Top Banner

of 48

FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement

Apr 14, 2018

Download

Documents

aishaguatno
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
  • 7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement

    1/48

    FO RCED

    M IG RATIO Nreview

    9December 2000

    published by

    the Refugee Studies Centre in association with the Norwegian Refugee Council/ Global IDP Project

    G ender and displacementplus

    Children in adversity

    UN role in the security of NGO staff

    Southern NGOs view of ExCom

    Accountability in the media

    special feature on

    Updateson Afghanistan Malukas

    Dams Reangs Detention of asylum

    seekers Appointment of UN Special

    Coordinator on Internal Displacement

    Newsfrom the Refugee Studies Centre

    and the Global IDP Project

    Conferences and

    publications

  • 7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement

    2/48

    By the time you read this,David Turton will haveretiredas Director of the Refugee

    StudiesCentre. David was a dri-

    ving force behind thispublications transformation in

    1998 fromRPN newsletter to

    Forced Migration Reviewand we

    have greatly appreciated his

    input, both as Director and as a

    member of our Editorial Advisory

    Board. Stephen Castles starts

    as the newDirector of the RSC

    on 1February.

    J udy El-Bushra, of the British NGO ACORD, has worked closely with us as Guest Editor in preparing

    the feature section of this issue with its focus onGender and Displacement. If you would like to

    respond to any of the points raised or add newones, please write (no more than 700 words) to us bymid February. Our contact details are given opposite.

    We would like to express our thanks to UNICEF for their sponsorship of

    this issue of Forced Migration Review.

    Our next issue (issue 10, due out April 2001) will include a feature onUNHCR and the 50th

    Anniversary of the 1951Convention, guest-edited by Professor BS Chimni. Would you like to write a

    short piece for us? We would particularly welcome contributions fromNGO and UN staff in the field, and

    fromdisplacedpeople. Howdo the successes and limitations of both the Convention and UNHCR

    affect displaced people in the country in which you work? Howdo they affect you and your work? What

    do you feel about UNHCR its mandate and its relationship to the other UN agencies, to governments,

    to NGOs and to displaced people? What is there to celebrate? What would you change? What should

    we learn from history and what developments would you like to see - or which do you predict - in thenext 10, 20 or 50 years?

    Maximumlength of written contributions: 3,000 words. Short opinion pieces or pithy exhortations are

    also welcomed! Dont worry if English is not your first language we are more than happy to edit con-

    tributions. Email us today with your ideas ([email protected]) or write to us at the address opposite.

    The August 2001issue will be onReturn to Peace, looking at: peace and the restoration of confidence;

    justice; post-conflict power structures; reconciliation and promotion of historical and cultural under-

    standing; and separation or integration of communities. Ideally, we would like to publish a mix of

    overview articles and local reports and examples, including information on appropriate models, good

    practice and recommendations for action/follow-up. Please contact us as soon as possible with your

    suggestions for contributions, contributors, reports and examples.

    With our very best wishes for 2001.

    Marion Couldrey and TimMorris

    Editors

    2 FORCED M IGRATIO N review 9

    from the editors

    CorinneOwen

    from the editors

    )RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZSURYLGHVDIRUXPIRUWKHUHJXODUH[FKDQJH

    RISUDFWLFDOH[SHULHQFHLQIRUPDWLRQDQG

    LGHDVEHWZHHQUHVHDUFKHUVUHIXJHHVDQG

    LQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHGSHRSOHDQGWKRVHZKR

    ZRUNZLWKWKHP,WLVSXEOLVKHGWKUHHWLPHV

    D\HDULQ(QJOLVK6SDQLVKDQG$UDELFE\

    WKH5HIXJHH6WXGLHV&HQWUH8QLYHUVLW\RI

    2[IRUGLQDVVRFLDWLRQZLWKWKH*OREDO,'3

    3URMHFW1RUZHJLDQ5HIXJHH&RXQFLO

    7KH6SDQLVKWUDQVODWLRQ5HYLVWDGH

    0LJUDFLRQHV)RU]RVDV LVSURGXFHGE\

    +(*2$LQ%LOEDR6SDLQ

    (GLWRUV

    0DULRQ&RXOGUH\'U7LP0RUULV

    6XEVFULSWLRQV$VVLVWDQW

    6KDURQ(OOLV

    )RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZ5HIXJHH6WXGLHV&HQWUH

    4XHHQ(OL]DEHWK+RXVH

    6W*LOHV2[IRUG2;/$8.

    (PDLOIPU#THKR[DFXN

    7HO

    )D[

    Global IDP Project

    &KHPLQ0RwVH'XERXOH

    &+*HQHYD6ZLW]HUODQG

    (PDLOLGSVXUYH\#QUFFK

    7HO

    )D[

    6XEVFULSWLRQUDWHV,QGLYLGXDOV86SHUDQQXP

    ,QVWLWXWLRQV86SHUDQQXP

    )5((IRUUHVLGHQWVRIGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV

    VWXGHQWVXQZDJHGDQGUHIXJHHV,'3V

    6HHSDJH

    &RS\ULJKWDQGGLVFODLPHU0DWHULDOIURP)RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZPD\

    EHIUHHO\UHSURGXFHGEXWSOHDVHDFNQRZ

    OHGJHWKHVRXUFH3KRWRJUDSKVVKRXOGRQO\

    EHUHSURGXFHGLQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKHDUWLFOHV

    LQZKLFKWKH\DSSHDUDQGFUHGLWHG

    0DWHULDODQGLQIRUPDWLRQFRQWDLQHGLQ

    )RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZDUHWKHRSLQLRQV

    RIWKHDXWKRUVDQGGRQRWQHFHVVDULO\

    UHIOHFWWKHYLHZVRIWKH(GLWRUVWKH

    5HIXJHH6WXGLHV&HQWUHRUWKH1RUZHJLDQ

    5HIXJHH&RXQFLO

    )RUWKFRPLQJIHDWXUHV$SULO81+&5WK$QQLYHUVDU\

    $XJXVW5HWXUQWR3HDFH

    :HEVLWH

    ZZZIPUHYLHZRUJ

    SULQWHGE\/',/WGRQHQYLURQPHQWDOO\

    IULHQGO\SDSHU

    ,661

    Writing for FMR? Here are our submission deadlines:

    Issue Articles by Information items by

    10 (UNHCR) 1February 2001 1March 2001

    11(Return to Peace) 1J une 2001 1July 2001

    Front cover: Rwandese refugees in Zaire wait for water distribution in Kibuma camp 199 4. UN HC R/ B.Press

    mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.fmreview.org/http://www.fmreview.org/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]
  • 7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement

    3/483

    Gender and forced migration: editorial

    by Judy El-Bushra 4

    Vindicating masculinity: the fate of promoting gender equality

    by Simon Turner 8

    Making young displaced men visible

    by Cathrine Brun 10

    Gender dimensions of displacement

    by Srilakshmi Gururaja 13

    Gender, persecution and the concept of politics in the asylum

    determination process

    by Heaven Crawley 17

    Gender guidelines for the UKby Nathalia Berkowitz 21

    Ethnicity, gender and violence in Kenya

    by Peter Mwangi Kagwanja 22

    Rural farming systems, plant genetic resources and disasters

    by Monica Trujillo 26

    A more proactive UN role in the security of NGO staff?

    by Randolph Martin 29

    Children in adversity

    by Jo de Berry and Jo Boyden 33

    Accountability in the media 37

    Update 38

    Refugee Studies Centre 41

    Conferences: including ExCom: a Southern view 42

    Global IDP Project 44

    Publications 46

    contents

    FORCED MIG RATIO N review 9

    contentsGender and displacement

    General articles

    Debate

    Regular features

  • 7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement

    4/48

    HQGHUDQG'HYHORSPHQW*$'

    WDNHVDVLWVVWDUWLQJSRLQWWKH

    LGHDWKDWWKHEHKDYLRXURIPHQQGZRPHQLVFRQGLWLRQHGE\VRFLDODQG

    XOWXUDOH[SHFWDWLRQVUDWKHUWKDQE\

    QQDWHRUQDWXUDOGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQ

    KHWZRVH[HV7KHVHDVVXPHGGLIIHU

    QFHVUHVXOWLQLQMXVWLFHZKHQWKH\DUH

    HIOHFWHGLQGLIIHUHQWLDODFFHVVWRGHFL

    LRQPDNLQJSRZHURUZKHQWKH\FDUU\

    ZLWKWKHPGLVFULPLQDWRU\DWWLWXGHVDQG

    DOXHV

    $VVXPSWLRQVDQGYDOXHVDERXWPHQV

    QGZRPHQVUROHVDQGEHKDYLRXUVFRQLWLRQPHQVDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVRWKHU

    PHQDQGZRPHQVWRZDUGVRWKHUZRPHQ

    VZHOODVWKHUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQZRPHQ

    QGPHQ$VVXPSWLRQVDERXWJHQGHUGLI

    HUHQFHVRSHUDWHQRWRQO\EHWZHHQ

    QGLYLGXDOVEXWDOVRZLWKLQLQVWLWXWLRQV

    QFOXGLQJWKHKRXVHKROGWKHFRPPXQLW\

    KHVWDWHVFKRROVDQGSODFHVRIHPSOR\

    PHQWLQFOXGLQJGHYHORSPHQWDJHQFLHV

    KHPVHOYHV,WLVWKHVHLQVWLWXWLRQVZKLFK

    HLQIRUFHDQGSHUSHWXDWHJHQGHUGLVFULP

    QDWLRQDQGLWLVWKHVHZKLFKPXVWEHKDOOHQJHGLIJHQGHULQMXVWLFHLVWREH

    UDQVIRUPHGLQWRHTXDOLW\RIWUHDWPHQW

    SSRUWXQLW\DQGULJKWV

    Gender and Development at the

    rossroads

    *HQGHUDQG'HYHORSPHQWDURVHRXWRID

    RQFHUQWKDWGHYHORSPHQWSROLFLHVDQG

    QWHUYHQWLRQVZHUHWHQGLQJWRWDNHPHQ

    VEHLQJWKHQRUPLJQRULQJZRPHQV

    ZQQHHGVDQGDVSLUDWLRQVDQGWKHLUDSDFLW\WRDFWLQGHSHQGHQWO\,QGRLQJ

    RWKH\ZHUHDOVRHQGDQJHULQJSDWWHUQV

    IIRRGVHFXULW\ZHDOWKFUHDWLRQPDU

    HWVVRFLDOL]DWLRQSUDFWLFHVFXOWXUDO

    [SUHVVLRQDQGSROLWLFDOSURFHVVHVE\

    HYDOXLQJZRPHQVFULWLFDOFRQWULEXWLRQV

    RWKHP7KHPDLQDLPRI*$'SROLF\

    KDVEHHQWRWUDQVIRUPWKHSRVLWLRQRI

    ZRPHQIURPRQHRIVXERUGLQDWLRQWRRQH

    RIHTXDOLW\E\UHFRJQL]LQJWKHLQHVVHQWLDODQGWUDQVLWRU\QDWXUHRIWKHDVVXPSWLRQV

    ZKLFKXQGHUSLQWKDWVXERUGLQDWLRQ

    $OWKRXJKWKLVDLPKDVEHHQZLGHO\

    DGRSWHGE\GHYHORSPHQWDQGKXPDQLWDU

    LDQDJHQFLHVDQGE\WKHLUGRQRUVRYHU

    WKHODVWWR\HDUVWKHILHOGRIJHQ

    GHUDQGGHYHORSPHQWFRQWLQXHVWREHD

    FRQWHVWHGRQH,WLVFXUUHQWO\XQGHUFKDO

    OHQJHIURPWKUHHVHSDUDWHWKRXJK

    OLQNHGWUHQGV7KHVHDUHWKHGHEDWHRQ

    PHQDQGJHQGHUWKHFKDOOHQJHRIPDNLQJZRPHQVULJKWVDUHDOLW\DQGWKH

    EURDGHQLQJRIIRFXVDZD\IURPDQDU

    URZHFRQRPLVWLFYLHZRIGHYHORSPHQW

    7KHDUWLFOHVLQWKLVLVVXHWKRXJKZULWWHQ

    IURPWKHVSHFLILFSHUVSHFWLYHRIJHQGHU

    DQGIRUFHGPLJUDWLRQUHIOHFWWKHVH

    GHEDWHVDQGFRQWULEXWHWRWKHP

    L:KHUHGRPHQILW"

    7KHILUVWFKDOOHQJHLVDFRQFHUQWRDUWLFX

    ODWHPRUHILUPO\DQGDFWLYHO\WKDQLQWKHSDVWWKHSRVLWLRQRIPHQZLWKLQJHQGHU

    DQDO\WLFDOIUDPHZRUNV7KLVLVDUHDFWLRQ

    WR*$'VDOPRVWH[FOXVLYHSUHRFFXSDWLRQ

    RYHUWKHODVWWHQ\HDUVRUPRUHZLWK

    ZRPHQVQHHGVLQWHUHVWVDQGULJKWV

    ,IJHQGHULPSOLHVDZHERIUHODWLRQVKLSV

    EHWZHHQZRPHQDQGPHQROGDQG

    \RXQJSRZHUIXODQGSRZHUOHVVVKRXOG

    PHQQRWILJXUHLQWHJUDOO\DQGHTXDOO\

    LQWKHDQDO\VLVRIWKHVHUHODWLRQVKLSV"

    $V6LPRQ7XUQHUDQG&DWKULQH%UXQLQGL

    FDWHLQWKLVLVVXHWKHUHPD\EHQHJDWLYHFRQVHTXHQFHVIRUERWKZRPHQDQGPHQ

    LIWKH\DUHQRW*LYLQJSUHIHUHQFHWR

    ZRPHQLQDVVLVWDQFHSURJUDPPHVPD\

    FRQWULEXWHWRHURGLQJPHQVUROHDVSUR

    WHFWRUVSURYLGHUVDQGGHFLVLRQPDNHUV

    IRUH[DPSOHDQGKHQFHWKHLUVRFLDOSRVL

    WLRQDQGVHOIHVWHHPEXWVWLOOQRW

    FKDOOHQJHWKHGRPLQDQWJHQGHULGHRORJ\

    LQZKLFKPHQVDQGZRPHQVUROHVDUH

    ERWKYLHZHGDVQDWXUDO7KHVLWXDWLRQRI

    GLVSODFHPHQWLVDQRSSRUWXQLW\IRUUHQH

    JRWLDWLQJJHQGHUUHODWLRQVDVZHOODV

    UHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQJHQHUDWLRQVDQ

    RSSRUWXQLW\ZKLFKPD\EHPLVVHGWKURXJKSULRULWL]LQJVXSSRUWWRHLWKHU

    ZRPHQRUPHQ7RPDNHWKHPRVWRI

    WKLVRSSRUWXQLW\PHQDQGZRPHQPXVW

    ERWKSDUWLFLSDWHDVDFWLYHSDUWQHUVLQ

    %UXQVSKUDVHLQWKLVUHQHJRWLDWLRQ

    2WKHUUHODWHGTXHVWLRQVFXUUHQWO\UHYHU

    EHUDWLQJWKURXJKDVVLVWDQFHSURYLGLQJ

    DJHQFLHVDUHDOVRHFKRHGLQWKHDUWLFOHV

    LQWKLVLVVXH'RHVWKHVWUHVVRQZRPHQ

    SUHYHQWXVIURPUHFRJQL]LQJGLVFULPLQD

    WLRQE\PHQDJDLQVWPHQROGHUYHUVXV

    \RXQJHUPHQIRUH[DPSOHRUPHQIURP

    GLIIHUHQWFODVVHVRUHWKQLFLWLHVZRPHQ

    DJDLQVWZRPHQZKHQZRPHQFROOXGHLQ

    SURPRWLQJJHQGHUGLVFULPLQDWLRQDJDLQVW

    HDFKRWKHUDQGZRPHQDJDLQVWPHQ"

    &DQZRPHQVULJKWVEHVXSSRUWHGZLWKLQ

    DFRQWH[WRIEURDGHUGHYHORSPHQWDODQG

    KXPDQLWDULDQJRDOVRUGRPHQLQHYLWDEO\

    KDYHWRORVHZKHQZRPHQJDLQ",QVKRUW

    ZKHUHGRPHQILWZLWKLQDJHQGHU

    DSSURDFKWRGHYHORSPHQW"

    LL +DVGHYHORSPHQWSURPRWHGRU

    XQGHUPLQHGZRPHQVULJKWV"

    7KHVHFRQGWUHQGLVDTXHVWLRQLQJRI

    ZKDW*$'KDVLQGHHGDFKLHYHGIRU

    ZRPHQ7KHPDLQVWUHDPLQJRIJHQGHU

    DSSURDFKHVLQGHYHORSPHQWDWWKHOHYHORI

    SROLF\KDVRIWHQOHGWRJUHDWHUDZDUHQHVV

    Gender and displacement

    Gender and forced migration:editorial

    by Judy El-Bushra

    This issue ofForced Migration Reviewcomes

    at a time when Gender and Development as a

    body of theoretical and professional practice

    s at a critical point in its evolution.

    *

  • 7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement

    5/48

    Gender and displacement

    IZRPHQVQHHGVDQGDJUHDWHUOHYHORI

    QYHVWPHQWLQVXSSRUWLQJWKHVH

  • 7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement

    6/48

    Gender and displacement

    HODWLRQVLQDSRVLWLYHDQGODVWLQJZD\

    RUH[DPSOHDGYDQFLQJZRPHQVLQWHU

    VWVDWDVXSHUILFLDOZRPHQIRFXVHG

    HYHOZKLFKIDLOVWRFKDOOHQJHRYHUDOO

    DUDGLJPVRIJHQGHUGLIIHUHQFHOHDYHV

    ZRPHQZLWKQHZUROHVWRIXOILOEXWQR

    QVWLWXWLRQDOOHYHUDJHWRIXOILOWKHPHIIHF

    YHO\DVERWK7XUQHUDQG%UXQVKRZ

    :KDWLVDOVRFOHDUIURPWKHVHDFFRXQWV

    RZHYHULVWKDWSRVWFULVLVLQWHUYHQWLRQV

    UHHTXDOO\XQOLNHO\WREHQHXWUDOLQWKHLU

    PSDFWRQWKHFKDQJLQJSRVLWLRQDQG

    RQGLWLRQRIPHQDQGZRPHQDQGPD\

    QGHHGUHLQIRUFHSDWULDUFKDOLQVWLWXWLRQV

    DV.DJZDQMDGHVFULEHVZKLFKFRQVWUDLQ

    ZRPHQVKXPDQULJKWVIRUSURWHFWLRQ

    RWKHH[WHQWWKDWRIILFLDOWHFKQLFDO

    VVLVWDQFHLJQRUHVSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPV

    PDQDJHGE\ZRPHQDVZLWKWKHDJULFXO

    XUDOV\VWHPVGHVFULEHGE\7UXMLOORWKLVPD\KDYHORQJWHUPFRQVHTXHQFHVIRU

    RWKIRRGVHFXULW\DQGZRPHQVFDSDFLW\

    RPDQDJHWKHLURZQDIIDLUV*XUXUDMD

    RLQWVWRDQLPSRUWDQWFRQFOXVLRQWKH

    HFHVVLW\RIVRFLDODQGJHQGHUUHVHDUFK

    QWRGLVSODFHGFRPPXQLWLHVDVDEDVLV

    RUSODQQLQJDQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI

    VVLVWDQFHSURJUDPPHV

    LL $JHQF\DQGSDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGWKH

    FKDOOHQJHWRPDQDJHPHQW

    0DQDJHPHQWRIDVVLVWDQFHSURJUDPPHV

    LVLQIOXHQFHGFULWLFDOO\E\WKHDWWLWXGHV

    DQGYDOXHVRIWKHKXPDQLWDULDQSURIHV

    VLRQ:KLOHSURWHFWLRQRIWKHYXOQHUDEOH

    LVDPDMRUIDFWRULQKXPDQLWDULDQSROLF\

    DQGLQWKHPRWLYDWLRQRIDJHQF\SHUVRQQHOWKLVQHHGVDWWKHVDPHWLPHWREH

    EDODQFHGE\DUHFRJQLWLRQWKDWGLVSODFHG

    SHRSOHDUHLQGLYLGXDOVZLWKWKHLURZQ

    KLVWRULHVVNLOOVVWUHQJWKVDQGFDSDFLWLHV

    DQGZLWKVHWVRISHUVRQDODQGVRFLDOUHOD

    WLRQVZKLFKFULVLVZLOOQRWHDVLO\HURGH

    7KHQRWLRQRIYXOQHUDELOLW\KDVILJXUHG

    KLJKO\LQKXPDQLWDULDQGLVFRXUVHIRU

    \HDUV,WKDVKDGSDUWLFXODULPSOLFDWLRQV

    IRUGLVSODFHGZRPHQFKLOGUHQDQGWKH

    GLVDEOHGZKRDUHRIWHQFDWHJRUL]HGDVYXOQHUDEOHJURXSV9LFWLPPD\ZHOOEH

    DQDSSURSULDWHZRUGIRUWKRVHZRPHQ

    DQGPHQZKRKDYHVXIIHUHGUDSHIRU

    H[DPSOHDQGWKHDWWHQGDQWPXOWLSOH

    FULVHVRISK\VLFDODQGSV\FKRORJLFDO

    LQMXU\DQGUHMHFWLRQE\IDPLOLHVFRP

    PXQLWLHVDQGOHJDOV\VWHPV

  • 7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement

    7/48

    Gender and displacement

    L6H[XDOYLROHQFH

    0DMRUDVVLVWDQFHSURYLGHUVVXFKDV

    81+&5KDYHUHODWLYHO\UHFHQWO\UHFRJ

    L]HGUDSHDQGRWKHUIRUPVRIVH[XDO

    LROHQFHVXFKDVIRUFHGPDUULDJHDV

    HLQJDVLJQLILFDQWSKHQRPHQRQDIIHFW

    QJUHIXJHHDQGGLVSODFHGFRPPXQLWLHV

    QGRQHZKLFKQHHGVWREHDGGUHVVHGE\VVLVWDQFHSURJUDPPHVLQSUDFWLFDOZD\V

    VSDUWRIWKHSURWHFWLRQPDQGDWH

    $WWHQWLRQKDVEHHQSDLGWRLVVXHVVXFK

    VFDPSOD\RXWDQGOLJKWLQJDQGWKHSUR

    LVLRQRIVHUYLFHVDQGVXSSRUWWRUDSHG

    ZRPHQ0XFKRIWKHLPSHWXVIRUWKLV

    WWHQWLRQFDPHIURP81+&5VSRQ

    RUHGLQLWLDWLYHVDPRQJ6RPDOLDQG

    XGDQHVHUHIXJHHVLQ.HQ\DUHIHUUHGWR

    \.DJZDQMD

    .DJZDQMDVDUWLFOHVHHNVWRGHHSHQWKH

    QGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHSKHQRPHQRQE\QNLQJLWVKLJKLQFLGHQFHLQWKH.HQ\DQ

    RQWH[WWRXQGHUO\LQJJHQGHUDQGHWKQLF

    LVFULPLQDWLRQERWKZLWKLQWKHUHIXJHH

    RPPXQLWLHVDQGZLWKLQWKH.HQ\DQ

    WDWHDQGHYHQHFKRHG

    QWKHDVVLVWDQFHFRP

    PXQLW\+RZHYHUWKH

    VVXHRIVH[XDOYLROHQFH

    DLVHVRWKHUIXQGDPHQ

    DOTXHVWLRQV

    LUVWKRZFDQWKHDSSDU

    QWLQFUHDVHLQVH[XDOYLROHQFHLQLWXDWLRQVRIFRQIOLFWEHH[SODLQHG"

