloride see DichloromethaneMethylenedianiline see Diaminodiphenylmethane3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine 1813,4-Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine 1813,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine 1814,4’-Methylenedi-o-toluidine

see 3,3’-Dimethyl-4,4’-diaminodiphenylmethane

Methylene stearic acid methyl ester (C19:0 cyclo) 1711-Methylethylbenzene see i-PropylbenzeneMethyl-3-ethylbenzene 199Methylethylketone 122, 123, 127–129Methylformate 1233-Methylglutaric acid 1941-O-Methylglycerol (e) 217Methyl glycol 127Methyl glycol acetate 127Methyl glycol phthalate 135Methyl heptanoate 1584-Methyl-3-heptanone (e) 2463-Methyl-1,4(Z)-hexadiene (e) 233Methyl hexanoate see Caproic acid methyl ester3-Methyl-1-hexene (e) 210Methylhydrodimethoxysilane 1492-Methyl-3-hydroxyvaleraldehyde (e) 207b-Methylionone 154Methylisobutylketone 122Methyl lactate (e) 208, 209Methylmethanesulfonate 50–51Methylmyristic acid methyl ester

(C15:0 iso/anteiso) 1711-Methylnaphthalene 50–51, 1992-Methylnaphthalene 50–51, 199Methyl octadecanoate

see Stearic acid methyl ester (C18:0)4-Methyl-5-oxazole-carboxylic acid amide 1424-Methyl-[2.2]-paracyclophane (e) 275Methyl pentachlorophenyl sulphide 72–73, 81Methyl pentanoate see Valeric acid methyl ester2-Methylpentanol-1 (e) 2292-Methylphenol 50–51, 59–643-Methylphenol 50–51, 59, 61, 624-Methylphenol 50–51, 59–624-Methyl-m-phenylenediamine

see 2,4-Diaminotoluene1-(2-Methylphenyl)ethanol (e) 2401-(3-Methylphenyl)ethanol (e) 2401-(4-Methylphenyl)ethanol (e) 2405-(p-Methylphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin 190Methylphophonic acid diethyl ester

see Diethyl methylphosphonateMethylphosphonic acid dimethyl ester

see Dimethyl methylphosphonate2-Methyl-1-propanol 122, 127, 128, 159, 1605-(2-methyl-propan-2-sulphonyl)-hept-3-ene (e) 2692-Methylpropionic acid 158, 1632-Methylpropyl acetate 1581-Methylpropylbenzene see sec-ButylbenzeneMethylpropyl-4,6-dinitrophenol see DinosebN-Methylpyrrolidone 142a-Methylquinovoside (e) 236a-Methylrhamnoside (e) 236Methylsilane 148Methyl stearate see Stearic acid methyl ester (C18:0)2-Methylthioethanol 158

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3-Methylthiopropanol 158Methyltrichlorosilane 148Methyl undecanoate see Undecanoic acid methyl

ester (C11:0)2-Methyl-3-vinylcyclopentanone (e) 241Metolachlor 38–39, 102–103, 105, 106, 110Metribuzin 38–39, 104, 107, 110Mevinphos 38–39, 92–95, 98Mexiletine (e) 250MGK-264 38–39Midazolam 190Mirex 72–73, 75–77, 81, 85, 87Molinate 38–39, 102–103Monoacetylmorphine 185, 186Monocrotophos 92Morphine 183, 184, 186Muskambrette 56–57Muskketone 56–57, 80, 86Muskmoskene 56–57Musktibetene 56–57Muskxylene 56–57, 75, 80, 86Methylphosphonic acid dimethyl ester

see Dimethyl methylphosponateMyclobutanil 98, 101, 114Mycotoxines 191Myrcene 156Myristic acid isopropyl ester 153Myristic acid methyl ester (C14:0) 165–173Myristoleic acid methyl ester (C14:1) 165–170, 172

NNaled 92, 93, 115Nalorphine 184Naphthalene 43–45, 50–53, 65, 66, 121, 137, 199Naphthalene-d8 50–511,4-Naphthoquinone 50–511-Naphthylamine 1432-Naphthylamine 144–1462-Naphthylmethylketone 153Napropamide 38–39Naproxen 189Naproxen (e) 271Narcotine 185Neoisomenthol (e) 259Neomenthol (e) 259Nervonic acid methyl ester (C22:1n9) 165–173Nicotine 183Nitroaniline isomers 50–51Nitrobenzene 48, 50–55, 58, 112Nitrobenzene-d5 50–53, 64Nitrochlorobenzene isomers 54, 55Nitrooxybutanol isomers 1502-Nitrooxyethanol 150Nitrooxypropanol isomers 1502-Nitrophenol 50–53, 60–63

