7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement
1/48
FO RCED
M IG RATIO Nreview
9December 2000
published by
the Refugee Studies Centre in association with the Norwegian Refugee Council/ Global IDP Project
G ender and displacementplus
Children in adversity
UN role in the security of NGO staff
Southern NGOs view of ExCom
Accountability in the media
special feature on
Updateson Afghanistan Malukas
Dams Reangs Detention of asylum
seekers Appointment of UN Special
Coordinator on Internal Displacement
Newsfrom the Refugee Studies Centre
and the Global IDP Project
Conferences and
publications
7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement
2/48
By the time you read this,David Turton will haveretiredas Director of the Refugee
StudiesCentre. David was a dri-
ving force behind thispublications transformation in
1998 fromRPN newsletter to
Forced Migration Reviewand we
have greatly appreciated his
input, both as Director and as a
member of our Editorial Advisory
Board. Stephen Castles starts
as the newDirector of the RSC
on 1February.
J udy El-Bushra, of the British NGO ACORD, has worked closely with us as Guest Editor in preparing
the feature section of this issue with its focus onGender and Displacement. If you would like to
respond to any of the points raised or add newones, please write (no more than 700 words) to us bymid February. Our contact details are given opposite.
We would like to express our thanks to UNICEF for their sponsorship of
this issue of Forced Migration Review.
Our next issue (issue 10, due out April 2001) will include a feature onUNHCR and the 50th
Anniversary of the 1951Convention, guest-edited by Professor BS Chimni. Would you like to write a
short piece for us? We would particularly welcome contributions fromNGO and UN staff in the field, and
fromdisplacedpeople. Howdo the successes and limitations of both the Convention and UNHCR
affect displaced people in the country in which you work? Howdo they affect you and your work? What
do you feel about UNHCR its mandate and its relationship to the other UN agencies, to governments,
to NGOs and to displaced people? What is there to celebrate? What would you change? What should
we learn from history and what developments would you like to see - or which do you predict - in thenext 10, 20 or 50 years?
Maximumlength of written contributions: 3,000 words. Short opinion pieces or pithy exhortations are
also welcomed! Dont worry if English is not your first language we are more than happy to edit con-
tributions. Email us today with your ideas ([email protected]) or write to us at the address opposite.
The August 2001issue will be onReturn to Peace, looking at: peace and the restoration of confidence;
justice; post-conflict power structures; reconciliation and promotion of historical and cultural under-
standing; and separation or integration of communities. Ideally, we would like to publish a mix of
overview articles and local reports and examples, including information on appropriate models, good
practice and recommendations for action/follow-up. Please contact us as soon as possible with your
suggestions for contributions, contributors, reports and examples.
With our very best wishes for 2001.
Marion Couldrey and TimMorris
Editors
2 FORCED M IGRATIO N review 9
from the editors
CorinneOwen
from the editors
)RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZSURYLGHVDIRUXPIRUWKHUHJXODUH[FKDQJH
RISUDFWLFDOH[SHULHQFHLQIRUPDWLRQDQG
LGHDVEHWZHHQUHVHDUFKHUVUHIXJHHVDQG
LQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHGSHRSOHDQGWKRVHZKR
ZRUNZLWKWKHP,WLVSXEOLVKHGWKUHHWLPHV
D\HDULQ(QJOLVK6SDQLVKDQG$UDELFE\
WKH5HIXJHH6WXGLHV&HQWUH8QLYHUVLW\RI
2[IRUGLQDVVRFLDWLRQZLWKWKH*OREDO,'3
3URMHFW1RUZHJLDQ5HIXJHH&RXQFLO
7KH6SDQLVKWUDQVODWLRQ5HYLVWDGH
0LJUDFLRQHV)RU]RVDV LVSURGXFHGE\
+(*2$LQ%LOEDR6SDLQ
(GLWRUV
0DULRQ&RXOGUH\'U7LP0RUULV
6XEVFULSWLRQV$VVLVWDQW
6KDURQ(OOLV
)RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZ5HIXJHH6WXGLHV&HQWUH
4XHHQ(OL]DEHWK+RXVH
6W*LOHV2[IRUG2;/$8.
(PDLOIPU#THKR[DFXN
7HO
)D[
Global IDP Project
&KHPLQ0RwVH'XERXOH
&+*HQHYD6ZLW]HUODQG
(PDLOLGSVXUYH\#QUFFK
7HO
)D[
6XEVFULSWLRQUDWHV,QGLYLGXDOV86SHUDQQXP
,QVWLWXWLRQV86SHUDQQXP
)5((IRUUHVLGHQWVRIGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
VWXGHQWVXQZDJHGDQGUHIXJHHV,'3V
6HHSDJH
&RS\ULJKWDQGGLVFODLPHU0DWHULDOIURP)RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZPD\
EHIUHHO\UHSURGXFHGEXWSOHDVHDFNQRZ
OHGJHWKHVRXUFH3KRWRJUDSKVVKRXOGRQO\
EHUHSURGXFHGLQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKHDUWLFOHV
LQZKLFKWKH\DSSHDUDQGFUHGLWHG
0DWHULDODQGLQIRUPDWLRQFRQWDLQHGLQ
)RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZDUHWKHRSLQLRQV
RIWKHDXWKRUVDQGGRQRWQHFHVVDULO\
UHIOHFWWKHYLHZVRIWKH(GLWRUVWKH
5HIXJHH6WXGLHV&HQWUHRUWKH1RUZHJLDQ
5HIXJHH&RXQFLO
)RUWKFRPLQJIHDWXUHV$SULO81+&5WK$QQLYHUVDU\
$XJXVW5HWXUQWR3HDFH
:HEVLWH
ZZZIPUHYLHZRUJ
SULQWHGE\/',/WGRQHQYLURQPHQWDOO\
IULHQGO\SDSHU
,661
Writing for FMR? Here are our submission deadlines:
Issue Articles by Information items by
10 (UNHCR) 1February 2001 1March 2001
11(Return to Peace) 1J une 2001 1July 2001
Front cover: Rwandese refugees in Zaire wait for water distribution in Kibuma camp 199 4. UN HC R/ B.Press
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.fmreview.org/http://www.fmreview.org/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement
3/483
Gender and forced migration: editorial
by Judy El-Bushra 4
Vindicating masculinity: the fate of promoting gender equality
by Simon Turner 8
Making young displaced men visible
by Cathrine Brun 10
Gender dimensions of displacement
by Srilakshmi Gururaja 13
Gender, persecution and the concept of politics in the asylum
determination process
by Heaven Crawley 17
Gender guidelines for the UKby Nathalia Berkowitz 21
Ethnicity, gender and violence in Kenya
by Peter Mwangi Kagwanja 22
Rural farming systems, plant genetic resources and disasters
by Monica Trujillo 26
A more proactive UN role in the security of NGO staff?
by Randolph Martin 29
Children in adversity
by Jo de Berry and Jo Boyden 33
Accountability in the media 37
Update 38
Refugee Studies Centre 41
Conferences: including ExCom: a Southern view 42
Global IDP Project 44
Publications 46
contents
FORCED MIG RATIO N review 9
contentsGender and displacement
General articles
Debate
Regular features
7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement
4/48
HQGHUDQG'HYHORSPHQW*$'
WDNHVDVLWVVWDUWLQJSRLQWWKH
LGHDWKDWWKHEHKDYLRXURIPHQQGZRPHQLVFRQGLWLRQHGE\VRFLDODQG
XOWXUDOH[SHFWDWLRQVUDWKHUWKDQE\
QQDWHRUQDWXUDOGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQ
KHWZRVH[HV7KHVHDVVXPHGGLIIHU
QFHVUHVXOWLQLQMXVWLFHZKHQWKH\DUH
HIOHFWHGLQGLIIHUHQWLDODFFHVVWRGHFL
LRQPDNLQJSRZHURUZKHQWKH\FDUU\
ZLWKWKHPGLVFULPLQDWRU\DWWLWXGHVDQG
DOXHV
$VVXPSWLRQVDQGYDOXHVDERXWPHQV
QGZRPHQVUROHVDQGEHKDYLRXUVFRQLWLRQPHQVDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVRWKHU
PHQDQGZRPHQVWRZDUGVRWKHUZRPHQ
VZHOODVWKHUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQZRPHQ
QGPHQ$VVXPSWLRQVDERXWJHQGHUGLI
HUHQFHVRSHUDWHQRWRQO\EHWZHHQ
QGLYLGXDOVEXWDOVRZLWKLQLQVWLWXWLRQV
QFOXGLQJWKHKRXVHKROGWKHFRPPXQLW\
KHVWDWHVFKRROVDQGSODFHVRIHPSOR\
PHQWLQFOXGLQJGHYHORSPHQWDJHQFLHV
KHPVHOYHV,WLVWKHVHLQVWLWXWLRQVZKLFK
HLQIRUFHDQGSHUSHWXDWHJHQGHUGLVFULP
QDWLRQDQGLWLVWKHVHZKLFKPXVWEHKDOOHQJHGLIJHQGHULQMXVWLFHLVWREH
UDQVIRUPHGLQWRHTXDOLW\RIWUHDWPHQW
SSRUWXQLW\DQGULJKWV
Gender and Development at the
rossroads
*HQGHUDQG'HYHORSPHQWDURVHRXWRID
RQFHUQWKDWGHYHORSPHQWSROLFLHVDQG
QWHUYHQWLRQVZHUHWHQGLQJWRWDNHPHQ
VEHLQJWKHQRUPLJQRULQJZRPHQV
ZQQHHGVDQGDVSLUDWLRQVDQGWKHLUDSDFLW\WRDFWLQGHSHQGHQWO\,QGRLQJ
RWKH\ZHUHDOVRHQGDQJHULQJSDWWHUQV
IIRRGVHFXULW\ZHDOWKFUHDWLRQPDU
HWVVRFLDOL]DWLRQSUDFWLFHVFXOWXUDO
[SUHVVLRQDQGSROLWLFDOSURFHVVHVE\
HYDOXLQJZRPHQVFULWLFDOFRQWULEXWLRQV
RWKHP7KHPDLQDLPRI*$'SROLF\
KDVEHHQWRWUDQVIRUPWKHSRVLWLRQRI
ZRPHQIURPRQHRIVXERUGLQDWLRQWRRQH
RIHTXDOLW\E\UHFRJQL]LQJWKHLQHVVHQWLDODQGWUDQVLWRU\QDWXUHRIWKHDVVXPSWLRQV
ZKLFKXQGHUSLQWKDWVXERUGLQDWLRQ
$OWKRXJKWKLVDLPKDVEHHQZLGHO\
DGRSWHGE\GHYHORSPHQWDQGKXPDQLWDU
LDQDJHQFLHVDQGE\WKHLUGRQRUVRYHU
WKHODVWWR\HDUVWKHILHOGRIJHQ
GHUDQGGHYHORSPHQWFRQWLQXHVWREHD
FRQWHVWHGRQH,WLVFXUUHQWO\XQGHUFKDO
OHQJHIURPWKUHHVHSDUDWHWKRXJK
OLQNHGWUHQGV7KHVHDUHWKHGHEDWHRQ
PHQDQGJHQGHUWKHFKDOOHQJHRIPDNLQJZRPHQVULJKWVDUHDOLW\DQGWKH
EURDGHQLQJRIIRFXVDZD\IURPDQDU
URZHFRQRPLVWLFYLHZRIGHYHORSPHQW
7KHDUWLFOHVLQWKLVLVVXHWKRXJKZULWWHQ
IURPWKHVSHFLILFSHUVSHFWLYHRIJHQGHU
DQGIRUFHGPLJUDWLRQUHIOHFWWKHVH
GHEDWHVDQGFRQWULEXWHWRWKHP
L:KHUHGRPHQILW"
7KHILUVWFKDOOHQJHLVDFRQFHUQWRDUWLFX
ODWHPRUHILUPO\DQGDFWLYHO\WKDQLQWKHSDVWWKHSRVLWLRQRIPHQZLWKLQJHQGHU
DQDO\WLFDOIUDPHZRUNV7KLVLVDUHDFWLRQ
WR*$'VDOPRVWH[FOXVLYHSUHRFFXSDWLRQ
RYHUWKHODVWWHQ\HDUVRUPRUHZLWK
ZRPHQVQHHGVLQWHUHVWVDQGULJKWV
,IJHQGHULPSOLHVDZHERIUHODWLRQVKLSV
EHWZHHQZRPHQDQGPHQROGDQG
\RXQJSRZHUIXODQGSRZHUOHVVVKRXOG
PHQQRWILJXUHLQWHJUDOO\DQGHTXDOO\
LQWKHDQDO\VLVRIWKHVHUHODWLRQVKLSV"
$V6LPRQ7XUQHUDQG&DWKULQH%UXQLQGL
FDWHLQWKLVLVVXHWKHUHPD\EHQHJDWLYHFRQVHTXHQFHVIRUERWKZRPHQDQGPHQ
LIWKH\DUHQRW*LYLQJSUHIHUHQFHWR
ZRPHQLQDVVLVWDQFHSURJUDPPHVPD\
FRQWULEXWHWRHURGLQJPHQVUROHDVSUR
WHFWRUVSURYLGHUVDQGGHFLVLRQPDNHUV
IRUH[DPSOHDQGKHQFHWKHLUVRFLDOSRVL
WLRQDQGVHOIHVWHHPEXWVWLOOQRW
FKDOOHQJHWKHGRPLQDQWJHQGHULGHRORJ\
LQZKLFKPHQVDQGZRPHQVUROHVDUH
ERWKYLHZHGDVQDWXUDO7KHVLWXDWLRQRI
GLVSODFHPHQWLVDQRSSRUWXQLW\IRUUHQH
JRWLDWLQJJHQGHUUHODWLRQVDVZHOODV
UHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQJHQHUDWLRQVDQ
RSSRUWXQLW\ZKLFKPD\EHPLVVHGWKURXJKSULRULWL]LQJVXSSRUWWRHLWKHU
ZRPHQRUPHQ7RPDNHWKHPRVWRI
WKLVRSSRUWXQLW\PHQDQGZRPHQPXVW
ERWKSDUWLFLSDWHDVDFWLYHSDUWQHUVLQ
%UXQVSKUDVHLQWKLVUHQHJRWLDWLRQ
2WKHUUHODWHGTXHVWLRQVFXUUHQWO\UHYHU
EHUDWLQJWKURXJKDVVLVWDQFHSURYLGLQJ
DJHQFLHVDUHDOVRHFKRHGLQWKHDUWLFOHV
LQWKLVLVVXH'RHVWKHVWUHVVRQZRPHQ
SUHYHQWXVIURPUHFRJQL]LQJGLVFULPLQD
WLRQE\PHQDJDLQVWPHQROGHUYHUVXV
\RXQJHUPHQIRUH[DPSOHRUPHQIURP
GLIIHUHQWFODVVHVRUHWKQLFLWLHVZRPHQ
DJDLQVWZRPHQZKHQZRPHQFROOXGHLQ
SURPRWLQJJHQGHUGLVFULPLQDWLRQDJDLQVW
HDFKRWKHUDQGZRPHQDJDLQVWPHQ"
&DQZRPHQVULJKWVEHVXSSRUWHGZLWKLQ
DFRQWH[WRIEURDGHUGHYHORSPHQWDODQG
KXPDQLWDULDQJRDOVRUGRPHQLQHYLWDEO\
KDYHWRORVHZKHQZRPHQJDLQ",QVKRUW
ZKHUHGRPHQILWZLWKLQDJHQGHU
DSSURDFKWRGHYHORSPHQW"
LL +DVGHYHORSPHQWSURPRWHGRU
XQGHUPLQHGZRPHQVULJKWV"
7KHVHFRQGWUHQGLVDTXHVWLRQLQJRI
ZKDW*$'KDVLQGHHGDFKLHYHGIRU
ZRPHQ7KHPDLQVWUHDPLQJRIJHQGHU
DSSURDFKHVLQGHYHORSPHQWDWWKHOHYHORI
SROLF\KDVRIWHQOHGWRJUHDWHUDZDUHQHVV
Gender and displacement
Gender and forced migration:editorial
by Judy El-Bushra
This issue ofForced Migration Reviewcomes
at a time when Gender and Development as a
body of theoretical and professional practice
s at a critical point in its evolution.
