Friction Stir Welding in Large 6063Al Extrusions Manufacturing Stir Welding of 6063Al Extrusio… · Keywords: Friction Stir Welding, 6063Al alloys, large Al extrusion manufacturing,

The 5th International Friction Stir Welding Symposium, September 13~16, Metz, France

Friction Stir Welding in Large 6063Al Extrusions

Manufacturing

Guohong LUAN1, Sanbao LIN2, Peng CHAI1, Hui LI1

1-China FSW Center, BAMTRI, P.O.Box 340, Beijing 100024, China

2- Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China

Abstract

Large welded aluminum extrusions can be applied in high-speed train, automotive and aerospace industries. The application of Friction Stir Welding in large aluminum extrusions manufacturing including the welding ability of 6063Al alloy, the manufacturing technology, and the purpose-built FSW welder and jigs is briefly introduced in this paper. Through the study of the tensile strength, impact value, hardness and microstructure of the joints, the FSW manufacturing technology of the 6063Al alloy has been optimized. The results indicate that, high parameters match (both rotation speed and traverse speed are high) is more suitable for 6063Al alloy joining. The tensile strength of the FSW joints can normally attain 80% of the base metal. But with the increase of the welding travel speed and the pin-tool rotation speed, the strength of the weld has been obviously improved, and can get culmination of 90% of base metal. The impact value of FSW joints has also been significantly improved comparing with base metal in this study. Keywords: Friction Stir Welding, 6063Al alloys, large Al extrusion manufacturing, FSW Welder

1. Introduction

With relative low yield stress in high temperature and good ductility and shaping capability, 6000 series Aluminum alloys were mainly used for hollow profile aluminum extrusions especially in railway car-body manufacturing industry [1]. Among them, 6063Al alloy, with moderate mechanical strength, preferable ductility and good integrated performance, is now widely applied in aluminum extrusion manufacturing. But the cross dimensions of the extrusions, especially in width, are restricted by the equipment ability and increasing process cost. The width of the extrusions is commonly less than 1000 millimeter.

In railway, shipbuilding, and aerospace manufacturing industry, large extrusion in width is usually preferable for the manufacturers to fulfill the stream-line manufacturing in order to increase the producing efficiency and decrease the cost. Now one of the available methods to manufacturing large aluminum extrusion is to join narrow ones by welding.

Whereas there are still several latent problems in large extrusion manufacturing by conventional fusion welding, such as sensitizing to the oxide film of part surface, inclining to

China FSW Center- A licensed FSW technology center by TWI. Page 1 P.O.Box 863, Beijing 100024, P.R.China Tel:+86-10-85702230, Fax:+86-10-85702187 Http:// www.cfswt.com Email: [email protected]


create cracks and pores in weld, and leading to low impact property, which is key aspect to high-speed train manufacturing. For instance, the investigation on the train collision accident at Ladbroke Grove, which took place in 1991, indicated that the welded aluminum extrusions were ruptured along the weld seam rather than along an ideal designed way, due to the poor performance and low mechanical properties of the welded joints. And it was recommended to adopt advanced substitutive method –Friction Stir Welding for aluminum extrusion joining instead of the fusion welding [2][3].

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a novel solid-state welding technique invented by TWI (The Welding Institute, Cambridge, UK) in 1991[4][5]. The primary physical principle of this method is using a special designed rotating pin tool to plunge into the interface of the work pieces. Under the conjunctive action of heat, generated by the friction between tool and parts, and the forging pressure, provided by the shoulder of pin tool, the similar or dissimilar materials can form solid-state joints.

Since invented the FSW, TWI has successfully delivered more than one hundred licenses of this patented technology to develop and expand the application of FSW in various industrial fields including aviation [6], aerospace [7], shipbuilding [8], high-speed train [9] and automotive [10] etc.. As early as in 1996, the company of Marine and Maritimes of Norway began to apply FSW in large panels and extrusions manufacturing to realize the streamline fabrication of the ship parts and sections [11], while the Hitachi Company of Japan engaged FSW into rail car-body manufacturing [12], especially for large aluminum extrusion joining. At present, FSW has already got industrialization concern with the materials of aluminum alloy [13], magnesium alloy [14], copper alloy [15], and even black materials of steel [16] and titanium [17] alloy.

