Friction Stir Welding ofAluminum Alloys

Engng.J.CMU.(2016) 23 (3), 64-82 ~lS81S~A~nSSUA18as

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Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloys:A Review and Prospective for the Future

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lJ1111l'1tJ1~[J~1Hm'lf1i1U i'ml~~lHl11'lf1i1U 34190Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, 34190, ThailandE-mail: *[email protected],[email protected], Tel. 0-4535-3300, Fax. 0-4535-3333

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ABSTRACTFriction stir welding, a solid state joining process, provides higher joints strength than that of

fusion welding and minimize the problems associated with fusion welding processes. In friction stirwelding process of aluminum alloys, welding parameters have influence on the welded joint strengthinvolving similar or dissimilar aluminum alloys and composites. Using the inappropriate processparameters results in lower welded joint quality and affects the welded joint performance. This articlehas collected all useful factors affecting the welded joint qualities of aluminum alloys, welded jointcharacterization, microstructural characterization as well as the joining strengthening mechanism toprovide valuable information for further improving the welded joint efficiency.Keywords: Friction Stir Welding, Aluminum Alloy, StrengtheningMechanism

64 Received 28 October 2015Accepted 2 December 2015

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~ 9 .0\ .. ~I ".1 d, ~1ff 1J!'W'itl UI'lftllJ 'If'1llJ'Utl ~fllJ 'J:;fl tlU '11 ff 1fl ty 'II tl 'I fl 1'i

l~mJ FSW ~'I'i'1I,ru'J ~ff'l1ll fllVl 'IJtl'l'JtlUl~tllJlifl11lJ

1I~~IIHtr~

Engng.J.CMU.(2016) 23 (3)

2.3 't'I11,il!f'mifl11!~tll!

'Vi,.nij!l'ltl~fml~tllJ ~1~tltl~~U'J~fltlU~ri1fi'ty~tl

tjillfl1'Vi'IJtl~'JtlUl~OlJU'J:;fltl1Jyf1tJf111lJ!~1'Jtl1Jfll'Jmftl.A a . d .::Ito ..4

!mtl~lJtlfl1tl (Rotational speed) fl11lJl'J1Ifl'W!'lfVlJ

(Welding speed) au 'YI'Ja e ~111n 1uu tl ~ 't11m tl

(Shoulder and pin profile) ~ ~ 'Vi1'J 1ij II'l B f yf, 'W

fl11lJ!~ 1l V 1Jms 'I1)Jtl!fl1tl ~11V n1tl 'I'll' ,r!n~U~lJlillf111lJ~euune fll'Jlff[llUII1JlJ'Vimff~fl 1f1um lJ1il1fl11lJ

~VWIUl !U~nuI'lllJijl'lllf11 llJ I~1l VlJflll'l1 )Jtll fl1 tl~1IeQ rli/ d.:::. A

fl1tl [48] 't'I1'J1lJ!l'ltl'Jfl1'Wfl11lJ!'J1!f1tl!'lfVlJf11lJtjlJfl11lJ.,i !IdA F- .d. it d .c:t, A'JVtl 'I1lJlJ'JlJ1il1'11!'11lJ1~fflJm'l11flf111lJln!fltl!'lfVlJtr~

'I'll i ,rfl11lJ~Vtl~!nfllitlill 'I1flij~l tY'If,'"M fll'J!U~Utl. ~.1 Ai' .. 0 ~ 'I .K ~llJlI1J1J'Vitl1ffl'lfl lJ!'ViU~'ViVff1'11l1Jfll'Jmtl'IJV~!tl V 1ffll

IItl:;ri~Ntl~tl1flHff~Hfl1ui'Waul~VlJ [34] ~~

'Viu1ij!l'lvfvf~ 2 ~V~fl11JtjlJl,rfflJitl Dtitl tY1tl

'Vi1'J1ij!1'lV f yf1tl 'JU'I'I'J~'IJV~111!fl1 tl ~11Vmtlll tl ~'Ii1fl1tl~, , ., A .~ iI .r ~ 9 ., ~ .K

'111 'I1Iflflfll'Jfl1'WIW:;lJ'U 1tll'Wtl1ff~NfflJ !'I1!lJ'UI'WV

!~U1ritl 'WVfl~lfl~'J~[I~flfl~flihn'U (Tool penetration

depth) IItl~!I'J'lflflM~'H1'W (Downward force) !~'W

1[49]

Q _ 412uI-lFSR33V

(1)

A 4 'J) .d .... ..M I ,IlJfl Q flOm1J1il1f111lJ'JV'W'I1!flfl'IJ'Uliltl'l1'W1Uf111lJ

[111(J/mm) a flV U'J:;ffl11im'Vifl11lJfv'W~lnfl 1tl flU

!~VlJ 11 fltl fflJU'J:;ff'l'lim ~!ff[l~'VI1'WF fltl IIHflfllffUfl~ c:l .<!{ ~

'I11tl (N) S flV fl11lJI'J1'Jtl1Jfl15'11lJ'WIfl'HHlJVfl1'W

(rpm) V flV f111lJI111~'WI~VlJ(mm1min) I!tl~ R fltlQ.I .cS I Q.I (V tI ~ tI'JfflJ1J1fn'W(mm) ~lflm1lJfflJVI'Wli'IJV'I'Y'I1'J11J!I'lV'if)15

I~OlJllfffl'lU~ 1J1il1fl11lJ~ Vtl ~ ~ V 'I fl1 51'Wl:; Wh~fl1l.0\ .. ,,. .,.., 9.KdI'lfVlJ 'If~ff~Ntl !f1t1Ii1Hllltl!flHff)l'1~tlmfl !'W'Vi'W'I1flU4. c:l A ~ c:lI'lfVlJ fl11lJ!11'JV1Jfl1'J'I1lJ'UIf'I1V'llJOfl1'Wlltl:;f111lJln