*
7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement
5/48
Gender and displacement
IZRPHQVQHHGVDQGDJUHDWHUOHYHORI
QYHVWPHQWLQVXSSRUWLQJWKHVH
7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement
6/48
Gender and displacement
HODWLRQVLQDSRVLWLYHDQGODVWLQJZD\
RUH[DPSOHDGYDQFLQJZRPHQVLQWHU
VWVDWDVXSHUILFLDOZRPHQIRFXVHG
HYHOZKLFKIDLOVWRFKDOOHQJHRYHUDOO
DUDGLJPVRIJHQGHUGLIIHUHQFHOHDYHV
ZRPHQZLWKQHZUROHVWRIXOILOEXWQR
QVWLWXWLRQDOOHYHUDJHWRIXOILOWKHPHIIHF
YHO\DVERWK7XUQHUDQG%UXQVKRZ
:KDWLVDOVRFOHDUIURPWKHVHDFFRXQWV
RZHYHULVWKDWSRVWFULVLVLQWHUYHQWLRQV
UHHTXDOO\XQOLNHO\WREHQHXWUDOLQWKHLU
PSDFWRQWKHFKDQJLQJSRVLWLRQDQG
RQGLWLRQRIPHQDQGZRPHQDQGPD\
QGHHGUHLQIRUFHSDWULDUFKDOLQVWLWXWLRQV
DV.DJZDQMDGHVFULEHVZKLFKFRQVWUDLQ
ZRPHQVKXPDQULJKWVIRUSURWHFWLRQ
RWKHH[WHQWWKDWRIILFLDOWHFKQLFDO
VVLVWDQFHLJQRUHVSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPV
PDQDJHGE\ZRPHQDVZLWKWKHDJULFXO
XUDOV\VWHPVGHVFULEHGE\7UXMLOORWKLVPD\KDYHORQJWHUPFRQVHTXHQFHVIRU
RWKIRRGVHFXULW\DQGZRPHQVFDSDFLW\
RPDQDJHWKHLURZQDIIDLUV*XUXUDMD
RLQWVWRDQLPSRUWDQWFRQFOXVLRQWKH
HFHVVLW\RIVRFLDODQGJHQGHUUHVHDUFK
QWRGLVSODFHGFRPPXQLWLHVDVDEDVLV
RUSODQQLQJDQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI
VVLVWDQFHSURJUDPPHV
LL $JHQF\DQGSDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGWKH
FKDOOHQJHWRPDQDJHPHQW
0DQDJHPHQWRIDVVLVWDQFHSURJUDPPHV
LVLQIOXHQFHGFULWLFDOO\E\WKHDWWLWXGHV
DQGYDOXHVRIWKHKXPDQLWDULDQSURIHV
VLRQ:KLOHSURWHFWLRQRIWKHYXOQHUDEOH
LVDPDMRUIDFWRULQKXPDQLWDULDQSROLF\
DQGLQWKHPRWLYDWLRQRIDJHQF\SHUVRQQHOWKLVQHHGVDWWKHVDPHWLPHWREH
EDODQFHGE\DUHFRJQLWLRQWKDWGLVSODFHG
SHRSOHDUHLQGLYLGXDOVZLWKWKHLURZQ
KLVWRULHVVNLOOVVWUHQJWKVDQGFDSDFLWLHV
DQGZLWKVHWVRISHUVRQDODQGVRFLDOUHOD
WLRQVZKLFKFULVLVZLOOQRWHDVLO\HURGH
7KHQRWLRQRIYXOQHUDELOLW\KDVILJXUHG
KLJKO\LQKXPDQLWDULDQGLVFRXUVHIRU
\HDUV,WKDVKDGSDUWLFXODULPSOLFDWLRQV
IRUGLVSODFHGZRPHQFKLOGUHQDQGWKH
GLVDEOHGZKRDUHRIWHQFDWHJRUL]HGDVYXOQHUDEOHJURXSV9LFWLPPD\ZHOOEH
DQDSSURSULDWHZRUGIRUWKRVHZRPHQ
DQGPHQZKRKDYHVXIIHUHGUDSHIRU
H[DPSOHDQGWKHDWWHQGDQWPXOWLSOH
FULVHVRISK\VLFDODQGSV\FKRORJLFDO
LQMXU\DQGUHMHFWLRQE\IDPLOLHVFRP
PXQLWLHVDQGOHJDOV\VWHPV
7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement
7/48
Gender and displacement
L6H[XDOYLROHQFH
0DMRUDVVLVWDQFHSURYLGHUVVXFKDV
81+&5KDYHUHODWLYHO\UHFHQWO\UHFRJ
L]HGUDSHDQGRWKHUIRUPVRIVH[XDO
LROHQFHVXFKDVIRUFHGPDUULDJHDV
HLQJDVLJQLILFDQWSKHQRPHQRQDIIHFW
QJUHIXJHHDQGGLVSODFHGFRPPXQLWLHV
QGRQHZKLFKQHHGVWREHDGGUHVVHGE\VVLVWDQFHSURJUDPPHVLQSUDFWLFDOZD\V
VSDUWRIWKHSURWHFWLRQPDQGDWH
$WWHQWLRQKDVEHHQSDLGWRLVVXHVVXFK
VFDPSOD\RXWDQGOLJKWLQJDQGWKHSUR
LVLRQRIVHUYLFHVDQGVXSSRUWWRUDSHG
ZRPHQ0XFKRIWKHLPSHWXVIRUWKLV
WWHQWLRQFDPHIURP81+&5VSRQ
RUHGLQLWLDWLYHVDPRQJ6RPDOLDQG
XGDQHVHUHIXJHHVLQ.HQ\DUHIHUUHGWR
\.DJZDQMD
.DJZDQMDVDUWLFOHVHHNVWRGHHSHQWKH
QGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHSKHQRPHQRQE\QNLQJLWVKLJKLQFLGHQFHLQWKH.HQ\DQ
RQWH[WWRXQGHUO\LQJJHQGHUDQGHWKQLF
LVFULPLQDWLRQERWKZLWKLQWKHUHIXJHH
RPPXQLWLHVDQGZLWKLQWKH.HQ\DQ
WDWHDQGHYHQHFKRHG
QWKHDVVLVWDQFHFRP
PXQLW\+RZHYHUWKH
VVXHRIVH[XDOYLROHQFH
DLVHVRWKHUIXQGDPHQ
DOTXHVWLRQV
LUVWKRZFDQWKHDSSDU
QWLQFUHDVHLQVH[XDOYLROHQFHLQLWXDWLRQVRIFRQIOLFWEHH[SODLQHG"
:KDWIDFWRUVDUHLQKHUHQWLQFRQIOLFW
ZKLFKWULJJHUWKLVUHVSRQVH"(IIHFWLYH
VVLVWDQFHPHDVXUHVGHSHQGRQDGHHSHU
QGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHSKHQRPHQRQLQ
HQHUDO
HFRQGO\WKHUHLVDZLGHVSUHDGDVVXPS
LRQUHIOHFWHGLQWKHDUWLFOHVLQWKLV
ROXPHWKDWUDSHDQGVH[XDOYLROHQFH
UHLQIOLFWHGE\PHQRQZRPHQHYHQ
KRXJKHYLGHQFHVKRZVPDOHUDSHWREH
VLJQLILFDQWIHDWXUHRIPDQ\FRQIOLFWVKLVWRRKDVLPSOLFDWLRQVIRUDVVLVWDQFH
URJUDPPHVLIVXSSRUWIRUUDSHG
ZRPHQKDVEHHQLQVXIILFLHQWVXSSRUW
RUUDSHGPHQLVYLUWXDOO\QRQH[LVWHQW
KLUGO\ZK\KDVLWEHHQVRGLIILFXOWIRU
H[XDOYLROHQFHWREHUHFRJQL]HGLQ
HUPVRIJOREDOSROLF\DVDSXVKIDFWRU
QGLVSODFHPHQWDQGKHQFHJURXQGVIRU
V\OXP"$SDUWLFXODUDVSHFWRIWKLVDQG
QHUDUHO\DFNQRZOHGJHGLVWKHLVVXHRI
RPRSKRELFGLVFULPLQDWLRQERWKDVD
XVKIDFWRULQFRXQWULHVRIUHIXJHHRULLQDQGLQDV\OXPFRXQWULHV+RPR
KRELDLVLQGHHGUDUHO\UHJDUGHGDVD
JHQGHULVVXHDWDOOHYHQWKRXJKLWLVD
ULPHH[DPSOHRIWKHVRFLDOO\DQGFXO
XUDOO\FRQVWUXFWHGH[SHFWDWLRQVRI
PHQVDQGZRPHQVEHKDYLRXURQZKLFK
HQGHUDQDO\VLVLVIRXQGHG7KHDVVRFLD
LRQRIJHQGHUGLVFULPLQDWLRQZLWK
LVVXHVRIZRPHQVULJKWVUHIHUUHGWR
DERYHKDVEOLQGHGPDQ\DVVLVWDQFH
SURYLGHUVWRLWVGHHSHULPSOLFDWLRQV
LY ,QWHUQDWLRQDOOHJDOIUDPHZRUNV
DQGVWDQGDUGV
$QXPEHURILQWHUQDWLRQDOOHJDOIUDPH
ZRUNVGUDZQHVVHQWLDOO\IURPWKH81
&KDUWHURQ+XPDQ5LJKWVKDYHEHHQ
GHYHORSHGWRJXLGHLQWHUQDWLRQDO
UHVSRQVHVWRUHIXJHHDQGGLVSODFHGSHR
SOHVULJKWVVHH*XUXUDMDVDUWLFOHIRU
UHIHUHQFHVWRNH\H[DPSOHV7KHVHKDYH
EHHQDFFRPSDQLHGE\FRGHVRIFRQGXFW
JRRGSUDFWLFHJXLGHOLQHVDQGWUDLQLQJ
SURJUDPPHV
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQKRZHYHUODJVEHKLQG
SDUWO\EHFDXVHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVRIDJUHHG
SROLF\YDU\LQGLIIHUHQWFXOWXUDODQG
SROLWLFDOFRQWH[WVDQGKDYHWREHUHPDGHLQHDFKFRQWH[W&UDZOH\DQG
.DJZDQMDH[DPLQLQJWKLVTXHVWLRQIURP
WZRGLIIHUHQWYLHZSRLQWVVXJJHVWWKDW
HWKQLFDQGJHQGHULGHRORJLHVRIGLVFULPL
QDWLRQPD\XQGHUSLQERWK
WKHSROLF\DQGWKHSUDF
WLFHRIDV\OXPDQG
SURWHFWLRQ+RZHYHU
1DWKDOLD%HUNRZLW]QRWH
RQWKH8.JHQGHUJXLGH
OLQHVVXJJHVWVWKDW
FRQVWUXFWLYHOREE\LQJ
FDQEULQJDERXWVLJQLILFDQWFKDQJHVLQ
ERWK DWWLWXGHVDQGSUDFWLFH
Conclusion
7KHDUWLFOHVLQWKLVLVVXHGHPRQVWUDWH
VRPHRIWKHLQVLJKWVWKDWDJHQGHU
DSSURDFKFDQRIIHUWRWKHSODQQLQJDQG
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIDVVLVWDQFHSUR
JUDPPHVLQVXSSRUWRIGLVSODFHG
FRPPXQLWLHVDQGLQGLYLGXDOV6XFKDQ
DSSURDFKFDQHQVXUHWKDWZRPHQVSUDF
WLFDOQHHGVHDV\WRRYHUORRNEHFRPHPRUHYLVLEOHDQGWKDWWKHLURZQHIIRUWV
WRLPSURYHWKHLUVRFLDOSRVLWLRQFDQEH
VXSSRUWHG,WFDQKHOSDVVLVWDQFHDJHQ
FLHVWRJDLQLPSURYHGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI
WKHVRFLDOHFRQRPLFDQGSROLWLFDO
LPSDFWVRIWKHLUFKRLFHVRIDFWLRQDQG
LQYHVWPHQW0DLQVWUHDPLQJJHQGHU
DQDO\VLVLQWRLQWHUQDWLRQDOOHJDOIUDPH
ZRUNVDQGDJHQFLHVIRUPVWKHEDVLVRI
DFFRXQWDELOLW\E\WKHLQWHUQDWLRQDO
FRPPXQLW\WRZDUGVWKHGLVSODFHGDQG
FDQKHOSLGHQWLI\ELDVHVZKLFKLQVWLWX
WLRQVPXVWFRQIURQWLQWKHLURZQ
DWWLWXGHVDQGSUDFWLFH
7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement
8/48
Gender and displacement
RPHQVLVVXHVKDYHEHFRPH
LQFUHDVLQJO\FHQWUDOLQ81+&5VSROLFLHVRYHUWKHSDVW
\HDUV2IWHQOXPSHGWRJHWKHUZLWK
KLOGUHQLQVXUYH\VWKH\DUHSHUFHLYHG
VYXOQHUDEOHYLFWLPVRIZDU
$PRQJWKHSHRSOHKLWKDUGHVWE\WKH
YLROHQFHDQGXQFHUWDLQW\RIGLVSODFH
PHQWDUHJLUOVHOGHUO\ZLGRZVVLQJOH
PRWKHUVZRPHQ$VDUXOHRIWKXPE
VRPHSHUFHQWRIWKHVHGHVWLWXWH
GLVSODFHGSHRSOHDUHZRPHQDQGWKHLU
GHSHQGHQWFKLOGUHQ
YRNLQJWKHSLFWXUHRIZRPHQDQGFKLO
GUHQ1*2VDQG81+&5DUHDEOHWR
SSHDOWRRXUKXPDQLWDULDQV\PSDWK\
$V/LLVD0DONNL KDVSRLQWHGRXWFKLOGUHQ
QGIHPDOHUHIXJHHVHSLWRPL]HEDUH
KXPDQLW\:RPHQDUHFRQVWUXHGDV
PRUHWUXHUHIXJHHVEHLQJWKHYLFWLPV
DWKHUWKDQWKHSHUSHWUDWRUVRIZDUDQG
LROHQFH+RZHYHUWKLVSLFWXUHDOVR
HGXFHVDUHIXJHHZRPDQWRWKHOHYHORI
QLQIDQWDQGOHDYHVKHUZLWKRXWDJHQF\
QGUHVSRQVLELOLW\
81+&5LVYHU\FRQFHUQHGZLWKWKHTXHV
LRQRIDJHQF\DQGHPSRZHULQJZRPHQ
QGJHWWLQJWKHPWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQFDPS
FWLYLWLHVKDYHEHFRPHFHQWUDODVSHFWVLQ
KHSROLFLHVRI81+&5DQGRWKHUUHOLHI
JHQFLHV,Q/XNROH5HIXJHH&DPSLQ
7DQ]DQLDZKHUH,GLGRYHUD\HDUVILHOG
ZRUNWKH\ZHUHQRWRQO\FRQFHUQHG
ZLWKKHOSLQJZRPHQSURWHFWLRQIURP
DSHDFFHVVWRIRRGDQGPHGLFDOKHOS
WFEXWZHUHDOVRYHU\FRQFHUQHGZLWK
KHOSLQJZRPHQWRKHOSWKHPVHOYHV7KLV
KHOSWRVHOIKHOSRUHPSRZHUPHQWRI
HIXJHHVLQJHQHUDODQGRIZRPHQLQ
DUWLFXODUZDVQRWPHUHO\PHDQWDVD
PHDQVIRUDWWDLQLQJFHUWDLQPDWHULDO
RDOV(PSRZHUPHQWZDVDOVRDPHDQV
RIFRPEDWLQJDSDWK\DQGGHSHQGHQF\
DPRQJUHIXJHHVDQGRIJLYLQJWKHPDFHUWDLQDPRXQWRIVHOIHVWHHP7RTXRWH
81+&5VJXLGHOLQHVRQWKHSURWHFWLRQRI
UHIXJHHZRPHQ
3DUWLFLSDWLRQLWVHOISURPRWHVSURWHF
WLRQ,QWHUQDOSURWHFWLRQSUREOHPVDUH
RIWHQGXHDVPXFKWRSHRSOHVIHHOLQJV
RILVRODWLRQIUXVWUDWLRQODFNRI
EHORQJLQJWRDVWUXFWXUHGVRFLHW\DQG
ODFNRIFRQWURORYHUWKHLURZQIXWXUH
5HIXJHHSDUWLFLSDWLRQKHOSVEXLOGWKH
YDOXHVDQGVHQVHRIFRPPXQLW\WKDWFRQWULEXWHWRUHGXFLQJSURWHFWLRQ
SUREOHPV
,QRWKHUZRUGVZRPHQ
UHIXJHHVDUHWREHJLYHQ
EDFNWKHDJHQF\WKDW
WKH\DOOHJHGO\ORVWDV
YLFWLPVRIZDU7KLV
ZKROHLGHDRIHPSRZHUPHQWDQGSDUWLFL
SDWLRQLVEDVHGRQDPRGHUQLGHDORI
GHPRFUDWLFFLWL]HQVKLSDQGHTXDO
ULJKWV
Ba bies in UN HCRs a rms
6RKRZGRUHIXJHHVUHDFWWRWKLVLGHDORI
HTXDOULJKWV"+RZGRWKH\LQWHUSUHWWKH
FKDQJHVLQWKHFDPSDQGWKHZD\VLQ
ZKLFKUHOLHIDJHQFLHVDGPLQLVWHUIRRG
DQGRWKHUUHVRXUFHV"
:KHQ,DVNHG%DUXQGLDQUHIXJHHVLQ
/XNROH5HIXJHH&DPS DERXWFKDQJHVLQ
JHQGHUUHODWLRQVDIWHUFRPLQJWRWKH
FDPSPHQDQGZRPHQDOLNHZHUHDOO
YHU\NHHQWRJLYHWKHLURSLQLRQ7KHJHQ
HUDOLPSUHVVLRQ,UHFHLYHGIURPWKH
PDQ\TXDOLWDWLYHJURXSLQWHUYLHZVDV
ZHOODVDVXUYH\RIUHIXJHHVZDV
WKDWRIPRUDOGHFD\7KLQJVZHUHQR
ORQJHUDVWKH\XVHGWREHWKH\ZRXOG
VD\:RPHQZHUHEHFRPLQJSURVWLWXWHV
PHQZHUHSRO\JDPLVWVGLYRUFHUDWHV
ZHUHJRLQJXSDQG\RXQJPHQZHUHPDU
U\LQJROGZRPHQ$JHQHUDOWKHPHLQ
PRVWLQWHUYLHZVZDVWKDWZRPHQQR
ORQJHUUHVSHFWHGWKHLUKXVEDQGV,I,
HQTXLUHGPRUHDERXWWKLVWKHDQVZHU
ZDVTXLWHFOHDU:RPHQILQG81+&5D
EHWWHUKXVEDQG%\WKLVWKH\PHDQWWKDW
PHQLGHDOO\VKRXOGSURYLGHIRUWKHLU
ZLYHVDQGFKLOGUHQZKLOHZRPHQDQG
FKLOGUHQVKRXOGREH\DQGUHVSHFWWKH
PHQ%XWLQWKHFDPSDFFRUGLQJWRWKH
UHIXJHHV81+&5RUPHUHO\WKHZKLWH
PDQZRXOGSURYLGHIRRGIRUHYHU\ERG\
LUUHVSHFWLYHRIDJHJHQGHURUVWDWXV
6RDFFRUGLQJWRWKLVUHDVRQLQJWKH
ZRPHQRQO\UHVSHFWDQGREH\81+&5
,QDSDUDGR[LFDOPDQQHUWKHLGHDORI
HYHU\RQHEHLQJHTXDOEHIRUH81+&5KDV
EHHQUHLQWHUSUHWHGLQWHUPVRI81+&5RUWKHZKLWHPDQWDNLQJWKHSODFHRIWKH
KXVEDQGDQG
WKHIDWKHU,Q
RWKHUZRUGV
WKHPHQLQWKH
FDPSIHOWWKDW
WKHLUSRVLWLRQ
DVEUHDGZLQ
QHUVDQGILJXUHVRIDXWKRULW\ZDVXQGHU
SUHVVXUH81+&5ZDVWDNLQJWKHLU
DXWKRULW\DQGWKHLUZRPHQIURPWKHP
$FRQVHTXHQFHRIWKLVZDVWREHUHGXFHGWREHFRPLQJHTXDOZLWKKHOSOHVVZRPHQ
RUFKLOGUHQZKLFKZDVFHUWDLQO\QRWD
GHVLUDEOHVWDWH$VD\RXQJPDQVDLG
XSRQEHLQJDVNHGZKHWKHUKHFRXOGVHH
DQ\FKDQJHVLQWKHFDPS7KHUHLVD
FKDQJH3HRSOHDUHQRWWDNLQJFDUHRI
WKHLURZQOLIH7KH\DUHMXVWOLNHEDELHV
LQ81+&5VDUPV
7KHJHQHUDOIHHOLQJRIORVVDQGRI
VRFLDODQGPRUDOGHFD\WKDWIROORZ
IOLJKWDQGDUULYDOLQDUHIXJHHFDPSLVRIWHQLQWHUSUHWHGLQWHUPVRIJHQGHU
UHODWLRQVDQGPHQVIHHOLQJRISRZHU
OHVVQHVVLVSURMHFWHGRQWR81+&5DQG
LWVSROLF\RIHPSRZHULQJZRPHQ
81+&5KDVVLPSO\WDNHQWKHLUZRPHQ
DQGWKHLUPDVFXOLQLW\
Vindicating masculinity: the fateof promoting gender equality
by Simon Turner
This article explores how attempts by UNHCR
and others to empower women in refugee
camps are reinterpreted and given new
meaning by the refugees themselves.
:
Women find UNHCR
a better husband.