In this paper, the FSW manufacturing technology of the large 6063Al alloy extrusion was developed through the investigating of tensile strength, impact value, hardness and microstructure of the FSW joints, and the purpose-built FSW equipment and jigs developed by China FSW Center also were briefly introduced.

2. FSW Experiments

In order to understand the primary FSW technology of 6063 Al alloys, the experiments figured in this study were carried out on three types of heat treatment 6063 Al alloy: 6063-T5, 6063-T6 and 6063-T651. Table 1 shows the chemical composition of the alloy.

The plates used for butt FSW weld in the trials were 8mm in thickness. The parts for test were swiped with acetone solution to get rid of the possible greasy dirt before fixed in the welding jigs. The pin tools (Fig. 1) engaged in the experiments were made of H13 tool steel. The Length of the screwed pin was 7.6mm long, and the tool shoulder was 24mm in diameter.

Table 1 Chemical Composition of 6063 Aluminum Alloy（wt%）

Element Mg Si Fe Cu Mn Al

Wt.% 0.6 0.4 0.25 0.10 0.15 Remain



Most of the FSW trials were carried out in a large cantilever type FSW welder (Fig. 2), which was designed and fabricated in China FSW Center in 2003. This welder mainly was designed for the large diameter (>2000mm) cylinder longitudinal friction stir welding rather than used for large extrusion manufacturing. It has strong rigidity and can meet the common requirements to fulfill general FSW trials under the capacity of 100KN vertical welding force and 45KN horizontal driving force. The designed thickness can be weld is 25mm by single pass. And the maximum welding speed is up to 2000 mm/min.

Fig. 1 the ‘C’ type of pin tool used in the FSW trials

Fig. 2 the cantilever type FSW welder fabricated in China FSW Center

In the experiments, Mechanical properties including ultimate strength, impact value and micro-hardness of the FSW joints were studied. Microstructure of the FSW joints was also observed by optical microscope in this paper.

For every weld, three samples that respectively located on the beginning, the middle, and the end of the FSW joints (shown in Fig. 3), were selected to test the tension strength. At the end of each FSW joint, about 10 mm long weld was cut for microstructure study. All the tension experiments were carried out on ZD10/90 type electrical trial equipment.

One of most important aspects for high-speed rolling stocks fabricated by the welded aluminum extrusion is plastic deformation ability. So the anti-impact performance including impact energy, impact load and deformation ability of 6063Al FSW joints were studied too in this paper. Impact experiments were carried out on JCSJ30-I impact trial equipment. Impact sample and impact location were shown in figure 4.



M M M

3M+3

n-3 n-2 n-1

n-1 n-2n-310

n

Fig. 3 Scheme of the test samples location for tensile strength

（A） Dimension of impact sample （B） Location of test

27

Impact Position

Clamp Position

Fig. 4 The sample of impact test

3. Results and discussion 3.1 Surface quality of 6063Al FSW joints

In order to evaluate the surface appearance of the FSW welds, with same pin tool and the same penetrating depth, there were several of 6063-T6 friction stir welds, shown in Fig.5, tested with different parameters. The combination of different parameters was listed in table 2.

Table 2 the combination of different parameters

Weld No. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Rotation Speed (rpm) 950 950 1180 1180 1500 1500 Welding Speed (mm/min) 400 600 400 600 400 600

1 2

3 4

5 6

Fig. 5 6063-T6 Al alloy friction stir welds



From Fig. 5, the appearance of the welds indicated that, for 6063-T6 Al alloy, the higher of the rotating speed of the pin tool, the more smooth of the surface of the weld. Comparing the welds of No.2 and No. 4 with No. 6 demonstrated that increasing rotating speed could improve the weld surface. Comparing No.1, No.3, No.5 with No.2, No.4, No.6 respectively showed that the welding flash and roughness of the weld decreased with relative low traverse speed. For 6063-T6 Al alloy, the combination of 1500rpm /400mm/min seems the optimum parameter for friction stir weld.