1~'W!~VlJ lU'I1Hlflitl~iJVfl1'UiJV'l11i'Y'ltlO~ 43.7%,

33.79% IItl:; 11.22% I'lllJi11iu [50] ~1iI'J1ff1'U

67

:).Flssnl:f v.IIClUnOC!V v.qU:)I)l:f 118:s.lnsneno

'j~'l1'h:j SlY fllH)~'j~'1,dN'h:j 10-50 [34, 38, 40,

]~ v ~ ~ ,

51, 52 f.lIll'l1lJlJfl11lm),wlfwl"'U'j~'I111-:j 400-550°C

[53, 54] 'Utlml1f)~tl1'jIVtl~lJlJllli-:jnl'U (Tool Tilt

angle) I~'U 'VI1'j1lJI1Itlf~'lil tl1 ,.rnn rnu lii~flln:t'U ih'U

,.K~ "~~,, .. ~"i''I)U~I'Uill n'~ II" ~ N'CI'mHI'l'U I" rn 'U I~~lJ1 n,,'U !~tllJ lJ

IOtl-:jfll'jil~1~'I11N 0-3° [55] li"~l~tI~n~~fl~l~l'U

n'l111-l 0.1-0.3 ii"i\llJlIl vbiM'liiflfl11lJ!il'UII"~nn

eil'Uil"il-:j1n'fll~illJ'~ [50, 56]Qlt .Q" .a jI d~-l'U 'U 'VIU 1lJ 111il 'jms l'lfillJfl1'U fll1lJ 1'j1'j e u

Ifliil~;j ilmuII"~ fll1lJl~ 11~'U l~illJl ~'U 'VI1'j 1ii 11Iilf '111:in

~thfi't)j vi'l1 ,.rlii~ nmI1l111l~tI'U 1l'1lJ1 IIITl11lJ! il'U II"~

~ .1 ~.K ~ 1 ' .!IfllllIl tlJlJll1J1J'VI" 1n' 11n"tl ~I'Uilln'~ 'U'j~'I111-lfllll 'lfillJ

~-lri-l~"~il1 m ~n'!N'l'lH 1 "'I1~1'1'1t111l"~n'lJ1MVlHn"

"il-l'jiltll~tllJ 1~tI~H

o QI ~ QI .:::Iiod d.t:::l ..:i Q,QI"

ff1'l1'j1Jnl'jI'b'illJlff~tl~lJl'UalJ ll~lJnl1tln'lnl,wm'Unl1A QI Q.d I I 4 ~I'lHllJ FSW lff~tl~lJl'UalJilaN~tll'Utl'l'l'l-lflU'l11

'VI111iillltl f~ Il1lJ1~ fflJ 1 'Un 11l~tllJ Pou 'I11Jllm ~

Iflitl '1:IJil fll'U ~ll1lJl~rl'Hd'1J fl 11I~tlll I~tl hrhf"i''' , d ...,!flHff'j 1'1~a fllfl lIa ~ fla flfll11111 'IJ'1I1H ffllU~ 'I'Il'~fla

A ~d. ~ d. .c:. d. QI """"

'lJtlntl1Jl'lltlll'l'l~ fll afll'jI'lltllJ tl~lJl'UalJ tla atl atIUU'lI'U ~

I~ aln'U '111tlIIU1J~l-:j'b'U fln'lj IIa~tl ~ iilll IIlJfttllJ 1 'VIiY~

3.1 fl111;~nJtlaUliitl:IJ0aatltlll1J1J'IIilVlI~fJ1tl'U"

d. I ..::t..:::t QI Q. <::t QI

fll11'b'tllJ ~ tltl ~ lJI'U alJ tla a tl a 1I1J1J'b''Ufllfll'J lfl'U

1m ~ff!l'1~afllfllla~ ffll1J1i'l'll'1fla" tl~'j tl m~tlllliifl fll'j

11l~a'U1I1l'''-:j11l1l1fli a'l1~~'U flllfl11Jf)lJ'Vll'j1ih~tlffll1

l~tlll1M' ffllvlU 1i''lhai,.r1tlm;tllJii1l1~iY'I'InfllVi ~~ 1l1fl

d " d. I I CI," Jt dfl1'i tlfl'hl1 "tll,ja '1'1~1 'U111 'ViU 11 'Vi1'i1lJl~ tl'i fl1'i I'lftlll '1'1

!'11lJ1~ ffllll~ n~ N n'U 1 ll~llJ'lIU fI" tl '11 ff~ l;tllJlla ~

'Vil'j1iil~tlf~fffl'hl11'1'1~1'j1'1~ 1 1l1m1a-l1'Utmffml1~lU

J.. 4. c:i <'!:>.. a d..<':I..co. I

1ft1 tl~ lJ tl fll 'UIIa ~ fll1lJ 1111f1U l'lItllJ lJ tl'l'l1i 'Via 11tl'IJU 1~

'IJ tHlfll U 11fl ~~ fl 1 l1lj II a~ ll~'j1ftl1lJ1ft1 tI flfll a1 U

o 0

'itltll;tllJ [57, 58] tllii flm;tllltl~iillltllJijaatlatfl'ifl

6061 fll1lJl~11~'UI;tllJ~lmii~m1lJ~ tl'U1u ~'U~fl1'U

\1'1 1 fl'i ~ff~l'llii fllYlffllfl ~~ ne 'UMlJ1nll"~ "U 1~ Ifl'i 'U

11nll ~ ntl'Uliiu 111M111n ri ~~ a i,.r f)IIIffllU~ 'I'Il~ n a a ~

~H!-l [59] n1'j1i'fll11l1~11~'UI~tlll\1-lffl111HlIV;lJ

fJllI ffll1J1i'l'lN na"tl~'i tltJI~tlll M lI~tlllllii~1'i1l1il1'U '.itl tI

A "1'" ~ '''1 d 1" " ,~l'b'tllll~I'b''Un'U tla1'lI'in1l111nll 'I1ftl1lJltl'Ullfl'b''U'Il'U

. ..[60, 61] 'UtlnlllntT'UnmOtl'llJlJ'lJtl~lfl1tl-l:IJilfl1'UtT'Ull~

'lilt11V;111l'i ~ iY'I'Inill'Vim1 nl 'UIIa ~'lila,,;) ~ l'il '11U '111tl

~~lln'Viltl-ltltln 11l1l1flim ~fffl'1 [62]

fl1'il1l~tI'U 1111,,~ 1m '1fff 1'l~ am flll" ~fflJilii'l'l1-lfl"