7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement
9/48
Gender and displacement
Reasserting masculinity
:KHQ,ILUVWZHQWWR/XNROH,ZDVVXU
SULVHGWRILQGWKDWDODUJHJURXSRI
RXQJPHQLQWKHFDPSZHUHH[WUHPHO\
XFFHVVIXO7KHILUVWVXUSULVHZDVWKH
QXPEHURIYHU\\RXQJPDOHVWUHHW
LOODJHOHDGHUVLQWKHFDPS,LQWHUYLHZHG
HDGHUVZKRZHUHRQO\\HDUVROGDQG
ZKRKDGEHHQOHDGHUVIRUVHYHUDO\HDUV
7KLVFRQIOLFWHGZLWKP\DVVXPSWLRQV
ERXW%XUXQGLVRFLHW\ZKHUHDJHJLYHV
WDWXVDQGRQHLVQRWFRQVLGHUHGDUHDO
PDQZRUWKOLVWHQLQJWRXQWLOPXFKROGHU
7KHUHIXJHHVWKHPVHOYHVSURYLGHVRPH
SODXVLEOHH[SODQDWLRQVIRUWKHSKHQRPH
QRQ7KH\H[SODLQHGWKDWRQHKDVWREH
HU\PRELOHWREHDOHDGHUFRQVWDQWO\
PRYLQJIURPWKH81+&5RIILFHWRWKH
RRGGLVWULEXWLRQFHQWUHWRWKHSROLFH
SRVWDQGEDFNWRWKHYLOODJHVWUHHW
XUWKHUPRUHDOHDGHULQWKHFDPS
SUHIHUDEO\KDVWRNQRZODQJXDJHVZLWK
QJOLVKDQG6ZDKLOLEHLQJPRUHXVHIXO
KDQ)UHQFKDQG.LUXQGLWKHRIILFLDOODQ
XDJHVLQ%XUXQGL)LQDOO\RQHKDVWR
HDGDSWDEOHDQGQRWEHVK\,QRWKHU
ZRUGVRQHPXVWEHDEOHWROHDUQWKHMDU
RQRIUHOLHIDJHQFLHVDQGGDUHWR
SSURDFKWKHPLQWKHULJKWZD\7KHVH
UHDOOYLUWXHVZKHUHWKH\RXWKKDYHDQ
GYDQWDJHRYHUWKHROGHUPHQ
LPLODUO\,IRXQGWKDWDODUJHJURXSRI
RXQJPHQKDGIRXQGMREVZLWK1*2V
7KH\KHOGPDQ\RIWKHVDPHTXDOLILFD
LRQVDVWKHOHDGHUVDQGKHOGHTXDOO\
PSRUWDQWSRVWVLQWKHFDPS%HLQJ
PSOR\HGE\DQDJHQF\JDYHDFFHVVWR
HVRXUFHVDQGSRZHU7KHLUSRVLWLRQDV
QWHUPHGLDULHVEHWZHHQ1*2VSURYLGLQJ
HVRXUFHVVXFKDVPHGLFDODVVLVWDQFH
GXFDWLRQVRFLDOVHUYLFHVDQGVHFXULW\
QGWKHEHQHILFLDU\SRSXODWLRQHQDEOHG
KHLQGLYLGXDOVLQYROYHGWREXLOGXSKRUL
RQWDOQHWZRUNVZLWKHDFKRWKHUDQG
HUWLFDOQHWZRUNVRISDWURQDJH2IWHQ
KHVHQHWZRUNVZHUHLQWHUPHVKHGZLWK
KHFDPSVIRUPDOOHDGHUVKLSVWUXFWXUH
QGVWURQJO\OLQNHGWRWKHWZRFODQGHV
LQHSROLWLFDOSDUWLHVLQWKHFDPS
$OWKRXJKSROLWLFDODFWLYLW\LVEDQQHGLQ
HIXJHHFDPSVLQ7DQ]DQLDLWLVFRP
PRQNQRZOHGJHWKDWWZRULYDO+XWX
SSRVLWLRQSDUWLHVZHUHYHU\DFWLYHLQ
HFUXLWLQJPHPEHUVLQ/XNROH%HLQJD
PHPEHURIWKHULJKWSDUW\ZRXOGRIWHQ
KHOSD\RXQJPDQLQJHWWLQJDMREZLWK
QDJHQF\,WFRXOGDOVRVWUHQJWKHQKLV
SRVLWLRQDVDOHDGHU0RUHLPSRUWDQWO\
KRZHYHUEHLQJDSDUW\PHPEHUJDYHD
HQVHRILGHQWLW\3DUW\OHDGHUVVKRZHG
WUHQJWKDQGZHUHUHVSHFWHGHYHQ
IHDUHGLQWKHFDPS7KH\KDGDSXUSRVHLQOLIHDQGKDGWDNHQWKHLUIXWXUHLQ
WKHLURZQKDQGVLQVWHDGRIKDQJLQJ
DURXQGWKHFDPSSOD\LQJFDUGVDQGJHW
WLQJGUXQNOLNHRWKHU\RXQJPHQ3DUW\
PHPEHUVZHUHHYHQGHI\LQJ81+&5DQG
7DQ]DQLDQODZSOD\LQJLQVWHDGE\WKHLU
RZQUXOHV2QHFRXOGVD\WKDWWKH\ZHUH
WDNLQJEDFNZKDW81+&5KDGDOOHJHGO\
WDNHQIURPWKHP7KH\ZHUHUHDVVHUWLQJ
WKHLUPDVFXOLQLW\
Conclusion81+&5DQGRWKHUUHOLHIDJHQFLHVVWURQJO\
HPSKDVL]HGJHQGHUHTXDOLW\DQG
ZRPHQVSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQ/XNROH5HIXJHH
&DPS0\ILQGLQJVLQWKHFDPSVKRZ
WKDWLQVWHDGRIHPSRZHULQJZRPHQ
WKHVHSROLFLHVKDGWKHSDUDGR[LFDOHIIHFW
RISURYLGLQJXSZDUGPRELOLW\IRUD
JURXSRIVHPLHGXFDWHG\RXQJPHQ
7KHLGHRORJ\RIJHQGHUHTXDOLW\ZDVSHU
FHLYHGDVDWKUHDWWRWKHLUPDVFXOLQLW\
ZLWK81+&5WDNLQJWKHLUSODFHDVKXV
EDQGVDQGIDWKHUVUHGXFLQJWKHPWR
VLEOLQJVRUKHOSOHVVZRPHQ,QWKHLUILJKW
WRUHJDLQWKHLUSUHVXPHGORVWSODFHWKH\
PDQDJHGWRRXWPDQRHXYUHWKHROGHU
JHQHUDWLRQRIPHQPDLQO\GXHWRWKHLU
DELOLW\WRDGDSWWRWKHQHZVXUURXQGLQJV
DQGWRDSSURDFKUHOLHIDJHQFLHVLQWKH
ULJKWPDQQHU7KXVZHVHHDFKDQJHLQ
UHODWLRQVEHWZHHQJHQHUDWLRQV
2QHPLJKWH[SHFWWKDWWKHFKDQJHVLQ
WKHFDPSKDGDOVREURXJKWDERXWQHZ
SRVVLELOLWLHVIRUDJURXSRIHGXFDWHG
\RXQJZRPHQDVZHOO+RZHYHUPHQ
DQGZRPHQDOLNHLQWHUSUHWFKDQJHVLQ
WKHFDPSDFFRUGLQJWRDGRPLQDQWJHQ
GHULGHRORJ\EDVHGRQPDOHVXSHULRULW\
(YHQ\RXQJHGXFDWHGZRPHQZRUNLQJ
IRU1*2VEHOLHYHRQWKHZKROHWKDW
PHQDUHVXSSRVHGWREHPDVWHUVDQG
WKDWHTXDOLW\RQO\FUHDWHVSUREOHPVWKH\PD\FRQVHTXHQWO\JLYHKDOIRIWKHLU
ZDJHVWRWKHLUKXVEDQGLQRUGHUQRWWR
DQWDJRQL]HKLP
,WKDVQRWEHHQWKHSXUSRVHRIWKLVDUWL
FOHWRFULWLFL]H81+&5SROLF\RQJHQGHU
LQJHQHUDODQG,GRQRWSOHDGIRUDVKLIW
WRDFXOWXUDOUHODWLYLVWDSSURDFKHQGRUV
LQJSDWULDUFKDORURWKHURSSUHVVLYH
VWUXFWXUHVLQWKHQDPHRIFXOWXUDOVHQVL
WLYLW\7KLVDUWLFOHPHUHO\SRLQWVRXW
VRPHRIWKHXQLQWHQGHGFRQVHTXHQFHVDW
WKHORFDOOHYHORIVXFKJHQHUDOSROLFLHV
7KHVHXQLQWHQGHGFRQVHTXHQFHVRFFXU
DVDUHVXOWRIWKHUHIXJHHVUHLQWHUSUHWD
WLRQVRIZHOOLQWHQGHGUHOLHISURJUDPPHV
LQWKHFDPSLQWKLVSDUWLFXODUFDVHFUHDW
LQJVRPHTXLWHXQH[SHFWHGHIIHFWVRQ
DJHDQGJHQGHUUHODWLRQV
6LPRQ7XUQHULVFXUUHQWO\D3K'
&DQGLGDWHDWWKH*UDGXDWH6FKRRO
IRU,QWHUQDWLRQDO'HYHORSPHQW
6WXGLHV5RVNLOGH8QLYHUVLW\
'HQPDUN+HOLYHGLQ1JDUD
7DQ]DQLDIURPWR
(PDLOWXUQHU#UXFGN
81+&5)XQGUDLVLQJ7KH*HQHUDO3URJUDPPHV
81+&5V&RUH$FWLYLWLHV SZZZXQKFUFKIGUV
JSDSS
/LLVD0DONNL3XULW\DQG([LOH9LROHQFH0HPRU\DQG
1DWLRQDO&RVPRORJ\DPRQJ+XWX5HIXJHHVLQ
7DQ]DQLD&KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
6HH6LPRQ7XUQHU$QJU\\RXQJPHQLQFDPSVJHQ
GHUDJHDQGFODVVUHODWLRQVDPRQJ%XUXQGLDQUHIXJHHV
LQ7DQ]DQLD:RUNLQJ3DSHU1R81+&5
ZZZXQKFUFKUHIZRUOGSXEZSDSHUVZSQRKWP
81+&5*XLGHOLQHVRQWKH3URWHFWLRQRI5HIXJHH
:RPHQ
,DUJXHLQP\3K'WKHVLVIURPD)RXFDXOGLDQLGHDRI
ELRSROLWLFVWKDWVXFKLGHDOVFRQVWLWXWHDILQHWXQHG
PDQQHURIJRYHUQLQJWKHFDPSE\FUHDWLQJVHOIJRY
HUQLQJVXEMHFWV
/XNROHLVORFDWHGLQ1RUWK:HVWHUQ7DQ]DQLD$WWKH
WLPHRIP\ILHOGZRUNURXJKO\
%XUXQGLDQVOLYHGLQWKHFDPS
SimonTurner
mailto:[email protected]://www.unhcr.ch/fdrs/gpapphttp://www.unhcr.ch/fdrs/gpapphttp://www.unhcr.ch/refworld/pub/wpapers/wpno9.htmhttp://www.unhcr.ch/refworld/pub/wpapers/wpno9.htmhttp://www.unhcr.ch/fdrs/gpapphttp://www.unhcr.ch/fdrs/gpappmailto:[email protected]7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement
10/48
Gender and displacement
RXQJPHQDUHDPRQJWKHPRVW
YLVLEOHRIDOOJURXSVLQ3XWWDODP
'LVWULFWRIWKH1RUWK:HVWHUQ
URYLQFH6UL/DQND$OPRVWSHUFHQW
IWKH\RXQJPDOHUHVLGHQWVDUHLQWHUQDO
\GLVSODFHG0XVOLPVH[SHOOHGE\WKH
LEHUDWLRQ7LJHUVRI7DPLO(HODP/77(
Q2FWREHUWRJHWKHUZLWKWKHLU
DPLOLHVDQGIULHQGV
KHUHDVRQVIRUWKLVHWKQLFFOHDQVLQJ
UHFRPSOH[EXWRQHUHDVRQZDVWKDWWKH
0XVOLPVZHUHQRWSUHSDUHGWRIXOO\VXS
RUWWKH/77(DQGZHUHWKXVVHHQDVD
KUHDWWR/77(GRPLQDWLRQLQWKHQRUWK
0XVOLPVDOPRVWWKHHQWLUH
0XVOLPSRSXODWLRQRIWKH1RUWKHUQ
URYLQFHZHUHWKUHDWHQHGDWJXQSRLQW
QGJLYHQIURPWZRKRXUVWRRQHZHHN
RTXLWWKHUHJLRQ7KHPDMRULW\RIWKH
RUWKHUQ0XVOLPVFDPHWR3XWWDODP
'LVWULFWZKHUHWKHUHZDVDPL[HGSRSXDWLRQRI0XVOLPV6LQKDOHVHDQG7DPLOV
HQ\HDUVKDYHSDVVHGVLQFHWKHH[SXO
LRQDQGWKHVLWXDWLRQLQ3XWWDODPLV
ERXWWREHFRPHDIRUJRWWHQFDVH
PLGVW6UL/DQNDVQHZZDYHVRIGLV
ODFHPHQWFDXVHGE\WKHZDULQWKH
RUWKRIWKHLVODQG
Changes in practice and perception
KHLQIOX[RIVRPDQ\SHRSOHWR
XWWDODPLQKDVFKDQJHGPDQ\
VSHFWVRIWKHOLYHVRIERWKORFDOVDQG
'3VLQFOXGLQJFKDQJHVLQJHQGHUUHOD
LRQV3HRSOHVXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIJHQGHU
RFXVHVPDLQO\RQZRPHQDVV\PEROVRI
RWKVWDELOLW\DQGFKDQJH2QWKHRQH
DQGZRPHQDUHH[SHFWHGWRXSKROGWKH
XOWXUHRIWKHFRPPXQLW\E\EHLQJ
PRWKHUVDQGZLYHV/LYLQJLQDSRRU
HQYLURQPHQWZLWKVPDOOKRXVHVDQGOLWWOH
SULYDWHVSDFHWKH\DUHVXSSRVHGWR
PDLQWDLQLQRQHZD\RUDQRWKHUWKH
VHFOXVLRQIRU0XVOLPZRPHQDVZHOODV
WRSURWHFWWUDGLWLRQDOIDPLO\YDOXHV2Q
WKHRWKHUKDQGZRPHQDUHDOVRDWWKH
IRUHIURQWRIFKDQJH0XFKRIWKH
HPSOR\PHQWDYDLODEOHLQWKHDUHDLV
FDVXDOZDJHODERXUIRUZRPHQLQDJULFXOWXUHDQHZVLWXDWLRQIRUZRPHQIURP
WKHQRUWK,QWKHQRUWKWKH\FXOWLYDWHG
WKHLURZQODQGZLWKWKHLUKXVEDQGV
7RGD\WKH\IDFHDGLIIHUHQWVLWXDWLRQ
VRPHWLPHVKDYLQJWRWUDYHOORQJGLV
WDQFHVWRZRUNDVODERXUHUVIRURWKHUV
&RQVHTXHQWO\ZRPHQGRQRWJUHDWO\
DSSUHFLDWHKDYLQJWRJRRXWWRZRUN
GHVSLWHWKHLULQFUHDVHGPRELOLW\DVLWLQ
HIIHFWV\PEROL]HVWKHGHJUDGDWLRQRI
WKHLUFXOWXUH7KHVHFKDQJHVGLUHFWO\
DIIHFWWKHYLVLELOLW\RIZRPHQDVZHOODQGDUHXVHGDVDV\PERORIKRZGLVSODFHG
SHRSOHKDYHUXLQHGWKHORFDOFXOWXUHE\
PDNLQJORFDOZRPHQDOVRZDQWWRPRYH
DURXQGPRUHIUHHO\
Contact with N GO s
0DQ\RIWKHRUVRDJHQFLHVZRUNLQJ
LQWKHGLVWULFWKDYHSDLGVSHFLDODWWHQWLRQ
WRZRPHQUHFRJQL]LQJWKDWWKH\IDFH
WKHVHFRQWUDGLFWRU\H[SHFWDWLRQV)RU
PRVW1*2VZRPHQDUHRQHRIWKUHH
PDLQWDUJHWJURXSVRIDLGWRJHWKHUZLWK
FKLOGUHQDQGWKHKRXVHKROG7KHJHQGHU
SHUVSHFWLYHLQDLGKDVEHFRPHIDLUO\ZHOO
DUWLFXODWHGDQGTXLWHVRSKLVWLFDWHGDQG
WKHDFKLHYHPHQWVDUHHQFRXUDJLQJ
$FWLYLWLHVIRUZRPHQLQFOXGHDZDUHQHVV
KHDOWKVHOIHPSOR\PHQWDQGOHDGHUVKLS
WUDLQLQJSURJUDPPHVDQGVDYLQJJURXSV
0HQDUHRQO\WDUJHWHGDVKHDGVRIKRXVH
KROGVUDWKHUWKDQDVJHQGHUHGDFWRUV
7KH\RXQJPHQORVHRXWEHLQJQHLWKHU
FKLOGUHQQRUKHDGVRIKRXVHKROGVQRU
UHFRJQL]HGDVJHQGHUHGDFWRUV
:HGRQRWKDYHPXFKFRQWDFWZLWK
1*2VH[FHSWIRURQHRUJDQL]DWLRQWKDW
QRUPDOO\FRPHVWRRXUVHWWOHPHQWEXW
WKH\DUHRQO\LQWHUHVWHGLQWKHZRPHQ
D\RXQJPDQWROGPH+HFRQWLQXHG
,QP\YLHZWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQVVKRXOG
KDYHFRQWDFWZLWKRXUJURXS>\RXQJ
PHQ@7KDWZRXOGEHEHWWHUEHFDXVHQRU
PDOO\PHQKDYHPRUHNQRZOHGJHWKDQ
ZRPHQ0HQVROYHSUREOHPVPRUH
HDVLO\,IDZHOOQHHGHGWREHFRQVWUXFW
HGIRULQVWDQFHZHFRXOGPRUHHDVLO\
GHFLGHWKHVXLWDEOHSODFHDQGWKHQHHG\
SHUVRQ
7KHUHDUHPDQ\PHVVDJHVLQWKLVVWDWH
PHQWQRWOHDVWDVNHZHGYLHZRIWKHDELOLWLHVRIZRPHQ2QHLPSRUWDQWSRLQW
XQGHUO\LQJZKDWKHVD\VLVWKDWPHQV
JHQGHULGHQWLWLHVGRQRWDXWRPDWLFDOO\
FKDQJHZKHQZRPHQVLGHQWLWLHVDQG
SUDFWLFHVFKDQJH&KDQJLQJZRPHQV
SUDFWLFHVGRHVQRWQHFHVVDULO\FKDQJH
WKHGRPLQDWLQJJHQGHULGHRORJ\DQG
PHQVDWWLWXGHV
0HQDUHVWLOOSHUFHLYHGDVPRUHNQRZO
HGJHDEOHPHQDUHVWLOOLQWKHOHDGHUVKLS
SRVLWLRQVDQGPHQDUHVWLOOFRQVLGHUHGDVWKHPDLQEUHDGZLQQHUVRIDIDPLO\
:KHQDJHQFLHVRQO\IRFXVRQZRPHQ
WKHUHLVDGDQJHURIXQGHUVWDQGLQJPHQ
RQO\DVDEVWUDFWUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRID
PDOHGRPLQDWHGVRFLHW\7RPDNH\RXQJ
PHQDQGPHQLQJHQHUDOYLVLEOHDVJHQ
GHUHGDFWRUVLVWKXVWRUHFRJQL]HWKHP
DVDFWLYHO\LQYROYHGLQWKHSURFHVVHVRI
FKDQJHDQGVWDELOLW\GXULQJGLVSODFHPHQW
DQGUHVHWWOHPHQW7KLVPDNHVLWLPSRU
WDQWWRXQGHUVWDQG\RXQJGLVSODFHGPHQ
WKHQDWXUHRIWKHLUFKDOOHQJHVWKHRXWFRPHVGHVLUHGE\WKH\RXQJPHQWKHP
VHOYHVDQGWKHOLPLWDWLRQVWKH\H[SHUL
HQFH,WLVDOVRLPSRUWDQWWRHPSKDVL]H
WKDW\RXQJPHQGRQRWUHSUHVHQWRQH
KRPRJHQRXVJURXS
%HORZ,IRFXVRQWZRW\SHVRIJHQGHU
UHODWLRQVLQYROYLQJWKH\RXQJPHQILUVW
Making young displaced men
visible by Cathrine Brun
This article examines the importance of under-
standing the part of young men in the
processes of displacement and resettlement
and suggests that agencies need to take
greater account of the role and position of
young displaced men when formulating
gender-sensitive policy and practice.1
7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement
11/48
Gender and displacement
KH\RXQJPHQDQGWKHLUKRXVHKROGV
HFRQGWKH\RXQJPHQVQHWZRUNV
ULHQGVKLSVDQGHQFRXQWHUVZLWKRWKHU
RXQJPHQ
oung men a nd gender rela tions
w ithin the household
0RVWRIWKH\RXQJPHQGLVFXVVHGKHUH
UHEHWZHHQDQG\HDUVROGKDYH
LQLVKHGRUGURSSHGRXWRIVFKRRODQG
UHVWLOOXQPDUULHG7KRVHZKRDUHPDU
LHGDUHVWLOOQRWQHFHVVDULO\KHDGVRI
KHLURZQKRXVHKROGVDVPDQ\OLYHZLWK
KHLUSDUHQWVRUSDUHQWVLQODZIRUPDQ\
HDUVDIWHUJHWWLQJPDUULHG2WKHUVDUH
WLOOZRUNLQJWRJHW
KHLUVLVWHUVPDU
LHGWRILQGD
XLWDEOHSDUWQHUDQGDLVHDGRZU\
HIRUHWKHLURZQ
PDUULDJHVFDQEH
UUDQJHG
8QOLNH7XUQHUVILQGLQJVLQ/XNROH
HIXJHH&DPSIRU%XUXQGLDQUHIXJHHVLQ
DQ]DQLD
IHZ\RXQJGLVSODFHGPHQLQ
XWWDODPKDYHWDNHQOHDGHUVKLSSRVL
RQVDQGWKH\DUHVWLOOVXERUGLQDWHWR
KHLUIDWKHUVDQGROGHUPHQ6LQFHPRVW
IWKHQRUWKHUQ0XVOLPVIOHGWRJHWKHUQGDUULYHGWRJHWKHULQ3XWWDODPWKH
RFLDOVWUXFWXUHVIURPWKHQRUWKKDYHLQ
PDQ\FDVHVEHHQUHHVWDEOLVKHGLQWKH
DPSVDQGVHWWOHPHQWV$VPDQ\ROGHU
PHQZHUHQRWDEOHWRJHWHPSOR\PHQWLQ
XWWDODPPDQ\\RXQJPHQKDYHWDNHQ
YHUWKHLUIDWKHUVUROHDVEUHDGZLQQHU
DUOLHUWKDQWKH\ZRXOGKDYHGRQHLQWKH
RUWK7KRXJKWKLVLVH[SUHVVHGDVD
UHDWORVVIRUWKHROGHUPHQLWKDVQRW