From the weld surface, it could be observed that the different parameters could affect the color of the welds. It may reflect the effect of the input energy during welding process. With low rotation speed, such as No. 1 and No.2, the weld was slight dark. But when the rotating speed high to 1500rpm, the weld presented the white color of silver.

The pin tool engaged to produce the heat in weld mainly consist of two parts: the pin and the shoulder. It was reported that the heat input mainly (about 70% of total energy) comes from the tool shoulder [18]. So the tool shoulder has great influence on the outside surface and inner integrity of weld. Along with the increase of the rotating speed, the rate of the heat generation is increased especially at the interface of the tool shoulder and parts. The metal immediate under the tool shoulder became fully plasticized. And the surface of weld became more smooth, more continuous and brighter.

But when the rotating speed exceeds the certain, the surface of the weld became much worse. Not only the surface became rough, but also there’s fish-spuama-like flash emerged in the middle of the weld (shown in Fig.6). This may be because of the extra heat produced at the interface causing the material over-aged and affecting the surface quality of the weld. And this phenomenon may be the direct evidence that there’s transient melting occurred immediate under the shoulder of pin tool [19].

On the other side, if the rotating speed is too low, the shoulder cannot produce enough heat to plasticize the weld metal. The increasing difficulty of transferring the welding material from leading edge to the back edge of pin tool results the surface defect as shown in Fig.7.

Fig. 6 Fish-spuama-like flash in the middle of the FSW seam

Fig. 7 Groove defects on the surface of weld



3.2 Tension strength of 6063Al FSW joints

One important mechanical properties of the 6063Al FSW joint is tension strength. And it is also a key aspect of base reference characteristics of the FSW technology. So through the study of the tension strength of the 6063Al FSW joints, some base features were attained from the experiments.

In order to optimize the FSW technology of 6063Al, there were three experimental stages schemed to outline the tension property of the joints. They were Exploration Stage, Validation Stage, and Reliability Stage. The results of the three research stages were presented in Fig.8, Fig.9, Fig.10 and Fig.11.

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

950 1180 1500

Rotating Speed (rpm)

UTS

（MPa）

Low Welding Speed

High Welding Speed

Fig. 8 The influence of the RS and WS on tension strength

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

950 1180 1500

Rotating Speed（rpm）

Elon

gatio

n R

ate（

%）

Low Welding Speed

High Welding Speed

Fig. 9 The influence of RS and WS on elongation rate

The trial material used in exploring stage was 6063-T6 aluminum alloy. Fig.8 shows the influence of the rotating speed (RS) on the tension strength of the FSW joints. The result indicates that tensile strength of FSW joints improved with the increasing of rotation speed. When rotating speed is 950rpm, the average strength of the joint is 100Mpa; when rotating speed is 1500rpm, the tension strength reaches 145Mpa. And at the same rotating speed, increasing the welding speed (WS) can also improve the tension strength to 160Mpa. In this



trial, increasing the rotating speed and welding speed has same effect on elongation rate of the FSW joints as shown in Fig.9.

Base on the above tests, it seems to be true that high parameters of FSW could benefit the tension property of the 6063Al joint. So in order to verify the previous results, in the validating stage, the combinations of high rotating speeds and high welding speeds were tested. The rotating speeds were 1500, 1600, 1800,and 2000rpm. The welding speed varied from 300 to 600 mm/min. there were total 16 matching specimens welded with different parameters. The material engaged in this stage was 6063-T5 Al alloy. The trial results were laid out in Fig. 10 and Fig.11.

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

1500 1600 1800 2000

Rotating Speed （rpm）

UTS（

MPa）

WS1WS2WS3WS4

Fig. 10 the tension results of FSW joints by high parameters

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1500 1600 1800 2000

Rotating Speed（rpm）

Elon

gatio

n R

ate（

%）

WS1

WS2

WS3

WS4

Fig. 11 the elongation rates of FSW joints by high parameters

To 6063-T5 Al alloy, according to the test results in Fig.10 and Fig.11, there were no obvious trend that the weld mechanical properties could be improved with increasing rotating speed. But all the test values shows high-level consistency, and nearly equal to the value of base metal (132.8Mpa). The elongation rates of joints trend to be straight and even, and the value reaches 85% of base metal.