.d,Q, """" d d. .411tl '1'11i'Via 1l1flfll1111111 tlll n 1'j'l111'UIfll tl ~lltl n 1 U II" ~

m 1111~11~U I~tlll fm 1i''VI1'j lii I~tl f'hjffllvl 'U'Iin'U vb1M'

liifl~fllln'VIl tl'lIl(l~,,~ll'i~ iY'I'Ii !l1'1'1'1'11 'In(l fll'j 10a'llllJ

.!I .. .I~ .1 .!I" "Ifl 'j tl '1lJtl n l'U II(I~nn lJ 'j1J lJ1',n tl til 'b'tllJ ~ lt1fll1lJ 1 tl 'U

ff1111Hl(lflllfl1Jn'Viltl'l1~ tllh~ 1l~~1111l1~iY'I'Ii m'Vi

A dlr) "01 ~ 1,. .l'itltll'b'tllJ'I'I Ifla'l~lfll1I(l'l1~'ViU

3.2 fl11IYtl:IJtlguliitl:IJoaatltlllll'U9i1.:1'11ilVl

J.. .d """"""" QI If)1'j I'b'tl11Iff afl'l'llU IIU U fll U tl ~ lJ I'Uall 1:)(1(I tl a1l1 'I. '.'b'UfI f)1nHl'ill1'11U'l'IJtl'l~hH1'WI;tllJl1~ 2 'lIU~ ~n

VillnIll1IllnfflJ1M~lIflfl~1'1n'W ~1'Wi(l'l1~1'1'1U1 ffllU~

'I'I1-lfl(l alJu1i'l'll'lfl11~~tl'WII"~mllJff1lJ1H11 'Wflm~tllJ

ItiU ~'U 1 fltI~l 1 1l1ff~~iifll1lJlI ~~II 'i '1\1~1I"~tl1 fl~tl fll1

'Yi11lfliYa~ UIIU1J'Vi(llffiifl1'W fln 1 '11a 1'111"'11U ~fflJ1 'W

jI I liIiliI (II .!!i ,oS

'Utlafll11l~~fll1'1I1f1TW RS 1I(1~flll"a1Jlmtl'llJOfll'U

.. d "1.1" d ..tltlflIl1fltl'uafl(lHll'Ulfl111'l1tllJ (Offset) IlJl'll'U'I'IlJ

d ", .1" "1 .K~fl11lJlI'IJ'IIIHWtlafl11 ff1lJ11t1'l'l1 'I1fllll'11a'IJtl'lI'Utllff~

1l1fl~1'\.J RS 1'11(1l"'llJlliilJl~lJmtllultltll;tllJ 1~~~'U, , 'jI (1/ jI

1I(1~'lila(lfl fll1lJ II~fl ~Nfl1'U n11 'lJalI'J1I1'1'11'1fl11m tl 'U

"(l~1ff~lr~ 2 'b'uI'lM 'Vh!lf~flUfl'Vi5tl~ma!'U5tltll~tllJ

ll~a~ [63-65] tlth~1'i~lll1lJ fflJ1l1~iY'I'Itfl11"tJ1aI'11

if d' w .<::0. d Q.I I. '"'"'I'I1~fll1lJ'j tl 'W'1'1~ 1'1nu 'IJtl ~tl ~ lJI'U alJ tl (I (I tl al'l H 'li'U~

1 jI.l.d d lfI (1/ t ~ I (II

ff~~(1 !'I1'Vi'U'I'Ifl1'UlJfll1 !'I1(1'IJO'llff~mfftl'l'li'UI'l~l'lfl'U

68

[20]

508:d,

~an

m n1l1~

(Rel;

;.(1

fl111

55, (

fll'Wi

'I'IHfl

3.3 f

FS"Al'litllJ

tl'4W

~Ull

mJ111

~\1~"~

'1'111-11

[20] u ~~ i'1Hl1'H~fltl~aa~ihulJtl5~"'fl1J1~11"h~lflHl5083 '" 0 .r.d ...

flUlflHl 6082 'I'l1J11 'I'l'U'I'1fl1'UtI'IJ'Ull'llfl'i'lHlfl

Ii'l~fli'I1~~I~fl"'~I{lUI'I!l"'~fI11tlll~~u1mu fl"'l~!l'U 11~atl

, do.,M 01 i"'I'I"'~ 1I1'1'il~ll'ItI'IJ'UfIllJ'I1"'~'illflf11'i1'lfll'l~flfl'UfIllJ 'Ulm'U

v

'II a ~ V ~ i'i IUlJ u 5", '" a 1.1In 'i 1'16082 [66] 'U a n 'ill nUfl11t1 fflJ VI'Un'IJa~l'I n li'i 11'1a! nm~v lJiifl11tlrllt)qJ~ e

11'i~ ff'l'11lfill'l '1'11'1fl"''11a n a 1J1~a lJ ms ae nuUumr'1'1fI ",a'l~ '1\)fl'l11tll i,r1 'Ums ftmll'l11flll'llni'il91 af ~

i ..A 1' ..... .r ..I'I1lJ 1 ~ ff u 'U fll 'ii'll a tI ~ 11.111i fll 'J l'I 'U 1i'l11i'l'" 1'1a 1J

(Response surface method: RSM) !l"'~1ifln'l'11Q

.. ( h' thod) d • 1" ..A ... _, ~ ..'If Taguc Ime 'If~'I'1l l1'Ja1JI'lffltltlu'J~ff'l'11iflll'l

d.o::!il ~ d " 4!t Q.I ddfI11tlll'IJ'IIIHI'I'I~'1I1"'~I11v'JI'If'Ul'lf1l'iUI'I1'l1'1'11'1 [4, 16,55,62,67,68]. . .