    :KDWIDFWRUVDUHLQKHUHQWLQFRQIOLFW

    ZKLFKWULJJHUWKLVUHVSRQVH"(IIHFWLYH

    VVLVWDQFHPHDVXUHVGHSHQGRQDGHHSHU

    QGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHSKHQRPHQRQLQ

    HQHUDO

    HFRQGO\WKHUHLVDZLGHVSUHDGDVVXPS

    LRQUHIOHFWHGLQWKHDUWLFOHVLQWKLV

    ROXPHWKDWUDSHDQGVH[XDOYLROHQFH

    UHLQIOLFWHGE\PHQRQZRPHQHYHQ

    KRXJKHYLGHQFHVKRZVPDOHUDSHWREH

    VLJQLILFDQWIHDWXUHRIPDQ\FRQIOLFWVKLVWRRKDVLPSOLFDWLRQVIRUDVVLVWDQFH

    URJUDPPHVLIVXSSRUWIRUUDSHG

    ZRPHQKDVEHHQLQVXIILFLHQWVXSSRUW

    RUUDSHGPHQLVYLUWXDOO\QRQH[LVWHQW

    KLUGO\ZK\KDVLWEHHQVRGLIILFXOWIRU

    H[XDOYLROHQFHWREHUHFRJQL]HGLQ

    HUPVRIJOREDOSROLF\DVDSXVKIDFWRU

    QGLVSODFHPHQWDQGKHQFHJURXQGVIRU

    V\OXP"$SDUWLFXODUDVSHFWRIWKLVDQG

    QHUDUHO\DFNQRZOHGJHGLVWKHLVVXHRI

    RPRSKRELFGLVFULPLQDWLRQERWKDVD

    XVKIDFWRULQFRXQWULHVRIUHIXJHHRULLQDQGLQDV\OXPFRXQWULHV+RPR

    KRELDLVLQGHHGUDUHO\UHJDUGHGDVD

    JHQGHULVVXHDWDOOHYHQWKRXJKLWLVD

    ULPHH[DPSOHRIWKHVRFLDOO\DQGFXO

    XUDOO\FRQVWUXFWHGH[SHFWDWLRQVRI

    PHQVDQGZRPHQVEHKDYLRXURQZKLFK

    HQGHUDQDO\VLVLVIRXQGHG7KHDVVRFLD

    LRQRIJHQGHUGLVFULPLQDWLRQZLWK

    LVVXHVRIZRPHQVULJKWVUHIHUUHGWR

    DERYHKDVEOLQGHGPDQ\DVVLVWDQFH

    SURYLGHUVWRLWVGHHSHULPSOLFDWLRQV

    LY ,QWHUQDWLRQDOOHJDOIUDPHZRUNV

    DQGVWDQGDUGV

    $QXPEHURILQWHUQDWLRQDOOHJDOIUDPH

    ZRUNVGUDZQHVVHQWLDOO\IURPWKH81

    &KDUWHURQ+XPDQ5LJKWVKDYHEHHQ

    GHYHORSHGWRJXLGHLQWHUQDWLRQDO

    UHVSRQVHVWRUHIXJHHDQGGLVSODFHGSHR

    SOHVULJKWVVHH*XUXUDMDVDUWLFOHIRU

    UHIHUHQFHVWRNH\H[DPSOHV7KHVHKDYH

    EHHQDFFRPSDQLHGE\FRGHVRIFRQGXFW

    JRRGSUDFWLFHJXLGHOLQHVDQGWUDLQLQJ

    SURJUDPPHV

    ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQKRZHYHUODJVEHKLQG

    SDUWO\EHFDXVHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVRIDJUHHG

    SROLF\YDU\LQGLIIHUHQWFXOWXUDODQG

    SROLWLFDOFRQWH[WVDQGKDYHWREHUHPDGHLQHDFKFRQWH[W&UDZOH\DQG

    .DJZDQMDH[DPLQLQJWKLVTXHVWLRQIURP

    WZRGLIIHUHQWYLHZSRLQWVVXJJHVWWKDW

    HWKQLFDQGJHQGHULGHRORJLHVRIGLVFULPL

    QDWLRQPD\XQGHUSLQERWK

    WKHSROLF\DQGWKHSUDF

    WLFHRIDV\OXPDQG

    SURWHFWLRQ+RZHYHU

    1DWKDOLD%HUNRZLW]QRWH

    RQWKH8.JHQGHUJXLGH

    OLQHVVXJJHVWVWKDW

    FRQVWUXFWLYHOREE\LQJ

    FDQEULQJDERXWVLJQLILFDQWFKDQJHVLQ

    ERWK DWWLWXGHVDQGSUDFWLFH

    Conclusion

    7KHDUWLFOHVLQWKLVLVVXHGHPRQVWUDWH

    VRPHRIWKHLQVLJKWVWKDWDJHQGHU

    DSSURDFKFDQRIIHUWRWKHSODQQLQJDQG

    LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIDVVLVWDQFHSUR

    JUDPPHVLQVXSSRUWRIGLVSODFHG

    FRPPXQLWLHVDQGLQGLYLGXDOV6XFKDQ

    DSSURDFKFDQHQVXUHWKDWZRPHQVSUDF

    WLFDOQHHGVHDV\WRRYHUORRNEHFRPHPRUHYLVLEOHDQGWKDWWKHLURZQHIIRUWV

    WRLPSURYHWKHLUVRFLDOSRVLWLRQFDQEH

    VXSSRUWHG,WFDQKHOSDVVLVWDQFHDJHQ

    FLHVWRJDLQLPSURYHGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI

    WKHVRFLDOHFRQRPLFDQGSROLWLFDO

    LPSDFWVRIWKHLUFKRLFHVRIDFWLRQDQG

    LQYHVWPHQW0DLQVWUHDPLQJJHQGHU

    DQDO\VLVLQWRLQWHUQDWLRQDOOHJDOIUDPH

    ZRUNVDQGDJHQFLHVIRUPVWKHEDVLVRI

    DFFRXQWDELOLW\E\WKHLQWHUQDWLRQDO

    FRPPXQLW\WRZDUGVWKHGLVSODFHGDQG

    FDQKHOSLGHQWLI\ELDVHVZKLFKLQVWLWX

    WLRQVPXVWFRQIURQWLQWKHLURZQ

    DWWLWXGHVDQGSUDFWLFH

  • 7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement

    8/48

    Gender and displacement

    RPHQVLVVXHVKDYHEHFRPH

    LQFUHDVLQJO\FHQWUDOLQ81+&5VSROLFLHVRYHUWKHSDVW

    \HDUV2IWHQOXPSHGWRJHWKHUZLWK

    KLOGUHQLQVXUYH\VWKH\DUHSHUFHLYHG

    VYXOQHUDEOHYLFWLPVRIZDU

    $PRQJWKHSHRSOHKLWKDUGHVWE\WKH

    YLROHQFHDQGXQFHUWDLQW\RIGLVSODFH

    PHQWDUHJLUOVHOGHUO\ZLGRZVVLQJOH

    PRWKHUVZRPHQ$VDUXOHRIWKXPE

    VRPHSHUFHQWRIWKHVHGHVWLWXWH

    GLVSODFHGSHRSOHDUHZRPHQDQGWKHLU

    GHSHQGHQWFKLOGUHQ

    YRNLQJWKHSLFWXUHRIZRPHQDQGFKLO

    GUHQ1*2VDQG81+&5DUHDEOHWR

    SSHDOWRRXUKXPDQLWDULDQV\PSDWK\

    $V/LLVD0DONNL KDVSRLQWHGRXWFKLOGUHQ

    QGIHPDOHUHIXJHHVHSLWRPL]HEDUH

    KXPDQLW\:RPHQDUHFRQVWUXHGDV

    PRUHWUXHUHIXJHHVEHLQJWKHYLFWLPV

    DWKHUWKDQWKHSHUSHWUDWRUVRIZDUDQG

    LROHQFH+RZHYHUWKLVSLFWXUHDOVR

    HGXFHVDUHIXJHHZRPDQWRWKHOHYHORI

    QLQIDQWDQGOHDYHVKHUZLWKRXWDJHQF\

    QGUHVSRQVLELOLW\

    81+&5LVYHU\FRQFHUQHGZLWKWKHTXHV

    LRQRIDJHQF\DQGHPSRZHULQJZRPHQ

    QGJHWWLQJWKHPWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQFDPS

    FWLYLWLHVKDYHEHFRPHFHQWUDODVSHFWVLQ

    KHSROLFLHVRI81+&5DQGRWKHUUHOLHI

    JHQFLHV,Q/XNROH5HIXJHH&DPSLQ

    7DQ]DQLDZKHUH,GLGRYHUD\HDUVILHOG

    ZRUNWKH\ZHUHQRWRQO\FRQFHUQHG

    ZLWKKHOSLQJZRPHQSURWHFWLRQIURP

    DSHDFFHVVWRIRRGDQGPHGLFDOKHOS

    WFEXWZHUHDOVRYHU\FRQFHUQHGZLWK

    KHOSLQJZRPHQWRKHOSWKHPVHOYHV7KLV

    KHOSWRVHOIKHOSRUHPSRZHUPHQWRI

    HIXJHHVLQJHQHUDODQGRIZRPHQLQ

    DUWLFXODUZDVQRWPHUHO\PHDQWDVD

    PHDQVIRUDWWDLQLQJFHUWDLQPDWHULDO

    RDOV(PSRZHUPHQWZDVDOVRDPHDQV

    RIFRPEDWLQJDSDWK\DQGGHSHQGHQF\

    DPRQJUHIXJHHVDQGRIJLYLQJWKHPDFHUWDLQDPRXQWRIVHOIHVWHHP7RTXRWH

    81+&5VJXLGHOLQHVRQWKHSURWHFWLRQRI

    UHIXJHHZRPHQ

    3DUWLFLSDWLRQLWVHOISURPRWHVSURWHF

    WLRQ,QWHUQDOSURWHFWLRQSUREOHPVDUH

    RIWHQGXHDVPXFKWRSHRSOHVIHHOLQJV

    RILVRODWLRQIUXVWUDWLRQODFNRI

    EHORQJLQJWRDVWUXFWXUHGVRFLHW\DQG

    ODFNRIFRQWURORYHUWKHLURZQIXWXUH

    5HIXJHHSDUWLFLSDWLRQKHOSVEXLOGWKH

    YDOXHVDQGVHQVHRIFRPPXQLW\WKDWFRQWULEXWHWRUHGXFLQJSURWHFWLRQ

    SUREOHPV

    ,QRWKHUZRUGVZRPHQ

    UHIXJHHVDUHWREHJLYHQ

    EDFNWKHDJHQF\WKDW

    WKH\DOOHJHGO\ORVWDV

    YLFWLPVRIZDU7KLV

    ZKROHLGHDRIHPSRZHUPHQWDQGSDUWLFL

    SDWLRQLVEDVHGRQDPRGHUQLGHDORI

    GHPRFUDWLFFLWL]HQVKLSDQGHTXDO

    ULJKWV

    Ba bies in UN HCRs a rms

    6RKRZGRUHIXJHHVUHDFWWRWKLVLGHDORI

    HTXDOULJKWV"+RZGRWKH\LQWHUSUHWWKH

    FKDQJHVLQWKHFDPSDQGWKHZD\VLQ

    ZKLFKUHOLHIDJHQFLHVDGPLQLVWHUIRRG

    DQGRWKHUUHVRXUFHV"

    :KHQ,DVNHG%DUXQGLDQUHIXJHHVLQ

    /XNROH5HIXJHH&DPS DERXWFKDQJHVLQ

    JHQGHUUHODWLRQVDIWHUFRPLQJWRWKH

    FDPSPHQDQGZRPHQDOLNHZHUHDOO

    YHU\NHHQWRJLYHWKHLURSLQLRQ7KHJHQ

    HUDOLPSUHVVLRQ,UHFHLYHGIURPWKH

    PDQ\TXDOLWDWLYHJURXSLQWHUYLHZVDV

    ZHOODVDVXUYH\RIUHIXJHHVZDV

    WKDWRIPRUDOGHFD\7KLQJVZHUHQR

    ORQJHUDVWKH\XVHGWREHWKH\ZRXOG

    VD\:RPHQZHUHEHFRPLQJSURVWLWXWHV

    PHQZHUHSRO\JDPLVWVGLYRUFHUDWHV

    ZHUHJRLQJXSDQG\RXQJPHQZHUHPDU

    U\LQJROGZRPHQ$JHQHUDOWKHPHLQ

    PRVWLQWHUYLHZVZDVWKDWZRPHQQR

    ORQJHUUHVSHFWHGWKHLUKXVEDQGV,I,

    HQTXLUHGPRUHDERXWWKLVWKHDQVZHU

    ZDVTXLWHFOHDU:RPHQILQG81+&5D

    EHWWHUKXVEDQG%\WKLVWKH\PHDQWWKDW

    PHQLGHDOO\VKRXOGSURYLGHIRUWKHLU

    ZLYHVDQGFKLOGUHQZKLOHZRPHQDQG

    FKLOGUHQVKRXOGREH\DQGUHVSHFWWKH

    PHQ%XWLQWKHFDPSDFFRUGLQJWRWKH

    UHIXJHHV81+&5RUPHUHO\WKHZKLWH

    PDQZRXOGSURYLGHIRRGIRUHYHU\ERG\

    LUUHVSHFWLYHRIDJHJHQGHURUVWDWXV

    6RDFFRUGLQJWRWKLVUHDVRQLQJWKH

    ZRPHQRQO\UHVSHFWDQGREH\81+&5

    ,QDSDUDGR[LFDOPDQQHUWKHLGHDORI

    HYHU\RQHEHLQJHTXDOEHIRUH81+&5KDV

    EHHQUHLQWHUSUHWHGLQWHUPVRI81+&5RUWKHZKLWHPDQWDNLQJWKHSODFHRIWKH

    KXVEDQGDQG

    WKHIDWKHU,Q

    RWKHUZRUGV

    WKHPHQLQWKH

    FDPSIHOWWKDW

    WKHLUSRVLWLRQ

    DVEUHDGZLQ

    QHUVDQGILJXUHVRIDXWKRULW\ZDVXQGHU

    SUHVVXUH81+&5ZDVWDNLQJWKHLU

    DXWKRULW\DQGWKHLUZRPHQIURPWKHP

    $FRQVHTXHQFHRIWKLVZDVWREHUHGXFHGWREHFRPLQJHTXDOZLWKKHOSOHVVZRPHQ

    RUFKLOGUHQZKLFKZDVFHUWDLQO\QRWD

    GHVLUDEOHVWDWH$VD\RXQJPDQVDLG

    XSRQEHLQJDVNHGZKHWKHUKHFRXOGVHH

    DQ\FKDQJHVLQWKHFDPS7KHUHLVD

    FKDQJH3HRSOHDUHQRWWDNLQJFDUHRI

    WKHLURZQOLIH7KH\DUHMXVWOLNHEDELHV

    LQ81+&5VDUPV

    7KHJHQHUDOIHHOLQJRIORVVDQGRI

    VRFLDODQGPRUDOGHFD\WKDWIROORZ

    IOLJKWDQGDUULYDOLQDUHIXJHHFDPSLVRIWHQLQWHUSUHWHGLQWHUPVRIJHQGHU

    UHODWLRQVDQGPHQVIHHOLQJRISRZHU

    OHVVQHVVLVSURMHFWHGRQWR81+&5DQG

    LWVSROLF\RIHPSRZHULQJZRPHQ

    81+&5KDVVLPSO\WDNHQWKHLUZRPHQ

    DQGWKHLUPDVFXOLQLW\

    Vindicating masculinity: the fateof promoting gender equality

    by Simon Turner

    This article explores how attempts by UNHCR

    and others to empower women in refugee

    camps are reinterpreted and given new

    meaning by the refugees themselves.

    :

    Women find UNHCR

    a better husband.