4-Nitrophenol 50–53, 62, 634-Nitro-quinoline 1-oxide 50–51N-Nitrosodimethylamine 50–53, 133N-Nitrosodiphenylamine 133N-Nitroso-di-n-propylamine 50–53, 133Nitrotoluene isomers 555-Nitro-o-toluidine 144–1462-Nitro-m-xylene 38–39Nivalenol 191Nitromusk seeMusktrans-Nonachlor 38–39, 76Nonachlorobornane see ParlarNonadecanoic acid methyl ester (C19:0) 167, 168, 171d-Nonalactone (e) 244g-Nonalactone 216g-Nonalactone (e) 215n-Nonane 121, 199Nonane-1,2-diol (e) 205, 212Nonanoic acid ethyl ester 153Nonanol-2 (e) 220Nonylamine 139n-Nonyl-3-nitrate (e) 2294-Nonylphenol, technical 193Norephedrine (e) 250Norfluoxetine(e) 274Norflurazon 38–39Nuarimol 74, 101, 114

OOctachlorobiphenyls see PCB nomenclature 68Octachlorobornane see ParlarOctachlorodibenzodioxin 71Octachlorodibenzofuran 71Octachlorostyrene 72–73, 75, 81trans-9,11-Octadecadienoic acid 164Octadecatetraenoic acid methyl ester 171d-Octalactone (e) 244g-Octalactone (e) 215, 216Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane 149n-Octane 199Octane-1,2-diol (e) 205, 212, 222Octanoic acid see Caprylic acidOctanol 17, 18, 151Octanol-1 126, 130, 1374-Octanolide see g-Octalactone5-Octanolide see d-Octalactone1-Octene-7,8-diol (e) 2051-Octen-3-ol (e) 246, 247N-Octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide see MGK-264g-Octylbutyrolactone see g-Dodecalactonen-Octyl-3-nitrate (e) 2294-t-Octylphenol 193Ofurace 101Oleic acid methyl ester (C18:1n9 cis) 164–174Ornithine propyl esters (e) 202

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Oxacyclohexadecan-2-one 155Oxadiazon 102–103Oxamyl 1072-Oxoglutaric acid 194Oxychlordane 75–77, 804,4’-Oxydianiline 144–146

PPAH 38, 50–53, 65–67Palmitic acid methyl ester (C16:0) 164–174Palmitoleic acid methyl ester

(C16:1n7 cis) 166–168, 172Pantolactone (e) 224Papaverine 185, 186Paracetamol 185, 186Parathion-ethyl 87, 92, 94–95, 110, 114Parathion-methyl 38–39, 87, 92, 93, 110, 113Parlar 11, 12, 15, 21, 25 88, 89Parlar 26 80, 85, 86, 88, 89Parlar 31, 32, 38, 39, 40 88, 89Parlar 41, 42a, 42b, 44 88, 89Parlar 50 80, 85, 86, 88, 89Parlar 51, 56, 58, 59 88, 89Parlar 62 80, 86, 88, 89Parlar 63, 69 88, 89Parsols 177PCB-1, PCB-5 38–39PCB-18, PCB-20 69PCB-28 68–70, 72–81, 85PCB-29 38–39PCB-31 68–70, 80PCB-44 68, 69PCB-47 38–39PCB-49 68, 80PCB-52 68–70, 72–81, 85PCB-61 68PCB-66 68, 85PCB-70 68PCB-98 38–39PCB-99 85PCB-101 69, 70, 72–77, 79–81, 85PCB-103 85PCB-105 69PCB-114 69PCB-118 69, 70, 78, 79, 85PCB-128 114PCB-138 69, 70, 72–81, 85PCB-149 69PCB-153 69, 70, 72–81, 85, 114PCB-154 38–39PCB-156 69, 80PCB-170 69, 75PCB-171 38–39PCB-180 69, 70, 72–81, 85PCB-183, PCB-189 80PCB-194 69

PCB-201 38–39PCB-209 70, 80PCDD see Polychlorinated dibenzodioxinsPCDF seePolychlorinateddibenzofuransPebulate 38–39, 102–103Penconazole 98, 101, 114Pendimethalin 110Pentabromodiphenyl ether isomers 85Pentachloroanisole 72–73Pentachlorobenzene 50–51, 75–79, 85Pentachlorobiphenyls see PCB nomenclature 68Pentachlorodibenzodioxins 71Pentachlorodibenzofurans 71Pentachloronitrobenzene 50–51Pentachlorophenol 38–39, 50–53, 60, 62, 63Pentadecanoic acid methyl ester (C15:0) 165–172cis-10-Pentadecenoic acid methyl ester

(C15:1n5) 166, 168, 169, 172Pentadecenoic acid methyl ester (C15:1) 165, 167, 170Pentaethylene glycol 129Pentafluorophenol 52–53n-Pentane 46, 124, 196, 199Pentane-1,2-diol (e) 205, 212, 222Pentane-2,4-diol (e) 2211,2-Pentanediol dinitrate 150Pentanochlor 102–103Pentanoic acid see Valeric acid and Isovaleric acidPentanol-1 159Pentanol-2 (e) 220, 2214-Pentanolide see g-ValerolactonePentenol 125Pentobarbital 187g-Pentylbutyrolactone see g-Nonalactonen-Pentylcyanohydrin (e) 2171-O-Pentylglycerol (e) 217d-Pentylvalerolactone see d-DecalactonePermethrin 99Permethrin cis/trans 38–39Perylene-d12 38–39, 50–51Phenacetin 50–51, 183Phenanthrene 38–39, 50–53, 65, 66Phenanthrene-d10 38–39, 50–51, 112Phenethyl alcohol see 2-Phenylethanolm-Phenetidine 143Phenkapton 94–95, 98Phenobarbital 187Phenol 50–53, 60–64, 134Phenol-d6 50–51Phensuximide (e) 268Phenylacetic acid 158Phenylacetic acid methyl ester 153, 154Phenylalanine propyl esters (e) 2022-Phenylbutyric acid 1943-Phenylbutyrolactone (e) 2574-Phenylbutyrolactone (e) 257N-Phenyl-cyclohex-2-enamine (e) 269(±)-trans-2-Phenylcyclopropylmethanol (e) 248