QI QJ 0' «::!io QI 4 41'I'1'U'Ufll'J 11 'I1'11!l11'U'1'1f'U'11'UII"'~ fll'J 'II1J1J1m a '1t1fl

~ ..A ~fl1'U flV fl 'illflij''UlJfl'''l'l!l 'U11'11VtI fl11tll'J1'J V 1Jfll'il1~ 'U.a ~ c:I .0. ..;. .:::1.0..0. I ~

Ifl 'ifl'ltlfl fl1'U!l"'~fI11lJl'i 111'1'UI'IIVtI tlV'I'11il'l"'l'Ia fll'i I'IIVtI

.. 'I" 1 d -, ....911'1!l"'~ fI'i'lff'il'l~"'fI1f1 fl'" flfl11tlll'IJ'IIIH u'i~ff'l'11ifl1l'1..A

'I'11'lfl"''IJV'I'iV1JI'IIVtI

"'~'f <J), .aFSW ffltll'i f:l!lfluqJ'I11'IJV1J fl'l'l'iV '1'IJV'I'iVt'l'IIfltl 'illflfll 'J

l~fllJ!lU1J'I1"'VtI"'~'" llJM~ hr11'i ~ff'l'1n fI1l'1'iV1JI~VlJ ~ 'I

'i~'I1'h" 60%-100% [69] U'illilJrl1ftqJ~ff'l!'l"'fl'i~'I'1U

~ eJ'IflHffrl'l~"'mfl!l"'~fftlllil'l'l Hfl"''IJfl'l'iV1JI~eJtI flfl

'" 0 N _, ..A.. ,..Vl'lnff1'U S JU'I'1Hlma'ltlVfl1'U II"'~ flnfffl'l1'ifl

..A.. 'I ..A .. ... i ..'IIV '11m fl '1t1V fl1 'U 1'1lJf1l'H'IIV tla \j lJI'Ul.ItIflV lJ l'I ff 1'1

J11m '1lfl1 v'Illv fl1'U ~l'I1lJl~fflJ 'il~'li11Ji lflfll'lfl11tl ~v'W1I"'~f1l'J i 'I1"'i1'IJV'Iiff~~~ 1I"'~lrla ii'fl11t1fftlVl'Wn'IJfl'l

tll'l'ilff1'U SN lJ1flf1':h 25 'l'i1ilffl11t1rfl'Wl'vltl~'1~'W

Vljfllfllff1lJU'i '1lflflfll'J 111'1m1m~flM II~'IJ'Wwl'lJv'Ium)lJ

J11'il'l (Shape-factor) illl11~lJ'U vmf"fl'i~'illlJi1M

ffJ11fflJa ff'lN'" Mfl11t111~'111 HII"'~tll'l'J1fl1'if'll'li11~lJ

~ i " .. d "''l.K.d~"'IJWlft~ flHff'iNlfll'llfl'i'UI"'fl"'~WlJl'1 'Wl'I'U'I'1fl1'W

'I'll i lfffllJ1'J OI~tI)JI'iV 11(~ ri'11i'l~M 11'i~ ff'l'1n.flll'l 'iV tJ

.. "" 'I.K • '1I'lfVtI~"f:l" 80%-100% 'IJV'I "''I1~l'I'U [70-72] fllJl'l 'i

Engng.J.CMU.(2016) 23 (3)

Q,I .0. QI..A dsmm 'J'lJfI\) 'IJa'lv ljfllfll ff'itl II'J'Ifl1Jlfl'J a'ltlv mu IIn~'il ~

..:& A d. ..s i" A d oddIl'ItI'IJ 'U911tl f11'JIl'ItI 'i~ lJ~I'IIV tI rnr 'IIlfl 'iV sue f11'Unu

<J) d ,~fi11tlffllJ1'i 09l1'W'I1l'Uf11'Jfffl'l1 'i a~ '1'il~'1111JaYiUtU'I11m 'J

.. o..A. ~ "" 1fffl11'JV'J~'I111'1fll'iI'llatl 'I'111'l1f111tl'iV'U!ln~f11'J 11n'IJa'l

Idviff~ 1lll11~1J'U !l11M Iu 'J~'I1'h'lf11'iI~atl [73, 74].. 0 11'd .. 0 1ffltll'JfII'IIVtl9IV ~l'IlIn~nflf11'Jlflfl~I'IUfll'l'iV" 'U'JalJ

l~vtl11(

.J .ei <II VQI iI .a d oddSN 'I'1mtll~fftl ntlO'lf11'J 1'II1ff'lffn:Ufl'iV'ItlVf11'U'I1t1

" "" ~ ..Afl11lJ ff ltl 1H19l1'U 'I11'U flU ff fl 11'JV ~ 'I !'UflU I'IIV tI

V\ji'iIUlJtlflVlJ i l'Iffl'l ";1M'ivm~vtlii11'J~ff'l1nflll'lfl11t1

~ i"d '" i I!l'IJ'I!lH~" flnlfllJ'Ifl1J a11~l'I'U

o

4. iltliWi"a-3u\fJA;OU

4.1 1UnJ9hmna

i 1'11Jlh11111n;ff'l'l1li11l'1'iV1JI~VtI~ I'I1t11~fftl rl 11151JflU'I11;'U ff1'U 1ui ';'11'U 'il~Vi'illHU l'illflfflJu1i'l11'lfl'" ~'1

11'i~flauI(11J fI11t111~'1 fI11t1!l~'1!lH~'1l1n::fl11lJ!l~'1I1H

o "l'Iafll'in1

4.1.1 fl11lJU;;'1 (Hardness)

flm~VlJ FSW a\jihul.Itlffaaal.Ii'W mjtlfflt1lHl

_,'"-,,, " 1 d ..U'iUU1'1f111JfI11lJ'iV'U fln flfl11tlll'IJ'Ilfll'1'illflffl'i~~mlJ

1'1fll'l ~ f1V 'W [75] lin:: fl~ lJ ill ffltlUO 111U111'1~11Jfl11lJ

~a'U flniflfl11lJII~'1lfll'l'illflff1'in~"'11J'lJV'I!l~'1 [3]

ifllJ.J1 i 11f111lJlI~"'IJV'l'iv 1JI~VtI'il::~lfl'h in11::vl'W i'l

J11~ 4 'illflii'l11ll'ln'IJ()'1f111lJ~V'W Ifl'iWnl'lfll'Jlwu il'lii~.~ -,..'IJ'W11'1!11qJ'IJU II~~ u'J lJ1W f11 'i fl'i ~ 'illlJ'lJfl '1ffU n ~a 11.1

do:::..M ~ d ~I'Ifll'l::;flU'W'I1lfll'l'IJ'W[14,75] U'JI1Wfl'lflnl'lIl'W11'11VlJ

d .\Jd" ~ ""10fl11WI '11'1'il~!'V'ItI'IJ'Ulnfl'WfllJ'il1flfln !flfl1'il'lflNnfl 'I1lJ'lJfl'l

69

::>JlSsnt:i v.1I8un5Eju v.qU::>I)t:i 118:s.lnsneno

101'IJff~fHlhflf)1lJihJ'l.n~!gmN umaYilJfl1llJ'I1U1U'IlU

'1HH!fl'ilJ1lJ~lJ~f)1U [59] lJVmllfldnmYimlfl'il

mllJ!~1!~lJ!~VlJ vbhffi'fl'ilmllJ!fl~tJ~ 'lJ'ivtJ!~vlJ!n~J l.ct I d "t

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64%'Il()~ll1J AS

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m::;'illfJil1~tY~11tYlJV1'lih!n'U [99]

if 1.,1 ~ tl 'i::; 1'1U~ {)'U (Heat Affect Zone: HAZ)

I~h! d'U~~ Mru j:oji:lm ::;'YIUft11lJ~{)'U'I1.,1 t1l'il~VlJ~{)'illtlJ . " , 'I" ~ "" ')' Jw'UViTMAZ fll1lJ'iVh!tY~Hi:l l11fl'ih!ltlflfll'ili1lU IIII'lJh!