KDOOHQJHGWKHLUSRVLWLRQDVKHDGVRI
RXVHKROGVDQGKHDGVLQWKHVHWWOHPHQWV2QHUHDVRQIRUWKLVPLJKWEHWKH
PSRUWDQWUROHRIWKHPRVTXHLQVWUXF
XULQJWKHVRFLHW\DQGWKHIDFWWKDWWKH
PRVTXHWUXVWHHERDUGVVWLOOFRQVLVWRI
PHQRQO\DQGPDLQO\HOGHUO\UHVSHFWDEOH
PHQ$OVRWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIIHPDOH
HDGHGKRXVHKROGVLVUHODWLYHO\ORZ
HYHQSHUFHQWFRPSDUHGWRDURXQG
HUFHQWDPRQJ6UL/DQNDQ,'3VORFDWHG
ORVHUWRWKHFRQIOLFWDUHDV
KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWZD\IRUPHQWRHFRPHUHVSHFWDEOHLVWRIROORZ,VODP
QGIXOILOWKHLUUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVLQWKH
DPLO\DVEUHDGZLQQHUV,QPDQ\\RXQJ
PHQVYLHZWKHLUIDWKHUVUHVSRQVLELOLW\
ZLOOEHWKHLUUHVSRQVLELOLW\LQWKHIXWXUH
KH\ZRUU\RQO\DERXWWKHGLIILFXOW\RI
HWWLQJSHUPDQHQWHPSOR\PHQWLQ
3XWWDODPODFNRIHPSOR\PHQWPDNHVLW
KDUGHUWRPHHWIDPLO\H[SHFWDWLRQV
7KRXJKHPSOR\PHQWZRXOGSUREDEO\
KDYHEHHQDSUREOHPLQWKHQRUWKDV
ZHOOWKHUHDUHRWKHUFKDOOHQJHVLQEHLQJ
GLVSODFHG:KHQWKH\IOHGWKH\KDGWR
OHDYHDOOWKHLUEHORQJLQJVDQGSURSHUW\
ORVLQJWKHEDVLVIRUSURYLGLQJGRZU\IRU
WKHLUVLVWHUV,QDGGLWLRQWKHGRZU\KDV
LQFUHDVHGDIWHUGLVSODFHPHQWSDUWO\DVD
KRXVHKROGVPHDQVWRUHVWRUHORVWDVVHWV
DQGSURSHUW\
7KHGLIILFXOW\RIJHWWLQJHPSOR\PHQW
DQGWKHDFFRPSDQ\LQJIUXVWUDWLRQDUH
DOVRUHODWHGWR
WKHLUJHQGHU
LGHQWLW\7KH
\RXQJPHQV
XQGHUVWDQGLQJ
RIWKHLUPDLQ
UHVSRQVLELOLW\
DVPDLQWDLQHU
RIWKHLUIDPLO\DQGDVWKHPDLQEUHDG
ZLQQHUGRHVQRWFKDQJHGHVSLWHWKH
QXPEHURIZRPHQZKRDUHWRGD\FRQ
WULEXWLQJRQHTXDOWHUPVZLWKWKHLU
KXVEDQGVWRSURYLGHIRUWKHLUIDPLOLHV
,QWKHLUYLHZZRPHQDUHIRUFHGWRZRUN
EHFDXVHPHQFDQQRWIXOILOWKHLUREOLJD
WLRQV,IWKH\RXQJPHQFRXOGDIIRUGLW
WKH\ZRXOGQRWDXWRPDWLFDOO\DSSURYHRI
WKHLUZLYHVJRLQJRXWWRZRUN&KDQJHV
LQZRPHQVFXOWXUHDQGSUDFWLFHVKDYH
EHFRPHV\PEROLFRIPHQVLQDGHTXDFLHV
Young mens networks and
friendships
0DNLQJ\RXQJPHQYLVLEOHDVJHQGHUHG
DFWRUVGRHVQRWRQO\LQYROYHWKHLU
JHQGHUUHODWLRQVZLWKLQWKHKRXVHKROG
5HODWLRQVKLSVZLWKRWKHUPHQRXWVLGH
WKHLUKRPHVDQGIDPLOLHVDUHHTXDOO\
LPSRUWDQWDQGHTXDOO\JHQGHUHGDQG
WKXVHVVHQWLDOLQEXLOGLQJWKH\RXQJ
PHQVVHQVHRILGHQWLW\
7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement
12/48
KLVFUHDWHVDIHHOLQJRIXQLW\ZLWKRWKHU
PHQDQGKHOSVUHVWRUHGLJQLW\DQGVWDWXV
QWKHH\HVRIWKHLUIDPLOLHVEHFDXVH
KH\KDYHVRPHZKHUHWRJRLQVWHDGRI
HLQJLQWKHKRXVHZLWKWKHLUVLVWHUVDQG
PRWKHUVGXULQJGD\WLPH
:KLOHLWLVWUXHWKDW\RXQJPHQKDYH
HHQJRRGDWHVWDEOLVKLQJUHODWLRQVKLSV
HWZHHQORFDOVDQGGLV
ODFHGWKHUHLVVWLOOD
RWHQWLDOIRUFRQIOLFWXDO
HODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQ
RXQJGLVSODFHGPHQ
QG\RXQJORFDOPHQ
RPSHWLWLRQIRUZRUN
QGGLVFULPLQDWLRQ
JDLQVWGLVSODFHGPHQLQ
ZRUNDVZHOODVLQRWKHUVSKHUHVFUHDWH
UXVWUDWLRQDQGVHSDUDWLRQDQGVRPH
LPHVHQGXSLQYLROHQWHQFRXQWHUV
RGD\WKHVHYLROHQWHQFRXQWHUVDUH
QIUHTXHQWEXWDUHIHDUHGDQGDFRPPRQ
RSLFRIFRQYHUVDWLRQ
ow a rds inter ventions tha t involve
oung men
*HQGHUVHQVLWLYHSROLFLHVDQGSUDFWLFHV
HHGWRLQYROYHERWKSUDFWLFDOQHHGVDQG
WUDWHJLFLQWHUHVWV
3UDFWLFDOJHQGHU
HHGVLQYROYHWKRVHDULVLQJIURPWKHRQFUHWHFRQGLWLRQVWKDWZRPHQDQG
PHQH[SHULHQFH6WUDWHJLFJHQGHULQWHU
VWVDUHWKRVHLQWHUHVWVDQGQHHGV
ULVLQJIURPWKHDQDO\VLVRIH[LVWLQJJHQ
HUUHODWLRQVDQGQRUPDOO\LQYROYH
XHVWLRQLQJWKHVHUHODWLRQV
3UDFWLFDOQHHGV
UDFWLFDOQHHGVLGHQWLILHGE\WKH\RXQJ
PHQWKHPVHOYHVDUHVHFXUHHPSOR\PHQW
QGSODFHVWRPHHW2QHRIWKHWZRLQWHU
DWLRQDO1*2VSUHVHQWLQ3XWWDODPKDV
WDUWHGWRZRUNZLWK\RXQJPHQWKURXJK
SURMHFWUXQE\WKH\RXQJPHQWKHP
HOYHV+HUHERWKGLVSODFHGDQGORFDOV
0XVOLPV6LQKDOHVHDQG7DPLOVZRUN
RJHWKHU7KHLUPDLQDFWLYLWLHVDUHYRFD
LRQDOWUDLQLQJVHOIHPSOR\PHQWDQG
URYLGLQJDVVLVWDQFHWREXLOGVSRUWV
URXQGV7KH1*2FRQVLGHUVXQHPSOR\
PHQWDQGXQGHUHPSOR\PHQWDVWKHURRW
DXVHVRI\RXWKSUREOHPVDQGYLROHQFHQ3XWWDODPDQGKLJKOLJKWVWKHLPSRU
DQFHRIFUHDWLQJDUHQDVOLNHVSRUWV
URXQGVZKHUH\RXQJPHQFDQPHHW
QGGHYHORSJRRGUHODWLRQVKLSV
KH\RXQJPHQVJURXSVKDYHWKHVDPH
EMHFWLYHDVWKHZRPHQVJURXSVZKHUH
KH PDLQ DLP KDV EHHQ WR PHHW SUDFWLFDO
QHHGVE\VDYLQJVHPSOR\PHQWDQG
KHDOWKSURJUDPPHV$ILHOGZRUNHU
UHFRXQWVKRZGLIILFXOWLWZDVLQHVWDE
OLVKLQJWKHZRPHQVJURXSVWRJHW
ZRPHQLQYROYHGWRGD\KRZHYHUWKHVH
JURXSVDUHUXQQLQJZHOOLQDOPRVWDOOWKH
FDPSVDQGVHWWOHPHQWVDQGKDYHPDQ
DJHGWRJDLQVRPHLQIOXHQFHLQFDPSDQG
VHWWOHPHQWGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ7KHDFKLHYH
PHQWVRIWKHZRPHQVJURXSVFOHDUO\
VKRZKRZPHHWLQJSUDFWLFDOQHHGVKDV
OHGWRWKHDFKLHYHPHQWRIPRUHVWUDWHJLF
LQWHUHVWVDQGWKHUHDUHKRSHVWKDWWKH
VDPHSURFHVVFDQWDNHSODFHIRUWKH
\RXQJPHQVJURXSV
LL6WUDWHJLFLQWHUHVWV
$QH[DPSOHRIDQRUJDQL]DWLRQZRUNLQJ
PRUHH[SOLFLWO\ZLWKVWUDWHJLFLQWHUHVWVLV
DORFDO1*2ZKRVHPDLQDLPLVJHQGHU
HTXDOLW\,WZRUNVWRDFKLHYHWKLVWKURXJK
DZDUHQHVVSURJUDPPHVSURJUDPPHVWRJHWPRUHZRPHQHPSOR\HGPRUH
ZRPHQLQYROYHGLQGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ
SUHYHQWLQJHDUO\PDUULDJHVDVZHOODV
ZRUNLQJIRUDQDFFHSWDQFHRIORYHPDU
ULDJHVZKLFKGRQRWLQYROYHGRZU\
7KH1*2ZDVWRRUDGLFDOIRUWKHPRVTXH
WUXVWHHERDUGLQRQHRIWKHFDPSVDQG
ZDVVKXQQHG+RZHYHUWKHZRPHQV
JURXSWDONHGZLWKDJURXSRI\RXQJPHQ
ZKRWKHQGLVFXVVHGWKHLVVXHZLWKWKH
WUXVWHHERDUGZKRHYHQWXDOO\DJUHHGWKDW
WKH1*2FRXOGUHVXPHLWVZRUN,QWKLVZD\\RXQJPHQDUHXVHGDVDFWLYHSDUW
QHUVDQGDVPHGLDWRUVWRDFKLHYH
VWUDWHJLFJHQGHULQWHUHVWV
Conclusion
7RFKDQJHJHQGHULGHRORJLHVERWK
ZRPHQDQGPHQKDYHWRSDUWLFLSDWHDV
DFWLYHSDUWQHUV,Q3XWWDODPZRPHQ
KDYHPDQDJHGWRFKDQJHWKHLUVWUDWHJLHV
DQGKDYHPRYHGWKHOLPLWVDQGXQGHU
VWDQGLQJVRIZKDWWKH\FDQDQGFDQQRW
GRDVZRPHQ$WWKHVDPHWLPH\RXQJ
PHQKDYHVKRZQJUHDWDELOLW\DVPHGLD
WRUVWUDQVPLWWLQJLGHDVEHWZHHQJURXSV
DQGDVLQQRYDWRUVEXWWKLVUROHLVQRW
FRQVFLRXVO\DFNQRZOHGJHGHLWKHUE\WKH
\RXQJPHQWKHPVHOYHVRUE\WKHDJHQ
FLHVRURWKHUJURXSV7KHUHLVQRUHDVRQ
ZK\\RXQJPHQVKRXOGQRWSDUWLFLSDWH
PXWXDOO\ZLWK\RXQJZRPHQLQFKDQJLQJ
XQGHUVWDQGLQJVRIJHQGHU+RZHYHU
DFWLYHSDUWLFLSDWLRQDVVXPHVDZDUHQHVV
DQGLWPD\EHWKDWWKHUHQHHGVWREH
PRUHSURYLVLRQRIDSSURSULDWHHGXFDWLRQ
IRUPHQWRKHOSWKHPXQGHUVWDQGWKHFRQ
VHTXHQFHVRIFKDQJHVLQJHQGHULGHRORJ\
7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement
13/48
1 3
Gender and displacement
KHQGLVSODFHPHQWRFFXUV
IDUPRUHGDPDJHUHVXOWVWKDQ
VLPSO\WKHORVVDQGGHVWUXFRQRIJRRGVDQGSURSHUW\3HRSOHV
YHVDQGWKHLUVRFLDOIDEULFDUHOHIWLQ
DWWHUVQHZRIWHQXQIDPLOLDUOLYLQJ
QYLURQPHQWVDIIHFWWKHVRFLDOUROHV
QGUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVRIPHQDQG
RPHQIRUPHUVXSSRUWVWUXFWXUHV
UHDN GRZQDQG IDPLOLHVPD\IDFH
RYHUW\IRUWKHILUVWWLPH
RWKPHQDQGZRPHQDUHIRUFHGLQWR
HVWULFWHGPRELOLW\OLYLQJZLWKQHZUHJX
DWLRQVDQGHQWHULQJQHZVRFLDO
HODWLRQVKLSVZKLFKPD\FKDOOHQJHROGHVDQGNLQVKLSV:LWKIHZRUQRRSSRU
XQLWLHVIRUFRQWLQXLQJWKHLUOLYHOLKRRGV
QGRIWHQLQWKHDEVHQFHRIPDOHIDPLO\
PHPEHUVZRPHQKDYHQRDFFHVVWR
HPXQHUDWLYHZRUN\HWDUHH[SHFWHGWR
URYLGHIRUWKHLUIDPLOLHV7KHODFNRI
FFHVVWRLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHVLWXD
RQRIWKHLUIDPLO\PHPEHUVDGGVWR
KHWUDXPDDQGRYHUZKHOPLQJVHQVHRI
QFHUWDLQW\
LVSODFHPHQWKDVGLIIHUHQWFRQVH
XHQFHVIRUZRPHQDQGJLUOVWKDQIRU
PHQDQGER\V7KHUHLVRIWHQDGUDPDWLF
QFUHDVHLQWKHQXPEHURIZRPHQKHDGV
IKRXVHKROGVDQGWKH\EHDUDGGLWLRQDO
HVSRQVLELOLWLHVIRUPHHWLQJWKHQHHGVRI
KLOGUHQDQGDJHLQJUHODWLYHVVLQFHWKH
PDOHIDPLO\PHPEHUVKDYHHLWKHUMRLQHG
KHZDUULQJJURXSVRUEHHQFDSWXUHG
:RPHQIDFHQHZGHPDQGVLQSURYLGLQJ
RUWKHPVHOYHVDQGWKHLUFKLOGUHQZLWK
QFUHDVHGZRUNORDGVDQGOLPLWHGDFFHVV
RDQGFRQWURORYHUWKHEHQHILWVRIJRRGV
QGVHUYLFHV)XUWKHUPRUHDVDUHVXOWRIRQIOLFWDQGWKHEUHDNGRZQLQODZDQG
UGHUZRPHQDQGJLUOVIDFHLQFUHDVHG
VNVRIVH[XDOYLROHQFHDQGDEXVH,Q
RPHVLWXDWLRQVWKH\EHFRPHWDUJHWVIRU
HOLEHUDWHDWWDFNVE\WKHRSSRVLQJIDF
RQVIRUSXUSRVHVRIUHYHQJH
Strategies for action
$OWKRXJKZHNQRZKRZZDUDIIHFWVZRPHQDQGFKLOGUHQDQGZKDWWRSUR
YLGHDVHPHUJHQF\UHOLHIZHDUHRQO\
MXVWEHJLQQLQJWRXQGHUVWDQGKRZWR
DGGUHVVWKHJHQGHUGLPHQVLRQZLWKLQWKH
KXPDQLWDULDQSULQFLSOHVIUDPHZRUN
:KHQZHGLVFXVVWKHJHQGHUGLPHQVLRQV
RIGLVSODFHPHQWZHDUHLQFOXGLQJDYDVW
UDQJHRIGLIIHUHQWHIIHFWVRIDUPHGFRQ
IOLFWRQZRPHQDQGPHQLQOFOXGLQJKRZ
LWDIIHFWVSRZHUUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHP
WKHLUULJKWVDQGWKHLUGLIIHUHQWLDODFFHVV
WRDQGEHQHILWVIURPVHUYLFHV,Q
81,&()DQGWKH:RPHQV&RPPLVVLRQIRU5HIXJHH:RPHQDQG&KLOGUHQRUJD
QL]HGDQ([SHUW0HHWLQJRQ*HQGHU
'LPHQVLRQVRI,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQWWR
GHYHORSVWUDWHJLHVWRDGGUHVVWKHJHQGHU
GLPHQVLRQRILQWHUQDOGLVSODFHPHQW7ZR
DUHDVZHUHKLJKOLJKWHGIRUDFWLRQIRU
ZRPHQDQGJLUOVDSURWHFWLRQVDIH
JXDUGLQJZRPHQDQGJLUOVIURPUDSH
DEGXFWLRQIRUFHGVH[XDOVODYHU\WRUWXUH
DQGPXUGHUDQGEWKHUHDOL]DWLRQRI
WKHLUULJKWVWRHTXDODFFHVVDQGIXOOSDU
WLFLSDWLRQLQWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIWKH
FDPSV,QGHYHORSLQJSURJUDPPHVWR
DGGUHVVWKHVHDUHDVIRUDFWLRQ81,&()
KDVDQXPEHURISULRULWLHVILYHRIZKLFK
DUHRXWOLQHGEHORZ
L%UHDNLQJEDUULHUV
(QWUHQFKHGGLVFULPLQDWRU\DWWLWXGHVDUH
HYLGHQWZKHUHZRPHQDQGJLUOVDUH
GHQLHGWKHLUULJKWVWRVXUYLYDOGHYHORS
PHQWSDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGSURWHFWLRQ
81,&()VSURJUDPPHVIRU,'3VLQ6XGDQ
KDYHVHWFOHDUJRDOVIRUWKHHQUROPHQWDQGUHWHQWLRQRIJLUOVLQHGXFDWLRQDO
IDFLOLWLHV7KHVRFLDOPRELOL]DWLRQRI
FRPPXQLWLHVLQRUGHUWRFKDQJHDWWL
WXGHVLVJLYHQLPSRUWDQFHLQWKHVHWWLQJ
XSDQGPDQDJHPHQWRIVXFKIDFLOLWLHV
+XPDQULJKWVHGXFDWLRQWKURXJKWUDQV
ODWLRQRIWKHDSSURSULDWHOHJDOLQVWUX
PHQWVDQGDZDUHQHVVFDPSDLJQVIRU
ERWKPHQDQGZRPHQKDVIRFXVHGRQ
ZRPHQVDQGFKLOGUHQVULJKWVLQFOXGLQJ
SXEOLFHGXFDWLRQRQWKHHOLPLQDWLRQRI
IHPDOHJHQLWDOPXWLODWLRQ
LL6HHLQJZRPHQDVVXUYLYRUV
QRWYLFWLPV
,QVHWWLQJXSKXPDQLWDULDQVHUYLFHV
ZRPHQVSDUWLFLSDWLRQVKRXOGEH
SODQQHGLQDYLVLEOHPDQQHUILUVWO\E\
LGHQWLI\LQJZRPHQIURQWOLQHZRUNHUV
QXUVHVWHDFKHUVFRPPXQLFDWRUVDQG
VHFRQGO\E\DFWLYHO\LQYROYLQJWKHPLQ
WKHGHOLYHU\RIVHUYLFHV7KLVPRELOL]D
WLRQFDQDOVREHXVHGWRIDFLOLWDWHD
V\VWHPDWLFFRQVXOWDWLYHSURFHVVZLWK
ZRPHQLQWKHGD\WRGD\PDQDJHPHQW
RIWKHFDPSVDQGPHPEHUVKLSLQFDPS
FRPPLWWHHV
7KHVHILUVWWZRSULRULWLHVLQDSSURDFK
FDQEHVHHQLQWKHFRQWH[WRI81,&()V
ZRUNLQWKH3DOHVWLQLDQUHIXJHHFDPSVLQ/HEDQRQ0HQKDYHWUDGLWLRQDOO\UXQWKH
SRSXODUFRPPLWWHHVUHVSRQVLEOHIRU
IRUPXODWLQJORFDOFDPSSROLF\EXW
81,&()KDVHQFRXUDJHGWKHPWRDFFHSW
IHPDOHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ6HPLQDUVZHUH
LQLWLDOO\KHOGZLWKPHPEHUVRIZRPHQV
DVVRFLDWLRQVWRSODQDVWUDWHJ\WRLQIOX
HQFHWKHSRSXODUFRPPLWWHHVWRDFKLHYH
WKLV2QHZRPDQIURPHDFKJURXSZDV
VHOHFWHGWRDFWDVWKHLUSUHIHUUHGUHSUH
VHQWDWLYHDQGHDFKJURXSVPHPEHUV
WKHQOREELHGIRUWKHDSSRLQWPHQWRIWKLVZRPDQWRWKHGHFLVLRQPDNLQJERDUGRI
WKHLUSRSXODUFRPPLWWHH'XULQJWKH
VHPLQDUVZRPHQDOVROHDUQHGKRZDQ
DVVRFLDWLRQIXQFWLRQVWKHSULQFLSOHVRI
GHPRFUDWLFFRRSHUDWLRQLQIRUPDWLRQ
VNLOOVDQGOREE\LQJWHFKQLTXHV0HHWLQJV
ZHUHDOVRKHOGZLWKKHDGVRIWKHSRSXODU
FRPPLWWHHVWRGLVFXVVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI
IHPDOHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ$VDUHVXOWIRXU
SRSXODUFRPPLWWHHVQRZLQFOXGHZRPHQ
LLL ,QYROYLQJPHQDQGZRPHQIURP
WKHEHJLQQLQJLQSHDFHEXLOGLQJDQGFRQIOLFWUHVROXWLRQDFWLYLWLHV
7KLVZDVWKHPDLQPHVVDJHRIWKHUHFHQW
6HFXULW\&RXQFLO5HVROXWLRQRQ
:RPHQ3HDFHDQG6HFXULW\RI2FWREHU
([SHULHQFHRI0R]DPELTXH
ORCED M IGRATIO N
Gender dimensions of displacementby Srilakshmi Gururaja
This article focuses on how gender awareness
s essential for addressing the protection and
participation rights of displaced women and
girls, with a discussion of the role and results
of the Beijing conferences.