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(±)-trans-2-Phenylcyclopropylmethyl acetate (e) 248

1-Phenyl-1,2-ethanediol (e) 205, 2122-Phenylethanol 155, 158a-Phenylethanol 153, 154a-Phenylethanol (e) 239, 2401-Phenylethyl acetate 1552-Phenylethyl acetate 158a-Phenylethylamine (e) 240Phenylethylamine (e) 204Phenylglycol see 1-Phenyl-1,2-ethanediol2-Phenylpropane see i-Propylbenzene1-Phenylpropan-1-ol (e) 2492-Phenylpropan-1-ol (e) 2493-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol 1532-Phenylpropionic acid methyl ester (e) 258(Phenylpropyl)methyldimethoxysilane 149Pholedrine (e) 250Phorate 92, 93, 96Phosalone 94–95, 110Phosmet 92Phosphamidon 92, 114Phosphonic acid diethyl esters 136a-Pinene 156, 157a-Pinene (e) 261b-Pinene 153, 156, 157b-Pinene (e) 261Piperidinone-2 132Piperitone (e) 259Piperonal 153, 154Pirimicarb 110Pirimiphos 98Pirimiphos-ethyl 94–95Pirimiphos-methyl 94–95, 113Polychlorinated biphenyls see PCBPolychlorinated bornanes see ParlarPolychlorinated dibenzodioxins 71Polychlorinateddibenzofurans 71Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons see PAHPolyethylene pyrolysis 200Polypropylene pyrolysis 200Prochloraz 101, 110Procymidone 74, 114, 115Profenofos 110, 114Profluralin 106Progesterone 191–193Proline propyl esters (e) 202Prometon 38–39, 102–104, 112Prometryn 38–39, 104, 105, 106, 110Pronamide see PropyzamidePropachlor 38–39Propan-1,2-diol also see Propylene glycolPropane 196Propane-1,2-diol (e) 204, 205Propanediol dinitrate isomers 150Propanil 102–103

Propanol-1 122, 127–132, 159, 160Propanol-2 123–125, 127–131m-Propanolpyridine 141o-Propanolpyridine 140, 141p-Propanolpyridine 141Propazine 38–39, 104–106, 110Propham 98, 102–103, 110Propiconazole 102–103, 110, 114Propionic acid 163i-Propyl acetate 127, 128n-Propyl acetate 1274-i-Propylaniline 143N-i-Propylaniline 64i-Propylbenzene 43–45, 59, 121n-Propylbenzene 43, 44, 59, 120, 121g-Propylbutyrolactone see g-Heptalactone1-i-Propyl-2-carboxymethyl aziridine (e) 235n-Propylcyanohydrin (e) 2172-i-Propyl-4,6-dinitrophenol 60, 61Propylene glycol 125i-Propyl myristate 153, 1552-i-Propyltoluene 454-i-Propyltoluene 43, 44, 59d-Propylvalerolactone see d-OctalactonePropyzamide 38–39, 114Prothiocarb 101Prothiophos 92–96, 114Pulegone 125Pulegone (e) 259Pyrene 38–39, 50–53, 65, 66Pyrene-d10 38–39Pyridaphenthion 94–95, 98Pyridine 50–51, 126, 141, 142Pyridine-d5 52–53Pyrolysis GC 200

QQuercus lactone see 4-Butyl-3-methylbutyrolactoneQuinalphos 94–95, 98, 114Quinine 183Quinomethionate 101Quintozene 72–74, 76, 77, 87, 110, 113

RRactopamine 188Rapeseed oil: FAMEs 173Ronnel see FenchlorphosRose oxide (e) 265

SS 421 74Sabinene 156Sabinene (e) 260(+)-trans-Sabinene hydrate (e) 259

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Safrole 50–51, 156Salbutamol 188Sebuthylazine 102–103, 106, 110Secbumeton 104Secobarbital 187Silanes 148, 149Simazin 38–39, 104–106, 110Simetryn 38–39, 102–103, 104Solketal(e) 227Sorbitol (e) 230Spiroacetals (e) 255Stearic acid methyl ester (C18:0) 137, 164–174Stirofos seeTetrachlorvinphosStyralyl acetate 155Styrene 43–45, 59, 134Styrene oxide (e) 238Succinic acid 194Sulfotep 94–95, 98, 113Sulprofos 92–96Sympathomimetic amines (e) 250