So with increasing parameters (high to 2000rpm and 600mm/min), the mechanical properties of FSW joints could be improved to the level of base metal and keep high-level date consistency (when rotating speed large than 1500rpm).

In third stage, 6063-T561 Al alloy was used to demonstrate the reliability of the results of previous two stages. Such as shown in Fig.12, same trend was proved again that with the increasing parameters the tension strength of the FSW joint gradually improved high to 241Mpa, which equal to the 96% of base metal (250Mpa).

200

210

220

230

240

250

350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Welding Speed (mm/min)

UTS

(Mpa

)

1500Rpm

Fig. 12 the tension strengths of6063-T561 Al alloy with different welding speed

3.3 Impact Value of 6063Al FSW joints

In this trial, the material was 6063-T561 Al alloy. The relevant testing parameters and measured results of the impact experiments of 6063Al FSW joints at the notch position of Base Metal (BM), Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) and Welding Nugget (WN) are presented in table 3.

Table 3 Impact results and parameters

U Gap Location

MF（kN）

FEf (%)

CFE（J）

CPE（J）

IE （J）

IEf（%）

PH（m）

IR（m/s）

BM 0.99 100 1.93 2.41 4.34 100

HAZ 0.81 82 1.91 1.78 3.70 85

WN 0.93 94 2.47 4.37 6.83 157

0.742 3.813

MF - Maximum Force; FEf - Force Efficiency; CFE - Crack Forming Energy; CPE – Crack

Propagation Energy; IE - Impact Energy; IEf - Impact Efficiency; PH - Pendulum Height;

IR - Impact Rate.

According to the test result, the impact endurance of the FSW weld has nearly same performance as the base metal that the maximum impact force of FSW weld is 94% that of base metal. And whatever from the weld surface or weld back position, the tested impact capacity of the FSW weld is almost the same. From the aspects of CFE, CPE and IE, the impact value (Impact Energy) of the weld is 60% higher than that of the base metal. It means



the impact property of the welding nugget has been enhanced remarkably.

But the measured values in HAZ are far less than that of base metal. The impact energy of HAZ is 15% less than that of base metal. So it’s the weak zone of the 6063-T651 Al FSW weld. If the friction stir welded structure under the impact condition, the most possible failure position may locate at HAZ of the weld. However, the force-displacement curve in Fig.13 C shows that the HAZ crack development is still more tenacious rather than brittle.

(A) Base Metal (B) Weld Nugget

(C) HAZ (D) Impact Samples

Fig.13 Measured results and samples of Impact test

Fig.13 shows three typical force-displacement curves of samples with different impact position. The area of the left part of the force – displacement curve points the Crack Forming Energy (Wg), and the remain is the Crack Propagation Energy (Ws). The point of Fm is the maximum impact force. The total Impact Energy equals to the summation of the Crack Propagation Energy and the Crack Forming Energy.

According to the above Force-Displacement curves, the right parts of deformation patterns of the WN (Fig.13 B), the HAZ (Fig.13 C) and the BM (Fig.13 A) all have the gradually decrease feature with the increase of the displacement. No crack unstable expansion is observed on the curves and samples. At WN area of FSW joint, the load force of crack expansion is even much higher than BM area. The FSW process enhances the crack resistance of welding nugget.



3.4 Microstructure of the FSW joints

3.4.1 Optical microscope Metallographic

Fig.14 shows the microstructures of different zones of 6063-T651 Al FSW joint and base metal by optical metallographic. There are mainly three microstructures: the brightα -Al phase, the dark precipitates particles Mg2Si and AlSiFe.

In Fig14A, the variform black precipitates were consecutive distributed in the base metal. But from Fig.14B, the black precipitate particles were not continuous any more in the HAZ of FSW joint, and In Fig14C, they were mostly dispersed in α -Al phase of the weld nugget. This indicated that the precipitates could be evenly dispersed in base α -Al by means of the friction stirring action of the rotating pin tool. The dispersion of the precipitate improves the impact endurance and tensile strength of the welding nugget.