:
7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement
14/48
Gender and displacement
*XDWHPDOD%XUXQGLDQG6RPDOLDLQGL
DWHVWKDWGHVSLWHFXOWXUDOUHVWULFWLRQV
DQGH[SHFWDWLRQVZRPHQDUHZLOOLQJWR
URVVERXQGDULHVWRUHVROYHFRQIOLFWDQG
LYHLQKDUPRQ\ZLWKSHRSOHRIRSSRVLQJ
ZDUULQJJURXSV,Q6RPDOLD81,&()DQG
81,)(0MRLQWO\RUJDQL]HGWUDLQLQJZRUN
KRSVLQRQ:RPHQV5ROHLQ
&RQIOLFW5HVROXWLRQHQDEOLQJDJURXSRI
6RPDOLZRPHQWRDGYRFDWHIRUSHDFHDQG
DFWDVVRFLDOFKDQJHDJHQWVLQWKHLUFRP
PXQLWLHV7KLVODLGWKHIRXQGDWLRQIRU
EULQJLQJZRPHQLQWRWKHSXEOLFVSKHUH
DQGKDVUHVXOWHGLQSURPRWLQJZRPHQV
SDUWLFLSDWLRQLQFLYLOJRYHUQDQFH
Y5DLVLQJJHQGHUDZDUHQHVVIRU
SURWHFWLRQ
0RVWSURWHFWLRQHIIRUWVKDYHIRFXVHGRQ
GXFDWLRQSURJUDPPHVIRUZRPHQRQ
KRZWRVHHNUHFRXUVHRUKRZWRVHFXUH
DFFHVVWRUHKDELOLWDWLRQVHUYLFHV:KLOH
KHVHDUHLPSRUWDQWWKH\PD\QRWEH
HDOO\HIIHFWLYHLQSURWHFWLQJZRPHQDQG
SUHYHQWLQJYLROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQ
6HQVLWL]DWLRQRIFDPSOHDGHUVDQGZRUN
UVWRJHQGHULVVXHVLVHVVHQWLDO7KHUHLV
QRZDFHUWDLQOHYHORIDZDUHQHVVRI
O L O L W G L O
DQGLQPDQ\FDPSVSUHFDXWLRQVDUH
EHLQJWDNHQWRSURYLGHOLJKWLQJLQ
VHFOXGHGDUHDVDQGDORQJURXWHVWRZDWHU
SRLQWVDQGIXHOZRRGFROOHFWLRQ7KH
6SKHUHSURMHFW KDVGHYHORSHGPLQLPXP
VWDQGDUGVLQSDUWLFXODUDUHDVRIGLVDVWHU
UHVSRQVHDQGHQFRXUDJHVWKHSDUWLFLSD
WLRQRIZRPHQLQLGHQWLI\LQJWKHLU
VSHFLDOQHHGV,WSODFHVHPSKDVLVRQ
SUHYHQWLQJJHQGHUEDVHGYLROHQFHDQGVH[XDOH[SORLWDWLRQWKURXJKLPSURYHG
OLJKWLQJDQGVHFXULW\SDWUROVLQWKH
FDPSV,WDOVRHQFRXUDJHVWKHLGHQWLILFD
WLRQRISHUVRQVDQGJURXSVZKRSUHVHQW
DWKUHDWWRZRPHQZKHWKHUIURPWKH
GLVSODFHGWKHPVHOYHVRUIURPWKHKRVW
FRPPXQLWLHVDQGVXSSRUWVWKHGLV
SODFHGSHUVRQVLQWDNLQJDFWLRQWR
SURWHFWWKHPVHOYHV
Y5HDFKLQJDGROHVFHQWVDQG\RXWK
%RUHGRPDEVHQFHRIJRDOVDQGORVVRI
GLUHFWLRQDIIHFWWKHVHOIFRQILGHQFHRI
\RXQJSHRSOHLQFDPSV+RZHYHU
DOWKRXJKWKHLUOLYHVPD\KDYHEHHQEDGO\
GLVUXSWHGWKH\KDYHHQHUJ\DQGHQWKXVL
DVPZKLFKFDQEHFKDQQHOOHGHIIHFWLYHO\
,Q 1RYHPEHU 81,&() RUJDQL]HG D
PHHWLQJLQ(QWHEEHZLWKNH\1*2VDQG
RWKHU81DJHQFLHVWRH[FKDQJHLQIRUPD
WLRQRQH[LVWLQJLQWHUYHQWLRQVDQGWR
GHYHORSVWUDWHJLHVIRUWKLVDJHJURXS
7KHPHHWLQJVUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRFXVHG
RQDVVHVVPHQWPHWKRGVIRUXVHLQHPHU
JHQFLHVDQGVWUDWHJLHVHPSKDVL]LQJ
SDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGFORVHLQYROYHPHQWRI
DGROHVFHQWVLQSODQQLQJDQGLPSOHPHQW
DWLRQRILQWHUYHQWLRQV,QWKHUHIXJHH
FDPSVLQ.XNHV$OEDQLDIRUH[DPSOH
81,&()LQLWLDWHGDSHHUWRSHHU
DSSURDFKZKLFKHQFRXUDJHG
\RXQJ.RVRYDQVPDOHDQGIHPDOH
EHWZHHQWKHDJHVRIDQGWRJHW
HQJDJHGLQFRQIOLFWUHVROXWLRQ
The Beijing Conferences
7KH)RXUWK:RUOG&RQIHUHQFHRQ
:RPHQZKLFKWRRNSODFHLQ%HLMLQJLQ
VRXJKWWRJDOYDQL]HZRPHQVPRYHPHQWVDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDORUJDQL]D
WLRQVWRUHYLHZSURJUHVVPDGHLQ
DFKLHYLQJWKHJRDOVRIWKH1DLUREL
)RUZDUG/RRNLQJ6WUDWHJLHVRI(TXDOLW\
'HYHORSPHQWDQG3HDFHDQGWRLGHQWLI\
WKHHPHUJLQJDUHDVIRUDFWLRQLQIXOILOO
LQJWKHKXPDQULJKWVRIZRPHQ,WVRXW
FRPH ZDV D 3ODWIRUP IRU $FWLRQ 3)$
Food distribution at refugee camp near Brazda, FYR M acedonia , 1999.
7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement
15/48
Gender and displacement
RYHULQJFULWLFDODUHDVRIFRQFHUQ
QFOXGLQJWKHKXPDQULJKWVRIZRPHQ
LROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQDQGJLUOVDQG
ZRPHQLQDUPHGFRQIOLFW,WFDOOHGRQ
KHLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\WRSURWHFW
KHULJKWVDQGDGGUHVVWKHQHHGVRI
HIXJHHVDQG,'3VLQOLQHZLWKLQWHUQD
LRQDOFRYHQDQWVDQGWUHDWLHV
LQFHWKHDGRSWLRQRIWKH%HLMLQJ3)$LQ
VRPHSURJUHVVKDVEHHQPDGHLQ
URWHFWLQJWKHULJKWVRIZRPHQDQGJLUOV
QFRQIOLFW]RQHVDQGLQDGGUHVVLQJWKHLU
QLTXHFRQFHUQV7KHVHDFKLHYHPHQWV
QFOXGH
,QLWLDWLYHVWRUDWLI\DQGLPSOHPHQW
WKH6WDWXWHRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO
&ULPLQDO&RXUWZKLFKFRQVLGHUVJHQ
GHUUHODWHGFULPHVDQGFULPHVRI
VH[XDOYLROHQFH$QDFKLHYHPHQWLVWKH6WDWXWHLWVHOIZKLFKLQFOXGHV
XQGHUWKHGHILQLWLRQRIFULPHVDJDLQVW
KXPDQLW\UDSHVH[XDOVODYHU\
HQIRUFHGSURVWLWXWLRQIRUFHGSUHJ
QDQF\HQIRUFHGVWHULOLVDWLRQRUDQ\
RWKHUIRUPRIVH[XDOYLROHQFHRI
FRPSDUDEOHJUDYLW\DQGXQGHUWKH
GHILQLWLRQRIZDUFULPHVFRPPLWWLQJ
UDSHVH[XDOVODYHU\HQIRUFHGSURVWL
WXWLRQIRUFHGSUHJQDQF\HQIRUFHG
VWHULOLVDWLRQRUDQ\RWKHUIRUPRI
VH[XDOYLROHQFHDOVRFRQVWLWXWLQJDJUDYHEUHDFKRIWKH*HQHYD
&RQYHQWLRQV
7KH*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVRQ,QWHUQDO
'LVSODFHPHQW
81'HYHORSPHQW)XQGIRU:RPHQ
81,)(07UXVW)XQGLQ6XSSRUWRI
$FWLRQVWR(OLPLQDWH9LROHQFH$JDLQVW
:RPHQDQGLWV$IULFDQ:RPHQLQ
&ULVLVSURJUDPPH$):,&
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&ULPLQDO7ULEXQDORQ
7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement
16/48
SRVLWLYHUROHWKDWZRPHQFDQSOD\LQ
SRVWFRQIOLFWSHDFHEXLOGLQJUHFRQ
VWUXFWLRQDQGUHFRQFLOLDWLRQ
QDGGLWLRQWKHUHFHQWSURJUHVVUHSRUW
IWKH*UDoD0DFKHOVWXG\XVHGDVWKH
DFNJURXQGGRFXPHQWDWWKH6HSWHPEHU
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ:DU
$IIHFWHG&KLOGUHQLQ:LQQLSHJHLWHUDWHGWKDWWKHPDQGDWHVRISUHYHQ
LYHSHDFHPLVVLRQVSHDFHNHHSLQJ
SHUDWLRQVDQGSHDFHEXLOGLQJQHHGWR
QFOXGHSURYLVLRQVIRUZRPHQVSURWHF
LRQDVZHOODVWRUHVSRQGWRJHQGHU
VVXHV6XFKPLVVLRQVDQGRSHUDWLRQDO
FWLYLWLHVVKRXOGLQFOXGHDSSURSULDWHO\
WDIIHGDQGLQWHJUDWHGJHQGHUXQLWVDQG
HQGHUDGYLVRUVDQGJLYHSULRULW\WRWKH
HULILFDWLRQRIJHQGHUEDVHGYLRODWLRQV
QGWKHSURWHFWLRQRIZRPHQVKXPDQ
LJKWV)LHOGRSHUDWLRQVVKRXOGSURWHFWQGVXSSRUWWKHGHOLYHU\RIKXPDQLWDUL
QDVVLVWDQFHIRUDIIHFWHGZRPHQDQGJLUOV
QGLQSDUWLFXODUIRUUHIXJHHDQGGLVSODFHG
ZRPHQIURPDJHQGHUSHUVSHFWLYH
Conclusions
+RZGRZHPDNHLWKDSSHQ"7KHUHDUH
ZRRYHUZKHOPLQJSUHUHTXLVLWHV
LUVWO\ ZHQHHGJOREDODSSOLFDWLRQRI
QWHUQDWLRQDOQRUPVLQFOXGLQJWKH*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVRQ,QWHUQDO'LVSODFH
PHQWXVLQJULJKWVEDVHGDSSURDFKHV
DVHGRQHTXDOLW\DFFRXQWDELOLW\
DUWLFLSDWLRQDQGSURWHFWLRQ
HFRQGO\ ZHQHHGDQLQIRUPHGXQGHU
WDQGLQJDQGDQDO\VLVRIWKHVRFLDO
WUXFWXUHVRIGLVSODFHGSRSXODWLRQVWKDW
GHWHUPLQHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVEHKDYLRXU
RSLQJPHFKDQLVPVDQGFDSDFLW\IRU
GMXVWPHQW'LVDJJUHJDWLRQDQGDQDO\VLV
ILQIRUPDWLRQE\VH[DJHHWKQLFLW\DQGHOLJLRQDUHHVVHQWLDOIRUWKHSODQQLQJ
QGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIHIIHFWLYHKXPDQL
DULDQDVVLVWDQFHVHUYLFHV
6ULODNVKPL*XUXUDMDLVWKH6HQLRU
$GYLVRUIRU*HQGHUDQG'HYHORS
PHQWDWWKH3URJUDPPH'LYLVLRQ
81,&()6KHZURWHWKLVDUWLFOHLQKHU
SHUVRQDOFDSDFLW\YLHZVH[SUHVVHG
GRQRWQHFHVVDULO\UHSUHVHQWRIILFLDO
81,&()RSLQLRQ
(PDLOVJXUXUDMD#XQLFHIRUJ
ZZZVSKHUHSURMHFWRUJ
$):,&$IULFDQ:RPHQLQ&ULVLVHQDEOHV81,)(0WR
XSSRUWTXLFNUHVSRQVHVDQGLPPHGLDWHDVVLVWDQFHWR
RPHQLQFULVLVDQGWRSODFHZRPHQDWWKHFHQWUHRI
KHVHDUFKIRUVROXWLRQV$):,&DLPVWREXLOGWKH
DSDFLW\RIVHOHFWHGZRPHQVULJKWVRUJDQL]DWLRQVDQG
HOLHIRUJDQL]DWLRQVLQ(DVW:HVWDQG&HQWUDO$IULFDWR
[SDQGWKHLUZRUNWRLQFOXGHDGYRFDF\RQEHKDOIRI
HIXJHH GLVSODFHG DQG UHWXUQHH ZRPHQ
Gender and displacement
Resources: gender issues in armed conflict
2QJRLQJLQLWLDWLYHVWRLPSURYHUHVSRQVHWR,'3V
*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVRQ,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQW5HSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKH816HFUHWDU\
*HQHUDORQ,'3V81+&+56HHSIRUOLVWRIWUDQVODWLRQV$YDLODEOHDW
ZZZUHOLHIZHELQWRFKDBROSXELGSBJSLGSKWPO
0DQXDORQ)LHOG3UDFWLFHLQ,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQW([DPSOHVIURP81$JHQFLHVDQG3DUWQHU2UJDQLVDWLRQVRI)LHOGEDVHG,QLWLDWLYHV6XSSRUWLQJ,'3V,$6&3ROLF\3DSHU
$YDLODEOHDWZZZUHOLHIZHELQWRFKDBROSXE,'30DQXDOSGI
+DQGERRNIRU$SSO\LQJWKH*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVRQ,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQW7KH
%URRNLQJV,QVWLWXWLRQ3URMHFWRQ,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQW$YDLODEOHDW
ZZZUHOLHIZHELQWRFKDBROSXE,'3SULQFLSOHV3')
&RQWDFWGHWDLOVIRU2&+$*HQHYD2&+$813DODLVGHV1DWLRQV*HQHYD
6ZLW]HUODQG7HO)D[(PDLORFKDJYD#XQRUJ
1HZ
7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement
17/48
Gender and displacement
XUUHQWLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKH
81&RQYHQWLRQUHODWLQJWRWKH
6WDWXVRI5HIXJHHVWKH5HIXJHH
RQYHQWLRQSUHVHQWVFRQVLGHUDEOHGLIILXOWLHVIRUZRPHQZKHQWKHLUIHDUVRI
HUVHFXWLRQDULVHRXWRIIRUPVRISURWHVW
ULOOWUHDWPHQWZKLFKDUHQRWFRQVLGHUHG
SROLWLFDO
KH5HIXJHH&RQYHQWLRQGRHVQRWVSHFLI
FDOO\UHIHUWRJHQGHUDVRQHRIWKH
URXQGVXSRQZKLFKDQLQGLYLGXDOFDQ
HUHFRJQL]HGDVDUHIXJHHDQGJLYHQ
URWHFWLRQ,WLVWKLVZKLFKKDVODUJHO\
HHQVHHQDVWKHEDVLVRIZRPHQVPDU
LQDOL]DWLRQDQGZKLFKKDVOHGVRPHWRDOOIRUWKHUHIXJHHGHILQLWLRQWREHUH
ZULWWHQDQGIRUJHQGHUWREHDGGHGWR
KH&RQYHQWLRQVJURXQGVDORQJVLGHUDFH
DWLRQDOLW\UHOLJLRQVRFLDOJURXSDQG
FWXDORULPSXWHGSROLWLFDORSLQLRQ
KDVDOVROHGWRFDOOVIRUZRPHQWREH
HFRJQL]HGDVPHPEHUVRIDSDUWLFXODU
RFLDOJURXSZLWKLQWKHPHDQLQJRIWKH
RQYHQWLRQDQGRIIHUHGSURWHFWLRQRQ
KLVEDVLV 7KLVDUWLFOHTXHVWLRQVKRZ
YHUZKHWKHUVXFKDSSURDFKHVLQKLJK
JKWLQJWKHVSHFLILFLW\RIZRPHQVH[SH
HQFHVKDYHDGHTXDWHO\UHIOHFWHGXSRQ
KHUROHRIJHQGHUDVRSSRVHGWRVH[LQ
KDSLQJWKRVHH[SHULHQFHVDQGWKHSURE
HPVH[SHULHQFHGLQWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQ
URFHVV
QPDQ\UHVSHFWVWKHIDLOXUHWRLQFRUSR
UDWHWKHJHQGHUUHODWHGDV\OXPFODLPVRI
ZRPHQLVDSURGXFWRIWKHJHQHUDOIDLO
XUHRIUHIXJHHODZWRUHFRJQL]HVRFLDO
DQGHFRQRPLFULJKWVDQGLWVHPSKDVLVLQVWHDGRQLQGLYLGXDOWDUJHWLQJDQGVSH
FLILFGHSULYDWLRQRIFLYLODQGSROLWLFDO
ULJKWV7KLVLVGHVSLWHWKHIDFWWKDWVRFLDO
DQGHFRQRPLFULJKWVPD\EHYLRODWHGIRU
SROLWLFDOUHDVRQV+RZHYHULWLVDOVR
UHODWHGWRDODUJHUFULWLFLVPRIKXPDQ
ULJKWVODZDQGGLVFRXUVHWKDWLWSULYL
OHJHVPDOHGRPLQDWHGSXEOLFDFWLYLWLHV
RYHUWKHDFWLYLWLHVRIZRPHQZKLFKWDNH
SODFHODUJHO\LQWKHSULYDWHVSKHUH
$OWKRXJKLQWHUQDWLRQDOODZLVJHQGHU
QHXWUDOLQWKHRU\LQSUDFWLFHWKH
SXEOLFSULYDWHGLVWLQFWLRQLVXVHGLQVXFK
DZD\WKDWZKDWZRPHQGRDQGZKDWLV
GRQHWRWKHPLVRIWHQVHHQDVLUUHOHYDQW
0DQ\RIWKHH[LVWLQJDQDO\VHVKDYH
VRXJKWWRH[SODLQWKHGLIIHUHQWLDOWUHDW
PHQWRIZRPHQE\UHIHUHQFHWRWKHLU
VWDWXVDVZRPHQLHWKHLUVH[UDWKHU
WKDQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIJHQGHULGHQWLW\
LQVSHFLILFJHRJUDSKLFDOKLVWRULFDOSROLWL
FDODQGVRFLRFXOWXUDOFRQWH[WV
0RUHRYHUWKHWHUPVJHQGHUDQGVH[
KDYHWHQGHGWREHXVHGLQWHUFKDQJHDEO\
8QOLNHVH[ZKLFKLVELRORJLFDOO\GHILQHG
DQGWKHUHIRUHLQQDWHWKHWHUPJHQGHU
UHIHUVWRWKHVRFLDOFRQVWUXFWLRQRI
SRZHUUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQZRPHQDQG
PHQDQGWKHLPSOLFDWLRQVRIWKHVHUHOD
WLRQVIRUZRPHQVDQGPHQVLGHQWLW\
VWDWXVUROHVDQGUHVSRQVLELOLWLHV*HQGHU
UHODWLRQVDQGJHQGHUGLIIHUHQFHVDUHKLV
WRULFDOO\JHRJUDSKLFDOO\DQGFXOWXUDOO\
VSHFLILFVRWKDWZKDWLWLVWREHD
ZRPDQRUPDQYDULHVWKURXJKVSDFH
DQGRYHUWLPH$Q\DQDO\VLVRIWKHZD\
LQZKLFKJHQGHUDVRSSRVHGWRELRORJLFDOVH[VKDSHVWKHH[SHULHQFHVRI