T2,4,5-T isooctyl ester 1082,4,5-T methyl ester 108, 1092,4,5-T octyl ester 108Tartaric acid dimethyl ester (e) 209, 225TCNB see TecnazeneTebuconazole 98, 110Tebuthiuron 38–39Tecnazene 72–74, 80, 113, 114Telodrin 72–73, 81TEPP 92, 94–95Terbacil 38–39, 107Terbufos 38–39, 92, 112Terbumeton 104Terbuthylazine 104–106, 110Terbutryn 38–39, 102–106, 110p-Terphenyl-d14 38–39, 50–51a-Terpinene 156g-Terpinene 156Terpinen-4-ol 263a-Terpineol 156a-Terpineol (e) 263Terrazole see EtridiazoleTestosterone 192, 1932,2’,4,4’-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether 85Tetrabutyl-tin 147Tetrachloroaniline isomers 72–731,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene 751,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 50–51, 75Tetrachlorobiphenyls see PCB nomenclature 68Tetrachlorodibenzodioxins 712,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran 711,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 43–451,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 43–45Tetrachloroethene 40, 42–46, 127

Tetrachloromethane 40, 42–461,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene 84, 851,2,4,5-Tetrachloro-3-nitrobenzene see Tecnazene2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorophenol 61–632,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol 50–51, 60–622,3,5,6-Tetrachlorophenol 60–62Tetrachlorosilane 1482,4,5,6-Tetrachloroxylene 72–73Tetrachlorvinphos 38–39, 92, 93Tetracosane 105, 186Tetracosenic acid methyl ester (C24:1) 171Tetradecane 105Tetradifon 72–74, 100, 114Tetraethylene glycol 129Tetrahydrocannabinol 186Tetrahydrofuran 123, 124, 126Tetrahydroisobenzofuranone(e) 215Tetralin 121Tetramethrin 991,1,3,3-Tetramethyldisiloxane 149Tetramethylsilane 148Tetrasul 74Tetratriacontane 179TFA seeTrifluoroaceticacidTHC see TetrahydrocannabinolTheaspiran (e) 273THF seeTetrahydrofuranThiabendazole 101Thioacetic acid cyclopent-2-enyl ester (e) 230Thiobencarb 1014,4’-Thiodianiline 144–146Thiometon 94–95Thionazin 92Thioquinox 101–103Thioridazine 183Thiothixene 183Thymol 156Tilidine 183Timnodonic acid methyl ester

(EPA, C20:5n3) 166, 168, 169, 172Tin compounds 147TNT see TrinitrotolueneD,L-a-Tocopherol acetate 179Tokuthion seeProthiophosTolclofos-methyl 94–95, 98Tolfenamicacid 189Toluene 43–46, 59, 119, 120–128, 199Toluene-d8 64, 1202,4-Toluenediamine see 2,4-Diaminotoluenem-Toluidine 142, 143o-Toluidine 143, 144, 145, 146p-Toluidine 143Tolylfluanid 74Toxaphenes 88, 89

also see Parlar2,4,5-TP see FenopropTranylcypromine (e) 250

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(e) = chiral (enantiomer) separation

Chromatogram index Tri – Xyl

Triadimefon 38–39, 74, 101, 107Triadimenol 101, 102–103, 110Triazophos 94–95Tribromoacetic acid methyl ester 1162,4,6-Tribromoanisole 85Tribromomethane 40, 43, 44, 45, 462,4,6-Tribromophenol 50–51, 63Tri-n-butylamine 140Tributyl-ethyl-tin 147Tributyl-pentyl-tin 147Tributyl phosphate 92, 94–95, 137Trichlorfon 92, 113Trichloroacetic acid methyl ester 116a-2,4-Trichloroacetophenone 72–73Trichloroaniline isomers 1431,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 43–45, 751,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 43–45, 47, 48, 50–53, 751,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 75Trichlorobiphenyls see PCB nomenclature 681,1,1-Trichloroethane 40, 42–45, 461,1,2-Trichloroethane 42–45Trichloroethane 127Trichloroethene 40, 42–46, 125Trichlorofluoromethane 40, 45, 46Trichloromethane 40–46, 124, 125, 127Trichloronate 92, 93, 962,3,4-Trichlorophenol 60–622,3,5-Trichlorophenol 60–622,3,6-Trichlorophenol 60–622,4,5-Trichlorophenol 50–51, 60–622,4,6-Trichlorophenol 50–53, 60–63, 1123,4,5-Trichlorophenol 60–622,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid see 2,4,5-T1,2,3-Trichloropropane 42–451,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 40, 46Tricosane 18, 151Tri-o-cresyl phosphate 92Tri-p-cresyl phosphate 94–95, 135Tricyclazole 38–39Tridecanoic acid methyl ester (C13:0) 165–172Tridecenoic acid methyl ester (C13:1) 167Trietazine 102–103Triethanolamine 141Triethylamine 138, 140Triethylene glycol 129Tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate 135Triethyl phosphate 94–95, 137Triflumizole 101Trifluoroaceticacid 1172,2,2-Trifluorophenylethanol(e) 247Trifluralin 38–39, 72–74, 87, 106, 110Triglycerides 175, 176Tri-n-hexylamine 140Trimethylamine 1382,4,5-Trimethylaniline 17, 144–1461,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 120, 199