(A) Base Metal (B) HAZ (C) Weld Nugget

Fig.14 the microstructures of the FSW joint and base metal

3.4.2 Scanning electron microscope analyses

In order to accurately what kind of the material of the black precipitates in Fig.14, Scanning Electron

1% Fe in the

Microscope (SEM) was engaged to determine the combination of the black precipitates. Fig15 illustrates the microstructure of FSW joint and the spotting locations. The result is shown in table 4.

Comparing the chemical composition of two spot, the most different element is Fe. There are 2.3black precipitate, but almost none in another structure. The percentage content of Si and O in black area is also different. It could be deduced that the black particles in the joints is the normal precipitates--AlSiFe, other than the aluminum oxides involved from joints surface during friction stir welding.

No. 1

No. 2

Figure 15 SEM analyses



Table 4 Composition analyses of black material in 6063-T561 Al FSW joint (atomic%)

Detected spot No. Al Si Fe O Mg Cu Ag 1 94. 1.1 2.1 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.1 65 6 3 9 4 7 52 98.39 0.63 0.65 0.14 0.19

3.4.3 Hardness of FSW joints

Wit e three FSW specimens tested in this trial. The test

dness values of the FSW welds were lower than that of

h different parameters, there werdistance between two points was 1mm. Negative direction of X-axis was advancing side, and positive direction was retreating side.

In test, as shown in Fig.16, all the harbase metal. So during friction stir welding, WN, HMAZ and HAZ were all softened in some degree. Curve No.1 indicates that the highest hardness in welding nugget is 69Hv, which is close to 70% of the base metal. HMAZ and HAZ are much lower, and decreased about 13% than WN. Hardness distribution of curve No.3 is as same as the curve No.1. Sample No.2 is affected most severely by heat input, and hardness in HAZ decreased to less than 45Hv.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-16 -10 10 15

Vic

kers

har

dnes

s（H

v）

-5 0 5

Distance from weld center（mm）

Sample No.1

Sample No.2

Sample No.3

Sample o.2 (1180rpm)

Reference [20] indica 2Si) in the 6063-T5

WN of No.1, No3

WN of No.2

N Sample No.1 (950rpm) Sample No.3 (1500rpm)

Fig.16 the hardness profiles of the 6063-T561 Al FSW joints

ted that the effect of needle-shaped precipitates (MgAl FSW joints is most important, following which is the effect of rod-shaped'β' precipitates (AlSiFe), and the last is the effect of the grain size. After friction stir welding, the precipitates of enhanced phase in the base metal have been dissolved to form the supersaturating solute of welding nugget. So the hardness of the welding nugget is lower than that of the base metal.



But the dissolved precipitates could deposit out again through post-weld aging. The hardness of the FSW joint can be recovered after heat treatment.

The Power Rate (Welding Speed/ Rotating Speed) of sample No.1, No.2 and No.3 is 4.75, 2.95 and 3.0 respectively. Since heat input of FSW is not only related with the Power Rate,

g the cross section of these three

FSW joint. So the cross section of the FSW weld, unlike the

antages of FSW process, through decade’s development, Friction Stir Welding is gradually becoming the dominant joining technology in large

echnical cooperation

trusion. This

PLC controlled AC serve driving system. Interface of the

but also depends on welding force and tool. From the Fig.16, it is hard to figure out any direct relations between power rate and hardness profile of joint.

Width of WN can be estimated from the hardness distribution. The width of sample No.1 and No.3 is about 14mm, and No.2 is about 10mm. Observinsamples, the joint outlines of sample No.1 and No.3 are nearly same. But No.2 has the triangle shape macrostructure of cross section, and the stirred zone of the tool pin is relatively narrow. The hardness distribution of 6063-T651 Al FSW welds is accordant with the optical macrostructure observation.

In Fig.16, the hardness-decreasing zone is HAZ. The HAZ zone is wider in advancing side than in the retreating side of thefusing weld, presents typical unsymmetrical characteristic.

4. FSW equipment and jigs

Up to now, base on the essential adv

aluminum extrusion and similar industrial product manufacturing in Japan, USA and Europe.