DV\OXPVHHNLQJZRPHQPXVWWKHUHIRUH
FRQWH[WXDOL]HWKRVHH[SHULHQFHV
7KLVGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQJHQGHUDQGVH[
DQGWKHIRFXVRQWKHSROLWLFDOFRQWH[WLQ
ZKLFKZRPHQVH[SHULHQFHVWDNHSODFH
DUHLPSRUWDQWEHFDXVHWKHFRQWLQXLQJ
IRFXVRQZRPHQDVRSSRVHGWRJHQGHU
LQIRUFHGPLJUDWLRQUHVHDUFKDQGSUDF
WLFHUHSOLFDWHVDQGUHLQIRUFHVWKH
PDUJLQDOL]DWLRQRIZRPHQVH[SHULHQFHV
(TXDWLQJJHQGHUZLWKZRPHQOHDGVWRD
WHQGHQF\WRJHQHUDOL]HDERXWWKHH[SHUL
HQFHVRIZRPHQDVDV\OXPVHHNHUVDQG
WKLVLVSUREOHPDWLFIRUVHYHUDOUHDVRQV
)LUVWO\LWUHVXOWVLQFRQIXVLRQDERXW
ZKDWLVPHDQWE\WKHWHUPJHQGHUUHODW
HGSHUVHFXWLRQDQGLQSDUWLFXODUDODFN
RIXQGHUVWDQGLQJDERXWWKHUHODWLRQVKLS
EHWZHHQWKHIRUPRIKDUPVXIIHUHGRU
IHDUHGDQGWKHUHOHYDQWHQXPHUDWHG
JURXQG6HFRQGO\ZKLOHWKHUHDUHRIWHQ
VLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHH[SHULHQFHVRIZRPHQDQGPHQWKHUHDUH
DOVRFULWLFDOGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQZRPHQ
ZLWKLQDQGEHWZHHQSDUWLFXODUFRXQWULHV
DQGFRQWH[WV7KHWHQGHQF\RIDFDGH
PLFVSUDFWLWLRQHUVDQGSROLF\PDNHUVWR
WUHDWZRPHQDVDQKRPRJHQHRXV
FDWHJRU\LQRUGHUWRHPSKDVL]HWKHZD\V
LQZKLFKWKHH[SHULHQFHVRIZRPHQJHQ
HUDOO\KDYHEHHQPDUJLQDOL]HGPHDQVWKDW
WKHVHFULWLFDOGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQZRPHQ
KDYHRIWHQEHHQLJQRUHG
M a le versus fema le mod els
7KHSUREOHPZLWKPDQ\RIWKHFXUUHQW
DSSURDFKHVWRZRPHQDVDV\OXPVHHNHUV
WKHUHIRUHLVWKDWWKH\RIWHQFRXQWHUSRVH
WKHPDOHH[SHULHQFHRISHUVHFXWLRQZLWK
Gender, persecution and theconcept of politics in the asylum
determination processby Heaven CrawleyThe particular difficulties facing many women
as asylum seekers stem not from the absence
of gender in the Refugee Conventions
grounds but rather from the failure of decisionmakers to acknowledge and respond to the
gendering of politics and of womens relation-
ship to the state when applying that definition
to individual cases.
&
7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement
18/48
Gender and displacement
IHPDOHPRGHO7KLVPRGHOJHQHUDOL]HV
ERXWZRPHQVH[SHULHQFHVRIJHQGHU
HODWHGSHUVHFXWLRQDQGRYHUHPSKDVL]HV
H[XDOYLROHQFHDWWKHH[SHQVHRIRWKHU
RUPVRIUHVLVWDQFHDQGUHSUHVVLRQWKDW
UHH[SHULHQFHGE\ZRPHQLQWKHLUFRXQ
ULHVRIRULJLQ'LIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQ
ZRPHQKRZHYHUKDYHVLJQLILFDQWLPSOL
DWLRQVIRUWKHLUH[SHULHQFHVRIERWK
HUVHFXWLRQDQGWKHSURFHVVRIDV\OXP
GHWHUPLQDWLRQ)RUH[DPSOHEHFDXVH
QDWLRQDOLVWDJHQGDVDUHPRUHRSHQWR
QFRUSRUDWLQJVRPHJURXSVRIZRPHQ
KDQRWKHUVWKHDSSDUDWXVDQGLQVWLWX
LRQVRIWKHVWDWH
PD\HVWDEOLVKGLI
HUHQWLDOSROLFLHV
RZDUGVWKHP
2QHXQLQWHQGHG
XWYHU\VHULRXV
IIHFWRIPHUHO\
GGLQJZRPHQWRH[LVWLQJDQDO\VHV
ZLWKRXWDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHGLIIHU
QFHVEHWZHHQZRPHQLVWKDWZRPHQ
SSHDURQO\DVYLFWLPVUHIXJHHZRPHQ
UHSUHVHQWHGDVXQLIRUPO\SRRUSRZHU
HVVDQGYXOQHUDEOHZKLOH:HVWHUQ
ZRPHQDUHWKHUHIHUHQFHSRLQWIRUPRG
UQHGXFDWHGVH[XDOO\OLEHUDWHG
ZRPDQKRRG7KLVLQWXUQOHDGVWRWKH
GHSROLWLFL]DWLRQDQGGHFRQWH[WXDOL]DWLRQIZRPHQVH[SHULHQFHVRISHUVHFXWLRQ
QGWKHLUFRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQDVSDVVLYH
LFWLPVRIIRUH[DPSOHPDOHRSSUHV
LRQRURSSUHVVLYHFXOWXUHVUHOLJLRQVRU
UDGLWLRQV
The concept of politics
7KHFRQFHSWRISROLWLFVLVFULWLFDOWRWKH
URFHVVRIGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHUDQLQGL
LGXDODSSOLFDQWVKRXOGEHUHFRJQL]HGDV
UHIXJHHZLWKLQWKHPHDQLQJRIWKH5HIXJHH&RQYHQWLRQ,WKDVEHHQVXJJHVW
GWKDWEHFDXVHZRPHQDUHPXFKOHVV
NHO\WKDQPHQWREHLQYROYHGLQSROL
LFVWKHFRQFHSWRISROLWLFDORSLQLRQLV
QOLNHO\WREHFHQWUDOLQWKHFODLPVRI
ZRPHQVHHNLQJDV\OXP +RZHYHUWKLV
DLOVWRWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWWKHFRQWH[WLQ
ZKLFKZRPHQVSDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGUHVLV
DQFHWDNHSODFH
*HQGHUHGFULWLTXHVRISROLWLFVDQGSROLWL
DOSDUWLFLSDWLRQDUHSDUWLFXODUO\XVHIXO
HFDXVHWKH\VKHGQHZOLJKWRQWKHUHOD
LRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRPHQDQGSROLWLFV
RWKE\SRLQWLQJWRWKHVWUXFWXUDOIHD
XUHVRISROLWLFDOOLIHZKLFKKDYHWHQGHG
RH[FOXGHZRPHQIURPSRVLWLRQVRI
RZHUDQGE\UHYHDOLQJWKHKLVWRU\RI
ZRPHQVLQYROYHPHQWLQSROLWLFDODFWLRQ
GHQF\WRVHSDUDWHWKHSXEOLFZRUOGRI
SROLWLFVDQGHPSOR\PHQWIURPWKHSUL
YDWHVSKHUHRIIDPLO\DQGLQWHUSHUVRQDO
UHODWLRQV
:RPHQDUHDVYXOQHUDEOHWRSROLWLFDO
YLROHQFHDVWKHLUPDOHFRXQWHUSDUWVHYHQ
WKRXJKWKHLUSROLWLFDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIWHQ
WDNHVSODFHDWDVRFDOOHGORZOHYHO
,QPDQ\VRFLHWLHVLQGHHGWKHSHQDOWLHV
IRUSROLWLFDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGUHVLVWDQFH
DUHHYHQPRUHVHYHUHIRUZRPHQWKDQ
IRUPHQEHFDXVHRIFXOWXUDODQGVRFLDO
QRUPVWKDWSUHFOXGHZRPHQVLQYROYH
PHQW)RU
H[DPSOH
ZRPHQZKR
DUHLPSULV
RQHGE\WKH
DXWKRULWLHV
UXQWKHULVN
RIGRXEOH
SXQLVKPHQW7KH\DUHSXQLVKHGQRW
RQO\EHFDXVHWKH\RSSRVHWKHUHJLPHLQ
VRPHZD\EXWDOVREHFDXVHWKH\VKXQ
WKHWUDGLWLRQDOUROHRIZRPHQE\EHLQJ
SROLWLFDOO\DFWLYHDWDOO$VDUHVXOWWKH\
DUHRIWHQSXWEDFNLQWKHLUSODFHE\
SULVRQJXDUGVRUPLOLWDU\PHQ
9LROHQFHDJDLQVWWKRVHZKRRSSRVH
UHJLPHVLVQRWFRQILQHGWRWKHSXEOLFVSKHUHEHFDXVHSROLWLFVDQGSROLWLFDO
UHVLVWDQFHDUHQRWH[FOXVLYHWRWKHSXEOLF
VSKHUH3ROLWLFDOYLROHQFHE\WKHVWDWH
DLPVWRGLVDEOHRSSRVLWLRQRUUHVLVWDQFH
E\VRLQWLPLGDWLQJDSRSXODWLRQDVWR
IRUFLEO\GHSROLWLFL]HLW%ULQJLQJYLR
OHQFHLQWRWKHSULYDWHVSKHUHRIWKH
KRPHDQGIDPLO\DSSHDUVWREHDSDUWLF
XODUO\HIIHFWLYHPHDQVRIDFKLHYLQJWKLV
DLP$VDUHVXOWHYHQZKHUHZRPHQGR
QRWSDUWLFLSDWHLQIRUPDOSROLWLFVD
ZRPDQQRQHWKHOHVVPD\EHKDUPHGDVDPHDQVRILQWLPLGDWLQJFRHUFLQJRUKDUP
LQJRWKHUIDPLO\PHPEHUVZKRKROG
GLVVHQWLQJSROLWLFDOYLHZVRUZKRHQJDJH
LQSROLWLFDODFWLYLWLHVZKLFKDUHGLVDS
SURYHGRIE\WKHSHUVHFXWRU
,QDGGLWLRQZRPHQZKRKDYHKDGOLWWOH
RUQRLQYROYHPHQWLQIRUPDOSROLWLFDO
LQVWLWXWLRQVRIWHQWDNHXSDOOVRUWVRI
SUDFWLFDODQGLQQRYDWLYHZD\VWRH[HUW
SUHVVXUHRQWKHSROLWLFDOVFHQHLQWLPHV
RIFRQIOLFW7KHVHIRUPVRISROLWLFDOSDU
WLFLSDWLRQE\ZRPHQRIWHQJURZRXWRI
DQGVXEYHUWWKHLUJHQGHUUROHVDV
SURYLGHUVDQGQXUWXUHUVEHFDXVHZRPHQ
DUHVHHQDVSROLWLFDOLQQRFHQWVWKH\DUH
DEOHWRXVHWKLVLPPXQLW\WRWDNHLQLWLD
WLYHVDQGUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVRIDFRYHUW
SROLWLFDOQDWXUH
$JHQGHUHGFULWLTXHRISROLWLFVVXJJHVWV
WKDWWKHH[WHQW RIZRPHQVSROLWLFDO
SDUWLFLSDWLRQKDVEHHQXQGHUHVWLPDWHG
,QDGGLWLRQKRZHYHULWLQGLFDWHVDWHQ
GHQF\WRPLVUHSUHVHQWJHQGHUHGIRUPV
RISHUVHFXWLRQDQGUHVLVWDQFHDVSHU
VRQDOUDWKHUWKDQSROLWLFDO,QWKH
FRQWH[WRIJURZLQJ VWUXJJOHVRYHU
QDWLRQDOLGHQWLW\SUHYDOHQWLGHRORJLHVKDYHDUWLFXODWHGSROLFLHVWKDWKDYH
SURYHGSDUWLFXODUO\GHWULPHQWDOWR
ZRPHQEHFDXVHWKHUROHRIJHQGHULQ
WKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIQDWLRQDOLGHQWLW\
EHFRPHVUHIOHFWHGLQVWDWHSROLFLHV
0DQ\DQWLFRORQLDOQDWLRQDOLVWSURMHFWV
DLPWRUHFRYHURUUHLQYHQWWUDGLWLRQLQ
RUGHUWRGHYHORSDQHZQDWLRQDOLVWFRQ
VFLRXVQHVV:LWKLQWKLVSURFHVVQDWLRQDO
GLIIHUHQFHLVRIWHQFRQVWUXFWHGLQFXOWXU
DOWHUPVDJDLQVWWKH:HVWDQGEHFDXVHWKLVGLIIHUHQFHLVRIWHQORFDWHGLQWKH
SULYDWHVSKHUHLQIDPLO\DQGVH[UROHV
ZRPHQKDYHEHHQFRQVWUXFWHGDVWKH
EHDUHUVRIDQDXWKHQWLFDXWKHQWLFDWHG
FXOWXUH,QPDQ\SDUWVRIWKHZRUOG
ZRPHQZKRGRQRWOLYHXSWRWKHPRUDO
RUHWKLFDOVWDQGDUGVLPSRVHGRQWKHP
E\WKHLUVRF LHWLHVDUHLPSXWHGZLWKD
SROLWLFDORSLQLRQDQGDVDFRQVHTXHQFH
VXIIHUFUXHORULQKXPDQWUHDWPHQW
5HIXVLQJWRPDUU\KDYLQJVH[XDOUHOD
WLRQVRXWVLGHPDUULDJHSURYLGLQJXQVDWLVIDFWRU\GRZU\RUHYHQZHDULQJ
FHUWDLQGUHVVFDQUHVXOWLQSHUVHFXWLRQ
3HUKDSVRQHRIWKHFOHDUHVWH[DPSOHVRI
WKHZD\LQZKLFKSROLWLFDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQ
DQGUHVLVWDQFHLVJHQGHUHGFDQEHVHHQ
LQWKHSROLWLFVRIGUHVVFRGHVDQGVSHFLI
LFDOO\WKHYHLO:RPHQVRSSRVLWLRQWR
WKHLPSRVLWLRQRIGUHVVFRGHVGXULQJWKH
SURFHVVRI,VODPL]DWLRQVKRXOGEHEH
VHHQLQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKHSROLWLFDOV\P
EROLVPRIWKHYHLO7KHFRQFHSWRIKRQRXUKDVEHFRPHVWURQJO\DVVRFLDWHG
ZLWKZRPHQVVH[XDOEHKDYLRXULQPDQ\
FRQWH[WV$Q\DFWXDORUSHUFHLYHGYLROD
WLRQRIZKDWDUHGHHPHGWREH
DSSURSULDWHJHQGHUUHODWLRQVLVYLHZHG
DVGHILOLQJWKHKRQRXURIWKHZRPDQ
DQGLQWXUQWKHKRQRXURIWKHQDWLRQ
LWVHOI3URWHFWLQJWKHKRQRXURIWKH
ZRPDQDQGWKHQDWLRQWKHUHIRUHJDLQV
SROLWLFDOVLJQLILFDQFHDQGZLOOEH
HQIRUFHGHLWKHUGLUHFWO\WKURXJKWKH
VWDWHDVVHHQLQOHJLVODWHGGLVFULPLQDWLRQDQGODZVUHJXODWLQJZRPHQV
EHKDYLRXU RUWKURXJK DZRPDQV
IDPLO\DQGFRPPXQLW\
7KHLPSOLFDWLRQVRIWKHVHSURFHVVHVIRU
ZRPHQFDQEHVHHQLQWKHH[SHULHQFHVRI
WKRVHVHHNLQJDV\OXPXQGHUWKH5HIXJHH
&RQYHQWLRQ :RPHQ PD\ EH VXEMHFWHG WR
Women are as vulnerable
to political violence as
their male counterparts
7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement
19/48
Gender and displacement
QIRUFHGWKURXJKODZRUWKURXJKWKH
PSRVLWLRQRIVRFLDORUUHOLJLRXVQRUPV
ZKLFKUHVWULFWWKHLURSSRUWXQLWLHVDQG
LJKWV7KHFRQVHTXHQFHVIRUZRPHQRI
DLOXUHRUUHIXVDOWRFRPSO\ZLWKVRFLDO
RUPVDQGPRUHVUHJDUGLQJWKHLUEHKDY
RXUFDQYDU\HQRUPRXVO\
$WRQHH[WUHPHDZRPDQPD\IHDUWKDW
VKHZLOOEHVXEMHFWHGWRWKUHDWVRQKHU
OLIHLIVKHLVIRUFHGWRUHWXUQWRKHU
FRXQWU\RIRULJLQ(YHQZKHUHDZRPDQ
GRHVQRWIHDUWKUHDWVRQKHUOLIHVKHLV
RIWHQIRUFHGWRVXEPLWWRPHDVXUHVWR
UHWDLQRUUHHVWDEOLVKKHUKRQRXU7KH
KDUPH[SHULHQFHGRUIHDUHGLQWKHVH
FDVHVZLOORIWHQEHPDUULDJHUHODWHG
LQFOXGLQJIRUFHGPDUULDJHDIRUPRI
DEXVHWKDWLVRIWHQQRWUHFRJQL]HG,Q
PDQ\FDVHVRIZRPHQZKRUHIXVHWR
DJUHHWRVXFKDUUDQJHPHQWVLWZLOOEH
WKHSXQLVKPHQWLQIOLFWHGDVDUHIXVDOWR
DELGHE\GLVFULPLQDWRU\VRFLDOPRUHV
UDWKHUWKDQWKHPDUULDJHLWVHOIZKLFK
ZLOOULVHWRWKHOHYHORIVHULRXVKDUP
7KHUHSHUFXVVLRQVIRUZRPHQRIGLYRUF
LQJWKHLUKXVEDQGVRUHQWHULQJLQWR
PL[HGPDUULDJHVPD\EHHTXDOO\GHYDV
WDWLQJ
,QRWKHUFRQWH[WVWKHUHPD\EHSUHVVXUH
RQZRPHQWRKDYHRUQRWWRKDYHFKLO
GUHQDFFRUGLQJWRGLIIHUHQWQDWLRQDO
SURMHFWVXQGHUVSHFLILFKLVWRULFDOFLU
FXPVWDQFHVVRPHRUDOOZRPHQRI
FKLOGEHDULQJDJHJURXSVZRXOGEHFDOOHG
RQVRPHWLPHVEULEHGDQGVRPHWLPHV
HYHQIRUFHGWRKDYHPRUHRUIHZHUFKLO
GUHQ7KLVFDQEHVHHQIRUH[DPSOHLQ
WKHH[SHULHQFHVRIVRPHZRPHQIURP
WKH3HRSOHV5HSXEOLFRI&KLQD
Content versus interpretation
7KLVDSSURDFKWRWKHH[SHULHQFHVRI
ZRPHQVHHNLQJDV\OXPVXJJHVWVWKDWWKH
IUDPHZRUNIRUDV\OXPGHWHUPLQDWLRQ
QHHGVWREHWUDQVIRUPHGWRDFFRPPR
GDWHWKHLQFOXVLRQRIZRPHQQRWDVD
VSHFLDOFDVHGHYLDWLQJIURPWKHQRUPEXW
DVRQHRIPDQ\GLIIHUHQWJURXSVZKRVH
H[SHULHQFHVPXVWEHFRQWH[WXDOL]HGLI
WKH\DUHWREHSURSHUO\XQGHUVWRRG7KLV
DSSURDFKVXJJHVWVWKDWWKHSUREOHPLV
QRWVRPXFKWKHDFWXDOLQYLVLELOLW\RI
ZRPHQEXWUDWKHUKRZWKHLUH[SHULHQFHV
KDYHEHHQUHSUHVHQWHGDQGDQDO\WLFDOO\
FKDUDFWHUL]HG
%RWKDFWXDODQGLPSXWHGSROLWLFDORSLQ
LRQDQGPHPEHUVKLSRIDSDUWLFXODU
VRFLDOJURXSZLWKLQWKHPHDQLQJRI
$UWLFOH$RIWKH&RQYHQWLRQFDQDQG
VKRXOGSURYLGHDOHJDOEDVLVIRUWKH
UHFRJQLWLRQRIZRPHQDV&RQYHQWLRQ
UHIXJHHV3ROLWLFDORSLQLRQLQSDUWLFXODU
VKRXOGEHSURSHUO\LQWHUSUHWHGWR
LQFOXGHZRPHQVRSSRVLWLRQWRH[WUHPH
LQVWLWXWLRQDOL]HGIRUPVRIRSSUHVVLRQ
DZRPDQZKRRSSRVHVOHJLVODWHGGLV
FULPLQDWLRQDJDLQVWZRPHQRUH[SUHVVHV