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 43–45, 120, 121, 1991,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 43–45, 59, 120, 199cis-3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol (e) 2533,5,5-Trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-one see IsophoroneTrimethylmethoxysilane 149Trimethyl phosphate 137Trimethylsilane 1482,4,6-Trinitrotoluene 54, 56Trioctyl-ethyl-tin 147Triphenyl phosphate 38–39, 92, 94–95, 112, 135Tri-n-propylamine 140Tris-2-chloroethyl phosphate 94–95Trocosanoic acid methyl ester

(C23:0) 165, 166, 168, 169, 172

Ud-Undecalactone (e) 244g-Undecalactone (e) 215, 216Undecane 17, 18, 151Undecanoic acid methyl ester

(C11:0) 18, 151, 165–172Undecylamine 139n-Undecyl-3-nitrate (e) 229

VValeric acid (C5:0) 163Valeric acid methyl ester 158, 167, 168, 170g-Valerolactone (e) 215, 216Valine propyl esters (e) 202Valinol (e) 204Vamidothion 94–95Vanillin 154, 158Vernolate 38–39, 102–103Vinclozolin 74, 101, 110, 115Vinyl acetate 125Vinyl chloride 45, 46Vinyldimethylmethoxysilane 149Vinyl-endo-brevicomin (e) 251Vinyl-exo-brevicomin (e) 2524-Vinylguaiacol 1581-Vinylpyrrolidone 125Vinyltrimethoxysilane 149Vitamin E acetate 179

WWhiskylactone see4-Butyl-3-methylbutyrolactone

Xo, m,p-Xylene 43–46, 59, 119–121, 127, 128, 199Xylene 122Xylenol see DimethylphenolXylidine see Dimethylaniline

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Structure index

Acenaphthene 64Acenaphthylene 64Acephate 91Acetic acid cyclohex-2-enyl

ester 242Acetic acid cyclopent-2-enyl

ester 231Acetochlor 100Adipic acid 194Alachlor 100Alanine 202Aldrin 75Alkylbromides 210Alkylchlorides 220Alodan 75Alprazolam 181Ametryn 102Amidithion 90o-Aminoazotoluene 146Aminoisobutyric acid 2025-Aminomethylnorbornene 243Amitriptyline 190Ammelide, Ammeline 179Amphetamine 250Androstanediol 192Androstanolone 192Androsterone 191Anethole 154Anhydroarabinitol 219Anhydrogalactitol 228Anhydroglucitol 228Anhydromannitol 228Anilanzine 102Anisaldehyde 154o-Anisidine 144Anthracene 64Arabinitol 222Arabinose 228Aramite 49Aspartic acid 202Atratone 102Atrazine 102Azinphos-methyl/-ethyl 90Barbital 187Benz[a]anthracene 64Benzanthrone 134Benzidine 144Benzo[b]fluoranthene 64Benzo[k]fluoranthene 64Benzo[ghi]perylene 64Benzophenone 134Benzo[a]pyrene 643-Benzylbutyrolactone 257Bifenox 72Bioallethrin 99Bisabolol 158Bitertanol 97

Bornane 88Borneol 264endo-Brevicomin 254exo-Brevicomin 253Bromacil 1072-Bromobutane 210Bromocyclen 752-Bromopentane 2192-Bromo-1-phenylethanol 238Bromophos-ethyl 942-Bromopropionic acid methyl

ester 206Bromopropylate 72Butachlor 100Butaperazine 1821-Butin-3-ol 2052-Butylamine 213Butylate 862-t-Butyl-5-bromomethylene

1,3-dioxane 2521-t-Butyl-2-carboxymethyl

aziridine 2454-Butyl-3-methylbutyrolactone 254Cadina-1,4-diene 274Cadinene 274Caffeine 182Camphor 262Cannabichromene 186Cannabinol 186Captafol 115Captan 115Carbamates 86, 107Carbaryl 86Carbazole 49Carbofuran 86Carbophenothion 90Carboxin 1162-Carene 154D3-carene 260Carvone 258Caryophyllene 186Ceramides 177Chlorbenside sulphone 72Chlordane 75Chlorfenprop 109Chlorfenson 72Chlorfenvinphos 90Chloridazon 116Chlormephos 90Chlorobenzilate 722-Chloroheptane 2202-Chlorohexane 220Chloroneb 522-Chloropentane 2202-Chloro-1-phenylethanol 238p-Chlorophenylethylamine 241

2-Chloropropionic acid isobutyl ester 234

2-Chloropropionic acid methyl ester 206

Chlorothalonil 52Chlorpropham 100Chlorpyrifos 91Chlorthal 52Chlorthion 94Cholesterol 191Chrysene 64Cimaterol 1881,8-Cineole 157Cinnamyl alcohol 248Citronellal, Citronellol 266Clenbuterol 188Clomethiazole 182Cocaine 184Codeine 181Coumaphos 91p-Cresidine 144Crotoxyphos 90Crufomate 94Cyanazine 102Cyanohydrins 217Cyanuric acid 179Cycliccarbonatesof1,2-diols 205Cyclic carbonates

of1-O-alkylglycerols 217Cycloate 86Cyclobarbital 187trans-1,2-Cyclohexanediol 226Cyclopentanonecarboxylic

acid methyl ester 232Cyclopent-2-enyl methyl

carbonate 231Cyfluthrin 99Cyhalothrin 99Cypermethrin 99Cyproconazole 972,4-D 109Damascone 2722,4-DB 109o,p’-DDD;p,p’-DDD 72o,p’-DDE;p,p’-DDE 72o,p’-DDT;p,p’-DDT 72d-Decalactone 244g-Decalactone 215Demephion-O/-S 91Demeton-O/-S 91Demeton-O/-S-methyl 91Desmetryn 102Desoxyephedrine 258Dialifos 902,4-Diaminoanisole 144Diazinon 91Dibenz[ah]anthracene 64