Hitachi, Japan, is the pioneer company to apply friction stir welding into railway car-body manufacturing to join the aluminum extrusion [21]. Now As the advanced joining technology, FSW has already been world widely used in railway manufacturing industry, such as in Bombardier of Canada, Alston of France, and Siemens of Germany.

In China, China FSW Center (CFSWC) has been leading the technical development on friction stir welding since founded on the base of license agreement and Tbetween TWI and BAMTRI on April 2002. Not only on process and technology development, CFSWC has also made great progress on FSW welder and relative equipment.

In 2003, China FSW Center successfully designed, fabricated and delivered the first contracted FSW welder to the costumer to join the large 6063Al alloy exequipment has fixed gantry type structure, and is mainly engaged to weld several kinds of narrow aluminum extrusions into large structures including the aluminum control boxes of inventor of railway car propelling system, the large side panels and radiators etc. Fig.17 shows the scheme of the FSW welder.

This type of FSW welder was designed based on the 3-axis CNC milling machine. The whole controlling system is based on thewelder to set up the program and input welding parameters is 10’ touchable LCD screen. There are two kinds of control manner: automation and manual. During friction stir welding, operator can compulsorily adjust vertical penetrating depth. The technical specifications of the welder are listed in table 5.



Fig.17 The scheme of the FSW Welder

Table 5 the technical specifications of the FSW welder

No Name of items Specifications

1) Welding m 00,6000,7000 aterials All kinds of aluminum: 2000,502) Welding 1~6mm thickness 3) Max. Welding length 2600mm 4) Joint types Butt and lap 5) Adjustable angle of pin tool 0~±5o

6) Vertical thrust force 15KN 7) Rotating speed of main spindle 300~3000rpm8) Z direction speed and range 0~800mm/min, 0~200mm 9) X direction speed and range 10~2000 mm/min, 0~2600 mm

10) Y direction speed and range 0~800mm/min, 0~500mm 11) Motion positioner 2700X1100mm

Due to eed extrusion parts. In this project, according to the structure types of the extrusions, there were six sets of jigs designed

the process characters, FSW n s rigid jigs to clamp the

and manufactured to help welding the large extrusion. As an addition, in order to enhance the local fixed force and to minimize the distortion of the welded parts, a dynamic rolling pressing system (shown in Fig.18) was designed and installed adjacent to the pin tool under the main spindle. Some welded extrusions are shown in Fig.19.



Fig.18 the dynamic rolling pressing jig adjacent to pin tool

Fig.19 The friction stir welded large 6063Al alloy extrusions



5. Conclusions

In this paper, the microstructures, hardness profiles and mechanical properties of FSW 6063Al alloy were studied. The new fabricated FSW welder and jigs for large aluminum extrusion manufacturing is introduced. The main results in this study are as follows:

1. To friction stir weld 6063Al alloy, high welding parameters (high rotating speed and high traverse speed) could improve the strength and appearance of the joints.

2. The joining efficiency of as friction stir welded 6063Al alloy joints can reach 90%, and that can reach 100% for T5 treated 6063Al.

3. The impact values of weld nuggets of FSW 6063Al joints were 60% higher than that of base metal. FSW is more suitable to manufacturing the high-speed transport vehicle such as high-speed trains, and vessels, even space launch vehicles.

4. Although the hardness of the 6063Al FSW welds decreases after welding heat cycle, the tensile strength of the FSW joints is still equal to that of base metal.

5. The FSW welder designed and fabricated in China FSW Center is capable to fulfill large extrusion manufacturing. The jigs and dynamic rolling clamping system are qualified to serve extrusion manufacturing.

References

1. Takaido et al, Light metal welding, Japan, 2001, №1: 29～31.

2. Rt Hon Lord Cullen: ‘The Ladbroke Grove RailInquiry – Part 1 Inquiry’. HSE Books, 2001

3. Ralph Gay, Dr Mark Robinson, Professor John Yates and Donato Zangani. ALJOIN – crashworthiness of jointsin aluminium rail vehicles. European Railway Review, 2003.

4. Thomas W M et al: 'Friction stir butt welding.' International patent application number PCT/GB92/02203 and GB patent application number 9125978.8, 6 Dec 1991.