J, ')' J ] ~ ')''lJm~lm'U'Imli'IJh!t1111fl'i'U Hl'If::;W'U[9 tll'iIIilU Ifl'IJO-:J~ fII • Q,I ~I.d ~.d

lm'U!n~'lJh!ll-:JN-:J AS Ui:l::;RS ~-:JllJ1'1 9 W'U'YIt1'i::;'YI'lJ

~B'UiitYlJilll'YI1-:Jtli:l~l ~~l!rlV1li tJu flU ifh! ~'I 1.,1dlh! t'U <')

1Ii:l:;lYt11n~ t11 'i Hliltl11tl~'U 'I'Udh! ~ t1'i :;'YIU~{)'U [100]

Ifl 'i -:JtY~l-:Jf11tJ'I'U'i BfJ1~V lJ r UHi:lm::; 'YIU'ill tl m llJ ~{)1.,1

Hft::;t1l'it11h!l'll 'I'I1'lnflf11'.i!U~(J'UHUft'!l m-:JtY~H~lImfl~

Hllltl~Nfl'U Im'U!n~ tlUlllflHii tl 'l'lfJJii'IJm~l~tli:l-:J 1111::;

Inflfll'iii~lrlfJl'\fB'!lm'U'l'Udh!~ NZ Uft::;TMAZ dl'U

73

:).fissmi v.1I8un5Eiu v.QU:)Ot:/ 118:s.lnsneno

.l .I HAZ iJi'" '" '" ~ '" ''''nun j>lnHl'l1liVHllllflfl1nl~U'IHl'W~tHJ1~!fW1

nl hflOfl ms 1~111~'11U~lfl'i'U ; ~fll'i 111~ tJ'U1111gj~

.1.1 't OJ.l'31]'119 IflHrr'il~'I'l'Un HAZ '11MAA6082-T6 [101]

4.3 ~VltJflfi'i81l1u'i6[J1;0JJ

IrlO'I'll'iln 1~0 {flm~011 iliffll ri'u -6fl'U'i111ii~5~ 'il'ih'U SN ilil'l1lJ1~ rrlll1gj:aofl flU ~ fl'tl 'i0'110~A .. 1 OJ A",,,, ,J

1m U~1I0fl1'U flHrr'i l~'j UtlI'ilUlJlIfllflfl~flllfl'l'l'j 0~'II'U

oA .1'" OJ '" oM i' '" '" .1I'U0~lllfllJ nllflJ fl1l1l'i U'Ulflfl'll'U1I1'1'la~'I'l0fll'j IrrallJ

'I'lgjlrr~flIlgj~fll'i i'l1gj'llHlrrll ilirrJllrr1l0 ''U~'U~fl1'U

'1 A '" oM i OJ '~flllfl'l'l'j0~ 'UHltJl'lf011Iflfl'll'U ~'I1gjlallllll 1'If'U

Tunnel, Pin hole, Warm hole, Piping, Lack of

fIlllm~ Void 1i'l'U~'U[45, 69, 102, 103] ~~l1l~ 10

, I .J I I d~fl1Jfl'l'l'itHl'Hm'UIHNgj~0fl11lJlI'II~1!'i ~'IlO~II'U1

I~OlJ ~~.! 'Ufll'i 1~'I'l1 'j lnl~O {~I'I11l1~rrlJlI gj~fll'j I~Ofl

l'rrjpl1lfl1tNjj0fl1'U~~1'U'I11'U~ofm~fl'l1'j0\l'~IJ~'lha

'11l1fl~flllfl'l'l10~I'Hlhd'~ [45, 58]

5. flt1'flfll'H~"'Af.l.Im'YtIl'U1!;tl3J•_ d A oM '" '1..l", oM

fl1lll11 'II~IIH'II0 ~'jUal'il0lJ 'II'Unu flgj Innm ~ '\I'Umal uIfl'j~rr! HII 'U11~011 fl11lJ! OUIIgj~fll'iliY a'j 11~ri~NgjhflOflflgj iflfl1'j~flN~fl 1'11lillgj~flgjiflfl1lllll~~1l'j ~oM'IIU

5.1 fl a' fl fll 'i fl fl fI a fl1 'I1,j (Recrystallizationmechanism)

fla iflfl1'j~flN~fl I'll liIOfl1l1fl~'I1n'l'la'\l0~fl11lJ!0'UGIl ..:I A """.I

IIgj~U~ 'j lfl1llJlfl 'j afl 1110fl1 llJ 'j0'Ulflfl 'II'Ut1~IIgj~fll 'jmun 11ll'5 ~'jlfl1llJlfl~ afl\l' ~IOflfl1'j~ 'Ui1'11U~Ifl'i'U~

lffaal1ti0i1~flN~flhlli lfltJIofl2 'li1~~1afl'U Mllti ms

~flN~flhllillllll'1'la1~'j (Dynamic recrystallization)

'" oM 1 .I .l '" '" '" i·1lflfl'll'U 'U'IIW~'I11'U01rrPl6~\lfl'l11fl1'Ufl1'U lJ'j011'1

fl1lll!O'U\1 ~fl'"h~w '11SJnfll'j~flN~ fl''11li lfl'i'U~lff6llld !;II QI I I A ..s QI "s