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Structure index

Dibenzofuran 71Dichlobenil 52Dichlofenthion 94Dichlofluanid 74Dichlorphos 90Dichlorprop 109Dichlorprop methyl ester 256Diclobutrazole 97Dicloran 52Dicrotophos 90Dieldrin 76Diethyltoluamide 100Dimefox 91Dimethametryn 102Dimethoate 903,4-Dimethylbutyrolactone 2242,8-Dimethyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5,5]

undecane 2553,5-Dimethyl-1,4-hexadiene 233Dimethyl malate 2253,3-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-

butan-1-ol 270Dimethyl tartrate 2252,3-Dinor-6-oxoprostaglandin 1922,3-Dinorthromboxane 192Dinoseb 52Dioxane 1231,7-Dioxaspiro[5,5]undecane 255Dioxathion 91Diphenamid 100Diphenhydramine 182Disulfoton 90d-Dodecalactone 244g-Dodecalactone 2152,4-DP 109Edifenphos 91Endosulfan 76Endrin 76Ephedrine 250Epibromohydrin 203Epichlorohydrin 203EPN 942,3-Epoxy-3-methylbutanol-1 2182,3-Epoxy-4-octin-1-ol 243EPTC 86Erythrose 209Estrone 191Ethalfluralin 96Ethion 91Ethoprophos 91Ethoxyquin 1162-Ethyl-7-methyl-1,6-dioxa-

spiro[4,5]decane 255Etridiazole 116Etrimfos 91Eugenol 154Famphur 94

Fatty acids 161, 162Fenamiphos 94Fenarimol 72Fenbendazole 178Fenchlorphos 94Fenchone 261Fenfuram 100Fenitrothion 94Fenoprofen 271Fenoprop 109Fenoprop methyl ester 256Fenpropathrin 99Fenpropimorph 101Fensulfothion 94Fenthion 94Fenvalerate 99Flamprop 100Fluazifop-butyl 109Fluchloralin 96Flucythrinate 99Fluometuron 97Fluoranthene 64Fluorene 64Fluorenone 134Fluorochloridone 112Fluorodifen 72Fluotrimazole 97Fluoxetine 274Flurbiprofen 271Fluridone 116Flusilazole 97Flutriafol 97Fluvalinate 99Folpet 115Fonofos 90Frontalin 244Fumaric acid 194Furaneol 1581-(2-Furyl)ethanol 223Geraniol 156Glucose 237Glutamic acid 202Glutaric acid 194Glyceric acid methyl ester 209Glycidyl butyrate 234Glycine 202Grandisol 264HCB 52Heptachlor 76g-Heptalactone 215Heptenophos 91Heptyl-3-nitrate 229Heroin 181Hexachlorobenzene 52Hexaconazole 97Hexahydroisobenzofuranone 242g-Hexalactone 215

Hexazinone 962-Hex-3-enyl methyl carbonate 245Hexobarbital 270Hexyl-3-nitrate 229Hippuric acid 194Hydratropic acid 2583-Hydroxybutyraldehyde 2072-Hydroxybutyric acid

methyl esters 209Ibuprofen 271Imazalil 97Indane 1211-Indanol 247Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene 64Iodofenphos 94a-Ionone 272Iprodione 112Isazofos 91Isobenzan 77Isoborneol 264Isobutyl lactate 236Isocarbamid 100Isodrin 77Isoleucine 202Isomethiozin 96Isophorone 49Isopropalin 963-Isopropenyl-2-methylcyclo-

pentanone 251Isopulegol 259Isovaline 202Isoxsuprine 188Kepone 77Ketoprofen 271Lactic acid 194Lactide 223Lavandulol 265Lenacil 107Leptophos 94Leucine 202Lidocain 184Lidoflazine 182Lilial 156Limonene 261Linalool 266Lysine 202Mabuterol 188Malathion 90Malic acid dimethyl ester 225Maltol 158Mandelic acid methyl ester 248Mannose 237MCCP 109MCPA 109MCPB 109Mecarbam 90Meconin 181

