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Fundamentals of Human Communication The Communication Iceberg Visible Aspects of Communication Invisible Aspects of Communication fundamentals_5th_jc 1
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Page 1: Fundamentals of Human Communication

Fundamentals of Human Communication

►The Communication Iceberg

►Visible Aspects of Communication

►Invisible Aspects of Communication

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Page 2: Fundamentals of Human Communication

The Communication Iceberg• When a person without a

background in communication theory listens, watches, observes, or else, the communication process appears to be rather simple and straightforward.

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The Communicaton Iceberg

• Messages are sent, messages are received, people behave accordingly, and that’s that.

• Or so it seems.• Actually, in the case of human

communication, the aspects of the process that can be easily observed are really only the tip of the communication iceberg.

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The Communication Iceberg

People

Symbols Technology

Meaning Learning Subjectivity

Negotiation Culture Interaction Contexts

and Levels

Self-reference

Self-reflexivity

Ethics Inevitabiltiy

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Visible Aspects of Communication

• Three important components of the process are readily observable:

People SymbolsMedia

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Visible Aspects of Communication:PEOPLE / INTERACTANS

• By interactants, we mean – people engaged in communication either as message senders or receivers.

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Visible Aspects of Communication:PEOPLE / INTERACTANS

• Individuals engaged in writing or other form of message creation and transmission.

• Individuals who are the recipients of messages in a communication situation.

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Visible Aspects of Communication:PEOPLE / INTERACTANS

• Individuals functioning as message senders and/or receivers.

• Include individuals who are the recipients of messages in a communication situation, either as listeners, readers, or observers.

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Visible Aspects of Communication:SYMBOLS

• Symbols are characters, letters, numbers, words, objects, people, or actions that stand for or represent something beside themselves.

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Visible Aspects of Communication:SYMBOLS

• The production, transmission, and reception of messages is essential to the social lives of many species; and communication in one form or another is necessary to the adaptation and survival of all animals.

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Visible Aspects of Communication:SYMBOLS

• Human can create and use symbols and symbolic language.

• It is the skill and the many consequences of it that perhaps best highlight the special nature of the human animal.

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Visible Aspects of Communication:SYMBOLS

• A language is a set of character, or elements and rules for their use in relation to one another.

• With language, humans code and transmit information from one point to another using one ore more communication modes.

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Page 13: Fundamentals of Human Communication

Visible Aspects of Communication:MEDIA / TECHNOLOGY

• For most animals, visual, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, and auditory signals are transitory in nature.

• A sound, a gesture, a touch, a sensation, or an odor may effectively link animals to one another and their environment.

• Through the use of technology, symbols have the potential for permanence and portability.

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Page 14: Fundamentals of Human Communication

Visible Aspects of Communication:MEDIA / TECHNOLOGY

• Permanence and Portability• Human symbolic language is potential for

permanence and portability.• Because symbols represent something besides

themselves, they can have permanence and significance apart from the situation in which they were originally used.

• The permanence nature of symbols make it possible to bridge and time space.

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Page 15: Fundamentals of Human Communication

Visible Aspects of Communication:MEDIA / TECHNOLOGY

• The non-transitory nature of symbols makes it possible for us to accumulate and transmit information from one generation to the next.

• Human communication also has the capacity for ‘portability’ – for bridging space.

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Page 16: Fundamentals of Human Communication

Visible Aspects of Communication:MEDIA / TECHNOLOGY

• Media• Media began to change the nature of human

communication and human culture.• Communication extend and provide.• Media are playing an increasingly pervasive

and visible role in many types of communication situations.

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Page 17: Fundamentals of Human Communication

Invisible Aspects of Communication Ten other aspects of communication are critical but invisible to the untrained eye.

MeaningLearningSubjectivityNegotiationCulture

Interacting contexts and levels

Self-referenceSelf-reflexivityEthics Inevitability

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Page 18: Fundamentals of Human Communication

Invisible Aspects of Communication:MEANING

• Human communication involves meaning.

• In order to use symbols in communication, their significance and the responses to them must be created.

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Invisible Aspects of Communication:MEANING

• The characteristics of the words and the sounds of their spoken pronunciation compromise a symbolic code that is useful only to those who have learn communication patterns and meaning.

• As human, we are not only capable of creating events, but also the significance and meaning those events will have to.

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Invisible Aspects of Communication:LEARNING

• Animals are born with the knowledge of the meanings to attach to the signals necessary for their survival; human must learn communication patterns and meanings.

• The characteristics of words and the sounds of their spoken pronunciation compromise a symbolic code that is useful only to those who have learned to decipher it.

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Invisible Aspects of Communication:SUBJECTIVITY

• Human communication is subjective.• The symbols used in human communication

will not necessarily mean the same things to those who create and send messages as they do to those who receive them.

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Invisible Aspects of Communication:SUBJECTIVITY

• People relate to the messages in a particular way as a product of their experiences.

• No two individuals have the same experiences, and no two people attach precisely the same meaning to the messages in the environment.

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Invisible Aspects of Communication:NEGOTIATION - CULTURE

• When we engage in communication with other, we negotiate a shared culture.

• Generally our meanings mesh reasonably well with others’ meanings, because others meanings are learned through social interaction.

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Invisible Aspects of Communication:NEGOTIATION - CULTURE

• In this social communication process, symbols and their meanings become shared and standardized – intersubjectified.

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Invisible Aspects of Communication:NEGOTIATION - CULTURE

• We learn from and with other people.• We are influenced through our participation in

groups, organizations, and as a participating member of society.

• Through this participation, we establish a commonness of experience with other people.

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Page 26: Fundamentals of Human Communication

Invisible Aspects of Communication:NEGOTIATION - CULTURE

• Through human communication, we create a common culture and a shared view of reality and come to be able to understand one another – to coordinate the meanings for the symbols we use.

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Invisible Aspects of Communication:INTERACTING CONTEXT AND LEVELS

• Human communication operates in various contexts and at various levels.

• It is the lifeblood of individuals, relationships, groups, organizations, and societies, and there is interplay between context and between levels.

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Invisible Aspects of Communication:SELF - REFERENCE

• The meanings we learn to attach to the symbols we use reflect our own experiences.

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Invisible Aspects of Communication:SELF - REFERENCE

• As a result, things that we see in or say about other people, messages, and events in the environment are always autobiographical – they say as much about the person offering the description as they do about the objects being described.

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Invisible Aspects of Communication:SELF - REFLEXIVITY

• Another related characteristics of human communication is our capacity for self – reflexiveness.

• Because of our symbols – using capacity we are able to reflect upon ourselves and our actions, to set goals and priorities, to have expectation.

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Invisible Aspects of Communication:ETHICS

• Ethical choices are a very fundamental aspect of everyday communication dynamics.

• Key ethical consideration include fostering dialogue, valuing diversity, tolerating disagreements, and valuing integrity.

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Invisible Aspects of Communication:INEVITABILITY

• Human communication is inevitable.• “We can not not communicate”.

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Invisible Aspects of Communication:INEVITABILITY

• Our verbal and nonverbal behaviors are ongoing sources of information for others; and, in turn, we are continually and unavoidably processing information about the people, circumstances, and objects in our environment, and about ourselves.

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