'II'Ulfllfl'j'Ulgjm1lJ~1fl'U 0al~~ m'U0~ 11l0'111fl1'Ulflgj0'U

~1'U i 111'"1~ 'li1 ~fl1'j~fl N~ fl I'll li 1111llfl ~~ (Static

recrystallization) ~W'I1SJnfl11lJ!u'Ua~H~~ nl1ll'fll'i

~flN~fl 1'Hlilfifl~'U0 fh~~01~0~ lflafla iflfl1'ilfiflN~ fl

1'11lill~'I1Qfllrlo~W'11SJngjfl~lfl'h~w '11f,lnfll':ilfi~N~ fl

1'I1li Ifl'i 'U1J1flfll'i~flN~ fl1'I1liii'\l'Ulfll~ flgj~lfjU~1'U'li1~

1-10 !lm [3, 54] 1I't1~ii'll011!fl'j'U~lJ\1~ (high-angle." .d 1 A ddboundanes) l'llllJll1 ll'U'Yllfl'i'U'IlU~ 't1'11~'I'l'U'I111'1l011

lfl'j'U~lI~l (low-angle boundaries)[3, 9, 14, 105,

106] lrl0QW'I1f,ln1'Ufl1'jl~mJ\1 ~lfi'U1111l~'fi11,rlfi~fll'j

'" -r .. l' , i·I"',1..l1~111~'IlfHlm'U~flNafl 'I1lJlI't1~rr~NftlJa~'I'l'Ull TMAZ

IIft~ HAZ nl1ll'flgj'fl~1'Ufl111111~~IIH'Il0~IIU11~011

ftflM~1a [75] 'U0fl1l1fl.!'U'Il'Ulfllfl'iU'Il0~ fllHlflNg fl

1 ,~ I cv ..::.. tI <J) Q'1111'Il'U0~flll 'I'll'i llJ 1~0'j fll'Ufl11lJl 'j 1'j 011fl1'j'l1~ 'UIIft~

d .c::. ..;.,fl11lJl'j11~'U!'lf0lJ [107].~~,r'UQW'11SJnllgj~5~'j lfl11111fl1aflii Nft~Ofll'j ~fl

Ngfl1'I1li '\I'Ul~lm'Uii'll'U lfll~flll~rrllJl'j("l!~U 1~~'U'~

lrlofl11lJ! O'UI'Vla~'I'l0fll'j I~U1~'Il0~1fl'i'U11111leyfl1111

74

5.2 fl

mech

iflHi~

IIgj~'I'\

'" oMlfl~'II1

hard

fl1111

'I1'Ull

ilirr'

1l •l'UU1

flmlAl'il011

(Sol

'11'U1

5.2 fl a1fl fl1 'i I~ tIA 'J HI II 'Ii .:IIIH (Strengtheningmechanism)

A ~ ""1'Q£Y"llHlmllf1fllHlmHlf1 11l.Hff1Ilff'UII"t1'JIl:;"W-H1~tl

1 " 01""Q J,.KdflHff1H~1;1fl1f1'111 111f1~f111lJll'll-311H'U'U 'U'Vl'U'11mu

.Kd" ~ Q d111;1:;'Vl'U'11m:; 't1111tl'U '111~ f11;11 fl tJf11;1Iflmuru 'U-311H'I1

.. J .1 "lfl~'U'UlJ1:; f1tll1mtJ

5.2.1 flt'l1flA'Jlt1Il'li.:lIlH91flA'J1t11f1;[JfI (Stainhardening)

fl1;11 f1f111lJll~.:Ill ':i-31l1flfl11lJlfl1 tJ~li'Vl q~m1lJ~

"hfii!!~-3VillmU1Mlllf1fllnfftJll1111111'Vl'illff~fl [108]~ ~... ~ .K ~ A "RS!l1;1:;ms tl ft~nl'U11'lrrunu 'Utl -31'Utl 'J ff~ I'lftl lJ111fl~ 1'U

~.I~ " 1.K d .K d " ..IlJtJ-3ftl'U AS 'U'Vl'U'I1f1'J'UIl1;1:;'Vl'U'I1m:;'I1mtl'U'I11-3fl'll

do d.Q.A 0," "'" 'QfI 'J llJ lflHJft'l11fl ~'U 'U'111 11'U'U1ft Im 'U~ f11'l1;1f1 l1lJl1;1fl

Q.<I o::t.o:!t d ,tl~ 11 f111lJl f11tJft111tl fI 'JllJ l'i1fll m 'l'Ull '11-3f11'Uff 1lJ11 fl

MI'U'Ulftlf11'Ufllaf1l'liifl'mJ"fl~fl1;1.:1 [97] f111lJ

11'Ululi 'U'Utl.:l~ ff 11;11f1';'UlvllJ~'U' 'U1 f1Hfffl.:11tl tJl ~tllJ

1:UffllJ 11flif'U 1'1111U:;Iillij a.:llm'U' l1lJMi'U vr.:ll1lJlI ;-3

°i"" .. "J '1 " A'111 11Iflftfl11lJ1f11aftl'lf1f1WIJ'Uma 'U fI1.:1ff11-31tlat'lftllJ1 "i::l da ~ ~ff.:lI'l1;1'l1f1'lllJll'U.:IIlH'Iltl.:l5tlat'lftllJl'VllJ'Il'U [11, 43, 63]

i 'U'I11-3f1tiUf1'U 111f1f111lJf tll..l~ lft~~'U 5:; 11')HI"1f11 'Uf1U

.xcv ..::., .<::t1~.J t::tl'Utl1ff~\1-3 lm'Ulf1~f1151I'1U ~1'VllJ'Il'U fI'lllJ1ma~1l1f1

'" .1 ' i" Qf1UlffallJ'Utl-31m'UUI'I1;1-3 ff-3l'l1;1l1f1'lllJll'U-3IlH'Iltl-35tla

l~tllJ1;1~€I-31'11lJ111~1(J[82]

5.2.2 fla' f1f1'Jlt11l 'Ii.:!1lH;) lfla'l'i'il:;am'IJM 11,).:1

(Solid-solution hardening)" 0 i"f-I1;1'1ltl-3f111lJ5tl'UIIU:;f111f1'J'U'I1111lilllJ

".1 1.K ~ .. ~ Atl-3f1lJ1:;f1tlU 'Ul'Utl1ffl'Jlf1~fll51;1:;1;11tJnlJf1'U llJtl

tlW l1.flil€ll'l~l1;1-3li 11'1~1;1:;man:Uf1'Ulftl'l f1111'1flf-lftf1111:U.. .lvl ffl~a1~lifl11:Ulff~a1 m'Vl li'Uu l~lm'Ul~ f11l1;1:;lJfI11lJ