  • 7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement

    9/48

    Gender and displacement

    Reasserting masculinity

    :KHQ,ILUVWZHQWWR/XNROH,ZDVVXU

    SULVHGWRILQGWKDWDODUJHJURXSRI

    RXQJPHQLQWKHFDPSZHUHH[WUHPHO\

    XFFHVVIXO7KHILUVWVXUSULVHZDVWKH

    QXPEHURIYHU\\RXQJPDOHVWUHHW

    LOODJHOHDGHUVLQWKHFDPS,LQWHUYLHZHG

    HDGHUVZKRZHUHRQO\\HDUVROGDQG

    ZKRKDGEHHQOHDGHUVIRUVHYHUDO\HDUV

    7KLVFRQIOLFWHGZLWKP\DVVXPSWLRQV

    ERXW%XUXQGLVRFLHW\ZKHUHDJHJLYHV

    WDWXVDQGRQHLVQRWFRQVLGHUHGDUHDO

    PDQZRUWKOLVWHQLQJWRXQWLOPXFKROGHU

    7KHUHIXJHHVWKHPVHOYHVSURYLGHVRPH

    SODXVLEOHH[SODQDWLRQVIRUWKHSKHQRPH

    QRQ7KH\H[SODLQHGWKDWRQHKDVWREH

    HU\PRELOHWREHDOHDGHUFRQVWDQWO\

    PRYLQJIURPWKH81+&5RIILFHWRWKH

    RRGGLVWULEXWLRQFHQWUHWRWKHSROLFH

    SRVWDQGEDFNWRWKHYLOODJHVWUHHW

    XUWKHUPRUHDOHDGHULQWKHFDPS

    SUHIHUDEO\KDVWRNQRZODQJXDJHVZLWK

    QJOLVKDQG6ZDKLOLEHLQJPRUHXVHIXO

    KDQ)UHQFKDQG.LUXQGLWKHRIILFLDOODQ

    XDJHVLQ%XUXQGL)LQDOO\RQHKDVWR

    HDGDSWDEOHDQGQRWEHVK\,QRWKHU

    ZRUGVRQHPXVWEHDEOHWROHDUQWKHMDU

    RQRIUHOLHIDJHQFLHVDQGGDUHWR

    SSURDFKWKHPLQWKHULJKWZD\7KHVH

    UHDOOYLUWXHVZKHUHWKH\RXWKKDYHDQ

    GYDQWDJHRYHUWKHROGHUPHQ

    LPLODUO\,IRXQGWKDWDODUJHJURXSRI

    RXQJPHQKDGIRXQGMREVZLWK1*2V

    7KH\KHOGPDQ\RIWKHVDPHTXDOLILFD

    LRQVDVWKHOHDGHUVDQGKHOGHTXDOO\

    PSRUWDQWSRVWVLQWKHFDPS%HLQJ

    PSOR\HGE\DQDJHQF\JDYHDFFHVVWR

    HVRXUFHVDQGSRZHU7KHLUSRVLWLRQDV

    QWHUPHGLDULHVEHWZHHQ1*2VSURYLGLQJ

    HVRXUFHVVXFKDVPHGLFDODVVLVWDQFH

    GXFDWLRQVRFLDOVHUYLFHVDQGVHFXULW\

    QGWKHEHQHILFLDU\SRSXODWLRQHQDEOHG

    KHLQGLYLGXDOVLQYROYHGWREXLOGXSKRUL

    RQWDOQHWZRUNVZLWKHDFKRWKHUDQG

    HUWLFDOQHWZRUNVRISDWURQDJH2IWHQ

    KHVHQHWZRUNVZHUHLQWHUPHVKHGZLWK

    KHFDPSVIRUPDOOHDGHUVKLSVWUXFWXUH

    QGVWURQJO\OLQNHGWRWKHWZRFODQGHV

    LQHSROLWLFDOSDUWLHVLQWKHFDPS

    $OWKRXJKSROLWLFDODFWLYLW\LVEDQQHGLQ

    HIXJHHFDPSVLQ7DQ]DQLDLWLVFRP

    PRQNQRZOHGJHWKDWWZRULYDO+XWX

    SSRVLWLRQSDUWLHVZHUHYHU\DFWLYHLQ

    HFUXLWLQJPHPEHUVLQ/XNROH%HLQJD

    PHPEHURIWKHULJKWSDUW\ZRXOGRIWHQ

    KHOSD\RXQJPDQLQJHWWLQJDMREZLWK

    QDJHQF\,WFRXOGDOVRVWUHQJWKHQKLV

    SRVLWLRQDVDOHDGHU0RUHLPSRUWDQWO\

    KRZHYHUEHLQJDSDUW\PHPEHUJDYHD

    HQVHRILGHQWLW\3DUW\OHDGHUVVKRZHG

    WUHQJWKDQGZHUHUHVSHFWHGHYHQ

    IHDUHGLQWKHFDPS7KH\KDGDSXUSRVHLQOLIHDQGKDGWDNHQWKHLUIXWXUHLQ

    WKHLURZQKDQGVLQVWHDGRIKDQJLQJ

    DURXQGWKHFDPSSOD\LQJFDUGVDQGJHW

    WLQJGUXQNOLNHRWKHU\RXQJPHQ3DUW\

    PHPEHUVZHUHHYHQGHI\LQJ81+&5DQG

    7DQ]DQLDQODZSOD\LQJLQVWHDGE\WKHLU

    RZQUXOHV2QHFRXOGVD\WKDWWKH\ZHUH

    WDNLQJEDFNZKDW81+&5KDGDOOHJHGO\

    WDNHQIURPWKHP7KH\ZHUHUHDVVHUWLQJ

    WKHLUPDVFXOLQLW\

    Conclusion81+&5DQGRWKHUUHOLHIDJHQFLHVVWURQJO\

    HPSKDVL]HGJHQGHUHTXDOLW\DQG

    ZRPHQVSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQ/XNROH5HIXJHH

    &DPS0\ILQGLQJVLQWKHFDPSVKRZ

    WKDWLQVWHDGRIHPSRZHULQJZRPHQ

    WKHVHSROLFLHVKDGWKHSDUDGR[LFDOHIIHFW

    RISURYLGLQJXSZDUGPRELOLW\IRUD

    JURXSRIVHPLHGXFDWHG\RXQJPHQ

    7KHLGHRORJ\RIJHQGHUHTXDOLW\ZDVSHU

    FHLYHGDVDWKUHDWWRWKHLUPDVFXOLQLW\

    ZLWK81+&5WDNLQJWKHLUSODFHDVKXV

    EDQGVDQGIDWKHUVUHGXFLQJWKHPWR

    VLEOLQJVRUKHOSOHVVZRPHQ,QWKHLUILJKW

    WRUHJDLQWKHLUSUHVXPHGORVWSODFHWKH\

    PDQDJHGWRRXWPDQRHXYUHWKHROGHU

    JHQHUDWLRQRIPHQPDLQO\GXHWRWKHLU

    DELOLW\WRDGDSWWRWKHQHZVXUURXQGLQJV

    DQGWRDSSURDFKUHOLHIDJHQFLHVLQWKH

    ULJKWPDQQHU7KXVZHVHHDFKDQJHLQ

    UHODWLRQVEHWZHHQJHQHUDWLRQV

    2QHPLJKWH[SHFWWKDWWKHFKDQJHVLQ

    WKHFDPSKDGDOVREURXJKWDERXWQHZ

    SRVVLELOLWLHVIRUDJURXSRIHGXFDWHG

    \RXQJZRPHQDVZHOO+RZHYHUPHQ

    DQGZRPHQDOLNHLQWHUSUHWFKDQJHVLQ

    WKHFDPSDFFRUGLQJWRDGRPLQDQWJHQ

    GHULGHRORJ\EDVHGRQPDOHVXSHULRULW\

    (YHQ\RXQJHGXFDWHGZRPHQZRUNLQJ

    IRU1*2VEHOLHYHRQWKHZKROHWKDW

    PHQDUHVXSSRVHGWREHPDVWHUVDQG

    WKDWHTXDOLW\RQO\FUHDWHVSUREOHPVWKH\PD\FRQVHTXHQWO\JLYHKDOIRIWKHLU

    ZDJHVWRWKHLUKXVEDQGLQRUGHUQRWWR

    DQWDJRQL]HKLP

    ,WKDVQRWEHHQWKHSXUSRVHRIWKLVDUWL

    FOHWRFULWLFL]H81+&5SROLF\RQJHQGHU

    LQJHQHUDODQG,GRQRWSOHDGIRUDVKLIW

    WRDFXOWXUDOUHODWLYLVWDSSURDFKHQGRUV

    LQJSDWULDUFKDORURWKHURSSUHVVLYH

    VWUXFWXUHVLQWKHQDPHRIFXOWXUDOVHQVL

    WLYLW\7KLVDUWLFOHPHUHO\SRLQWVRXW

    VRPHRIWKHXQLQWHQGHGFRQVHTXHQFHVDW

    WKHORFDOOHYHORIVXFKJHQHUDOSROLFLHV

    7KHVHXQLQWHQGHGFRQVHTXHQFHVRFFXU

    DVDUHVXOWRIWKHUHIXJHHVUHLQWHUSUHWD

    WLRQVRIZHOOLQWHQGHGUHOLHISURJUDPPHV

    LQWKHFDPSLQWKLVSDUWLFXODUFDVHFUHDW

    LQJVRPHTXLWHXQH[SHFWHGHIIHFWVRQ

    DJHDQGJHQGHUUHODWLRQV

    6LPRQ7XUQHULVFXUUHQWO\D3K'

    &DQGLGDWHDWWKH*UDGXDWH6FKRRO

    IRU,QWHUQDWLRQDO'HYHORSPHQW

    6WXGLHV5RVNLOGH8QLYHUVLW\

    'HQPDUN+HOLYHGLQ1JDUD

    7DQ]DQLDIURPWR

    (PDLOWXUQHU#UXFGN

    81+&5)XQGUDLVLQJ7KH*HQHUDO3URJUDPPHV

    81+&5V&RUH$FWLYLWLHV SZZZXQKFUFKIGUV

    JSDSS

    /LLVD0DONNL3XULW\DQG([LOH9LROHQFH0HPRU\DQG

    1DWLRQDO&RVPRORJ\DPRQJ+XWX5HIXJHHVLQ

    7DQ]DQLD&KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

    6HH6LPRQ7XUQHU$QJU\\RXQJPHQLQFDPSVJHQ

    GHUDJHDQGFODVVUHODWLRQVDPRQJ%XUXQGLDQUHIXJHHV

    LQ7DQ]DQLD:RUNLQJ3DSHU1R81+&5

    ZZZXQKFUFKUHIZRUOGSXEZSDSHUVZSQRKWP

    81+&5*XLGHOLQHVRQWKH3URWHFWLRQRI5HIXJHH

    :RPHQ

    ,DUJXHLQP\3K'WKHVLVIURPD)RXFDXOGLDQLGHDRI

    ELRSROLWLFVWKDWVXFKLGHDOVFRQVWLWXWHDILQHWXQHG

    PDQQHURIJRYHUQLQJWKHFDPSE\FUHDWLQJVHOIJRY

    HUQLQJVXEMHFWV

    /XNROHLVORFDWHGLQ1RUWK:HVWHUQ7DQ]DQLD$WWKH

    WLPHRIP\ILHOGZRUNURXJKO\

    %XUXQGLDQVOLYHGLQWKHFDPS

    SimonTurner

    mailto:[email protected]://www.unhcr.ch/fdrs/gpapphttp://www.unhcr.ch/fdrs/gpapphttp://www.unhcr.ch/refworld/pub/wpapers/wpno9.htmhttp://www.unhcr.ch/refworld/pub/wpapers/wpno9.htmhttp://www.unhcr.ch/fdrs/gpapphttp://www.unhcr.ch/fdrs/gpappmailto:[email protected]
  • 7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement

    10/48

    Gender and displacement

    RXQJPHQDUHDPRQJWKHPRVW

    YLVLEOHRIDOOJURXSVLQ3XWWDODP

    'LVWULFWRIWKH1RUWK:HVWHUQ

    URYLQFH6UL/DQND$OPRVWSHUFHQW

    IWKH\RXQJPDOHUHVLGHQWVDUHLQWHUQDO

    \GLVSODFHG0XVOLPVH[SHOOHGE\WKH

    LEHUDWLRQ7LJHUVRI7DPLO(HODP/77(

    Q2FWREHUWRJHWKHUZLWKWKHLU

    DPLOLHVDQGIULHQGV

    KHUHDVRQVIRUWKLVHWKQLFFOHDQVLQJ

    UHFRPSOH[EXWRQHUHDVRQZDVWKDWWKH

    0XVOLPVZHUHQRWSUHSDUHGWRIXOO\VXS

    RUWWKH/77(DQGZHUHWKXVVHHQDVD

    KUHDWWR/77(GRPLQDWLRQLQWKHQRUWK

    0XVOLPVDOPRVWWKHHQWLUH

    0XVOLPSRSXODWLRQRIWKH1RUWKHUQ

    URYLQFHZHUHWKUHDWHQHGDWJXQSRLQW

    QGJLYHQIURPWZRKRXUVWRRQHZHHN

    RTXLWWKHUHJLRQ7KHPDMRULW\RIWKH

    RUWKHUQ0XVOLPVFDPHWR3XWWDODP

    'LVWULFWZKHUHWKHUHZDVDPL[HGSRSXDWLRQRI0XVOLPV6LQKDOHVHDQG7DPLOV

    HQ\HDUVKDYHSDVVHGVLQFHWKHH[SXO

    LRQDQGWKHVLWXDWLRQLQ3XWWDODPLV

    ERXWWREHFRPHDIRUJRWWHQFDVH

    PLGVW6UL/DQNDVQHZZDYHVRIGLV

    ODFHPHQWFDXVHGE\WKHZDULQWKH

    RUWKRIWKHLVODQG

    Changes in practice and perception

    KHLQIOX[RIVRPDQ\SHRSOHWR

    XWWDODPLQKDVFKDQJHGPDQ\

    VSHFWVRIWKHOLYHVRIERWKORFDOVDQG

    '3VLQFOXGLQJFKDQJHVLQJHQGHUUHOD

    LRQV3HRSOHVXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIJHQGHU

    RFXVHVPDLQO\RQZRPHQDVV\PEROVRI

    RWKVWDELOLW\DQGFKDQJH2QWKHRQH

    DQGZRPHQDUHH[SHFWHGWRXSKROGWKH

    XOWXUHRIWKHFRPPXQLW\E\EHLQJ

    PRWKHUVDQGZLYHV/LYLQJLQDSRRU

    HQYLURQPHQWZLWKVPDOOKRXVHVDQGOLWWOH

    SULYDWHVSDFHWKH\DUHVXSSRVHGWR

    PDLQWDLQLQRQHZD\RUDQRWKHUWKH

    VHFOXVLRQIRU0XVOLPZRPHQDVZHOODV

    WRSURWHFWWUDGLWLRQDOIDPLO\YDOXHV2Q

    WKHRWKHUKDQGZRPHQDUHDOVRDWWKH

    IRUHIURQWRIFKDQJH0XFKRIWKH

    HPSOR\PHQWDYDLODEOHLQWKHDUHDLV

    FDVXDOZDJHODERXUIRUZRPHQLQDJULFXOWXUHDQHZVLWXDWLRQIRUZRPHQIURP

    WKHQRUWK,QWKHQRUWKWKH\FXOWLYDWHG

    WKHLURZQODQGZLWKWKHLUKXVEDQGV

    7RGD\WKH\IDFHDGLIIHUHQWVLWXDWLRQ

    VRPHWLPHVKDYLQJWRWUDYHOORQJGLV

    WDQFHVWRZRUNDVODERXUHUVIRURWKHUV

    &RQVHTXHQWO\ZRPHQGRQRWJUHDWO\

    DSSUHFLDWHKDYLQJWRJRRXWWRZRUN

    GHVSLWHWKHLULQFUHDVHGPRELOLW\DVLWLQ

    HIIHFWV\PEROL]HVWKHGHJUDGDWLRQRI

    WKHLUFXOWXUH7KHVHFKDQJHVGLUHFWO\

    DIIHFWWKHYLVLELOLW\RIZRPHQDVZHOODQGDUHXVHGDVDV\PERORIKRZGLVSODFHG

    SHRSOHKDYHUXLQHGWKHORFDOFXOWXUHE\

    PDNLQJORFDOZRPHQDOVRZDQWWRPRYH

    DURXQGPRUHIUHHO\

    Contact with N GO s

    0DQ\RIWKHRUVRDJHQFLHVZRUNLQJ

    LQWKHGLVWULFWKDYHSDLGVSHFLDODWWHQWLRQ

    WRZRPHQUHFRJQL]LQJWKDWWKH\IDFH

    WKHVHFRQWUDGLFWRU\H[SHFWDWLRQV)RU

    PRVW1*2VZRPHQDUHRQHRIWKUHH

    PDLQWDUJHWJURXSVRIDLGWRJHWKHUZLWK

    FKLOGUHQDQGWKHKRXVHKROG7KHJHQGHU

    SHUVSHFWLYHLQDLGKDVEHFRPHIDLUO\ZHOO

    DUWLFXODWHGDQGTXLWHVRSKLVWLFDWHGDQG

    WKHDFKLHYHPHQWVDUHHQFRXUDJLQJ

    $FWLYLWLHVIRUZRPHQLQFOXGHDZDUHQHVV

    KHDOWKVHOIHPSOR\PHQWDQGOHDGHUVKLS

    WUDLQLQJSURJUDPPHVDQGVDYLQJJURXSV

    0HQDUHRQO\WDUJHWHGDVKHDGVRIKRXVH

    KROGVUDWKHUWKDQDVJHQGHUHGDFWRUV

    7KH\RXQJPHQORVHRXWEHLQJQHLWKHU

    FKLOGUHQQRUKHDGVRIKRXVHKROGVQRU

    UHFRJQL]HGDVJHQGHUHGDFWRUV

    :HGRQRWKDYHPXFKFRQWDFWZLWK

    1*2VH[FHSWIRURQHRUJDQL]DWLRQWKDW

    QRUPDOO\FRPHVWRRXUVHWWOHPHQWEXW

    WKH\DUHRQO\LQWHUHVWHGLQWKHZRPHQ

    D\RXQJPDQWROGPH+HFRQWLQXHG

    ,QP\YLHZWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQVVKRXOG

    KDYHFRQWDFWZLWKRXUJURXS>\RXQJ

    PHQ@7KDWZRXOGEHEHWWHUEHFDXVHQRU

    PDOO\PHQKDYHPRUHNQRZOHGJHWKDQ

    ZRPHQ0HQVROYHSUREOHPVPRUH

    HDVLO\,IDZHOOQHHGHGWREHFRQVWUXFW

    HGIRULQVWDQFHZHFRXOGPRUHHDVLO\

    GHFLGHWKHVXLWDEOHSODFHDQGWKHQHHG\

    SHUVRQ

    7KHUHDUHPDQ\PHVVDJHVLQWKLVVWDWH

    PHQWQRWOHDVWDVNHZHGYLHZRIWKHDELOLWLHVRIZRPHQ2QHLPSRUWDQWSRLQW

    XQGHUO\LQJZKDWKHVD\VLVWKDWPHQV

    JHQGHULGHQWLWLHVGRQRWDXWRPDWLFDOO\

    FKDQJHZKHQZRPHQVLGHQWLWLHVDQG

    SUDFWLFHVFKDQJH&KDQJLQJZRPHQV

    SUDFWLFHVGRHVQRWQHFHVVDULO\FKDQJH

    WKHGRPLQDWLQJJHQGHULGHRORJ\DQG

    PHQVDWWLWXGHV

    0HQDUHVWLOOSHUFHLYHGDVPRUHNQRZO

    HGJHDEOHPHQDUHVWLOOLQWKHOHDGHUVKLS

    SRVLWLRQVDQGPHQDUHVWLOOFRQVLGHUHGDVWKHPDLQEUHDGZLQQHUVRIDIDPLO\

    :KHQDJHQFLHVRQO\IRFXVRQZRPHQ

    WKHUHLVDGDQJHURIXQGHUVWDQGLQJPHQ

    RQO\DVDEVWUDFWUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRID

    PDOHGRPLQDWHGVRFLHW\7RPDNH\RXQJ

    PHQDQGPHQLQJHQHUDOYLVLEOHDVJHQ

    GHUHGDFWRUVLVWKXVWRUHFRJQL]HWKHP

    DVDFWLYHO\LQYROYHGLQWKHSURFHVVHVRI

    FKDQJHDQGVWDELOLW\GXULQJGLVSODFHPHQW

    DQGUHVHWWOHPHQW7KLVPDNHVLWLPSRU

    WDQWWRXQGHUVWDQG\RXQJGLVSODFHGPHQ

    WKHQDWXUHRIWKHLUFKDOOHQJHVWKHRXWFRPHVGHVLUHGE\WKH\RXQJPHQWKHP

    VHOYHVDQGWKHOLPLWDWLRQVWKH\H[SHUL

    HQFH,WLVDOVRLPSRUWDQWWRHPSKDVL]H

    WKDW\RXQJPHQGRQRWUHSUHVHQWRQH

    KRPRJHQRXVJURXS

    %HORZ,IRFXVRQWZRW\SHVRIJHQGHU

    UHODWLRQVLQYROYLQJWKH\RXQJPHQILUVW

    Making young displaced men

    visible by Cathrine Brun

    This article examines the importance of under-

    standing the part of young men in the

    processes of displacement and resettlement

    and suggests that agencies need to take

    greater account of the role and position of

    young displaced men when formulating

    gender-sensitive policy and practice.1

  • 7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement

    11/48

    Gender and displacement

    KH\RXQJPHQDQGWKHLUKRXVHKROGV

    HFRQGWKH\RXQJPHQVQHWZRUNV

    ULHQGVKLSVDQGHQFRXQWHUVZLWKRWKHU

    RXQJPHQ

    oung men a nd gender rela tions

    w ithin the household

    0RVWRIWKH\RXQJPHQGLVFXVVHGKHUH

    UHEHWZHHQDQG\HDUVROGKDYH

    LQLVKHGRUGURSSHGRXWRIVFKRRODQG

    UHVWLOOXQPDUULHG7KRVHZKRDUHPDU

    LHGDUHVWLOOQRWQHFHVVDULO\KHDGVRI

    KHLURZQKRXVHKROGVDVPDQ\OLYHZLWK

    KHLUSDUHQWVRUSDUHQWVLQODZIRUPDQ\

    HDUVDIWHUJHWWLQJPDUULHG2WKHUVDUH

    WLOOZRUNLQJWRJHW

    KHLUVLVWHUVPDU

    LHGWRILQGD

    XLWDEOHSDUWQHUDQGDLVHDGRZU\

    HIRUHWKHLURZQ

    PDUULDJHVFDQEH

    UUDQJHG

    8QOLNH7XUQHUVILQGLQJVLQ/XNROH

    HIXJHH&DPSIRU%XUXQGLDQUHIXJHHVLQ

    DQ]DQLD

    IHZ\RXQJGLVSODFHGPHQLQ

    XWWDODPKDYHWDNHQOHDGHUVKLSSRVL

    RQVDQGWKH\DUHVWLOOVXERUGLQDWHWR

    KHLUIDWKHUVDQGROGHUPHQ6LQFHPRVW

    IWKHQRUWKHUQ0XVOLPVIOHGWRJHWKHUQGDUULYHGWRJHWKHULQ3XWWDODPWKH

    RFLDOVWUXFWXUHVIURPWKHQRUWKKDYHLQ

    PDQ\FDVHVEHHQUHHVWDEOLVKHGLQWKH

    DPSVDQGVHWWOHPHQWV$VPDQ\ROGHU

    PHQZHUHQRWDEOHWRJHWHPSOR\PHQWLQ

    XWWDODPPDQ\\RXQJPHQKDYHWDNHQ

    YHUWKHLUIDWKHUVUROHDVEUHDGZLQQHU

    DUOLHUWKDQWKH\ZRXOGKDYHGRQHLQWKH

    RUWK7KRXJKWKLVLVH[SUHVVHGDVD

    UHDWORVVIRUWKHROGHUPHQLWKDVQRW

    KDOOHQJHGWKHLUSRVLWLRQDVKHDGVRI

    RXVHKROGVDQGKHDGVLQWKHVHWWOHPHQWV2QHUHDVRQIRUWKLVPLJKWEHWKH

    PSRUWDQWUROHRIWKHPRVTXHLQVWUXF

    XULQJWKHVRFLHW\DQGWKHIDFWWKDWWKH

    PRVTXHWUXVWHHERDUGVVWLOOFRQVLVWRI

    PHQRQO\DQGPDLQO\HOGHUO\UHVSHFWDEOH

    PHQ$OVRWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIIHPDOH

    HDGHGKRXVHKROGVLVUHODWLYHO\ORZ

    HYHQSHUFHQWFRPSDUHGWRDURXQG

    HUFHQWDPRQJ6UL/DQNDQ,'3VORFDWHG

    ORVHUWRWKHFRQIOLFWDUHDV

    KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWZD\IRUPHQWRHFRPHUHVSHFWDEOHLVWRIROORZ,VODP

    QGIXOILOWKHLUUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVLQWKH

    DPLO\DVEUHDGZLQQHUV,QPDQ\\RXQJ

    PHQVYLHZWKHLUIDWKHUVUHVSRQVLELOLW\

    ZLOOEHWKHLUUHVSRQVLELOLW\LQWKHIXWXUH

    KH\ZRUU\RQO\DERXWWKHGLIILFXOW\RI

    HWWLQJSHUPDQHQWHPSOR\PHQWLQ

    3XWWDODPODFNRIHPSOR\PHQWPDNHVLW

    KDUGHUWRPHHWIDPLO\H[SHFWDWLRQV

    7KRXJKHPSOR\PHQWZRXOGSUREDEO\

    KDYHEHHQDSUREOHPLQWKHQRUWKDV

    ZHOOWKHUHDUHRWKHUFKDOOHQJHVLQEHLQJ

    GLVSODFHG:KHQWKH\IOHGWKH\KDGWR

    OHDYHDOOWKHLUEHORQJLQJVDQGSURSHUW\

    ORVLQJWKHEDVLVIRUSURYLGLQJGRZU\IRU

    WKHLUVLVWHUV,QDGGLWLRQWKHGRZU\KDV

    LQFUHDVHGDIWHUGLVSODFHPHQWSDUWO\DVD

    KRXVHKROGVPHDQVWRUHVWRUHORVWDVVHWV

    DQGSURSHUW\

    7KHGLIILFXOW\RIJHWWLQJHPSOR\PHQW

    DQGWKHDFFRPSDQ\LQJIUXVWUDWLRQDUH

    DOVRUHODWHGWR

    WKHLUJHQGHU

    LGHQWLW\7KH

    \RXQJPHQV

    XQGHUVWDQGLQJ

    RIWKHLUPDLQ

    UHVSRQVLELOLW\

    DVPDLQWDLQHU

    RIWKHLUIDPLO\DQGDVWKHPDLQEUHDG

    ZLQQHUGRHVQRWFKDQJHGHVSLWHWKH

    QXPEHURIZRPHQZKRDUHWRGD\FRQ

    WULEXWLQJRQHTXDOWHUPVZLWKWKHLU

    KXVEDQGVWRSURYLGHIRUWKHLUIDPLOLHV

    ,QWKHLUYLHZZRPHQDUHIRUFHGWRZRUN

    EHFDXVHPHQFDQQRWIXOILOWKHLUREOLJD

    WLRQV,IWKH\RXQJPHQFRXOGDIIRUGLW

    WKH\ZRXOGQRWDXWRPDWLFDOO\DSSURYHRI

    WKHLUZLYHVJRLQJRXWWRZRUN&KDQJHV

    LQZRPHQVFXOWXUHDQGSUDFWLFHVKDYH

    EHFRPHV\PEROLFRIPHQVLQDGHTXDFLHV

    Young mens networks and

    friendships

    0DNLQJ\RXQJPHQYLVLEOHDVJHQGHUHG

    DFWRUVGRHVQRWRQO\LQYROYHWKHLU

    JHQGHUUHODWLRQVZLWKLQWKHKRXVHKROG

    5HODWLRQVKLSVZLWKRWKHUPHQRXWVLGH

    WKHLUKRPHVDQGIDPLOLHVDUHHTXDOO\

    LPSRUWDQWDQGHTXDOO\JHQGHUHGDQG

    WKXVHVVHQWLDOLQEXLOGLQJWKH\RXQJ

    PHQVVHQVHRILGHQWLW\

  • 7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement

    12/48

    KLVFUHDWHVDIHHOLQJRIXQLW\ZLWKRWKHU

    PHQDQGKHOSVUHVWRUHGLJQLW\DQGVWDWXV

    QWKHH\HVRIWKHLUIDPLOLHVEHFDXVH

    KH\KDYHVRPHZKHUHWRJRLQVWHDGRI

    HLQJLQWKHKRXVHZLWKWKHLUVLVWHUVDQG

    PRWKHUVGXULQJGD\WLPH

    :KLOHLWLVWUXHWKDW\RXQJPHQKDYH

    HHQJRRGDWHVWDEOLVKLQJUHODWLRQVKLSV

    HWZHHQORFDOVDQGGLV

    ODFHGWKHUHLVVWLOOD

    RWHQWLDOIRUFRQIOLFWXDO

    HODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQ

    RXQJGLVSODFHGPHQ

    QG\RXQJORFDOPHQ

    RPSHWLWLRQIRUZRUN

    QGGLVFULPLQDWLRQ

    JDLQVWGLVSODFHGPHQLQ

    ZRUNDVZHOODVLQRWKHUVSKHUHVFUHDWH

    UXVWUDWLRQDQGVHSDUDWLRQDQGVRPH

    LPHVHQGXSLQYLROHQWHQFRXQWHUV

    RGD\WKHVHYLROHQWHQFRXQWHUVDUH

    QIUHTXHQWEXWDUHIHDUHGDQGDFRPPRQ

    RSLFRIFRQYHUVDWLRQ

    ow a rds inter ventions tha t involve

    oung men

    *HQGHUVHQVLWLYHSROLFLHVDQGSUDFWLFHV

    HHGWRLQYROYHERWKSUDFWLFDOQHHGVDQG

    WUDWHJLFLQWHUHVWV

    3UDFWLFDOJHQGHU

    HHGVLQYROYHWKRVHDULVLQJIURPWKHRQFUHWHFRQGLWLRQVWKDWZRPHQDQG

    PHQH[SHULHQFH6WUDWHJLFJHQGHULQWHU

    VWVDUHWKRVHLQWHUHVWVDQGQHHGV

    ULVLQJIURPWKHDQDO\VLVRIH[LVWLQJJHQ

    HUUHODWLRQVDQGQRUPDOO\LQYROYH

    XHVWLRQLQJWKHVHUHODWLRQV

    3UDFWLFDOQHHGV

    UDFWLFDOQHHGVLGHQWLILHGE\WKH\RXQJ

    PHQWKHPVHOYHVDUHVHFXUHHPSOR\PHQW

    QGSODFHVWRPHHW2QHRIWKHWZRLQWHU

    DWLRQDO1*2VSUHVHQWLQ3XWWDODPKDV

    WDUWHGWRZRUNZLWK\RXQJPHQWKURXJK

    SURMHFWUXQE\WKH\RXQJPHQWKHP

    HOYHV+HUHERWKGLVSODFHGDQGORFDOV

    0XVOLPV6LQKDOHVHDQG7DPLOVZRUN

    RJHWKHU7KHLUPDLQDFWLYLWLHVDUHYRFD

    LRQDOWUDLQLQJVHOIHPSOR\PHQWDQG

    URYLGLQJDVVLVWDQFHWREXLOGVSRUWV

    URXQGV7KH1*2FRQVLGHUVXQHPSOR\

    PHQWDQGXQGHUHPSOR\PHQWDVWKHURRW

    DXVHVRI\RXWKSUREOHPVDQGYLROHQFHQ3XWWDODPDQGKLJKOLJKWVWKHLPSRU

    DQFHRIFUHDWLQJDUHQDVOLNHVSRUWV

    URXQGVZKHUH\RXQJPHQFDQPHHW

    QGGHYHORSJRRGUHODWLRQVKLSV

    KH\RXQJPHQVJURXSVKDYHWKHVDPH

    EMHFWLYHDVWKHZRPHQVJURXSVZKHUH

    KH PDLQ DLP KDV EHHQ WR PHHW SUDFWLFDO

    QHHGVE\VDYLQJVHPSOR\PHQWDQG

    KHDOWKSURJUDPPHV$ILHOGZRUNHU

    UHFRXQWVKRZGLIILFXOWLWZDVLQHVWDE

    OLVKLQJWKHZRPHQVJURXSVWRJHW

    ZRPHQLQYROYHGWRGD\KRZHYHUWKHVH

    JURXSVDUHUXQQLQJZHOOLQDOPRVWDOOWKH

    FDPSVDQGVHWWOHPHQWVDQGKDYHPDQ

    DJHGWRJDLQVRPHLQIOXHQFHLQFDPSDQG

    VHWWOHPHQWGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ7KHDFKLHYH

    PHQWVRIWKHZRPHQVJURXSVFOHDUO\

    VKRZKRZPHHWLQJSUDFWLFDOQHHGVKDV

    OHGWRWKHDFKLHYHPHQWRIPRUHVWUDWHJLF

    LQWHUHVWVDQGWKHUHDUHKRSHVWKDWWKH

    VDPHSURFHVVFDQWDNHSODFHIRUWKH

    \RXQJPHQVJURXSV

    LL6WUDWHJLFLQWHUHVWV

    $QH[DPSOHRIDQRUJDQL]DWLRQZRUNLQJ

    PRUHH[SOLFLWO\ZLWKVWUDWHJLFLQWHUHVWVLV

    DORFDO1*2ZKRVHPDLQDLPLVJHQGHU

    HTXDOLW\,WZRUNVWRDFKLHYHWKLVWKURXJK

    DZDUHQHVVSURJUDPPHVSURJUDPPHVWRJHWPRUHZRPHQHPSOR\HGPRUH

    ZRPHQLQYROYHGLQGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ

    SUHYHQWLQJHDUO\PDUULDJHVDVZHOODV

    ZRUNLQJIRUDQDFFHSWDQFHRIORYHPDU

    ULDJHVZKLFKGRQRWLQYROYHGRZU\

    7KH1*2ZDVWRRUDGLFDOIRUWKHPRVTXH

    WUXVWHHERDUGLQRQHRIWKHFDPSVDQG

    ZDVVKXQQHG+RZHYHUWKHZRPHQV

    JURXSWDONHGZLWKDJURXSRI\RXQJPHQ

    ZKRWKHQGLVFXVVHGWKHLVVXHZLWKWKH

    WUXVWHHERDUGZKRHYHQWXDOO\DJUHHGWKDW

    WKH1*2FRXOGUHVXPHLWVZRUN,QWKLVZD\\RXQJPHQDUHXVHGDVDFWLYHSDUW

    QHUVDQGDVPHGLDWRUVWRDFKLHYH

    VWUDWHJLFJHQGHULQWHUHVWV

    Conclusion

    7RFKDQJHJHQGHULGHRORJLHVERWK

    ZRPHQDQGPHQKDYHWRSDUWLFLSDWHDV

    DFWLYHSDUWQHUV,Q3XWWDODPZRPHQ

    KDYHPDQDJHGWRFKDQJHWKHLUVWUDWHJLHV

    DQGKDYHPRYHGWKHOLPLWVDQGXQGHU

    VWDQGLQJVRIZKDWWKH\FDQDQGFDQQRW

    GRDVZRPHQ$WWKHVDPHWLPH\RXQJ

    PHQKDYHVKRZQJUHDWDELOLW\DVPHGLD

    WRUVWUDQVPLWWLQJLGHDVEHWZHHQJURXSV

    DQGDVLQQRYDWRUVEXWWKLVUROHLVQRW

    FRQVFLRXVO\DFNQRZOHGJHGHLWKHUE\WKH

    \RXQJPHQWKHPVHOYHVRUE\WKHDJHQ

    FLHVRURWKHUJURXSV7KHUHLVQRUHDVRQ

    ZK\\RXQJPHQVKRXOGQRWSDUWLFLSDWH

    PXWXDOO\ZLWK\RXQJZRPHQLQFKDQJLQJ

    XQGHUVWDQGLQJVRIJHQGHU+RZHYHU

    DFWLYHSDUWLFLSDWLRQDVVXPHVDZDUHQHVV

    DQGLWPD\EHWKDWWKHUHQHHGVWREH

    PRUHSURYLVLRQRIDSSURSULDWHHGXFDWLRQ

    IRUPHQWRKHOSWKHPXQGHUVWDQGWKHFRQ

    VHTXHQFHVRIFKDQJHVLQJHQGHULGHRORJ\

  • 7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement

    13/48

    1 3

    Gender and displacement

    KHQGLVSODFHPHQWRFFXUV

    IDUPRUHGDPDJHUHVXOWVWKDQ

    VLPSO\WKHORVVDQGGHVWUXFRQRIJRRGVDQGSURSHUW\3HRSOHV

    YHVDQGWKHLUVRFLDOIDEULFDUHOHIWLQ

    DWWHUVQHZRIWHQXQIDPLOLDUOLYLQJ

    QYLURQPHQWVDIIHFWWKHVRFLDOUROHV

    QGUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVRIPHQDQG

    RPHQIRUPHUVXSSRUWVWUXFWXUHV

    UHDN GRZQDQG IDPLOLHVPD\IDFH

    RYHUW\IRUWKHILUVWWLPH

    RWKPHQDQGZRPHQDUHIRUFHGLQWR

    HVWULFWHGPRELOLW\OLYLQJZLWKQHZUHJX

    DWLRQVDQGHQWHULQJQHZVRFLDO

    HODWLRQVKLSVZKLFKPD\FKDOOHQJHROGHVDQGNLQVKLSV:LWKIHZRUQRRSSRU

    XQLWLHVIRUFRQWLQXLQJWKHLUOLYHOLKRRGV

    QGRIWHQLQWKHDEVHQFHRIPDOHIDPLO\

    PHPEHUVZRPHQKDYHQRDFFHVVWR

    HPXQHUDWLYHZRUN\HWDUHH[SHFWHGWR

    URYLGHIRUWKHLUIDPLOLHV7KHODFNRI

    FFHVVWRLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHVLWXD

    RQRIWKHLUIDPLO\PHPEHUVDGGVWR

    KHWUDXPDDQGRYHUZKHOPLQJVHQVHRI

    QFHUWDLQW\

    LVSODFHPHQWKDVGLIIHUHQWFRQVH

    XHQFHVIRUZRPHQDQGJLUOVWKDQIRU

    PHQDQGER\V7KHUHLVRIWHQDGUDPDWLF

    QFUHDVHLQWKHQXPEHURIZRPHQKHDGV

    IKRXVHKROGVDQGWKH\EHDUDGGLWLRQDO

    HVSRQVLELOLWLHVIRUPHHWLQJWKHQHHGVRI

    KLOGUHQDQGDJHLQJUHODWLYHVVLQFHWKH

    PDOHIDPLO\PHPEHUVKDYHHLWKHUMRLQHG

    KHZDUULQJJURXSVRUEHHQFDSWXUHG

    :RPHQIDFHQHZGHPDQGVLQSURYLGLQJ

    RUWKHPVHOYHVDQGWKHLUFKLOGUHQZLWK

    QFUHDVHGZRUNORDGVDQGOLPLWHGDFFHVV

    RDQGFRQWURORYHUWKHEHQHILWVRIJRRGV

    QGVHUYLFHV)XUWKHUPRUHDVDUHVXOWRIRQIOLFWDQGWKHEUHDNGRZQLQODZDQG

    UGHUZRPHQDQGJLUOVIDFHLQFUHDVHG

    VNVRIVH[XDOYLROHQFHDQGDEXVH,Q

    RPHVLWXDWLRQVWKH\EHFRPHWDUJHWVIRU

    HOLEHUDWHDWWDFNVE\WKHRSSRVLQJIDF

    RQVIRUSXUSRVHVRIUHYHQJH

    Strategies for action

    $OWKRXJKZHNQRZKRZZDUDIIHFWVZRPHQDQGFKLOGUHQDQGZKDWWRSUR

    YLGHDVHPHUJHQF\UHOLHIZHDUHRQO\

    MXVWEHJLQQLQJWRXQGHUVWDQGKRZWR

    DGGUHVVWKHJHQGHUGLPHQVLRQZLWKLQWKH

    KXPDQLWDULDQSULQFLSOHVIUDPHZRUN

    :KHQZHGLVFXVVWKHJHQGHUGLPHQVLRQV

    RIGLVSODFHPHQWZHDUHLQFOXGLQJDYDVW

    UDQJHRIGLIIHUHQWHIIHFWVRIDUPHGFRQ

    IOLFWRQZRPHQDQGPHQLQOFOXGLQJKRZ

    LWDIIHFWVSRZHUUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHP

    WKHLUULJKWVDQGWKHLUGLIIHUHQWLDODFFHVV

    WRDQGEHQHILWVIURPVHUYLFHV,Q

    81,&()DQGWKH:RPHQV&RPPLVVLRQIRU5HIXJHH:RPHQDQG&KLOGUHQRUJD

    QL]HGDQ([SHUW0HHWLQJRQ*HQGHU

    'LPHQVLRQVRI,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQWWR

    GHYHORSVWUDWHJLHVWRDGGUHVVWKHJHQGHU

    GLPHQVLRQRILQWHUQDOGLVSODFHPHQW7ZR

    DUHDVZHUHKLJKOLJKWHGIRUDFWLRQIRU

    ZRPHQDQGJLUOVDSURWHFWLRQVDIH

    JXDUGLQJZRPHQDQGJLUOVIURPUDSH

    DEGXFWLRQIRUFHGVH[XDOVODYHU\WRUWXUH

    DQGPXUGHUDQGEWKHUHDOL]DWLRQRI

    WKHLUULJKWVWRHTXDODFFHVVDQGIXOOSDU

    WLFLSDWLRQLQWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIWKH

    FDPSV,QGHYHORSLQJSURJUDPPHVWR

    DGGUHVVWKHVHDUHDVIRUDFWLRQ81,&()