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Structure index

Mecoprop 109Mecoprop methyl ester 269Melamine 179Menthofuran 259Menthol 259Menthone 259Menthyl acetate 259Mesuximide 268Metalaxyl 100Metamitron 96Metazachlor 100Methadone 181Methaqualone 182Methfuroxam 100Methidathion 90Methionine 202Methomyl 107Methoprotryn 102p,p’-Methoxychlor 722-Methylbutyric acid methyl

ester 2272-Methylbutyric acid 218a-Methylbutyrolactone 2142-Methylcyclohexanone 2333-Methylcyclohexene 210, 232Methyl dihydrojasmonate 1542-Methyl-4,6-dinitroanisole 567-Methyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4,5]-

decane 2554-Methyl-3-heptanone 2463-Methyl-1,4-hexadiene 2333-Methyl-1-hexene 2102-Methyl-3-hydroxy-

valeraldehyde 207b-Methylionone 154Methyl lactate 2085-(2-Methyl-propan-2-sulphonyl)-

hept-3-ene 269N-Methylpyrrolidone 142a-Methylquinovoside 236a-Methylrhamnoside 2362-Methyl-3-vinylcyclopentanone 241Metolachlor 100Metribuzin 96Mevinphos 90Mexiletine 250Midazolam 181Mirex 77Molinate 86Monocrotophos 90Morphine 181Muskambrette 56Muskketone 56Muskmoskene 56Musktibetene 56Muskxylene 56Myclobutanil 97

Myrcene 156Naled 91Nalorphine 181Naphthalene 64Napropamide 100Naproxen 271Neomenthol 259Nicotine 182Nonachlor 75d-Nonalactone 244g-Nonalactone 215Nonyl-3-nitrate 229Norephedrine 250Norfluoxetine 274Norflurazon 116Noscapine 181Nuarimol 72Octachlorodibenzodioxin 71d-Octalactone 244g-Octalactone 2151-Octen-3-ol 246Octyl-3-nitrate 229Ofurace 100Ornithine 202Oxadiazon 112Oxamyl 107Oxazole 142Oxfendazole 1784,4’-Oxydianiline 146PAH 64Pantolactone 224Papaverine 181Paracyclophanes 275Parathion 94PCB 68Pebulate 86Penconazole 97Pendimethalin 96Pentanochlor 100Pentobarbital 187Permethrin 99Phenacetin 49Phenanthrene 64Phenkapton 90Phenobarbital 187Phenoxycarboxylic acids 109Phensuximide 268Phenylalanine 2023-Phenylbutyrolactone 257N-Phenyl-cyclohex-2-enamine 269Phenylcyclopropylmethanol 248a-Phenylethanol 239a-Phenylethylamine 240Phenylpropanol isomers 2492-Phenylpropionic acid 258Pholedrine 250Phorate 90

Phosalone 90Phosmet 90Phosphamidon 90cis-Pinane 263a-Pinene 261Piperitone 259Piperonal 154Pirimicarb 86Pirimiphos-ethyl/-methyl 91Prochloraz 97Procymidone 112Profenofos 94Profluralin 96Progesterone 191Proline 202Prometon 102Prometryn 102Propachlor 100Propanil 100Propazine 102Propham 100Propiconazole 971-i-Propyl-2-carboxymethyl

aziridine 235Propyzamide 100Prothiocarb 86Prothiofos 94Pulegone 259Pyrene 64Pyridaphenthion 91Quinalphos 91Quinine 182Quinomethionat 116Quintozene 52Ractopamine 188Rose oxide 265Sabinene 260Safrole 154Salbutamol 188Saturatedfattyacids 161Sebuthylazine 102Secbumeton 102Secobarbital 187Simazin 102Simetryn 102Solketal 227Sorbitol 230Spiroacetals 255Succinic acid 194Sulfotep 91Sulprofos 942,4,5-T 109Tartaric acid dimethyl

ester 209, 225Tebuconazole 97Tebuthiuron 97Tecnazene 52

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Structure index

TEPP 91Terbacil 107Terbufos 90Terbumeton 102Terbuthylazine 102Terbutryn 102a-Terpinene 156a-Terpineol 263Testosterone 192Tetrachlorvinphos 90Tetradifon 72Tetrahydrocannabinol 186Tetrahydrofuran 123Tetrahydroisobenzofuranone 215Tetralin 121Tetramethrin 99Tetrasul 72Theaspiran 273THF 123Thiabendazole 116Thioacetic acid cyclopent-2-enyl

ester 230

Thiobencarb 864,4’-Thiodianiline 146Thiometon 90Thionazin 91Thioquinox 116Thioridazine 182Thiothixene 182Thymol 156Tilidine 182TNT 56Tolclofos-methyl 94o-Toluidine 144Tolylfluanid 74Toxaphenes 882,4,5-TP 109Tranylcypromine 250Triadimefon 97Triadimenol 97Triazines 96, 102Triazophos 91Trichlorfon 91Trichloronat 94

Tricyclazole 116Trietazine 102Triflumizole 972,2,2-Trifluorophenylethanol 247Trifluralin 963,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol 2532,4,6-Trinitrotoluene 56d-Undecalactone 244g-Undecalactone 215Undecyl-3-nitrate 229Unsaturatedfattyacids 162g-Valerolactone 215Valine 202Vamidothion 91Vanillin 154Vernolate 86Vinclozolin 112Vinyl-endo-brevicomin 251Vinyl-exo-brevicomin 252Vinylguaiacol 154Whiskylactone 254