11'U111li U 'Utl -31m U :IJ1fl.fl1ai 'U11'1Hfffl -31tlal~tl:u ~-3

1111f1~ f111rudlft~f1U f1111~tl lJtl ~ill iJ alJV 'il€Itla i Umi lJ

1:UffllJmltl1'utl1-3m-3flJllJftl'UM [3] eJ~l-3hnl'll:U

V'I1t'Vl1;1'111-3If1lJ'Utl-3li1~ tl-3rl111:; f1tll1ffl:U nmftl'llvl ff

1'If11'1:;f1tlU'IlU1~1~f11 'Ulvlffffn1;1:;1;11a'Utl-3I1~-3~U i'U 1~

. (

Engng.J.CMU.(2016) 23 (3)

l'liUf1U [56, 109] ;.:I'1'i11M'lifl11lJll~.:Ilvl:U\1.:1~'Uf)'"h

11;111:;if'U

5.2.3 flo1ilfl'Jlt1I1'1i.:lIl'i.:l91fla'1'ia:;ol[JAflVl:;mn..l

(precipitation hardening)""J .."flU~f1~:; nsu'Utl-3ffll 1;1:;1;11a ffllJllfllf1~'U'U Il'lltl.:l

~nlli15lJ'lfl~ ~Wl1lJiley .:I~lfil'llllflm11~tllJyjl1M'lftflflll

i .K~ ~I.K .. ~~~I d1;1:;1;11V'Utl.:lli11lJ'Ul'Utl 1ff1'J1lJ'WrutllliW 'Jnu"If.:lllJ'Uff.fl1'J:; '11

1:U1ff~ V1.fl1l'1 lrltl ~wl1lJ il~ 1'il-3Il:;Iftl'l fl11I1Vfll'1'Jltl'Ulvl ff

~~i Ac,J d d d~flVl:;fltlU tll'l~1 UIU tl 1ffli) "If.:l~:;fltl'U 'U'U1fllClfl1;1:;ltlV~

~ '1 ... 0 , v ..m:;1l1Vllmfl~1tl~ Ulm'U'Utl-31tlat'l1tllJ'I11 111'1:f1tlUlJ

, .cl...M A ~ d Q.I~ doN ifI11lJl1'U 111'U'Ul'VllJ'U'U1tl at 'lftllJll-3lJfflJU~'I11-3fl'ilI'l'U'U 'U

'1 .K dl/) ,~ ,,~ ".. Jff1'U 'ill1:;l'IU'I1llJ 1~5Utl11lJ5tlUIl:;lflI'lVl:;f1tlUl1Vl11'U'U

i'Ulm'U yjl1M'fI'lllJl1'UlIlU'U'Utl-3~:f1tl'UlrtlV1;1.:1 [31, 59,

61, 82] fll1~f1~:;l'Itl'U Ift~~'U l'U fl~lJtl ~ illiJVlJV1;1'iltlV~

ffllJ1Hll1fu 111-3'11Hfl11lJf tl'U 1 ~1l1;1:;m :;m'U flll'l1 1-3

fl11lJftl'U~11Vf1':h flmjlJ (aging) ffllJmllvllJ~1'U1'U

'Iltl-3'ff151;1:ftlV~f1I'1:;f1tl'UM ~fl~1a,, .. ~"5.2.4 flO flfll'il'Vltlfl'Jltlll'IJ.:IIl'i·Hn[J0~illfl

I a' '1 :t.J II 'i.:l (particle reinforcementstrengthening)

""" 1 0 i"fll5Iff1lJIIHYl1atl'4.fl1f1 ~am5fl1'U'I11 l1tl'4.fl1f1

.1 "~.Ii J ~ ='1 '" """'.,5 ~ .{lJ5:ffl'Ul'UlllJ 'Ul'Utl'Jffli)llJ'Utlfl1ligl115Ul'VllJfI'lllJ

~ I .J .".. IV

lff1 lJlIHl1'U1l1 'U'U'U'U If,l'lfllm '115flllft:; f15:; 1l1V911'UM

"" i J1 ~...."'" ~ Atll.j.fl1f1lff5:UIlH 'Ul'Utl 1;111:Ifll'lll-3'lf1a'll~'Il11-3fll11fttl'U

~ "" i "'" "" Ql11'il'lltl-3,.m'U111I1W fl'illflV-3 51:utNfl11lJll'U-3I1H'Iltl-3

"" , 1 .l..s. 1.d dtll.j.fl1f1lff5lJIIHey -3f111 1;1l1:;l'I'U1l-3'lf1atl'l:umllJll'U-3111-3

'Utl-3I1U11~tllJM [50, 110, 111]

~-3J'U fl15 1~tl:u tl'ilill'wa:uv 'ilUtl vi 'Uml lJ~ ffl1J11 (\. .tl1'Utl1-3~ 'Jafl11lJf tl 'Ull'il: mllJ ~ 1:UffllJl J (\tl1' ul1 5-3~'Ja. . .fI11lJftl'U 1~ 'il:;ift~fl'illf1f1 11lJll~-3ll HlllflV'I1t'Vl'il'Utl-3

fl11:uftl'Ull'il:; f1lJ fl'J'U 111iM''U'U11'l'lltl-3!flJ'Ulgmmiiafl

lftl'lf1U1fl fll5 I'Iflf-lftfll11:U~lJmllJl1'U lllU 'U'Utl-3If15'U1Jlf1

J (V .:::t .d "I ..::.'U'Ullft~ tl ~11f1 11:U lfll al'llll fl fl111ffflllJ lll1Ul'I'illffl'l fl

!jJ """.:::.. ~ d. .,4 .c::. c:,mv iU1f1Hff11-3 lfll'll'lff 1 'illf1'lf'Ull'l lJlJlfl'UU llft:; tl'l1lil'l'il

75

o.Rssmi v.1I8unoc,U v.quoot:i 118:s.lnsnaro

" .c:t, ~I .K d. q,.on 1'1fl11lJ 'j tlll If)~ms tl ~tl 1tJ'IItl 'I1iH)I u 'UI'Utll~ tJ1flll

mul 1l1'd'tli'11~'\11'Il1~fltl 'IflmllJlI~-311'i -3nl'l1'lJfltl'lfl

mllJlI~~1I'i -31Jlflfll'jillfl~~fltlll 'IItl-3'11l'j111~neu iWfl'ill

'i .1 'i ~ "1.1 .. J , .. .. ..!tll1~vtll !I'W'tl1 !ull~lfl~'II11 llflUI'lftllJtl\jlJl'UtJlJ