    KDVDQXPEHURISULRULWLHVILYHRIZKLFK

    DUHRXWOLQHGEHORZ

    L%UHDNLQJEDUULHUV

    (QWUHQFKHGGLVFULPLQDWRU\DWWLWXGHVDUH

    HYLGHQWZKHUHZRPHQDQGJLUOVDUH

    GHQLHGWKHLUULJKWVWRVXUYLYDOGHYHORS

    PHQWSDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGSURWHFWLRQ

    81,&()VSURJUDPPHVIRU,'3VLQ6XGDQ

    KDYHVHWFOHDUJRDOVIRUWKHHQUROPHQWDQGUHWHQWLRQRIJLUOVLQHGXFDWLRQDO

    IDFLOLWLHV7KHVRFLDOPRELOL]DWLRQRI

    FRPPXQLWLHVLQRUGHUWRFKDQJHDWWL

    WXGHVLVJLYHQLPSRUWDQFHLQWKHVHWWLQJ

    XSDQGPDQDJHPHQWRIVXFKIDFLOLWLHV

    +XPDQULJKWVHGXFDWLRQWKURXJKWUDQV

    ODWLRQRIWKHDSSURSULDWHOHJDOLQVWUX

    PHQWVDQGDZDUHQHVVFDPSDLJQVIRU

    ERWKPHQDQGZRPHQKDVIRFXVHGRQ

    ZRPHQVDQGFKLOGUHQVULJKWVLQFOXGLQJ

    SXEOLFHGXFDWLRQRQWKHHOLPLQDWLRQRI

    IHPDOHJHQLWDOPXWLODWLRQ

    LL6HHLQJZRPHQDVVXUYLYRUV

    QRWYLFWLPV

    ,QVHWWLQJXSKXPDQLWDULDQVHUYLFHV

    ZRPHQVSDUWLFLSDWLRQVKRXOGEH

    SODQQHGLQDYLVLEOHPDQQHUILUVWO\E\

    LGHQWLI\LQJZRPHQIURQWOLQHZRUNHUV

    QXUVHVWHDFKHUVFRPPXQLFDWRUVDQG

    VHFRQGO\E\DFWLYHO\LQYROYLQJWKHPLQ

    WKHGHOLYHU\RIVHUYLFHV7KLVPRELOL]D

    WLRQFDQDOVREHXVHGWRIDFLOLWDWHD

    V\VWHPDWLFFRQVXOWDWLYHSURFHVVZLWK

    ZRPHQLQWKHGD\WRGD\PDQDJHPHQW

    RIWKHFDPSVDQGPHPEHUVKLSLQFDPS

    FRPPLWWHHV

    7KHVHILUVWWZRSULRULWLHVLQDSSURDFK

    FDQEHVHHQLQWKHFRQWH[WRI81,&()V

    ZRUNLQWKH3DOHVWLQLDQUHIXJHHFDPSVLQ/HEDQRQ0HQKDYHWUDGLWLRQDOO\UXQWKH

    SRSXODUFRPPLWWHHVUHVSRQVLEOHIRU

    IRUPXODWLQJORFDOFDPSSROLF\EXW

    81,&()KDVHQFRXUDJHGWKHPWRDFFHSW

    IHPDOHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ6HPLQDUVZHUH

    LQLWLDOO\KHOGZLWKPHPEHUVRIZRPHQV

    DVVRFLDWLRQVWRSODQDVWUDWHJ\WRLQIOX

    HQFHWKHSRSXODUFRPPLWWHHVWRDFKLHYH

    WKLV2QHZRPDQIURPHDFKJURXSZDV

    VHOHFWHGWRDFWDVWKHLUSUHIHUUHGUHSUH

    VHQWDWLYHDQGHDFKJURXSVPHPEHUV

    WKHQOREELHGIRUWKHDSSRLQWPHQWRIWKLVZRPDQWRWKHGHFLVLRQPDNLQJERDUGRI

    WKHLUSRSXODUFRPPLWWHH'XULQJWKH

    VHPLQDUVZRPHQDOVROHDUQHGKRZDQ

    DVVRFLDWLRQIXQFWLRQVWKHSULQFLSOHVRI

    GHPRFUDWLFFRRSHUDWLRQLQIRUPDWLRQ

    VNLOOVDQGOREE\LQJWHFKQLTXHV0HHWLQJV

    ZHUHDOVRKHOGZLWKKHDGVRIWKHSRSXODU

    FRPPLWWHHVWRGLVFXVVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI

    IHPDOHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ$VDUHVXOWIRXU

    SRSXODUFRPPLWWHHVQRZLQFOXGHZRPHQ

    LLL ,QYROYLQJPHQDQGZRPHQIURP

    WKHEHJLQQLQJLQSHDFHEXLOGLQJDQGFRQIOLFWUHVROXWLRQDFWLYLWLHV

    7KLVZDVWKHPDLQPHVVDJHRIWKHUHFHQW

    6HFXULW\&RXQFLO5HVROXWLRQRQ

    :RPHQ3HDFHDQG6HFXULW\RI2FWREHU

    ([SHULHQFHRI0R]DPELTXH

    ORCED M IGRATIO N

    Gender dimensions of displacementby Srilakshmi Gururaja

    This article focuses on how gender awareness

    s essential for addressing the protection and

    participation rights of displaced women and

    girls, with a discussion of the role and results

    of the Beijing conferences.

    :

  • 7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement

    14/48

    Gender and displacement

    *XDWHPDOD%XUXQGLDQG6RPDOLDLQGL

    DWHVWKDWGHVSLWHFXOWXUDOUHVWULFWLRQV

    DQGH[SHFWDWLRQVZRPHQDUHZLOOLQJWR

    URVVERXQGDULHVWRUHVROYHFRQIOLFWDQG

    LYHLQKDUPRQ\ZLWKSHRSOHRIRSSRVLQJ

    ZDUULQJJURXSV,Q6RPDOLD81,&()DQG

    81,)(0MRLQWO\RUJDQL]HGWUDLQLQJZRUN

    KRSVLQRQ:RPHQV5ROHLQ

    &RQIOLFW5HVROXWLRQHQDEOLQJDJURXSRI

    6RPDOLZRPHQWRDGYRFDWHIRUSHDFHDQG

    DFWDVVRFLDOFKDQJHDJHQWVLQWKHLUFRP

    PXQLWLHV7KLVODLGWKHIRXQGDWLRQIRU

    EULQJLQJZRPHQLQWRWKHSXEOLFVSKHUH

    DQGKDVUHVXOWHGLQSURPRWLQJZRPHQV

    SDUWLFLSDWLRQLQFLYLOJRYHUQDQFH

    Y5DLVLQJJHQGHUDZDUHQHVVIRU

    SURWHFWLRQ

    0RVWSURWHFWLRQHIIRUWVKDYHIRFXVHGRQ

    GXFDWLRQSURJUDPPHVIRUZRPHQRQ

    KRZWRVHHNUHFRXUVHRUKRZWRVHFXUH

    DFFHVVWRUHKDELOLWDWLRQVHUYLFHV:KLOH

    KHVHDUHLPSRUWDQWWKH\PD\QRWEH

    HDOO\HIIHFWLYHLQSURWHFWLQJZRPHQDQG

    SUHYHQWLQJYLROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQ

    6HQVLWL]DWLRQRIFDPSOHDGHUVDQGZRUN

    UVWRJHQGHULVVXHVLVHVVHQWLDO7KHUHLV

    QRZDFHUWDLQOHYHORIDZDUHQHVVRI

    O L O L W G L O

    DQGLQPDQ\FDPSVSUHFDXWLRQVDUH

    EHLQJWDNHQWRSURYLGHOLJKWLQJLQ

    VHFOXGHGDUHDVDQGDORQJURXWHVWRZDWHU

    SRLQWVDQGIXHOZRRGFROOHFWLRQ7KH

    6SKHUHSURMHFW KDVGHYHORSHGPLQLPXP

    VWDQGDUGVLQSDUWLFXODUDUHDVRIGLVDVWHU

    UHVSRQVHDQGHQFRXUDJHVWKHSDUWLFLSD

    WLRQRIZRPHQLQLGHQWLI\LQJWKHLU

    VSHFLDOQHHGV,WSODFHVHPSKDVLVRQ

    SUHYHQWLQJJHQGHUEDVHGYLROHQFHDQGVH[XDOH[SORLWDWLRQWKURXJKLPSURYHG

    OLJKWLQJDQGVHFXULW\SDWUROVLQWKH

    FDPSV,WDOVRHQFRXUDJHVWKHLGHQWLILFD

    WLRQRISHUVRQVDQGJURXSVZKRSUHVHQW

    DWKUHDWWRZRPHQZKHWKHUIURPWKH

    GLVSODFHGWKHPVHOYHVRUIURPWKHKRVW

    FRPPXQLWLHVDQGVXSSRUWVWKHGLV

    SODFHGSHUVRQVLQWDNLQJDFWLRQWR

    SURWHFWWKHPVHOYHV

    Y5HDFKLQJDGROHVFHQWVDQG\RXWK

    %RUHGRPDEVHQFHRIJRDOVDQGORVVRI

    GLUHFWLRQDIIHFWWKHVHOIFRQILGHQFHRI

    \RXQJSHRSOHLQFDPSV+RZHYHU

    DOWKRXJKWKHLUOLYHVPD\KDYHEHHQEDGO\

    GLVUXSWHGWKH\KDYHHQHUJ\DQGHQWKXVL

    DVPZKLFKFDQEHFKDQQHOOHGHIIHFWLYHO\

    ,Q 1RYHPEHU 81,&() RUJDQL]HG D

    PHHWLQJLQ(QWHEEHZLWKNH\1*2VDQG

    RWKHU81DJHQFLHVWRH[FKDQJHLQIRUPD

    WLRQRQH[LVWLQJLQWHUYHQWLRQVDQGWR

    GHYHORSVWUDWHJLHVIRUWKLVDJHJURXS

    7KHPHHWLQJVUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRFXVHG

    RQDVVHVVPHQWPHWKRGVIRUXVHLQHPHU

    JHQFLHVDQGVWUDWHJLHVHPSKDVL]LQJ

    SDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGFORVHLQYROYHPHQWRI

    DGROHVFHQWVLQSODQQLQJDQGLPSOHPHQW

    DWLRQRILQWHUYHQWLRQV,QWKHUHIXJHH

    FDPSVLQ.XNHV$OEDQLDIRUH[DPSOH

    81,&()LQLWLDWHGDSHHUWRSHHU

    DSSURDFKZKLFKHQFRXUDJHG

    \RXQJ.RVRYDQVPDOHDQGIHPDOH

    EHWZHHQWKHDJHVRIDQGWRJHW

    HQJDJHGLQFRQIOLFWUHVROXWLRQ

    The Beijing Conferences

    7KH)RXUWK:RUOG&RQIHUHQFHRQ

    :RPHQZKLFKWRRNSODFHLQ%HLMLQJLQ

    VRXJKWWRJDOYDQL]HZRPHQVPRYHPHQWVDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDORUJDQL]D

    WLRQVWRUHYLHZSURJUHVVPDGHLQ

    DFKLHYLQJWKHJRDOVRIWKH1DLUREL

    )RUZDUG/RRNLQJ6WUDWHJLHVRI(TXDOLW\

    'HYHORSPHQWDQG3HDFHDQGWRLGHQWLI\

    WKHHPHUJLQJDUHDVIRUDFWLRQLQIXOILOO

    LQJWKHKXPDQULJKWVRIZRPHQ,WVRXW

    FRPH ZDV D 3ODWIRUP IRU $FWLRQ 3)$

    Food distribution at refugee camp near Brazda, FYR M acedonia , 1999.

  • 7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement

    15/48

    Gender and displacement

    RYHULQJFULWLFDODUHDVRIFRQFHUQ

    QFOXGLQJWKHKXPDQULJKWVRIZRPHQ

    LROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQDQGJLUOVDQG

    ZRPHQLQDUPHGFRQIOLFW,WFDOOHGRQ

    KHLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\WRSURWHFW

    KHULJKWVDQGDGGUHVVWKHQHHGVRI

    HIXJHHVDQG,'3VLQOLQHZLWKLQWHUQD

    LRQDOFRYHQDQWVDQGWUHDWLHV

    LQFHWKHDGRSWLRQRIWKH%HLMLQJ3)$LQ

    VRPHSURJUHVVKDVEHHQPDGHLQ

    URWHFWLQJWKHULJKWVRIZRPHQDQGJLUOV

    QFRQIOLFW]RQHVDQGLQDGGUHVVLQJWKHLU

    QLTXHFRQFHUQV7KHVHDFKLHYHPHQWV

    QFOXGH

    ,QLWLDWLYHVWRUDWLI\DQGLPSOHPHQW

    WKH6WDWXWHRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO

    &ULPLQDO&RXUWZKLFKFRQVLGHUVJHQ

    GHUUHODWHGFULPHVDQGFULPHVRI

    VH[XDOYLROHQFH$QDFKLHYHPHQWLVWKH6WDWXWHLWVHOIZKLFKLQFOXGHV

    XQGHUWKHGHILQLWLRQRIFULPHVDJDLQVW

    KXPDQLW\UDSHVH[XDOVODYHU\

    HQIRUFHGSURVWLWXWLRQIRUFHGSUHJ

    QDQF\HQIRUFHGVWHULOLVDWLRQRUDQ\

    RWKHUIRUPRIVH[XDOYLROHQFHRI

    FRPSDUDEOHJUDYLW\DQGXQGHUWKH

    GHILQLWLRQRIZDUFULPHVFRPPLWWLQJ

    UDSHVH[XDOVODYHU\HQIRUFHGSURVWL

    WXWLRQIRUFHGSUHJQDQF\HQIRUFHG

    VWHULOLVDWLRQRUDQ\RWKHUIRUPRI

    VH[XDOYLROHQFHDOVRFRQVWLWXWLQJDJUDYHEUHDFKRIWKH*HQHYD

    &RQYHQWLRQV

    7KH*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVRQ,QWHUQDO

    'LVSODFHPHQW

    81'HYHORSPHQW)XQGIRU:RPHQ

    81,)(07UXVW)XQGLQ6XSSRUWRI

    $FWLRQVWR(OLPLQDWH9LROHQFH$JDLQVW

    :RPHQDQGLWV$IULFDQ:RPHQLQ

    &ULVLVSURJUDPPH$):,&

    ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&ULPLQDO7ULEXQDORQ

  • 7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement

    16/48

    SRVLWLYHUROHWKDWZRPHQFDQSOD\LQ

    SRVWFRQIOLFWSHDFHEXLOGLQJUHFRQ

    VWUXFWLRQDQGUHFRQFLOLDWLRQ

    QDGGLWLRQWKHUHFHQWSURJUHVVUHSRUW

    IWKH*UDoD0DFKHOVWXG\XVHGDVWKH

    DFNJURXQGGRFXPHQWDWWKH6HSWHPEHU

    ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ:DU

    $IIHFWHG&KLOGUHQLQ:LQQLSHJHLWHUDWHGWKDWWKHPDQGDWHVRISUHYHQ

    LYHSHDFHPLVVLRQVSHDFHNHHSLQJ

    SHUDWLRQVDQGSHDFHEXLOGLQJQHHGWR

    QFOXGHSURYLVLRQVIRUZRPHQVSURWHF

    LRQDVZHOODVWRUHVSRQGWRJHQGHU

    VVXHV6XFKPLVVLRQVDQGRSHUDWLRQDO

    FWLYLWLHVVKRXOGLQFOXGHDSSURSULDWHO\

    WDIIHGDQGLQWHJUDWHGJHQGHUXQLWVDQG

    HQGHUDGYLVRUVDQGJLYHSULRULW\WRWKH

    HULILFDWLRQRIJHQGHUEDVHGYLRODWLRQV

    QGWKHSURWHFWLRQRIZRPHQVKXPDQ

    LJKWV)LHOGRSHUDWLRQVVKRXOGSURWHFWQGVXSSRUWWKHGHOLYHU\RIKXPDQLWDUL

    QDVVLVWDQFHIRUDIIHFWHGZRPHQDQGJLUOV

    QGLQSDUWLFXODUIRUUHIXJHHDQGGLVSODFHG

    ZRPHQIURPDJHQGHUSHUVSHFWLYH

    Conclusions

    +RZGRZHPDNHLWKDSSHQ"7KHUHDUH

    ZRRYHUZKHOPLQJSUHUHTXLVLWHV

    LUVWO\ ZHQHHGJOREDODSSOLFDWLRQRI

    QWHUQDWLRQDOQRUPVLQFOXGLQJWKH*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVRQ,QWHUQDO'LVSODFH

    PHQWXVLQJULJKWVEDVHGDSSURDFKHV

    DVHGRQHTXDOLW\DFFRXQWDELOLW\

    DUWLFLSDWLRQDQGSURWHFWLRQ

    HFRQGO\ ZHQHHGDQLQIRUPHGXQGHU

    WDQGLQJDQGDQDO\VLVRIWKHVRFLDO

    WUXFWXUHVRIGLVSODFHGSRSXODWLRQVWKDW

    GHWHUPLQHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVEHKDYLRXU

    RSLQJPHFKDQLVPVDQGFDSDFLW\IRU

    GMXVWPHQW'LVDJJUHJDWLRQDQGDQDO\VLV

    ILQIRUPDWLRQE\VH[DJHHWKQLFLW\DQGHOLJLRQDUHHVVHQWLDOIRUWKHSODQQLQJ

    QGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIHIIHFWLYHKXPDQL

    DULDQDVVLVWDQFHVHUYLFHV

    6ULODNVKPL*XUXUDMDLVWKH6HQLRU

    $GYLVRUIRU*HQGHUDQG'HYHORS

    PHQWDWWKH3URJUDPPH'LYLVLRQ

    81,&()6KHZURWHWKLVDUWLFOHLQKHU

    SHUVRQDOFDSDFLW\YLHZVH[SUHVVHG

    GRQRWQHFHVVDULO\UHSUHVHQWRIILFLDO

    81,&()RSLQLRQ

    (PDLOVJXUXUDMD#XQLFHIRUJ

    ZZZVSKHUHSURMHFWRUJ

    $):,&$IULFDQ:RPHQLQ&ULVLVHQDEOHV81,)(0WR

    XSSRUWTXLFNUHVSRQVHVDQGLPPHGLDWHDVVLVWDQFHWR

    RPHQLQFULVLVDQGWRSODFHZRPHQDWWKHFHQWUHRI

    KHVHDUFKIRUVROXWLRQV$):,&DLPVWREXLOGWKH

    DSDFLW\RIVHOHFWHGZRPHQVULJKWVRUJDQL]DWLRQVDQG

    HOLHIRUJDQL]DWLRQVLQ(DVW:HVWDQG&HQWUDO$IULFDWR

    [SDQGWKHLUZRUNWRLQFOXGHDGYRFDF\RQEHKDOIRI

    HIXJHH GLVSODFHG DQG UHWXUQHH ZRPHQ

    Gender and displacement

    Resources: gender issues in armed conflict

    2QJRLQJLQLWLDWLYHVWRLPSURYHUHVSRQVHWR,'3V

    *XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVRQ,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQW5HSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKH816HFUHWDU\

    *HQHUDORQ,'3V81+&+56HHSIRUOLVWRIWUDQVODWLRQV$YDLODEOHDW

    ZZZUHOLHIZHELQWRFKDBROSXELGSBJSLGSKWPO

    0DQXDORQ)LHOG3UDFWLFHLQ,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQW([DPSOHVIURP81$JHQFLHVDQG3DUWQHU2UJDQLVDWLRQVRI)LHOGEDVHG,QLWLDWLYHV6XSSRUWLQJ,'3V,$6&3ROLF\3DSHU

    $YDLODEOHDWZZZUHOLHIZHELQWRFKDBROSXE,'30DQXDOSGI

    +DQGERRNIRU$SSO\LQJWKH*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVRQ,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQW7KH

    %URRNLQJV,QVWLWXWLRQ3URMHFWRQ,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQW$YDLODEOHDW

    ZZZUHOLHIZHELQWRFKDBROSXE,'3SULQFLSOHV3')