Product use restriction MACHEREY-NAGEL chromatography products are intended, developed, designed and sold FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PURPOSES AND ANALYTICAL QUALITY CONTROL / ROUTINE MEASUREMENTS ONLY,except,however,anyotherfunctionoftheproductbeingEXPRESSLYsetforthinoriginalMACHEREY-NAGELproductleaflets.MACHEREY-NAGELproductsareintendedforGENERALLABORATORYUSEONLY!MACHEREY-NAGELproductsaresuitedforQUALIFIEDPERSONNELONLY!MACHEREY-NAGEL products shall in any event be used wearing adequate PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. For de-tailedinformationpleaserefertotherespectiveMaterialSafetyDataSheetoftheproduct!MACHEREY-NAGEL products shall exclusively be used in an ADEQUATE TEST ENVIRONMENT.MACHEREY-NAGELdoesnotassumeanyresponsibilityfordamagesduetoimproperapplicationofourproductsinotherfieldsofapplication.APPLICATIONONTHEHUMANBODYISSTRICTLYFORBIDDEN.Therespectiveuserisliableforanyandalldamagesresultingfromsuchapplication.Theuserhastoensurethattheproductsusedaresuitablefortheintendedapplication.MACHEREY-NAGELdoesnotwarrantthereproducibilityofpublishedapplications.

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Index of application numbers

200030 196200041 196200050 197200060 199200071 199200080 148200090 148200100 149200150 46200210 119200230 119200260 120200290 55200300 54200320 48200340 49200350 49200370 59200410 60200530 72200610 81200700 75200740 106200770 102200820 104200860 107200910 101200920 115200930 115200940 94201060 108201170 133201180 133201200 135201240 177201250 134201270 187201290 187201300 183201310 191201330 157201340 156201350 153201360 154201370 157201390 122201410 127201420 128201430 130201460 130201480 159201490 160201500 160201520 139201530 139201560 143201570 163

201620 170201660 171201700 164201760 174201780 176201790 175201800 176201810 263201830 260201860 232201880 210201890 233201900 246201920 266201970 253202010 271202030 272202050 233202060 241202070 251202080 232202090 261202130 251202150 252202160 253202180 254202190 244202200 255202210 273202220 255202230 252202240 219202250 210202260 220202280 217202290 240202300 241202310 250202320 250202330 258202340 213202350 243202361 235202362 209202371 245202372 228202381 268202401 270202412 237202421 204202431 204202451 220202462 218202471 221202511 237202512 206202521 240

202531 238202532 234202542 256202552 256202562 269202572 258202582 273202611 207202621 203202631 243202681 218202691 218202712 225202731 234202732 209202751 205202752 209202762 208202772 208202781 247202802 236202811 264202831 226202832 223202841 226202842 214202851 212202861 205202862 254202871 227202881 204202891 211202892 224202901 211202911 221202912 224202921 222202922 224202931 213202932 257202941 238202942 257202951 217202961 207202962 242202971 227202982 215203001 230203011 222203021 219203031 228203041 236210010 185210020 184210030 200210040 200210060 167

210080 42210110 64210130 163210150 271210170 146210180 71210210 100210230 76210260 124210270 87210280 140210290 150210300 123210330 42210340 137210350 55210360 141210370 190210380 142210410 105210430 113210440 179210460 181210470 186210490 138210500 80210510 68210520 142210533 266210550 174210560 40210570 214210580 206210590 120210600 198210630 114210640 114210660 191210670 188210680 110210690 74210700 77210710 86210720 99210730 147210740 98210770 69210820 145210830 110210840 110210850 110210880 129210930 159210950 129210990 168211000 168211180 69

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Index of application numbers

211260 151211280 44211290 47211320 212211330 212211340 212211350 216211360 216211370 225211380 227211390 216211400 235211410 238211420 239211430 239211440 216211450 244211460 246211470 246211480 216211490 244211500 258211510 261211520 261211530 260211540 260211550 261211560 262211570 264211580 264211590 265211600 263211610 264211620 265211630 263211640 263211660 216211670 244211690 266211700 268211710 268211720 216211730 244211740 265211750 216211760 244211770 272211820 169211851 56211852 56211853 56211860 136211871 121211872 121211873 121211880 158211900 184

211920 88211950 192211980 177212000 189212010 173212040 178212050 229212071 70212072 186212140 147212150 173212250 269212260 269212270 230212280 230212290 242212300 231212310 245212320 249212330 231212350 270212400 239212410 267212420 267212430 265212440 266212450 229212460 247212480 40212520 126212540 65212570 41212580 190212590 194212620 193212630 131212640 164212680 248212750 172212761 202212790 50212800 65212810 38212820 112212830 52212840 63212870 134212880 203212920 67212930 67212940 131212950 132212960 124212970 249212980 262212990 262213000 262

213010 272213020 248213030 92213150 123213160 136213170 63213180 96213190 66213200 58213210 116213220 83213230 144213240 62213250 117213260 223213270 84213280 109213300 179250020 140250040 141250050 138250060 61250070 48250110 107250120 165250130 89250170 274250190 275250200 45250210 106250220 78250300 192250350 79250360 185250410 259250420 93250430 82250440 47250450 58250461 43250470 166250500 125250510 85250520 71250530 155250620 117

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