YLHZVRILQGHSHQGHQFHIURPWKHVRFLDO
RUFXOWXUDOGRPLQDQFHRIPHQLQKHU
VRFLHW\PD\EHIRXQGWRKDYHEHHQSHU
VHFXWHGRUWRIHDUSHUVHFXWLRQEHFDXVH
RIKHUDFWXDOSROLWLFDORSLQLRQRUDSROLWL
FDORSLQLRQWKDWKDVEHHQRUZLOOEH
Demonstratorsoutside Rochester prison in Kent
7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement
20/48
Gender and displacement
PSXWHGWRKHU6KHLVSHUFHLYHGZLWKLQ
KHHVWDEOLVKHGSROLWLFDOVRFLDOVWUXFWXUH
VH[SUHVVLQJSROLWLFDOO\DQWDJRQLVWLF
LHZVWKURXJKKHUDFWLRQVRUIDLOXUHWR
FW,IDZRPDQUHVLVWVJHQGHUHGRSSUHV
LRQKHUUHVLVWDQFHVKRXOGEHUHJDUGHG
VSROLWLFDODFWLYLW\
QDGGLWLRQWKHUHDUHFDVHVZKHUH
ZRPHQGRQRWGLUHFWO\RULQWHQWLRQDOO\
KDOOHQJHLQVWLWXWLRQDOL]HGQRUPVRI
HKDYLRXUEXWDUHQRQHWKHOHVVLPSXWHG
ZLWKDSROLWLFDORSLQLRQDVDFRQVHTXHQFH
IWKHLUH[SHULHQFHV7KLVFDQEHVHHQ
RUH[DPSOHLQWKHFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRID
DSHGZRPDQDVDGXOWHURXVLQWKHVRFLDO
VWUDFLVPRIDQXQPDUULHGVHSDUDWHG
LYRUFHGZLGRZHGRUOHVELDQZRPDQ
QGLQWKHSROLWLFL]DWLRQRIXQLQWHQWLRQ
OYLRODWLRQVRIGUHVVFRGHV
KHGHYHORSPHQWRI
KLVDSSURDFKWRWKH
HIXJHH&RQYHQWLRQ
VLPSRUWDQWWR
QVXUHWKDWWKHDV\
XPFODLPVPDGHE\
ZRPHQDUHSURSHUO\
QGFRQVLVWHQWO\
RQVLGHUHGE\GHFL
LRQPDNHUVDQG
KDWWKHOHJDODQGWKHRUHWLFDODUJXPHQWVUHFRKHUHQWDQGDEOHWRVWDQGWKHWHVW
IWLPH/RRNLQJDWJHQGHUDVRSSRVHG
RVH[HQDEOHVDQDSSURDFKZKLFKFDQ
FFRPPRGDWHVSHFLILFLW\GLYHUVLW\DQG
HWHURJHQHLW\,WDOVRHQVXUHVWKDWWKH
V\OXPFODLPVRIZRPHQDUHQRWURXWLQHO\
LVPLVVHGDVFXOWXUDOO\UHODWLYHDQG
KHUHIRUHRXWVLGHWKHPHFKDQLVPVIRU
URWHFWLRQDYDLODEOHXQGHUWKH5HIXJHH
RQYHQWLRQ
ROORZLQJ\HDUVRIQHJOHFWRIWKHQHHGVIUHIXJHHDQGDV\OXPVHHNLQJZRPHQ
QHZDZDUHQHVVDQGZLOOLQJQHVVWRWDNH
HQGHULQWRDFFRXQWLQSROLF\GHYHORS
PHQWDQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQKDYHHPHUJHG
QGWKHUHKDYHEHHQPDQ\HQFRXUDJLQJ
HFHQWGHYHORSPHQWVOHJLWLPL]LQJWKH
DFWXDOEDVLVIRUZRPHQVDV\OXPFODLPV
+XPDQULJKWVJURXSVLQSDUWLFXODUKDYH
QFUHDVLQJO\IRFXVHGWKHLUDWWHQWLRQRQ
HQGHUVSHFLILFKXPDQULJKWV0HDQZKLOH
81+&5KDVDOVREHJXQWRWXUQLWVDWWHQ
LRQWRJHQGHUUHODWHGSHUVHFXWLRQDQG
DQDGDWKH86DQG$XVWUDOLDKDYH
[WHQGHGWKHLULQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKH
RQYHQWLRQWRZRPHQPDNLQJFODLPV
QWKLVEDVLV
QWKH8.WKH5HIXJHH:RPHQV/HJDO
*URXSKDVSURGXFHGLWVRZQ*HQGHU
$V\OXP&ODLPVLQWKH8.ODXQFKHGLQ
$OWKRXJKWKHVHJXLGHOLQHVKDYH
QRWEHHQDFFHSWHGE\WKH+RPH2IILFH
WKH\DUHFOHDUO\UHIOHFWHGLQJXLGHOLQHV
SXEOLVKHGLQ'HFHPEHUE\WKH
,PPLJUDWLRQ$SSHOODWH$XWKRULWLHVIRU
GHFLVLRQPDNHUVKHDULQJDSSHDOVDJDLQVW
WKHUHIXVDORIDV\OXP
Conclusion
*HQGHUJXLGHOLQHVFDQVHUYHDQLPSRU
WDQWUROHLQUDLVLQJDZDUHQHVVRIWKH
VSHFLILFGLIILFXOWLHVIDFLQJZRPHQDV
DV\OXPVHHNHUVDQGLQDGGUHVVLQJD
UDQJHRIVXEVWDQWLYHDQGSURFHGXUDO
LVVXHV7KH\DUHDOVRLPSRUWDQWLQHQVXU
LQJWKDWDZLGHUDQJHRILQGLYLGXDOVDQG
RUJDQL]DWLRQVLQGLYLGXDOODZ\HUVDQG
SUDFWLWLRQHUV1*2VZRPHQVJURXSVDFDGHPLFVFKDOOHQJHFXUUHQWSROLF\
DQGSUDFWLFHDW
DYDULHW\RI
OHYHOVLQWKH
JDWKHULQJRI
LQIRUPDWLRQLQ
WKHIRUPXODWLRQ
RILQGLYLGXDO
FODLPVDWWKH
LQLWLDOGHFLVLRQ
PDNLQJVWDJH
DQGRQDSSHDO+RZHYHULWLVLPSRUWDQWWRUHFRJQL]HWKDWWKHXQGHUO\LQJSURE
OHPVH[SHULHQFHGE\ZRPHQVWHPQRW
VLPSO\IURPWKHIDFWWKDWWKH\DUH
ZRPHQSHUVH EXWIURPWKHFRQFHSWXDO
L]DWLRQRINH\ HOHPHQWVRIWKH5HIXJHH
&RQYHQWLRQDQGLQSDUWLFXODUWKHFRQ
FHSWRISROLWLFV
,WLVWKLVFRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQDQGWKHFRQ
WLQXLQJWHQGHQF\DPRQJGHFLVLRQPDNHUV
WRDOORZDSXEOLFSULYDWHGLFKRWRP\WR
HQJHQGHUWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQSURFHVVDVD
ZKROHWKDWPRVWVHULRXVO\XQGHUPLQHV
WKHSURWHFWLRQDYDLODEOHXQGHUWKH
5HIXJHH&RQYHQWLRQ7KLVSUREOHP
FDQQRWHDVLO\EHDGGUHVVHGE\WKH
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIJXLGHOLQHVDORQH
'U+HDYHQ&UDZOH\LVDIRXQGHU
PHPEHURIWKH5HIXJHH:RPHQV
/HJDO*URXSLQWKH8.DQGDXWKRURI
:RPHQDV$V\OXP6HHNHUV$/HJDO
+DQGERRN$UHYLVHGDQG
XSGDWHGVHFRQGHGLWLRQHQWLWOHG
5HIXJHH/DZDQG3URFHVV*HQGHUHG
3HUVSHFWLYHVZLOOEHSXEOLVKHGE\
-RUGDQVLQ-DQXDU\
(PDLOKHDYHQ#FUDZOH\IUHHVHUYH
FRXN
)RUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKH5HIXJHH
OLQHVDQG'U&UDZOH\VQHZERRNSOXV
OLQNVWRRWKHUVRXUFHVRILQIRUPDWLRQ
DQGVXSSRUWYLVLWZZZUZOJRUJXN
7KHXVHRIWKHSDUWLFXODUVRFLDOJURXSEDVLVRIWKH
UHIXJHHGHILQLWLRQWRH[WHQGSURWHFWLRQWRZRPHQZKR
IDFHSHUVHFXWLRQIRUKDYLQJWUDQVJUHVVHGUHOLJLRXVRU
VRFLDOPRUHVILQGVVWURQJVXSSRUWLQWKHSURQRXQFH
PHQWVRIWKH81+&5DQGJRYHUQPHQWDOERGLHVDQGWKH
DGPLQLVWUDWLYHGHFLVLRQVRIVHYHUDOFRXQWULHV
7KLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJLVDOVRLPSOLFLWLQWKRVHDQDO\VHV
ZKLFKIRFXVXSRQPHPEHUVKLSRIDSDUWLFXODUVRFLDO
JURXSDVWKHPRVWDSSURSULDWHRULQGHHGRQO\EDVLV
RQZKLFKZRPHQFDQEHSURWHFWHGXQGHUWKH5HIXJHH
&RQYHQWLRQ
6HHSLHFHRSSRVLWHE\1DWKDOLD%HUNRZLW]
a new awareness and
willingness to take
gender into account
have emerged
EU w omen lobbyfor equal rights in
seeking asylum2Q'HFHPEHUWKH(XURSHDQ
:RPHQV/REE\(:/ODXQFKHGD
\HDUORQJFDPSDLJQWRKLJKOLJKW
IRUPVRISHUVHFXWLRQXQLTXHWR
ZRPHQDQGWRHQVXUHWKDWWKH\DUH
DEOHWRFODLPUHIXJHHVWDWXVLQWKHLU
RZQULJKWXQGHUIXWXUH(8DV\OXP
SURFHGXUHV
7KH(:/DFRDOLWLRQRIPHP
EHURUJDQL]DWLRQVLQWKH(8EHOLHYHVWKDWWKH*HQHYD&RQYHQWLRQ
DQGWKHIROORZXS3URWRFRORI
ZKLFKWRJHWKHUSURYLGHWKHOHJDO
EDVLVIRUJUDQWLQJDV\OXPZRUOG
ZLGHIDLOWRH[SOLFLWO\DGGUHVV
JHQGHUVSHFLILFDFWVRISHUVHFXWLRQ
LQFOXGLQJVH[XDOYLROHQFHDQGRWKHU
IRUPVRIKXPDQULJKWVYLRODWLRQV
7KURXJKRXWWKH\HDUORQJFDPSDLJQ
WKH(:/ZLOOPRQLWRUSURJUHVVRQD
GUDIWGLUHFWLYHRQPLQLPXPVWDQGDUGVRQSURFHGXUHVLQ(8PHPEHU
VWDWHVIRUJUDQWLQJDQGZLWKGUDZLQJ
UHIXJHHVWDWXVQRZEHLQJFRQVLG
HUHGE\WKH(XURSHDQ3DUOLDPHQW
$VSDUWRIWKHFDPSDLJQWKH(:/LV
GLVWULEXWLQJWHQVRIWKRXVDQGVRI
SRVWFDUGVWKURXJKRXW(XURSHKLJK
OLJKWLQJIRXUGLIIHUHQWDUHDVRI
FRQFHUQIHPDOHJHQLWDOPXWLODWLRQ
UDSHDVDZHDSRQRIZDUIRUFHG
PDUULDJHDQGJXLOWE\DVVRFDWLRQ
DQGDVVHUWLQJWKDWSHUVHFXWLRQLV
QRWJHQGHUEOLQG2Q'HFHPEHU
WKHSRVWFDUGVDQGHOHFWURQLF
SHWLWLRQZLOOEHVXEPLWWHGWR
%HOJLXPZKLFKZLOOWKHQKROGWKH
URWDWLQJ(83UHVLGHQF\
6HHZZZZRPHQOREE\RUJ
O L
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.rwlg.org.uk/http://www.womenlobby.org/asylumcampaign/http://www.womenlobby.org/asylumcampaign/http://www.womenlobby.org/asylumcampaign/http://www.womenlobby.org/asylumcampaign/http://www.rwlg.org.uk/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement
21/48
Q'HFHPEHUWKH8.V
,PPLJUDWLRQ$SSHOODWH$XWKRULW\
WKHLPPLJUDWLRQDQGDV\OXPWUL
XQDOODXQFKHGLWV$V\OXP*HQGHU
*XLGHOLQHVIRUXVHLQWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQ
IDV\OXPDSSHDOVLQWKH8.7KHJXLGH
QHVDLPWRDVVLVWMXGLFLDU\DWWKH
PPLJUDWLRQ$SSHOODWH$XWKRULW\,$$
QIXOO\FRQVLGHULQJDOODVSHFWVRIDV\OXP
HHNHUVFODLPVWRLQWHUQDWLRQDOUHIXJHH
URWHFWLRQDQGLQHQVXULQJWKDWWKHJHQ
HURIWKHDV\OXPVHHNHUGRHVQRW
UHMXGLFHWKHLUDSSOLFDWLRQ
SHFLILFDOO\WKHJXLGHOLQHVQRWHWKDWWKH
RPLQDQWYLHZRIZKDWFRQVWLWXWHVD
HDOUHIXJHHKDVEHHQRIDPDQDQGWKLV
DVPHDQWWKDWZRPHQDV\OXPVHHNHUV
QWKH8.PD\QRWEHQHILWHTXLWDEO\
URPWKHSURWHFWLRQRIIHUHGE\WKH
HIXJHH&RQYHQWLRQ7ZRPDLQUHDVRQV
RUWKLVDUHVXJJHVWHGILUVWO\EHFDXVH
KHFDVHODZKDVQRWIXOO\FRQVLGHUHGWKH
SHFLILFLVVXHVUDLVHGE\ZRPHQVQHHGV
RUSURWHFWLRQRUKDVFRQVLGHUHGWKHP
URPDIUDPHZRUNRIPDOHH[SHULHQFHV
QGVHFRQGO\EHFDXVHSURFHGXUDODQG
YLGHQWLDOUHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKHDV\OXP
WDWXVGHWHUPLQDWLRQSURFHGXUHVPD\QRW
HHTXDOO\DFFHVVLEOHWRZRPHQDVPHQ
+RZHYHUWKHVHJXLGHOLQHVDUHQRWVROHO\
IDSSOLFDWLRQWRIHPDOHDV\OXPVHHNHUV
KH\DUHJHQGHUJXLGHOLQHVQRWZRPHQV
XLGHOLQHV7KLVLVPDGHFOHDULQWKH
QWURGXFWLRQWRWKHJXLGHOLQHVZKLFK
WDWHV0RVWRIWKHVHJXLGHOLQHVDUH
SSOLFDEOHWRWKHDV\OXPFODLPVRIERWK
PHQDQGZRPHQ7KH\DGGUHVVWKHUROH
IJHQGHULQWKHDV\OXPGHWHUPLQDWLRQ
URFHVVUDWKHUWKDQVLPSO\WKHSRVLWLRQ
IZRPHQDV\OXPVHHNHUVRUWKHUROHRI
LRORJLFDOVH[,QWKHVHJXLGHOLQHVWKH
HUPVZRPHQZRPDQVKHDQGKHU
SSO\HTXDOO\WRPHQ
QDGRSWLQJWKH$V\OXP*HQGHU
*XLGHOLQHVWKH8.EXLOGVXSRQWKH
XLGHOLQHVLQH[LVWHQFHLQDQXPEHURI
WKHUFRXQWULHV:KLOHHDUOLHUJXLGHOLQHV
KDUHPDQ\IHDWXUHVWKH\GRGLIIHUIURP
DFKRWKHUDQGDUHDGGUHVVHGWRGLIIHUHQW
XGLHQFHV7KH8.VJXLGHOLQHVDUH
SHFLILFDOO\JHDUHGWRWKHQHHGVRIMXGL
LDU\DVRSSRVHGWRLPPLJUDWLRQRIILFHUV
QGDVVXFKFRQWDLQPRUHODZDQGOHJDO
DQDO\VLVWKDQSUHYLRXVJXLGHOLQHVDQG
VSHFLILFDOO\DGGUHVVWKHQHHGIRUJHQGHU
VHQVLWLYHSURFHGXUHVWREHDGRSWHGLQ
WKHKHDULQJURRP
(DUOLHUVWHSVLQWKHKLVWRU\RIJHQGHU
JXLGHOLQHVLQFOXGH81+&5VDGRSWLRQLQ
RI*XLGHOLQHVRQWKH3URWHFWLRQRI
5HIXJHH:RPHQ IROORZHGLQE\
6H[XDO9LROHQFH$JDLQVW5HIXJHHV
*XLGHOLQHVRQ3UHYHQWLRQDQG5HVSRQVH
7KHVHJXLGHOLQHVGHDOZLWKDUDQJHRI
LVVXHVRIUHOHYDQFHWRIHPDOHUHIXJHHV
LQFOXGLQJVDIHW\DQGDFFHVVWRUHVRXUFHV
LQUHIXJHHFDPSVEXWDOVRLQFOXGHXVHIXO
VHFWLRQVRIUHOHYDQFHWRWKHGHWHUPLQD
WLRQRIDV\OXPFODLPVVXFKDVWKH
SUREOHPVRIIHPDOHYLFWLPVRIVH[XDO
YLROHQFHIURPPLOLWDU\SHUVRQQHODQGWKH
QHHGIRUJHQGHUVHQVLWLYHLQWHUYLHZLQJ
DQGSURFHGXUDOUHTXLUHPHQWV
&DQDGDZDVWKHILUVWFRXQWU\WRIRUPDOO\
LVVXHJXLGHOLQHVUHODWLQJWRZRPHQVDV\
OXPFODLPV,WV*XLGHOLQHVRQ:RPHQ
5HIXJHH&ODLPDQWV)HDULQJ*HQGHU
5HODWHG3HUVHFXWLRQ XSGDWHGLQ
KDYHEHHQKDLOHGDVJURXQGEUHDN
LQJ$GGUHVVHGWRGHFLVLRQPDNHUVDW
WKH&DQDGLDQ,PPLJUDWLRQDQG5HIXJHH
%RDUGWKH\ZHUHGHYHORSHGDIWHUFRQVXO
WDWLRQZLWKERWKJRYHUQPHQWDODQG
QRQJRYHUQPHQWDOJURXSVDQGLQGLYLGX
DOV7KH\ZHUHWKHILUVWQDWLRQDOJXLGHOLQHV
WRIRUPDOO\UHFRJQL]HWKDWZRPHQIOHHLQJ
SHUVHFXWLRQEHFDXVHRIWKHLUJHQGHUFRXOG
EHUHFRJQL]HGDVUHIXJHHV
,QWKH$PHULFDQ,PPLJUDWLRQDQG
1DWXUDOL]DWLRQ6HUYLFHIROORZHGWKH
&DQDGLDQH[DPSOHDQGDGRSWHG
&RQVLGHUDWLRQVIRU$V\OXP2IILFHUV
$GMXGLFDWLQJ$V\OXP&ODLPVIURP
:RPHQ 7KHVHJXLGHOLQHVDLPHGWR
DVVLVWDV\OXPRIILFHUVLQLQWHUYLHZLQJ
ZRPHQUHIXJHHVDQGPDNLQJDV\OXP
GHFLVLRQV7KH$XVWUDOLDQ*XLGHOLQHVRQ
*HQGHU,VVXHVIRU'HFLVLRQ0DNHUV
LVVXHGLQDUHDLPHGDWLPPLJUDWLRQ
RIILFHUVDQGDUHYHU\FRPSUHKHQVLYHLQ
VFRSHVWUHVVLQJERWKSURFHGXUDODQG
MXULVSUXGHQFLDOLVVXHVDIIHFWLQJZRPHQV
DV\OXPFODLPV $W(XURSHDQ8QLRQOHYHO
WKHUHDUHQRJHQGHUJXLGHOLQHVEXWVRPH
VWHSVKDYHEHHQWDNHQWRUHFRJQL]HWKH
LVVXHRIJHQGHULQDV\OXPFODLPVIRU
H[DPSOHLQLWV0LQLPXP*XDUDQWHHVRQ
$V\OXP3URFHGXUHV
7KHDGRSWLRQRIJHQGHUJXLGHOLQHVE\
WKH8.V,$$RZHVPXFKWRWKHJXLGH
OLQHVSUHYLRXVO\LVVXHGE\RWKHUFRXQWULHV
WRWKHVXSSRUWIRUJXLGHOLQHVE\WKH81
LQFOXGLQJWKH816SHFLDO5DSSRUWHXURQ
9LROHQFH$JDLQVW:RPHQDQGWRWKH
FDPSDLJQLQJZRUNRIJURXSVVXFKDVWKH
5HIXJHH:RPHQV/HJDO*URXSZKLFKLQ
LVVXHGLWVRZQJHQGHUJXLGHOLQHV
GLUHFWHGDWDV\OXPFDVHZRUNHUVLQWKH
,PPLJUDWLRQDQG1DWLRQDOLW\'LYLVLRQRI
WKH8.+RPH2IILFHDQGREWDLQHGVXS
SRUWIRUWKHSULQFLSOHRIJHQGHUJXLGHOLQHV
E\DODUJHQXPEHURI0HPEHUVRI
3DUOLDPHQW:LWKWKHODXQFKRIWKH,$$V
$V\OXP*HQGHU*XLGHOLQHVLQ'HFHPEHU
WKHLPPLJUDWLRQMXGLFLDU\DV\OXP
FDVHZRUNHUVDV\OXPDSSOLFDQWVDQGWKHLU
UHSUHVHQWDWLYHVZLOOKDYHDWRROWRDVVLVWLQ
HQVXULQJWKDWJHQGHUDVSHFWVRIDV\OXP
FODLPVDUHIXOO\FRQVLGHUHGLQWKH8.