    &RQWDFWGHWDLOVIRU2&+$*HQHYD2&+$813DODLVGHV1DWLRQV*HQHYD

    6ZLW]HUODQG7HO)D[(PDLORFKDJYD#XQRUJ

    1HZ

  • 7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement

    17/48

    Gender and displacement

    XUUHQWLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKH

    81&RQYHQWLRQUHODWLQJWRWKH

    6WDWXVRI5HIXJHHVWKH5HIXJHH

    RQYHQWLRQSUHVHQWVFRQVLGHUDEOHGLIILXOWLHVIRUZRPHQZKHQWKHLUIHDUVRI

    HUVHFXWLRQDULVHRXWRIIRUPVRISURWHVW

    ULOOWUHDWPHQWZKLFKDUHQRWFRQVLGHUHG

    SROLWLFDO

    KH5HIXJHH&RQYHQWLRQGRHVQRWVSHFLI

    FDOO\UHIHUWRJHQGHUDVRQHRIWKH

    URXQGVXSRQZKLFKDQLQGLYLGXDOFDQ

    HUHFRJQL]HGDVDUHIXJHHDQGJLYHQ

    URWHFWLRQ,WLVWKLVZKLFKKDVODUJHO\

    HHQVHHQDVWKHEDVLVRIZRPHQVPDU

    LQDOL]DWLRQDQGZKLFKKDVOHGVRPHWRDOOIRUWKHUHIXJHHGHILQLWLRQWREHUH

    ZULWWHQDQGIRUJHQGHUWREHDGGHGWR

    KH&RQYHQWLRQVJURXQGVDORQJVLGHUDFH

    DWLRQDOLW\UHOLJLRQVRFLDOJURXSDQG

    FWXDORULPSXWHGSROLWLFDORSLQLRQ

    KDVDOVROHGWRFDOOVIRUZRPHQWREH

    HFRJQL]HGDVPHPEHUVRIDSDUWLFXODU

    RFLDOJURXSZLWKLQWKHPHDQLQJRIWKH

    RQYHQWLRQDQGRIIHUHGSURWHFWLRQRQ

    KLVEDVLV 7KLVDUWLFOHTXHVWLRQVKRZ

    YHUZKHWKHUVXFKDSSURDFKHVLQKLJK

    JKWLQJWKHVSHFLILFLW\RIZRPHQVH[SH

    HQFHVKDYHDGHTXDWHO\UHIOHFWHGXSRQ

    KHUROHRIJHQGHUDVRSSRVHGWRVH[LQ

    KDSLQJWKRVHH[SHULHQFHVDQGWKHSURE

    HPVH[SHULHQFHGLQWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQ

    URFHVV

    QPDQ\UHVSHFWVWKHIDLOXUHWRLQFRUSR

    UDWHWKHJHQGHUUHODWHGDV\OXPFODLPVRI

    ZRPHQLVDSURGXFWRIWKHJHQHUDOIDLO

    XUHRIUHIXJHHODZWRUHFRJQL]HVRFLDO

    DQGHFRQRPLFULJKWVDQGLWVHPSKDVLVLQVWHDGRQLQGLYLGXDOWDUJHWLQJDQGVSH

    FLILFGHSULYDWLRQRIFLYLODQGSROLWLFDO

    ULJKWV7KLVLVGHVSLWHWKHIDFWWKDWVRFLDO

    DQGHFRQRPLFULJKWVPD\EHYLRODWHGIRU

    SROLWLFDOUHDVRQV+RZHYHULWLVDOVR

    UHODWHGWRDODUJHUFULWLFLVPRIKXPDQ

    ULJKWVODZDQGGLVFRXUVHWKDWLWSULYL

    OHJHVPDOHGRPLQDWHGSXEOLFDFWLYLWLHV

    RYHUWKHDFWLYLWLHVRIZRPHQZKLFKWDNH

    SODFHODUJHO\LQWKHSULYDWHVSKHUH

    $OWKRXJKLQWHUQDWLRQDOODZLVJHQGHU

    QHXWUDOLQWKHRU\LQSUDFWLFHWKH

    SXEOLFSULYDWHGLVWLQFWLRQLVXVHGLQVXFK

    DZD\WKDWZKDWZRPHQGRDQGZKDWLV

    GRQHWRWKHPLVRIWHQVHHQDVLUUHOHYDQW

    0DQ\RIWKHH[LVWLQJDQDO\VHVKDYH

    VRXJKWWRH[SODLQWKHGLIIHUHQWLDOWUHDW

    PHQWRIZRPHQE\UHIHUHQFHWRWKHLU

    VWDWXVDVZRPHQLHWKHLUVH[UDWKHU

    WKDQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIJHQGHULGHQWLW\

    LQVSHFLILFJHRJUDSKLFDOKLVWRULFDOSROLWL

    FDODQGVRFLRFXOWXUDOFRQWH[WV

    0RUHRYHUWKHWHUPVJHQGHUDQGVH[

    KDYHWHQGHGWREHXVHGLQWHUFKDQJHDEO\

    8QOLNHVH[ZKLFKLVELRORJLFDOO\GHILQHG

    DQGWKHUHIRUHLQQDWHWKHWHUPJHQGHU

    UHIHUVWRWKHVRFLDOFRQVWUXFWLRQRI

    SRZHUUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQZRPHQDQG

    PHQDQGWKHLPSOLFDWLRQVRIWKHVHUHOD

    WLRQVIRUZRPHQVDQGPHQVLGHQWLW\

    VWDWXVUROHVDQGUHVSRQVLELOLWLHV*HQGHU

    UHODWLRQVDQGJHQGHUGLIIHUHQFHVDUHKLV

    WRULFDOO\JHRJUDSKLFDOO\DQGFXOWXUDOO\

    VSHFLILFVRWKDWZKDWLWLVWREHD

    ZRPDQRUPDQYDULHVWKURXJKVSDFH

    DQGRYHUWLPH$Q\DQDO\VLVRIWKHZD\

    LQZKLFKJHQGHUDVRSSRVHGWRELRORJLFDOVH[VKDSHVWKHH[SHULHQFHVRI

    DV\OXPVHHNLQJZRPHQPXVWWKHUHIRUH

    FRQWH[WXDOL]HWKRVHH[SHULHQFHV

    7KLVGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQJHQGHUDQGVH[

    DQGWKHIRFXVRQWKHSROLWLFDOFRQWH[WLQ

    ZKLFKZRPHQVH[SHULHQFHVWDNHSODFH

    DUHLPSRUWDQWEHFDXVHWKHFRQWLQXLQJ

    IRFXVRQZRPHQDVRSSRVHGWRJHQGHU

    LQIRUFHGPLJUDWLRQUHVHDUFKDQGSUDF

    WLFHUHSOLFDWHVDQGUHLQIRUFHVWKH

    PDUJLQDOL]DWLRQRIZRPHQVH[SHULHQFHV

    (TXDWLQJJHQGHUZLWKZRPHQOHDGVWRD

    WHQGHQF\WRJHQHUDOL]HDERXWWKHH[SHUL

    HQFHVRIZRPHQDVDV\OXPVHHNHUVDQG

    WKLVLVSUREOHPDWLFIRUVHYHUDOUHDVRQV

    )LUVWO\LWUHVXOWVLQFRQIXVLRQDERXW

    ZKDWLVPHDQWE\WKHWHUPJHQGHUUHODW

    HGSHUVHFXWLRQDQGLQSDUWLFXODUDODFN

    RIXQGHUVWDQGLQJDERXWWKHUHODWLRQVKLS

    EHWZHHQWKHIRUPRIKDUPVXIIHUHGRU

    IHDUHGDQGWKHUHOHYDQWHQXPHUDWHG

    JURXQG6HFRQGO\ZKLOHWKHUHDUHRIWHQ

    VLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHH[SHULHQFHVRIZRPHQDQGPHQWKHUHDUH

    DOVRFULWLFDOGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQZRPHQ

    ZLWKLQDQGEHWZHHQSDUWLFXODUFRXQWULHV

    DQGFRQWH[WV7KHWHQGHQF\RIDFDGH

    PLFVSUDFWLWLRQHUVDQGSROLF\PDNHUVWR

    WUHDWZRPHQDVDQKRPRJHQHRXV

    FDWHJRU\LQRUGHUWRHPSKDVL]HWKHZD\V

    LQZKLFKWKHH[SHULHQFHVRIZRPHQJHQ

    HUDOO\KDYHEHHQPDUJLQDOL]HGPHDQVWKDW

    WKHVHFULWLFDOGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQZRPHQ

    KDYHRIWHQEHHQLJQRUHG

    M a le versus fema le mod els

    7KHSUREOHPZLWKPDQ\RIWKHFXUUHQW

    DSSURDFKHVWRZRPHQDVDV\OXPVHHNHUV

    WKHUHIRUHLVWKDWWKH\RIWHQFRXQWHUSRVH

    WKHPDOHH[SHULHQFHRISHUVHFXWLRQZLWK

    Gender, persecution and theconcept of politics in the asylum

    determination processby Heaven CrawleyThe particular difficulties facing many women

    as asylum seekers stem not from the absence

    of gender in the Refugee Conventions

    grounds but rather from the failure of decisionmakers to acknowledge and respond to the

    gendering of politics and of womens relation-

    ship to the state when applying that definition

    to individual cases.