6tltltltJmilJ~ 11'1lJmll1'lJ111 ~'tl1-3'fl11lJ!tlll 11lJr.-3f1l1

i 'lftl '4fl1 fI rWI1'1lJ II 1-31~'Uvfli'; 'li1tJlfilJ fl" 'I n fl11lJ

.o:::It. rI .a iIvt111lJl~tl1 fll1 I'lftllJ~1tJ

6. "1UWa-31'Ul;)tI

1Jlflf111'I1lJmll-3111il1fJ~f'hlllJl II ff~~ hfIMll':h

1II flU l~tl1Jlff tJ~'tl111lllJlJfl1 'U'IItl-3tl\jlJl U fJlJ5tltl tl fJClot! AS} d 44

vtU1lJ I~tl1 fl11l'lftllJ~ 1'Ufl11lJI111tllJ fl11l1lJlll fI1tl-3lJtld ""'I, A ...1 a o<!I .::t

f1111lltl~fl1nJlnl~1l1'lfalJ lu'tlHlflHI-3lJtlfl111 lJ

fl '11»vttl I'itl fl1110~illlJlru fl11)j~ tlllll tl ~fl11111tl ~1'11tl-3w ......, ,.,.. .of .'11ff~ IItl~f111ItltJ-3lf1'jtl-3lJtlfl111'lf1fJ 'I1Ifl~f111u'Uu1'U

.1 w , ., "1.1 .. ~I.lI'Utl1 '11~ 'UflU fl1'U 1'111IVNfflJ Nff1'UlJf111lJlu 'UI'Utl. .l~fJ1rlll 'I~ 11lJii~flU hffmlJ~tlll'ihm'U 'l'U'IIru:l~tllJ

'11llJ11iltli'l~~lJflvt1tl~mfJ1'U1m~ff~l~Mt 1V"::' " d'Utlfllllfl'UllfflJlJ~'I1NOtl i'l1'!.!fl11lJlI'II~ fl11lJ

II~~IIH ~~ IItl: flU ~1'U'I1l'UI'itl fl11lJ ft1 I~ 'Uff1J1r~~

n11'lty' 'Ufl U tI1~IlJ'U111: ff '11»fIlvt 'IItl ~1tl fJl~tllJ i,r

Il1lJ 1: ff lJ rllJ flU 1'17~ 1'U 11'lJ,r~ 'tl H fl" Il1 ci 1rl lJm1lJfflJl~'U£rl'U tl1:ff'l1iil1vt1tlfJI~tllJtl\jlJIUfJm)tltltltJ

.c:..::t Q.I I.c:. 1V ~ I,. A '1 .;'If'U~I~fJ1fllllltl:~N'lfll~fl'UIl:~1fl11 !tll1:vtll ll'llru:'tl

..I q.c::::, A q.::t .,. Q. I 4u1: ff'l11imvt 1efJI'lftllJtl\jlJ III uufltllJ !vtff~ \1~fl11111tli "..w '! .1ntllfltJ~nlJ !tll1:vt'U

1fI'j~'11~1~1tl fJI~tl1JlO~ntl 'Inrm IilnNii fli111J II":fltl infl11lJ II~ ~II 1~1l1n fl11lJ Ifl1 tJ~s in n11Iff fJll1

""'I, .c:t, dIdIIIntl '111ivttl fl11lJ1111nufl11l1lJ'UII'11-3n1111l": fl11lJ111

I~W~tllJ 'til ilflfl'illlJ'II'U 1~I~fltl-3l1tl:lJtl1lJlru'lltl-3Ifl'i'U, J

'I1111111111lJ1n'II1111tl: n11~ n~: ntl'U 'IItl~ '1111":tl 1tJ

ai'! .l~1 11)': a '; .. J'IItl~II'II~ 'UItl'l1:vtll lu'Ufltl !f1IvtlJfl11lJlI'II~II'j~'V1ln~'II'U

i .. .. i" .. '1 "111tlfJI'lftllJ11lJil~f111 'lftl'4mfllff1lJIIH'lf1fJ 'I11tltJ.A d a .: J.,l'lftllJlJm1lJlI'II~1I'i~lvtlJ\T~'II'U~1fJ

tl~H h~1il1lJflmfilJtl1:ff'tli fl1vt'lltl~1tltJI~tllJ.. d W ,."., .. W 'i .1 "I "w

tl\jlJl'UtJlJtltltltltJ 11 fltllfItJ~nlJ !tl'l1:vtll !~'jlJfI11lJ

ff'U' Illltl:lJnUffmJ1l1tl::~\PlIll1tl~l~l'itll~ tl~ 1~tJi'; flUI'iWl n1'11llJflm filJ fI11lJII~~II'i~,'U1tl fJI~tllJ~~nfti'lr1'll

.. ,.Of W.I " ,.."IItl:f1nfJ1 'UUIl~lJll u1:fltllJ~1fJ f111111mvtU1lJl~tl1

fll'j l~tllJ~l'I1lJl:fflJ fll1ffflfJ 1fl'l1ivt"" nfJru:ltlm -3'11tl~

Iflitl~i1tln1'U fll'jffflfJl1~fJ' ~fl'j'jlJ1';'I11~fl11lJ!tl'U ntlll.. .fll'j l~tllJ!ltl~'I1tl~l~tllJ IItl:fl11 '1~tl'4f11f1N~lff1lJIIH 'ii~1'; 011!'1fci lrl 'li1fJ'I'll , ,rIOi'Ifl (I 'Ifl fl 11IfilJfl11lJII ~~II1~, "w .. "I!"l "d W 1 .1 J , ..1l0lJlI'U11'1ftllJ!~!ntllflfJ-3fllJ tlll~vt'UlJlfl'll'U 1I~lvttl

111:1 tJ'If,j'~tl n 1'i~ \PlI'U11'UfI1f1f~~11'1110 'j'jlJ fl11 lJ:)1'j ffflll1l1 tl;:::~\PlI'U1I'll fI11fI fll 'j IfilJfl11lJII ~~II'j ~1,rrllJ

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