7KH,PPLJUDWLRQ$SSHOODWH$XWKRULW\V
$V\OXP*HQGHU*XLGHOLQHVZLOOEHDYDLO
DEOHRQOLQHDWZZZHLQRUJXNLDD
1DWKDOLD%HUNRZLW]LV6HQLRU/HJDO
5HVHDUFK2IILFHUDWWKH,PPLJUDWLRQ
$SSHOODWH$XWKRULW\/RQGRQ8.
(PDLOQEHUNRZLW]#PFUSRSWHO
RUJXN
81+&5ZZZXQKFUFK
&DQDGLDQ*XLGHOLQHVZZZLUEJFFDKXPDQBULJKWV
KUSBUHSRUWVBPDLQKSKWP
86JXLGHOLQHVZZZVWDWHJRYJOREDO
$XVWUDOLDQJXLGHOLQHVZZZDXVWOLLHGXDX
Gender and displacement
Gender guidelines for the UKby Nathalia Berkowitz
2
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.unhcr.ch/http://www.irb.gc.cahuman_rights/hrp_reports_mainhp.htm/http://www.irb.gc.cahuman_rights/hrp_reports_mainhp.htm/http://www.state.gov/global/http://www.austlii.edu.au/http://www.irb.gc.cahuman_rights/hrp_reports_mainhp.htm/http://www.irb.gc.cahuman_rights/hrp_reports_mainhp.htm/http://www.austlii.edu.au/http://www.state.gov/global/http://www.unhcr.ch/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement
22/48
KHVH[XDOYLROHQFHDJDLQVW
UHIXJHHVLQ.HQ\DLQWKHV
RFFXUUHGDJDLQVWWKHEDFNGURSRI
KXJHLQFUHDVHLQWKHUHIXJHHSRSXOD
LRQDVKLIWLQLWVHWKQLFFRPSRVLWLRQ
QGWKHULVHRIHWKQLFLW\DVWKHGRPLQDQW
GHRORJLFDOIRUFHLQ.HQ\DVUHIXJHH
GPLQLVWUDWLRQ
ROORZLQJWKHHVFDODWLRQRILQWHUQDOZDUV
QWKH+RUQDQGWKH*UHDW/DNHVUHJLRQ.HQ\DVUHIXJHHSRSXODWLRQURVHIURP
HDUO\LQWRRYHU
HIXJHHVDVVLVWHGE\81+&5DQG
IUHHOLYHUVLQFLWLHVE\PLG
7KLVQXPEHUGHFOLQHGWROHVVWKDQ
E\0DUFKODUJHO\EHFDXVH
IYROXQWDU\UHSDWULDWLRQDQGWKLUGFRXQ
U\UHVHWWOHPHQWV7KH.HQ\DQJRYHUQ
PHQWFODLPHGWKDWWKHVL]HRIWKLVSRSX
DWLRQVHULRXVO\FRPSURPLVHGLWV
HFXULW\JUHDWO\RXWVWUHWFKHGWKHLQIUD
WUXFWXUHDQGPHGLFDOVHUYLFHVDQG
QGHUPLQHGLWVWRXULVWLQGXVWU\,Q
WDVNHG81+&5WRUHSDWULDWHDOO6RPDOL
WKLRSLDQDQG6XGDQHVHUHIXJHHV
81+&5VSHQWPLOOLRQWRHVWDEOLVK
KH'DGDDEFDPSVRI,IR+DJDGHUDDQG
'DJDKDOH\LQQRUWKHDVWHUQ.HQ\DQHDU
KHERUGHUZLWK6RPDOLDDQG.DNXPD
HDUWKH6XGDQHVHERUGHUDWWKHJRYHUQ
PHQWVEHKHVW81+&5FORVHGGRZQWKH
PDLQO\6RPDOLFDPSVDWWKHFRDVWDQG
HORFDWHGUHIXJHHVWR.DNXPDFDPS
ZD\IURP.HQ\DVHFRQRPLFFHQWUHV
DUOLHUDQDO\VHVRI.HQ\DVSRVWFRORQLDO
HIXJHHSROLF\XQGHUVFRUHWKHLPPHQVH
PSRUWDQFHRIFODVVDQGHWKQLFFRQFHUQV
QWKHVDQGVLQRUGHUWRPHHW
WVQHHGIRUVNLOOHGODERXUDQGLQYHVWRUV
KHJRYHUQPHQWDOORZHG8JDQGDQ
UHIXJHHLQWHOOHFWXDOVEXVLQHVVPHQDQG
SURIHVVLRQDOVWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQHFRQRPLF
OLIH,QWKHVLWDOVRSHUPLWWHGZHOO
WRGRDQGHQWHUSULVLQJUHIXJHHVWRVHWWOH
DQGHVWDEOLVKEXVLQHVVHVLQ1DLURELDQG
0RPEDVD+RZHYHULWZLHOGHGDKHDY\
VWLFNDJDLQVWSRRUUHIXJHHVUHVLGLQJLQ
VOXPVDQGSHULXUEDQDUHDVPDQ\ZHUH
DUUHVWHGDQGGHWDLQHGVRPHZHUH
GHSRUWHG
.HQ\DDOVRXVHGHWKQLFLW\DVDNH\FULWH
ULRQWRGHWHUPLQHWKHHOLJLELOLW\RI
UHIXJHHVSDUWLFXODUO\IURPSDULDK
UHJLPHVZLWKZKLFKLWZDVDOOLHG)RU
LQVWDQFHLQWKHDIWHUPDWKRIWKH
5ZDQGHVHJHQRFLGHLQDJDLQVWWKH
7XWVLDQGPRGHUDWH+XWX.HQ\DJDYH
WKHFRQVHUYDWLYH+XWXDUHGFDUSHWZHO
FRPHEHFDXVHRILWVRZQFORVH
DVVRFLDWLRQZLWKWKHUHJLPHRI-XYHQDO
+DE\DULPDQD+XWXUHIXJHHVDUULYHGE\
0HUFHGHVWKHPHQLQSRORVKLUWVDQGVLONWLHVWKHZRPHQLQIORZLQJGUHVVHV
DQGJROGHDUULQJV>WR@UHQWKRXVHVDQG
IODWVLQ1DLUREL
%\WKHVDPHWRNHQLQWKHJRYHUQ
PHQWSURPLVHG6LDG%DUUHRI6RPDOLD
WKDWUHIXJHHVIURPWKHULYDO2JDGHQFODQ
ZRXOGQRWEHJLYHQVDQFWXDU\LQ.HQ\D
,QWKHVDPH\HDULWFDUULHGRXWQDWLRQ
ZLGHVFUHHQLQJRILWVRZQHWKQLF
6RPDOLVRUGHULQJWKHPWRFDUU\VHSDUDWH
SLQNLGHQWLW\FDUGVWRSURYHWKHLUQDWLRQDOLW\RVWHQVLEO\WRIOXVKRXWLOOHJDO
DOLHQV,WQRWRQO\SHUPLWWHG6LDG%DUUH
WRUHVLGHWHPSRUDULO\LQ.HQ\DDIWHUKLV
RYHUWKURZLQEXWDOVRDOORZHGPLOL
WLDVIURPKLVFODQWRXVH.HQ\DQ
WHUULWRU\IRUVXSSO\LQJDUPVIRUWKH
ILJKWLQJLQ6RPDOLD
5HIXJHHVIURPRWKHU6RPDOLFODQVZHUH
OXPSHGWRJHWKHUZLWK.HQ\DVHWKQLF
6RPDOLVZKRKDGH[SHULHQFHGGHFDGHVRI
HQWUHQFKHGLQVWLWXWLRQDOGLVFULPLQDWLRQ
HFRQRPLFQHJOHFWDQGFRORQLDOVW\OHFRO
OHFWLYHSXQLWLYHH[SHGLWLRQVE\VHFXULW\
IRUFHV.HQ\DVGLVFULPLQDWRU\SUDFWLFHV
DQGUHSUHVVLRQRILWV6RPDOLSRSXODWLRQ
DUHKLVWRULFDOO\OLQNHGWRLWVSDUWLFLSDWLRQ
LQWKH6RPDOLEDFNHG6KLIWD EDQGLWZDU
LQWKHVZKLFKVRXJKWWRDQQH[
QRUWKHDVWHUQ.HQ\DWR*UHDWHU6RPDOLD
7KHHWKQLFGLPHQVLRQRI.HQ\DVSROLF\
WRZDUGVUHIXJHHVIURP6XGDQVRXJKWWR
UHGXFHWKHEXUGHQRIUHIXJHHVRQLWV
VRFLDODQGHFRQRPLFLQIUDVWUXFWXUHDQG
WRHQDEOHLWVRZQLPSRYHULVKHG7XUNDQD
SRSXODWLRQWRJDLQDFFHVVWRGHYHORS
PHQWRSSRUWXQLWLHVDFFUXLQJIURPWKH
LQWHUQDWLRQDOUHIXJHHVXSSRUWV\VWHP
7KLVDSSURDFKDQGWKHWHQGHQF\RIWKH
UHOLHIDJHQFLHVWRLJQRUHWKHPRUHUHSXJ
QDQWFXVWRPVDQGSUDFWLFHVHPEHGGHGLQ
WKHSDWULDUFKDOFXOWXUHRIWKHUHIXJHHV
DQGWKHLUFRXQFLOVRIHOGHUVLQWKH
FDPSVVHYHUHO\FRPSURPLVHG6XGDQHVH
ZRPHQVULJKWWRSK\VLFDOVDIHW\
Rap e a nd violence
7KHRUJ\RIVH[XDOYLROHQFH
DJDLQVWUHIXJHHZRPHQDIIHFWHGWKHSUH
GRPLQDQWO\6RPDOLFDPSVRI'DGDDE
$KXPDQULJKWVJURXSWKDWYLVLWHGFDPSVLQQRUWKHUQ.HQ\DLQ$SULOWR
0D\UHSRUWHGWKDWEHDWLQJVRI
UHIXJHHVDVZHOODVVH[XDODVVDXOWDQG
UDSHZHUHGDLO\DQGQLJKWO\RFFXU
UHQFHV ,QZKHQWKHYLROHQFHZDV
DWLWVSHDNLQFLGHQWVRIUDSHZHUH
UHSRUWHGLQ'DGDDEWKRXJKLQWKH
ZRUGVRIDUDSHFRXQVHOORUWKRVHUHSRUW
HGZHUHMXVWWKHWLSRIWKHLFHEHUJ
,QWURGXFWLRQRIVHFXULW\PHDVXUHVLQ
FDPSVEURXJKWGRZQWKHQXPEHURI
UHSRUWHGUDSHVWRDQDYHUDJHRIFDVHVSHU\HDULQ'DGDDELQWREXW
WKHSK\VLFDOLQVHFXULW\RIZRPHQKDV
UHPDLQHGDIDFWRIFDPSOLIH
$OWKRXJK6RPDOLUHIXJHHVZHUHWKHPDLQ
FDVXDOWLHVRIWKHUDSHVLQ'DGDDEVFRUHV
RIQRQ6RPDOLZRPHQZHUHDOVRDIIHFWHG
Gender and displacement
Ethnicity, gender and violencein Kenya
by Peter Mwangi Kagwanja
This article examines the ethnically-
discriminatory nature of Kenyas refugee
policy, its influence on the administration and
practice of refugee affairs, especially by relief
agencies, and its role in encouraging sexual
violence against women refugees.1
7
7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement
23/48
Gender and displacement
$QH[SDWULDWH1*2QXUVHZDVUHSRUWHGO\
UDSHGSURPSWLQJ0pGLFLQVVDQV
)URQWLqUHV%HOJLXPWRZLWKGUDZPRVWRI
LWVIHPDOHZRUNHUVIURP'DGDDEFDPSV
LQ0D\,Q-DQXDU\ILYH
(WKLRSLDQZRPHQZHUHSDUWRIUDSH
VXUYLYRUVLQ,IRFDPS2YHUSHUFHQW
RIWKHUHSRUWHGUDSHYLFWLPVLQ
WRZHUHDWWDFNHGZKHQIRUDJLQJIRUILUHZRRGRUKHUGLQJOLYHVWRFNRXWVLGH
WKHFDPSVDOWKRXJKIHPDOHWUDGHUVZKR
UHIXVHGWRSD\H[WRUWLRQPRQH\ZHUH
DOVRDVVDXOWHG7KHWDVNVRIJDWKHULQJ
ILUHZRRGDQGJUD]LQJJRDWVDQGVKHHS
DPRQJWKH6RPDOLDUHFXVWRPDULO\
UHVHUYHGIRUZRPHQDQGJLUOV:RPHQ
ZHUHUHSRUWHGO\DJDLQVWWKHLGHDRIWKHLU
KXVEDQGVFROOHFWLQJILUHZRRGEHFDXVH
JLYHQWKHG\QDPLFVRILQWHUFODQIHXGV
PHQDUHOLNHO\WREHNLOOHGZKLOHZRPHQ
ZLOORQO\EHUDSHG
,Q.DNXPDWKHHWKQLFG\QDPLFVXQGHU
SLQQLQJYLROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQZHUH
GLIIHUHQWDQGPRUHFRPSOH[WKDQLQ
'DGDDE+HUH6XGDQHVHPDOHUHIXJHHV
DQGPLOLWLDDVVDXOWHGZRPHQHVSHFLDOO\
IURPWKH'LQNDJURXS6H[XDODVVDXOWRQ
6XGDQHVHZRPHQUHYROYHGDURXQGWKH
FXVWRPDU\SUDFWLFHVRIFKLOGPDUULDJH
IRUFHGPDUULDJHDQGUHPDUULDJH,QWKH
ODWWHUFDVHUHIXJHHZRPHQZHUHNLG
QDSSHGDQGUHPDUULHGWRPHQLQ
6RXWKHUQ6XGDQZKRZHUHDEOHWRSD\
KXJHGRZULHVWRWKHIDPLO\LQWKHIRUP
RIFDWWOH0HQZKRUDSHGNLGQDSSHGRU
IRUFHGZRPHQLQWRPDUULDJHVLQ.DNXPD
ZHUHVHOGRPSURVHFXWHGEHFDXVH81+&5
FDPSVWDIIZHUHZDU\RIEHLQJVHHQWR
LQWHUIHUHZKHQWKH\ZHUHXQVXUHDVWRZKDWH[WHQWWUDGLWLRQDOFXOWXUDOSUDFWLFHV
ZHUHLQYROYHG,QGHHGDVWKH1DWLRQDO
&RXQFLORI&KXUFKHVRI.HQ\DVRIILFHULQ
FKDUJHRIWKH5HSURGXF