    &

  • 7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement

    18/48

    Gender and displacement

    IHPDOHPRGHO7KLVPRGHOJHQHUDOL]HV

    ERXWZRPHQVH[SHULHQFHVRIJHQGHU

    HODWHGSHUVHFXWLRQDQGRYHUHPSKDVL]HV

    H[XDOYLROHQFHDWWKHH[SHQVHRIRWKHU

    RUPVRIUHVLVWDQFHDQGUHSUHVVLRQWKDW

    UHH[SHULHQFHGE\ZRPHQLQWKHLUFRXQ

    ULHVRIRULJLQ'LIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQ

    ZRPHQKRZHYHUKDYHVLJQLILFDQWLPSOL

    DWLRQVIRUWKHLUH[SHULHQFHVRIERWK

    HUVHFXWLRQDQGWKHSURFHVVRIDV\OXP

    GHWHUPLQDWLRQ)RUH[DPSOHEHFDXVH

    QDWLRQDOLVWDJHQGDVDUHPRUHRSHQWR

    QFRUSRUDWLQJVRPHJURXSVRIZRPHQ

    KDQRWKHUVWKHDSSDUDWXVDQGLQVWLWX

    LRQVRIWKHVWDWH

    PD\HVWDEOLVKGLI

    HUHQWLDOSROLFLHV

    RZDUGVWKHP

    2QHXQLQWHQGHG

    XWYHU\VHULRXV

    IIHFWRIPHUHO\

    GGLQJZRPHQWRH[LVWLQJDQDO\VHV

    ZLWKRXWDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHGLIIHU

    QFHVEHWZHHQZRPHQLVWKDWZRPHQ

    SSHDURQO\DVYLFWLPVUHIXJHHZRPHQ

    UHSUHVHQWHGDVXQLIRUPO\SRRUSRZHU

    HVVDQGYXOQHUDEOHZKLOH:HVWHUQ

    ZRPHQDUHWKHUHIHUHQFHSRLQWIRUPRG

    UQHGXFDWHGVH[XDOO\OLEHUDWHG

    ZRPDQKRRG7KLVLQWXUQOHDGVWRWKH

    GHSROLWLFL]DWLRQDQGGHFRQWH[WXDOL]DWLRQIZRPHQVH[SHULHQFHVRISHUVHFXWLRQ

    QGWKHLUFRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQDVSDVVLYH

    LFWLPVRIIRUH[DPSOHPDOHRSSUHV

    LRQRURSSUHVVLYHFXOWXUHVUHOLJLRQVRU

    UDGLWLRQV

    The concept of politics

    7KHFRQFHSWRISROLWLFVLVFULWLFDOWRWKH

    URFHVVRIGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHUDQLQGL

    LGXDODSSOLFDQWVKRXOGEHUHFRJQL]HGDV

    UHIXJHHZLWKLQWKHPHDQLQJRIWKH5HIXJHH&RQYHQWLRQ,WKDVEHHQVXJJHVW

    GWKDWEHFDXVHZRPHQDUHPXFKOHVV

    NHO\WKDQPHQWREHLQYROYHGLQSROL

    LFVWKHFRQFHSWRISROLWLFDORSLQLRQLV

    QOLNHO\WREHFHQWUDOLQWKHFODLPVRI

    ZRPHQVHHNLQJDV\OXP +RZHYHUWKLV

    DLOVWRWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWWKHFRQWH[WLQ

    ZKLFKZRPHQVSDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGUHVLV

    DQFHWDNHSODFH

    *HQGHUHGFULWLTXHVRISROLWLFVDQGSROLWL

    DOSDUWLFLSDWLRQDUHSDUWLFXODUO\XVHIXO

    HFDXVHWKH\VKHGQHZOLJKWRQWKHUHOD

    LRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRPHQDQGSROLWLFV

    RWKE\SRLQWLQJWRWKHVWUXFWXUDOIHD

    XUHVRISROLWLFDOOLIHZKLFKKDYHWHQGHG

    RH[FOXGHZRPHQIURPSRVLWLRQVRI

    RZHUDQGE\UHYHDOLQJWKHKLVWRU\RI

    ZRPHQVLQYROYHPHQWLQSROLWLFDODFWLRQ

    GHQF\WRVHSDUDWHWKHSXEOLFZRUOGRI

    SROLWLFVDQGHPSOR\PHQWIURPWKHSUL

    YDWHVSKHUHRIIDPLO\DQGLQWHUSHUVRQDO

    UHODWLRQV

    :RPHQDUHDVYXOQHUDEOHWRSROLWLFDO

    YLROHQFHDVWKHLUPDOHFRXQWHUSDUWVHYHQ

    WKRXJKWKHLUSROLWLFDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIWHQ

    WDNHVSODFHDWDVRFDOOHGORZOHYHO

    ,QPDQ\VRFLHWLHVLQGHHGWKHSHQDOWLHV

    IRUSROLWLFDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGUHVLVWDQFH

    DUHHYHQPRUHVHYHUHIRUZRPHQWKDQ

    IRUPHQEHFDXVHRIFXOWXUDODQGVRFLDO

    QRUPVWKDWSUHFOXGHZRPHQVLQYROYH

    PHQW)RU

    H[DPSOH

    ZRPHQZKR

    DUHLPSULV

    RQHGE\WKH

    DXWKRULWLHV

    UXQWKHULVN

    RIGRXEOH

    SXQLVKPHQW7KH\DUHSXQLVKHGQRW

    RQO\EHFDXVHWKH\RSSRVHWKHUHJLPHLQ

    VRPHZD\EXWDOVREHFDXVHWKH\VKXQ

    WKHWUDGLWLRQDOUROHRIZRPHQE\EHLQJ

    SROLWLFDOO\DFWLYHDWDOO$VDUHVXOWWKH\

    DUHRIWHQSXWEDFNLQWKHLUSODFHE\

    SULVRQJXDUGVRUPLOLWDU\PHQ

    9LROHQFHDJDLQVWWKRVHZKRRSSRVH

    UHJLPHVLVQRWFRQILQHGWRWKHSXEOLFVSKHUHEHFDXVHSROLWLFVDQGSROLWLFDO

    UHVLVWDQFHDUHQRWH[FOXVLYHWRWKHSXEOLF

    VSKHUH3ROLWLFDOYLROHQFHE\WKHVWDWH

    DLPVWRGLVDEOHRSSRVLWLRQRUUHVLVWDQFH

    E\VRLQWLPLGDWLQJDSRSXODWLRQDVWR

    IRUFLEO\GHSROLWLFL]HLW%ULQJLQJYLR

    OHQFHLQWRWKHSULYDWHVSKHUHRIWKH

    KRPHDQGIDPLO\DSSHDUVWREHDSDUWLF

    XODUO\HIIHFWLYHPHDQVRIDFKLHYLQJWKLV

    DLP$VDUHVXOWHYHQZKHUHZRPHQGR

    QRWSDUWLFLSDWHLQIRUPDOSROLWLFVD

    ZRPDQQRQHWKHOHVVPD\EHKDUPHGDVDPHDQVRILQWLPLGDWLQJFRHUFLQJRUKDUP

    LQJRWKHUIDPLO\PHPEHUVZKRKROG

    GLVVHQWLQJSROLWLFDOYLHZVRUZKRHQJDJH

    LQSROLWLFDODFWLYLWLHVZKLFKDUHGLVDS

    SURYHGRIE\WKHSHUVHFXWRU

    ,QDGGLWLRQZRPHQZKRKDYHKDGOLWWOH

    RUQRLQYROYHPHQWLQIRUPDOSROLWLFDO

    LQVWLWXWLRQVRIWHQWDNHXSDOOVRUWVRI

    SUDFWLFDODQGLQQRYDWLYHZD\VWRH[HUW

    SUHVVXUHRQWKHSROLWLFDOVFHQHLQWLPHV

    RIFRQIOLFW7KHVHIRUPVRISROLWLFDOSDU

    WLFLSDWLRQE\ZRPHQRIWHQJURZRXWRI

    DQGVXEYHUWWKHLUJHQGHUUROHVDV

    SURYLGHUVDQGQXUWXUHUVEHFDXVHZRPHQ

    DUHVHHQDVSROLWLFDOLQQRFHQWVWKH\DUH

    DEOHWRXVHWKLVLPPXQLW\WRWDNHLQLWLD

    WLYHVDQGUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVRIDFRYHUW

    SROLWLFDOQDWXUH

    $JHQGHUHGFULWLTXHRISROLWLFVVXJJHVWV

    WKDWWKHH[WHQW RIZRPHQVSROLWLFDO

    SDUWLFLSDWLRQKDVEHHQXQGHUHVWLPDWHG

    ,QDGGLWLRQKRZHYHULWLQGLFDWHVDWHQ

    GHQF\WRPLVUHSUHVHQWJHQGHUHGIRUPV

    RISHUVHFXWLRQDQGUHVLVWDQFHDVSHU

    VRQDOUDWKHUWKDQSROLWLFDO,QWKH

    FRQWH[WRIJURZLQJ VWUXJJOHVRYHU

    QDWLRQDOLGHQWLW\SUHYDOHQWLGHRORJLHVKDYHDUWLFXODWHGSROLFLHVWKDWKDYH

    SURYHGSDUWLFXODUO\GHWULPHQWDOWR

    ZRPHQEHFDXVHWKHUROHRIJHQGHULQ

    WKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIQDWLRQDOLGHQWLW\

    EHFRPHVUHIOHFWHGLQVWDWHSROLFLHV

    0DQ\DQWLFRORQLDOQDWLRQDOLVWSURMHFWV

    DLPWRUHFRYHURUUHLQYHQWWUDGLWLRQLQ

    RUGHUWRGHYHORSDQHZQDWLRQDOLVWFRQ

    VFLRXVQHVV:LWKLQWKLVSURFHVVQDWLRQDO

    GLIIHUHQFHLVRIWHQFRQVWUXFWHGLQFXOWXU

    DOWHUPVDJDLQVWWKH:HVWDQGEHFDXVHWKLVGLIIHUHQFHLVRIWHQORFDWHGLQWKH

    SULYDWHVSKHUHLQIDPLO\DQGVH[UROHV

    ZRPHQKDYHEHHQFRQVWUXFWHGDVWKH

    EHDUHUVRIDQDXWKHQWLFDXWKHQWLFDWHG

    FXOWXUH,QPDQ\SDUWVRIWKHZRUOG

    ZRPHQZKRGRQRWOLYHXSWRWKHPRUDO

    RUHWKLFDOVWDQGDUGVLPSRVHGRQWKHP

    E\WKHLUVRF LHWLHVDUHLPSXWHGZLWKD

    SROLWLFDORSLQLRQDQGDVDFRQVHTXHQFH

    VXIIHUFUXHORULQKXPDQWUHDWPHQW

    5HIXVLQJWRPDUU\KDYLQJVH[XDOUHOD

    WLRQVRXWVLGHPDUULDJHSURYLGLQJXQVDWLVIDFWRU\GRZU\RUHYHQZHDULQJ

    FHUWDLQGUHVVFDQUHVXOWLQSHUVHFXWLRQ

    3HUKDSVRQHRIWKHFOHDUHVWH[DPSOHVRI

    WKHZD\LQZKLFKSROLWLFDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQ

    DQGUHVLVWDQFHLVJHQGHUHGFDQEHVHHQ

    LQWKHSROLWLFVRIGUHVVFRGHVDQGVSHFLI

    LFDOO\WKHYHLO:RPHQVRSSRVLWLRQWR

    WKHLPSRVLWLRQRIGUHVVFRGHVGXULQJWKH

    SURFHVVRI,VODPL]DWLRQVKRXOGEHEH

    VHHQLQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKHSROLWLFDOV\P

    EROLVPRIWKHYHLO7KHFRQFHSWRIKRQRXUKDVEHFRPHVWURQJO\DVVRFLDWHG

    ZLWKZRPHQVVH[XDOEHKDYLRXULQPDQ\

    FRQWH[WV$Q\DFWXDORUSHUFHLYHGYLROD

    WLRQRIZKDWDUHGHHPHGWREH

    DSSURSULDWHJHQGHUUHODWLRQVLVYLHZHG

    DVGHILOLQJWKHKRQRXURIWKHZRPDQ

    DQGLQWXUQWKHKRQRXURIWKHQDWLRQ

    LWVHOI3URWHFWLQJWKHKRQRXURIWKH

    ZRPDQDQGWKHQDWLRQWKHUHIRUHJDLQV

    SROLWLFDOVLJQLILFDQFHDQGZLOOEH

    HQIRUFHGHLWKHUGLUHFWO\WKURXJKWKH

    VWDWHDVVHHQLQOHJLVODWHGGLVFULPLQDWLRQDQGODZVUHJXODWLQJZRPHQV

    EHKDYLRXU RUWKURXJK DZRPDQV

    IDPLO\DQGFRPPXQLW\

    7KHLPSOLFDWLRQVRIWKHVHSURFHVVHVIRU

    ZRPHQFDQEHVHHQLQWKHH[SHULHQFHVRI

    WKRVHVHHNLQJDV\OXPXQGHUWKH5HIXJHH

    &RQYHQWLRQ :RPHQ PD\ EH VXEMHFWHG WR

    Women are as vulnerable

    to political violence as

    their male counterparts

  • 7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement

    19/48

    Gender and displacement

    QIRUFHGWKURXJKODZRUWKURXJKWKH

    PSRVLWLRQRIVRFLDORUUHOLJLRXVQRUPV

    ZKLFKUHVWULFWWKHLURSSRUWXQLWLHVDQG

    LJKWV7KHFRQVHTXHQFHVIRUZRPHQRI

    DLOXUHRUUHIXVDOWRFRPSO\ZLWKVRFLDO

    RUPVDQGPRUHVUHJDUGLQJWKHLUEHKDY

    RXUFDQYDU\HQRUPRXVO\

    $WRQHH[WUHPHDZRPDQPD\IHDUWKDW

    VKHZLOOEHVXEMHFWHGWRWKUHDWVRQKHU

    OLIHLIVKHLVIRUFHGWRUHWXUQWRKHU

    FRXQWU\RIRULJLQ(YHQZKHUHDZRPDQ

    GRHVQRWIHDUWKUHDWVRQKHUOLIHVKHLV

    RIWHQIRUFHGWRVXEPLWWRPHDVXUHVWR

    UHWDLQRUUHHVWDEOLVKKHUKRQRXU7KH

    KDUPH[SHULHQFHGRUIHDUHGLQWKHVH

    FDVHVZLOORIWHQEHPDUULDJHUHODWHG

    LQFOXGLQJIRUFHGPDUULDJHDIRUPRI

    DEXVHWKDWLVRIWHQQRWUHFRJQL]HG,Q

    PDQ\FDVHVRIZRPHQZKRUHIXVHWR

    DJUHHWRVXFKDUUDQJHPHQWVLWZLOOEH

    WKHSXQLVKPHQWLQIOLFWHGDVDUHIXVDOWR

    DELGHE\GLVFULPLQDWRU\VRFLDOPRUHV

    UDWKHUWKDQWKHPDUULDJHLWVHOIZKLFK

    ZLOOULVHWRWKHOHYHORIVHULRXVKDUP

    7KHUHSHUFXVVLRQVIRUZRPHQRIGLYRUF

    LQJWKHLUKXVEDQGVRUHQWHULQJLQWR

    PL[HGPDUULDJHVPD\EHHTXDOO\GHYDV

    WDWLQJ

    ,QRWKHUFRQWH[WVWKHUHPD\EHSUHVVXUH

    RQZRPHQWRKDYHRUQRWWRKDYHFKLO

    GUHQDFFRUGLQJWRGLIIHUHQWQDWLRQDO

    SURMHFWVXQGHUVSHFLILFKLVWRULFDOFLU

    FXPVWDQFHVVRPHRUDOOZRPHQRI

    FKLOGEHDULQJDJHJURXSVZRXOGEHFDOOHG

    RQVRPHWLPHVEULEHGDQGVRPHWLPHV

    HYHQIRUFHGWRKDYHPRUHRUIHZHUFKLO

    GUHQ7KLVFDQEHVHHQIRUH[DPSOHLQ

    WKHH[SHULHQFHVRIVRPHZRPHQIURP

    WKH3HRSOHV5HSXEOLFRI&KLQD

    Content versus interpretation

    7KLVDSSURDFKWRWKHH[SHULHQFHVRI

    ZRPHQVHHNLQJDV\OXPVXJJHVWVWKDWWKH

    IUDPHZRUNIRUDV\OXPGHWHUPLQDWLRQ

    QHHGVWREHWUDQVIRUPHGWRDFFRPPR

    GDWHWKHLQFOXVLRQRIZRPHQQRWDVD

    VSHFLDOFDVHGHYLDWLQJIURPWKHQRUPEXW

    DVRQHRIPDQ\GLIIHUHQWJURXSVZKRVH

    H[SHULHQFHVPXVWEHFRQWH[WXDOL]HGLI

    WKH\DUHWREHSURSHUO\XQGHUVWRRG7KLV

    DSSURDFKVXJJHVWVWKDWWKHSUREOHPLV

    QRWVRPXFKWKHDFWXDOLQYLVLELOLW\RI

    ZRPHQEXWUDWKHUKRZWKHLUH[SHULHQFHV

    KDYHEHHQUHSUHVHQWHGDQGDQDO\WLFDOO\

    FKDUDFWHUL]HG

    %RWKDFWXDODQGLPSXWHGSROLWLFDORSLQ

    LRQDQGPHPEHUVKLSRIDSDUWLFXODU

    VRFLDOJURXSZLWKLQWKHPHDQLQJRI

    $UWLFOH$RIWKH&RQYHQWLRQFDQDQG

    VKRXOGSURYLGHDOHJDOEDVLVIRUWKH

    UHFRJQLWLRQRIZRPHQDV&RQYHQWLRQ

    UHIXJHHV3ROLWLFDORSLQLRQLQSDUWLFXODU

    VKRXOGEHSURSHUO\LQWHUSUHWHGWR

    LQFOXGHZRPHQVRSSRVLWLRQWRH[WUHPH

    LQVWLWXWLRQDOL]HGIRUPVRIRSSUHVVLRQ

    DZRPDQZKRRSSRVHVOHJLVODWHGGLV

    FULPLQDWLRQDJDLQVWZRPHQRUH[SUHVVHV

    YLHZVRILQGHSHQGHQFHIURPWKHVRFLDO

    RUFXOWXUDOGRPLQDQFHRIPHQLQKHU

    VRFLHW\PD\EHIRXQGWRKDYHEHHQSHU

    VHFXWHGRUWRIHDUSHUVHFXWLRQEHFDXVH

    RIKHUDFWXDOSROLWLFDORSLQLRQRUDSROLWL

    FDORSLQLRQWKDWKDVEHHQRUZLOOEH

    Demonstratorsoutside Rochester prison in Kent

  • 7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement

    20/48

    Gender and displacement

    PSXWHGWRKHU6KHLVSHUFHLYHGZLWKLQ

    KHHVWDEOLVKHGSROLWLFDOVRFLDOVWUXFWXUH

    VH[SUHVVLQJSROLWLFDOO\DQWDJRQLVWLF

    LHZVWKURXJKKHUDFWLRQVRUIDLOXUHWR

    FW,IDZRPDQUHVLVWVJHQGHUHGRSSUHV

    LRQKHUUHVLVWDQFHVKRXOGEHUHJDUGHG

    VSROLWLFDODFWLYLW\

    QDGGLWLRQWKHUHDUHFDVHVZKHUH

    ZRPHQGRQRWGLUHFWO\RULQWHQWLRQDOO\

    KDOOHQJHLQVWLWXWLRQDOL]HGQRUPVRI

    HKDYLRXUEXWDUHQRQHWKHOHVVLPSXWHG

    ZLWKDSROLWLFDORSLQLRQDVDFRQVHTXHQFH

    IWKHLUH[SHULHQFHV7KLVFDQEHVHHQ

    RUH[DPSOHLQWKHFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRID

    DSHGZRPDQDVDGXOWHURXVLQWKHVRFLDO

    VWUDFLVPRIDQXQPDUULHGVHSDUDWHG

    LYRUFHGZLGRZHGRUOHVELDQZRPDQ

    QGLQWKHSROLWLFL]DWLRQRIXQLQWHQWLRQ

    OYLRODWLRQVRIGUHVVFRGHV

    KHGHYHORSPHQWRI

    KLVDSSURDFKWRWKH

    HIXJHH&RQYHQWLRQ

    VLPSRUWDQWWR

    QVXUHWKDWWKHDV\

    XPFODLPVPDGHE\

    ZRPHQDUHSURSHUO\

    QGFRQVLVWHQWO\

    RQVLGHUHGE\GHFL

    LRQPDNHUVDQG

    KDWWKHOHJDODQGWKHRUHWLFDODUJXPHQWVUHFRKHUHQWDQGDEOHWRVWDQGWKHWHVW

    IWLPH/RRNLQJDWJHQGHUDVRSSRVHG

    RVH[HQDEOHVDQDSSURDFKZKLFKFDQ

    FFRPPRGDWHVSHFLILFLW\GLYHUVLW\DQG

    HWHURJHQHLW\,WDOVRHQVXUHVWKDWWKH

    V\OXPFODLPVRIZRPHQDUHQRWURXWLQHO\

    LVPLVVHGDVFXOWXUDOO\UHODWLYHDQG

    KHUHIRUHRXWVLGHWKHPHFKDQLVPVIRU

    URWHFWLRQDYDLODEOHXQGHUWKH5HIXJHH

    RQYHQWLRQ

    ROORZLQJ\HDUVRIQHJOHFWRIWKHQHHGVIUHIXJHHDQGDV\OXPVHHNLQJZRPHQ

    QHZDZDUHQHVVDQGZLOOLQJQHVVWRWDNH

    HQGHULQWRDFFRXQWLQSROLF\GHYHORS

    PHQWDQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQKDYHHPHUJHG

    QGWKHUHKDYHEHHQPDQ\HQFRXUDJLQJ

    HFHQWGHYHORSPHQWVOHJLWLPL]LQJWKH

    DFWXDOEDVLVIRUZRPHQVDV\OXPFODLPV

    +XPDQULJKWVJURXSVLQSDUWLFXODUKDYH

    QFUHDVLQJO\IRFXVHGWKHLUDWWHQWLRQRQ

    HQGHUVSHFLILFKXPDQULJKWV0HDQZKLOH

    81+&5KDVDOVREHJXQWRWXUQLWVDWWHQ

    LRQWRJHQGHUUHODWHGSHUVHFXWLRQDQG

    DQDGDWKH86DQG$XVWUDOLDKDYH

    [WHQGHGWKHLULQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKH

    RQYHQWLRQWRZRPHQPDNLQJFODLPV

    QWKLVEDVLV

    QWKH8.WKH5HIXJHH:RPHQV/HJDO

    *URXSKDVSURGXFHGLWVRZQ*HQGHU

    $V\OXP&ODLPVLQWKH8.ODXQFKHGLQ

    $OWKRXJKWKHVHJXLGHOLQHVKDYH

    QRWEHHQDFFHSWHGE\WKH+RPH2IILFH

    WKH\DUHFOHDUO\UHIOHFWHGLQJXLGHOLQHV

    SXEOLVKHGLQ'HFHPEHUE\WKH

    ,PPLJUDWLRQ$SSHOODWH$XWKRULWLHVIRU

    GHFLVLRQPDNHUVKHDULQJDSSHDOVDJDLQVW

    WKHUHIXVDORIDV\OXP

    Conclusion

    *HQGHUJXLGHOLQHVFDQVHUYHDQLPSRU

    WDQWUROHLQUDLVLQJDZDUHQHVVRIWKH

    VSHFLILFGLIILFXOWLHVIDFLQJZRPHQDV

    DV\OXPVHHNHUVDQGLQDGGUHVVLQJD

    UDQJHRIVXEVWDQWLYHDQGSURFHGXUDO

    LVVXHV7KH\DUHDOVRLPSRUWDQWLQHQVXU

    LQJWKDWDZLGHUDQJHRILQGLYLGXDOVDQG

    RUJDQL]DWLRQVLQGLYLGXDOODZ\HUVDQG

    SUDFWLWLRQHUV1*2VZRPHQVJURXSVDFDGHPLFVFKDOOHQJHFXUUHQWSROLF\

    DQGSUDFWLFHDW

    DYDULHW\RI

    OHYHOVLQWKH

    JDWKHULQJRI

    LQIRUPDWLRQLQ

    WKHIRUPXODWLRQ

    RILQGLYLGXDO

    FODLPVDWWKH

    LQLWLDOGHFLVLRQ

    PDNLQJVWDJH

    DQGRQDSSHDO+RZHYHULWLVLPSRUWDQWWRUHFRJQL]HWKDWWKHXQGHUO\LQJSURE

    OHPVH[SHULHQFHGE\ZRPHQVWHPQRW

    VLPSO\IURPWKHIDFWWKDWWKH\DUH

    ZRPHQSHUVH EXWIURPWKHFRQFHSWXDO

    L]DWLRQRINH\ HOHPHQWVRIWKH5HIXJHH

    &RQYHQWLRQDQGLQSDUWLFXODUWKHFRQ

    FHSWRISROLWLFV

    ,WLVWKLVFRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQDQGWKHFRQ

    WLQXLQJWHQGHQF\DPRQJGHFLVLRQPDNHUV

    WRDOORZDSXEOLFSULYDWHGLFKRWRP\WR

    HQJHQGHUWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQSURFHVVDVD

    ZKROHWKDWPRVWVHULRXVO\XQGHUPLQHV

    WKHSURWHFWLRQDYDLODEOHXQGHUWKH

    5HIXJHH&RQYHQWLRQ7KLVSUREOHP

    FDQQRWHDVLO\EHDGGUHVVHGE\WKH

    LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIJXLGHOLQHVDORQH

    'U+HDYHQ&UDZOH\LVDIRXQGHU

    PHPEHURIWKH5HIXJHH:RPHQV

    /HJDO*URXSLQWKH8.DQGDXWKRURI

    :RPHQDV$V\OXP6HHNHUV$/HJDO

    +DQGERRN$UHYLVHGDQG

    XSGDWHGVHFRQGHGLWLRQHQWLWOHG

    5HIXJHH/DZDQG3URFHVV*HQGHUHG

    3HUVSHFWLYHVZLOOEHSXEOLVKHGE\

    -RUGDQVLQ-DQXDU\

    (PDLOKHDYHQ#FUDZOH\IUHHVHUYH

    FRXN

    )RUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKH5HIXJHH

    OLQHVDQG'U&UDZOH\VQHZERRNSOXV

    OLQNVWRRWKHUVRXUFHVRILQIRUPDWLRQ

    DQGVXSSRUWYLVLWZZZUZOJRUJXN

    7KHXVHRIWKHSDUWLFXODUVRFLDOJURXSEDVLVRIWKH

    UHIXJHHGHILQLWLRQWRH[WHQGSURWHFWLRQWRZRPHQZKR

    IDFHSHUVHFXWLRQIRUKDYLQJWUDQVJUHVVHGUHOLJLRXVRU

    VRFLDOPRUHVILQGVVWURQJVXSSRUWLQWKHSURQRXQFH

    PHQWVRIWKH81+&5DQGJRYHUQPHQWDOERGLHVDQGWKH

    DGPLQLVWUDWLYHGHFLVLRQVRIVHYHUDOFRXQWULHV

    7KLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJLVDOVRLPSOLFLWLQWKRVHDQDO\VHV

    ZKLFKIRFXVXSRQPHPEHUVKLSRIDSDUWLFXODUVRFLDO

    JURXSDVWKHPRVWDSSURSULDWHRULQGHHGRQO\EDVLV

    RQZKLFKZRPHQFDQEHSURWHFWHGXQGHUWKH5HIXJHH

    &RQYHQWLRQ

    6HHSLHFHRSSRVLWHE\1DWKDOLD%HUNRZLW]

    a new awareness and

    willingness to take

    gender into account

    have emerged

    EU w omen lobbyfor equal rights in

    seeking asylum2Q'HFHPEHUWKH(XURSHDQ

    :RPHQV/REE\(:/ODXQFKHGD

    \HDUORQJFDPSDLJQWRKLJKOLJKW

    IRUPVRISHUVHFXWLRQXQLTXHWR

    ZRPHQDQGWRHQVXUHWKDWWKH\DUH

    DEOHWRFODLPUHIXJHHVWDWXVLQWKHLU

    RZQULJKWXQGHUIXWXUH(8DV\OXP

    SURFHGXUHV

    7KH(:/DFRDOLWLRQRIPHP

    EHURUJDQL]DWLRQVLQWKH(8EHOLHYHVWKDWWKH*HQHYD&RQYHQWLRQ

    DQGWKHIROORZXS3URWRFRORI

    ZKLFKWRJHWKHUSURYLGHWKHOHJDO

    EDVLVIRUJUDQWLQJDV\OXPZRUOG

    ZLGHIDLOWRH[SOLFLWO\DGGUHVV

    JHQGHUVSHFLILFDFWVRISHUVHFXWLRQ

    LQFOXGLQJVH[XDOYLROHQFHDQGRWKHU

    IRUPVRIKXPDQULJKWVYLRODWLRQV

    7KURXJKRXWWKH\HDUORQJFDPSDLJQ

    WKH(:/ZLOOPRQLWRUSURJUHVVRQD

    GUDIWGLUHFWLYHRQPLQLPXPVWDQGDUGVRQSURFHGXUHVLQ(8PHPEHU

    VWDWHVIRUJUDQWLQJDQGZLWKGUDZLQJ

    UHIXJHHVWDWXVQRZEHLQJFRQVLG

    HUHGE\WKH(XURSHDQ3DUOLDPHQW

    $VSDUWRIWKHFDPSDLJQWKH(:/LV

    GLVWULEXWLQJWHQVRIWKRXVDQGVRI

    SRVWFDUGVWKURXJKRXW(XURSHKLJK

    OLJKWLQJIRXUGLIIHUHQWDUHDVRI

    FRQFHUQIHPDOHJHQLWDOPXWLODWLRQ

    UDSHDVDZHDSRQRIZDUIRUFHG

    PDUULDJHDQGJXLOWE\DVVRFDWLRQ

    DQGDVVHUWLQJWKDWSHUVHFXWLRQLV

    QRWJHQGHUEOLQG2Q'HFHPEHU

    WKHSRVWFDUGVDQGHOHFWURQLF

    SHWLWLRQZLOOEHVXEPLWWHGWR

    %HOJLXPZKLFKZLOOWKHQKROGWKH

    URWDWLQJ(83UHVLGHQF\

    6HHZZZZRPHQOREE\RUJ

    O L

    mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.rwlg.org.uk/http://www.womenlobby.org/asylumcampaign/http://www.womenlobby.org/asylumcampaign/http://www.womenlobby.org/asylumcampaign/http://www.womenlobby.org/asylumcampaign/http://www.rwlg.org.uk/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]
  • 7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement

    21/48

    Q'HFHPEHUWKH8.V

    ,PPLJUDWLRQ$SSHOODWH$XWKRULW\

    WKHLPPLJUDWLRQDQGDV\OXPWUL

    XQDOODXQFKHGLWV$V\OXP*HQGHU

    *XLGHOLQHVIRUXVHLQWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQ

    IDV\OXPDSSHDOVLQWKH8.7KHJXLGH

    QHVDLPWRDVVLVWMXGLFLDU\DWWKH

    PPLJUDWLRQ$SSHOODWH$XWKRULW\,$$

    QIXOO\FRQVLGHULQJDOODVSHFWVRIDV\OXP

    HHNHUVFODLPVWRLQWHUQDWLRQDOUHIXJHH

    URWHFWLRQDQGLQHQVXULQJWKDWWKHJHQ

    HURIWKHDV\OXPVHHNHUGRHVQRW

    UHMXGLFHWKHLUDSSOLFDWLRQ

    SHFLILFDOO\WKHJXLGHOLQHVQRWHWKDWWKH

    RPLQDQWYLHZRIZKDWFRQVWLWXWHVD

    HDOUHIXJHHKDVEHHQRIDPDQDQGWKLV

    DVPHDQWWKDWZRPHQDV\OXPVHHNHUV

    QWKH8.PD\QRWEHQHILWHTXLWDEO\

    URPWKHSURWHFWLRQRIIHUHGE\WKH

    HIXJHH&RQYHQWLRQ7ZRPDLQUHDVRQV

    RUWKLVDUHVXJJHVWHGILUVWO\EHFDXVH

    KHFDVHODZKDVQRWIXOO\FRQVLGHUHGWKH

    SHFLILFLVVXHVUDLVHGE\ZRPHQVQHHGV

    RUSURWHFWLRQRUKDVFRQVLGHUHGWKHP

    URPDIUDPHZRUNRIPDOHH[SHULHQFHV

    QGVHFRQGO\EHFDXVHSURFHGXUDODQG

    YLGHQWLDOUHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKHDV\OXP

    WDWXVGHWHUPLQDWLRQSURFHGXUHVPD\QRW

    HHTXDOO\DFFHVVLEOHWRZRPHQDVPHQ

    +RZHYHUWKHVHJXLGHOLQHVDUHQRWVROHO\

    IDSSOLFDWLRQWRIHPDOHDV\OXPVHHNHUV

    KH\DUHJHQGHUJXLGHOLQHVQRWZRPHQV

    XLGHOLQHV7KLVLVPDGHFOHDULQWKH

    QWURGXFWLRQWRWKHJXLGHOLQHVZKLFK

    WDWHV0RVWRIWKHVHJXLGHOLQHVDUH

    SSOLFDEOHWRWKHDV\OXPFODLPVRIERWK

    PHQDQGZRPHQ7KH\DGGUHVVWKHUROH

    IJHQGHULQWKHDV\OXPGHWHUPLQDWLRQ

    URFHVVUDWKHUWKDQVLPSO\WKHSRVLWLRQ

    IZRPHQDV\OXPVHHNHUVRUWKHUROHRI

    LRORJLFDOVH[,QWKHVHJXLGHOLQHVWKH

    HUPVZRPHQZRPDQVKHDQGKHU

    SSO\HTXDOO\WRPHQ

    QDGRSWLQJWKH$V\OXP*HQGHU

    *XLGHOLQHVWKH8.EXLOGVXSRQWKH

    XLGHOLQHVLQH[LVWHQFHLQDQXPEHURI

    WKHUFRXQWULHV:KLOHHDUOLHUJXLGHOLQHV

    KDUHPDQ\IHDWXUHVWKH\GRGLIIHUIURP

    DFKRWKHUDQGDUHDGGUHVVHGWRGLIIHUHQW

    XGLHQFHV7KH8.VJXLGHOLQHVDUH

    SHFLILFDOO\JHDUHGWRWKHQHHGVRIMXGL

    LDU\DVRSSRVHGWRLPPLJUDWLRQRIILFHUV

    QGDVVXFKFRQWDLQPRUHODZDQGOHJDO

    DQDO\VLVWKDQSUHYLRXVJXLGHOLQHVDQG

    VSHFLILFDOO\DGGUHVVWKHQHHGIRUJHQGHU

    VHQVLWLYHSURFHGXUHVWREHDGRSWHGLQ

    WKHKHDULQJURRP

    (DUOLHUVWHSVLQWKHKLVWRU\RIJHQGHU

    JXLGHOLQHVLQFOXGH81+&5VDGRSWLRQLQ

    RI*XLGHOLQHVRQWKH3URWHFWLRQRI

    5HIXJHH:RPHQ IROORZHGLQE\

    6H[XDO9LROHQFH$JDLQVW5HIXJHHV

    *XLGHOLQHVRQ3UHYHQWLRQDQG5HVSRQVH

    7KHVHJXLGHOLQHVGHDOZLWKDUDQJHRI

    LVVXHVRIUHOHYDQFHWRIHPDOHUHIXJHHV

    LQFOXGLQJVDIHW\DQGDFFHVVWRUHVRXUFHV

    LQUHIXJHHFDPSVEXWDOVRLQFOXGHXVHIXO

    VHFWLRQVRIUHOHYDQFHWRWKHGHWHUPLQD

    WLRQRIDV\OXPFODLPVVXFKDVWKH

    SUREOHPVRIIHPDOHYLFWLPVRIVH[XDO

    YLROHQFHIURPPLOLWDU\SHUVRQQHODQGWKH

    QHHGIRUJHQGHUVHQVLWLYHLQWHUYLHZLQJ

    DQGSURFHGXUDOUHTXLUHPHQWV

    &DQDGDZDVWKHILUVWFRXQWU\WRIRUPDOO\

    LVVXHJXLGHOLQHVUHODWLQJWRZRPHQVDV\

    OXPFODLPV,WV*XLGHOLQHVRQ:RPHQ

    5HIXJHH&ODLPDQWV)HDULQJ*HQGHU

    5HODWHG3HUVHFXWLRQ XSGDWHGLQ

    KDYHEHHQKDLOHGDVJURXQGEUHDN

    LQJ$GGUHVVHGWRGHFLVLRQPDNHUVDW

    WKH&DQDGLDQ,PPLJUDWLRQDQG5HIXJHH

    %RDUGWKH\ZHUHGHYHORSHGDIWHUFRQVXO

    WDWLRQZLWKERWKJRYHUQPHQWDODQG

    QRQJRYHUQPHQWDOJURXSVDQGLQGLYLGX

    DOV7KH\ZHUHWKHILUVWQDWLRQDOJXLGHOLQHV

    WRIRUPDOO\UHFRJQL]HWKDWZRPHQIOHHLQJ

    SHUVHFXWLRQEHFDXVHRIWKHLUJHQGHUFRXOG

    EHUHFRJQL]HGDVUHIXJHHV

    ,QWKH$PHULFDQ,PPLJUDWLRQDQG

    1DWXUDOL]DWLRQ6HUYLFHIROORZHGWKH

    &DQDGLDQH[DPSOHDQGDGRSWHG

    &RQVLGHUDWLRQVIRU$V\OXP2IILFHUV

    $GMXGLFDWLQJ$V\OXP&ODLPVIURP

    :RPHQ 7KHVHJXLGHOLQHVDLPHGWR

    DVVLVWDV\OXPRIILFHUVLQLQWHUYLHZLQJ

    ZRPHQUHIXJHHVDQGPDNLQJDV\OXP

    GHFLVLRQV7KH$XVWUDOLDQ*XLGHOLQHVRQ

    *HQGHU,VVXHVIRU'HFLVLRQ0DNHUV

    LVVXHGLQDUHDLPHGDWLPPLJUDWLRQ

    RIILFHUVDQGDUHYHU\FRPSUHKHQVLYHLQ

    VFRSHVWUHVVLQJERWKSURFHGXUDODQG

    MXULVSUXGHQFLDOLVVXHVDIIHFWLQJZRPHQV

    DV\OXPFODLPV $W(XURSHDQ8QLRQOHYHO

    WKHUHDUHQRJHQGHUJXLGHOLQHVEXWVRPH

    VWHSVKDYHEHHQWDNHQWRUHFRJQL]HWKH

    LVVXHRIJHQGHULQDV\OXPFODLPVIRU

    H[DPSOHLQLWV0LQLPXP*XDUDQWHHVRQ

    $V\OXP3URFHGXUHV

    7KHDGRSWLRQRIJHQGHUJXLGHOLQHVE\

    WKH8.V,$$RZHVPXFKWRWKHJXLGH

    OLQHVSUHYLRXVO\LVVXHGE\RWKHUFRXQWULHV

    WRWKHVXSSRUWIRUJXLGHOLQHVE\WKH81

    LQFOXGLQJWKH816SHFLDO5DSSRUWHXURQ

    9LROHQFH$JDLQVW:RPHQDQGWRWKH

    FDPSDLJQLQJZRUNRIJURXSVVXFKDVWKH

    5HIXJHH:RPHQV/HJDO*URXSZKLFKLQ

    LVVXHGLWVRZQJHQGHUJXLGHOLQHV

    GLUHFWHGDWDV\OXPFDVHZRUNHUVLQWKH

    ,PPLJUDWLRQDQG1DWLRQDOLW\'LYLVLRQRI

    WKH8.+RPH2IILFHDQGREWDLQHGVXS

    SRUWIRUWKHSULQFLSOHRIJHQGHUJXLGHOLQHV

    E\DODUJHQXPEHURI0HPEHUVRI

    3DUOLDPHQW:LWKWKHODXQFKRIWKH,$$V

    $V\OXP*HQGHU*XLGHOLQHVLQ'HFHPEHU

    WKHLPPLJUDWLRQMXGLFLDU\DV\OXP

    FDVHZRUNHUVDV\OXPDSSOLFDQWVDQGWKHLU

    UHSUHVHQWDWLYHVZLOOKDYHDWRROWRDVVLVWLQ

    HQVXULQJWKDWJHQGHUDVSHFWVRIDV\OXP

    FODLPVDUHIXOO\FRQVLGHUHGLQWKH8.

    7KH,PPLJUDWLRQ$SSHOODWH$XWKRULW\V

    $V\OXP*HQGHU*XLGHOLQHVZLOOEHDYDLO

    DEOHRQOLQHDWZZZHLQRUJXNLDD

    1DWKDOLD%HUNRZLW]LV6HQLRU/HJDO

    5HVHDUFK2IILFHUDWWKH,PPLJUDWLRQ

    $SSHOODWH$XWKRULW\/RQGRQ8.

    (PDLOQEHUNRZLW]#PFUSRSWHO

    RUJXN

    81+&5ZZZXQKFUFK

    &DQDGLDQ*XLGHOLQHVZZZLUEJFFDKXPDQBULJKWV

    KUSBUHSRUWVBPDLQKSKWP

    86JXLGHOLQHVZZZVWDWHJRYJOREDO

    $XVWUDOLDQJXLGHOLQHVZZZDXVWOLLHGXDX

    Gender and displacement

    Gender guidelines for the UKby Nathalia Berkowitz

    2

    mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.unhcr.ch/http://www.irb.gc.cahuman_rights/hrp_reports_mainhp.htm/http://www.irb.gc.cahuman_rights/hrp_reports_mainhp.htm/http://www.state.gov/global/http://www.austlii.edu.au/http://www.irb.gc.cahuman_rights/hrp_reports_mainhp.htm/http://www.irb.gc.cahuman_rights/hrp_reports_mainhp.htm/http://www.austlii.edu.au/http://www.state.gov/global/http://www.unhcr.ch/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]
  • 7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement

    22/48

    KHVH[XDOYLROHQFHDJDLQVW

    UHIXJHHVLQ.HQ\DLQWKHV

    RFFXUUHGDJDLQVWWKHEDFNGURSRI

    KXJHLQFUHDVHLQWKHUHIXJHHSRSXOD

    LRQDVKLIWLQLWVHWKQLFFRPSRVLWLRQ

    QGWKHULVHRIHWKQLFLW\DVWKHGRPLQDQW

    GHRORJLFDOIRUFHLQ.HQ\DVUHIXJHH

    GPLQLVWUDWLRQ

    ROORZLQJWKHHVFDODWLRQRILQWHUQDOZDUV

    QWKH+RUQDQGWKH*UHDW/DNHVUHJLRQ.HQ\DVUHIXJHHSRSXODWLRQURVHIURP

    HDUO\LQWRRYHU

    HIXJHHVDVVLVWHGE\81+&5DQG

    IUHHOLYHUVLQFLWLHVE\PLG

    7KLVQXPEHUGHFOLQHGWROHVVWKDQ

    E\0DUFKODUJHO\EHFDXVH

    IYROXQWDU\UHSDWULDWLRQDQGWKLUGFRXQ

    U\UHVHWWOHPHQWV7KH.HQ\DQJRYHUQ

    PHQWFODLPHGWKDWWKHVL]HRIWKLVSRSX

    DWLRQVHULRXVO\FRPSURPLVHGLWV

    HFXULW\JUHDWO\RXWVWUHWFKHGWKHLQIUD

    WUXFWXUHDQGPHGLFDOVHUYLFHVDQG

    QGHUPLQHGLWVWRXULVWLQGXVWU\,Q

    WDVNHG81+&5WRUHSDWULDWHDOO6RPDOL

    WKLRSLDQDQG6XGDQHVHUHIXJHHV

    81+&5VSHQWPLOOLRQWRHVWDEOLVK

    KH'DGDDEFDPSVRI,IR+DJDGHUDDQG

    'DJDKDOH\LQQRUWKHDVWHUQ.HQ\DQHDU

    KHERUGHUZLWK6RPDOLDDQG.DNXPD

    HDUWKH6XGDQHVHERUGHUDWWKHJRYHUQ

    PHQWVEHKHVW81+&5FORVHGGRZQWKH

    PDLQO\6RPDOLFDPSVDWWKHFRDVWDQG

    HORFDWHGUHIXJHHVWR.DNXPDFDPS

    ZD\IURP.HQ\DVHFRQRPLFFHQWUHV

    DUOLHUDQDO\VHVRI.HQ\DVSRVWFRORQLDO

    HIXJHHSROLF\XQGHUVFRUHWKHLPPHQVH

    PSRUWDQFHRIFODVVDQGHWKQLFFRQFHUQV

    QWKHVDQGVLQRUGHUWRPHHW

    WVQHHGIRUVNLOOHGODERXUDQGLQYHVWRUV

    KHJRYHUQPHQWDOORZHG8JDQGDQ

    UHIXJHHLQWHOOHFWXDOVEXVLQHVVPHQDQG

    SURIHVVLRQDOVWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQHFRQRPLF

    OLIH,QWKHVLWDOVRSHUPLWWHGZHOO

    WRGRDQGHQWHUSULVLQJUHIXJHHVWRVHWWOH

    DQGHVWDEOLVKEXVLQHVVHVLQ1DLURELDQG

    0RPEDVD+RZHYHULWZLHOGHGDKHDY\

    VWLFNDJDLQVWSRRUUHIXJHHVUHVLGLQJLQ

    VOXPVDQGSHULXUEDQDUHDVPDQ\ZHUH

    DUUHVWHGDQGGHWDLQHGVRPHZHUH

    GHSRUWHG

    .HQ\DDOVRXVHGHWKQLFLW\DVDNH\FULWH

    ULRQWRGHWHUPLQHWKHHOLJLELOLW\RI

    UHIXJHHVSDUWLFXODUO\IURPSDULDK

    UHJLPHVZLWKZKLFKLWZDVDOOLHG)RU

    LQVWDQFHLQWKHDIWHUPDWKRIWKH

    5ZDQGHVHJHQRFLGHLQDJDLQVWWKH

    7XWVLDQGPRGHUDWH+XWX.HQ\DJDYH

    WKHFRQVHUYDWLYH+XWXDUHGFDUSHWZHO

    FRPHEHFDXVHRILWVRZQFORVH

    DVVRFLDWLRQZLWKWKHUHJLPHRI-XYHQDO

    +DE\DULPDQD+XWXUHIXJHHVDUULYHGE\

    0HUFHGHVWKHPHQLQSRORVKLUWVDQGVLONWLHVWKHZRPHQLQIORZLQJGUHVVHV

    DQGJROGHDUULQJV>WR@UHQWKRXVHVDQG

    IODWVLQ1DLUREL

    %\WKHVDPHWRNHQLQWKHJRYHUQ

    PHQWSURPLVHG6LDG%DUUHRI6RPDOLD

    WKDWUHIXJHHVIURPWKHULYDO2JDGHQFODQ

    ZRXOGQRWEHJLYHQVDQFWXDU\LQ.HQ\D

    ,QWKHVDPH\HDULWFDUULHGRXWQDWLRQ

    ZLGHVFUHHQLQJRILWVRZQHWKQLF

    6RPDOLVRUGHULQJWKHPWRFDUU\VHSDUDWH

    SLQNLGHQWLW\FDUGVWRSURYHWKHLUQDWLRQDOLW\RVWHQVLEO\WRIOXVKRXWLOOHJDO

    DOLHQV,WQRWRQO\SHUPLWWHG6LDG%DUUH

    WRUHVLGHWHPSRUDULO\LQ.HQ\DDIWHUKLV

    RYHUWKURZLQEXWDOVRDOORZHGPLOL

    WLDVIURPKLVFODQWRXVH.HQ\DQ

    WHUULWRU\IRUVXSSO\LQJDUPVIRUWKH

    ILJKWLQJLQ6RPDOLD

    5HIXJHHVIURPRWKHU6RPDOLFODQVZHUH

    OXPSHGWRJHWKHUZLWK.HQ\DVHWKQLF

    6RPDOLVZKRKDGH[SHULHQFHGGHFDGHVRI

    HQWUHQFKHGLQVWLWXWLRQDOGLVFULPLQDWLRQ

    HFRQRPLFQHJOHFWDQGFRORQLDOVW\OHFRO

    OHFWLYHSXQLWLYHH[SHGLWLRQVE\VHFXULW\

    IRUFHV.HQ\DVGLVFULPLQDWRU\SUDFWLFHV

    DQGUHSUHVVLRQRILWV6RPDOLSRSXODWLRQ

    DUHKLVWRULFDOO\OLQNHGWRLWVSDUWLFLSDWLRQ

    LQWKH6RPDOLEDFNHG6KLIWD EDQGLWZDU

    LQWKHVZKLFKVRXJKWWRDQQH[

    QRUWKHDVWHUQ.HQ\DWR*UHDWHU6RPDOLD

    7KHHWKQLFGLPHQVLRQRI.HQ\DVSROLF\

    WRZDUGVUHIXJHHVIURP6XGDQVRXJKWWR

    UHGXFHWKHEXUGHQRIUHIXJHHVRQLWV

    VRFLDODQGHFRQRPLFLQIUDVWUXFWXUHDQG

    WRHQDEOHLWVRZQLPSRYHULVKHG7XUNDQD

    SRSXODWLRQWRJDLQDFFHVVWRGHYHORS

    PHQWRSSRUWXQLWLHVDFFUXLQJIURPWKH

    LQWHUQDWLRQDOUHIXJHHVXSSRUWV\VWHP

    7KLVDSSURDFKDQGWKHWHQGHQF\RIWKH

    UHOLHIDJHQFLHVWRLJQRUHWKHPRUHUHSXJ

    QDQWFXVWRPVDQGSUDFWLFHVHPEHGGHGLQ

    WKHSDWULDUFKDOFXOWXUHRIWKHUHIXJHHV

    DQGWKHLUFRXQFLOVRIHOGHUVLQWKH

    FDPSVVHYHUHO\FRPSURPLVHG6XGDQHVH

    ZRPHQVULJKWWRSK\VLFDOVDIHW\

    Rap e a nd violence

    7KHRUJ\RIVH[XDOYLROHQFH

    DJDLQVWUHIXJHHZRPHQDIIHFWHGWKHSUH

    GRPLQDQWO\6RPDOLFDPSVRI'DGDDE

    $KXPDQULJKWVJURXSWKDWYLVLWHGFDPSVLQQRUWKHUQ.HQ\DLQ$SULOWR

    0D\UHSRUWHGWKDWEHDWLQJVRI

    UHIXJHHVDVZHOODVVH[XDODVVDXOWDQG

    UDSHZHUHGDLO\DQGQLJKWO\RFFXU

    UHQFHV ,QZKHQWKHYLROHQFHZDV

    DWLWVSHDNLQFLGHQWVRIUDSHZHUH

    UHSRUWHGLQ'DGDDEWKRXJKLQWKH

    ZRUGVRIDUDSHFRXQVHOORUWKRVHUHSRUW

    HGZHUHMXVWWKHWLSRIWKHLFHEHUJ

    ,QWURGXFWLRQRIVHFXULW\PHDVXUHVLQ

    FDPSVEURXJKWGRZQWKHQXPEHURI

    UHSRUWHGUDSHVWRDQDYHUDJHRIFDVHVSHU\HDULQ'DGDDELQWREXW

    WKHSK\VLFDOLQVHFXULW\RIZRPHQKDV

    UHPDLQHGDIDFWRIFDPSOLIH

    $OWKRXJK6RPDOLUHIXJHHVZHUHWKHPDLQ

    FDVXDOWLHVRIWKHUDSHVLQ'DGDDEVFRUHV

    RIQRQ6RPDOLZRPHQZHUHDOVRDIIHFWHG

    Gender and displacement

    Ethnicity, gender and violencein Kenya

    by Peter Mwangi Kagwanja

    This article examines the ethnically-

    discriminatory nature of Kenyas refugee

    policy, its influence on the administration and

    practice of refugee affairs, especially by relief

    agencies, and its role in encouraging sexual

    violence against women refugees.1

    7

  • 7/27/2019 FORCED MIGRATION__Gender and Displacement

    23/48

    Gender and displacement

    $QH[SDWULDWH1*2QXUVHZDVUHSRUWHGO\

    UDSHGSURPSWLQJ0pGLFLQVVDQV

    )URQWLqUHV%HOJLXPWRZLWKGUDZPRVWRI

    LWVIHPDOHZRUNHUVIURP'DGDDEFDPSV

    LQ0D\,Q-DQXDU\ILYH

    (WKLRSLDQZRPHQZHUHSDUWRIUDSH

    VXUYLYRUVLQ,IRFDPS2YHUSHUFHQW

    RIWKHUHSRUWHGUDSHYLFWLPVLQ

    WRZHUHDWWDFNHGZKHQIRUDJLQJIRUILUHZRRGRUKHUGLQJOLYHVWRFNRXWVLGH

    WKHFDPSVDOWKRXJKIHPDOHWUDGHUVZKR

    UHIXVHGWRSD\H[WRUWLRQPRQH\ZHUH

    DOVRDVVDXOWHG7KHWDVNVRIJDWKHULQJ

    ILUHZRRGDQGJUD]LQJJRDWVDQGVKHHS

    DPRQJWKH6RPDOLDUHFXVWRPDULO\

    UHVHUYHGIRUZRPHQDQGJLUOV:RPHQ

    ZHUHUHSRUWHGO\DJDLQVWWKHLGHDRIWKHLU

    KXVEDQGVFROOHFWLQJILUHZRRGEHFDXVH

    JLYHQWKHG\QDPLFVRILQWHUFODQIHXGV

    PHQDUHOLNHO\WREHNLOOHGZKLOHZRPHQ

    ZLOORQO\EHUDSHG

    ,Q.DNXPDWKHHWKQLFG\QDPLFVXQGHU

    SLQQLQJYLROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQZHUH

    GLIIHUHQWDQGPRUHFRPSOH[WKDQLQ

    'DGDDE+HUH6XGDQHVHPDOHUHIXJHHV

    DQGPLOLWLDDVVDXOWHGZRPHQHVSHFLDOO\

    IURPWKH'LQNDJURXS6H[XDODVVDXOWRQ

    6XGDQHVHZRPHQUHYROYHGDURXQGWKH

    FXVWRPDU\SUDFWLFHVRIFKLOGPDUULDJH

    IRUFHGPDUULDJHDQGUHPDUULDJH,QWKH

    ODWWHUFDVHUHIXJHHZRPHQZHUHNLG

    QDSSHGDQGUHPDUULHGWRPHQLQ

    6RXWKHUQ6XGDQZKRZHUHDEOHWRSD\

    KXJHGRZULHVWRWKHIDPLO\LQWKHIRUP

    RIFDWWOH0HQZKRUDSHGNLGQDSSHGRU

    IRUFHGZRPHQLQWRPDUULDJHVLQ.DNXPD

    ZHUHVHOGRPSURVHFXWHGEHFDXVH81+&5

    FDPSVWDIIZHUHZDU\RIEHLQJVHHQWR

    LQWHUIHUHZKHQWKH\ZHUHXQVXUHDVWRZKDWH[WHQWWUDGLWLRQDOFXOWXUDOSUDFWLFHV

    ZHUHLQYROYHG,QGHHGDVWKH1DWLRQDO

    &RXQFLORI&KXUFKHVRI.HQ\DVRIILFHULQ

    FKDUJHRIWKH5HSURGXF