5. Thomas W M, Nicholas E D, Needham J C, Murch M G, Temple-Smith P and Dawes C J, 'Improvements relating to friction welding'. European Patent Specification 0 615 480 B1. 1992.

6. Lohwasser D.: ‘Thin section airframe alloy welding within WAFS’, Materials Science Forum Vols. 426-432 (2003), pp. 2879-2884.

7. B.N.Bhat, R.W.Carter, etc., ‘Friction Stir Welding Development At NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center’, Friction Stir Welding and Processing, TMS, 2001.

8. Midling O.T.: ‘High speed friction stir welding of aluminium panels for transport applications’, Materials Science Forum Vols. 426-432 (2003), pp. 2897-2902

9. Shinoda T.: ‘Recent topics of FSW Technology in Japan’, Welding in the World, Vol. 47, No. 11/12, 2003, pp. 18-23.



10. Jo Ann Clarke and Bill Christy. Aluminum 2001 – Proceedings of the TMS 2001, Aluminum Automotive and Joining Sessions. TMS, 2001.

11. Rollin, E. Collins, II: ‘The use of friction stir welding technology in maritime applications’, Aluminum 2001 – Proceedings of the TMS 2001 (Aluminum Automotive and Joining Sessions), TMS, 2001, pp. 189-195

12. Davenport, J., Kallee S. W. and Wylde, J. G.: ‘Europe follows Japan into friction stir welding. Railway Gazette International’, November, 2001,pp. 777-780.

13. Mahoney M.W., Rhodes C.G., Flintoff J.G., Spurling R.A. and Bingel W.H.: ‘Properties of friction-stir-welded 7075 T651 Aluminium’, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 29A, July 1998. pp.1995.

14. Lockyer S.A.: ‘Friction stir welds in magnesium alloys – just how good are the mechanical properties’, TWI Bulletin, March/April 2001.

15. Andersson C.G., Andrews R.E., Dance B.G.I., Russell M.J., Olden E.J. and Sanderson R.M.: ‘A comparison of copper canister fabrication by the electron beam and friction stir processes’, Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co (SKB) and TWI. 1st FSW Symposium, 14-16 June 1999, Thousand Oaks, California, USA..

16. T.J.Lienert and J,E,Gould:’ Friction Stir Welding of Mild Steel’. 1st International Symponium on Friction Stir Weld ing, Rockwell Science Center, Thousand Oaks, California, USA. 14-16 June 1999.

17. Trapp T., Helder E. and Subramanian P.R.: ‘FSW of titanium alloys for aircraft engine components’, Friction Stir Welding and Processing II, TMS, 2003, pp. 173-178.

18. Tang W., Guo X., McClure J.C., Murr L.E., Nunes A.: ‘Heat input and temperature distribution in friction stir welding’, J. Mater. Process. Manuf. Sci., 7, Oct. 1998, pp. 163-172.

19. T.h.North, G. J. Bendzsak, C.B.Smith, G.H. LUAN,’ Numerical Modeling and Validation During Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloy’, Today and Tomorrow in Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Kobe, Japan, 20-21Nov. 2001.

20. Colegrove P.: ‘Steady state and transient thermal modeling of thick section friction stir welded aluminium alloys’. Australia, 11, 2000.

21. Sato Y. S., Kokawa H., Enomoto M., Jogan S. and Hashimoto T.: ‘Distribution of hardness and microstructure in friction stir weld of Al alloy 6063’. 3rd International Symposium on Friction Stir Welding, Kobe, Japan, Sep 2001.

22. Kawasaki T, Makino T, Todori S, Takai H, Ezumi M and Ina Y: Hitachi ‘Applications of friction stir welding to the manufacturing of next generation “A-train" type rolling stock’ the 2nd Int. FSW Symp., 26-28 June 2000 - Quality Hotel 11, Gothenburg, Sweden.


Friction Stir Welding in Large 6063Al Extrusions Manufacturing Stir Welding of 6063Al Extrusio… · Keywords: Friction Stir Welding, 6063Al alloys, large Al extrusion manufacturing,

Documents