Fish, Shellfish and Nearshore Habitat: Exploring the Land ...Fish, Shellfish and Nearshore Habitat: Exploring the Land-water Interface . Denise Breitburg Smithsonian Environmental

Fish, Shellfish and Nearshore Habitat: Exploring the Land-water Interface

Denise Breitburg Smithsonian Environmental Research Center

Image: www c

Fish, Shellfish and Nearshore Habitat: Exploring the Land-water Interface

Denise Breitburg Smithsonian Environmental Research Center

Image: www c

Land use & shoreline hardening Diel-cycling hypoxia and acidification

Effects of land use and shoreline hardening on fish and crabs

Land Cover

Riprap

Bulkhead

Beach

Native Marsh

Shoreline hardening & alteration

Matt Kornis (SERC)

Funding: NOAA-CSCOR (Jordan et al)

Examined Abundance Patterns for 16 species

Littoral-Benthic

Naked Goby

Mummichog Striped Killifish

Grass Shrimp

Blue Crab

White Perch Striped Bass

Adult Centrarchids Spot

Atlantic Croaker

Silver Perch

Benthivore/Piscivores

Hogchoker

At. Silverside Bay Anchovy

Planktivores

Atlantic Menhaden Juv. Centrarchids Gizzard Shad

Effects of land use and shoreline hardening on fish and crabs •data spanning 45 subestuaries and 648 samples • ≈800,000 individuals

Data Contributors Denise Breitburg/Matt Kornis (SERC) Rochelle Seitz (VIMS) Donna Bilkovic (VIMS) Richard Baloskus/Tim Targett (U-Delaware) Denise Breitburg (SERC) Ryan King (Baylor U, formerly of SERC) Jim Uphoff (Maryland DNR) Steve Giordano & David Bruce (NOAA CBO) John Jacobs (NOAA Oxford Lab) Kornis et al., in revision

Blue Crab

Spot

Atlantic Croaker

-2

-1

0

1

2

Ave

rage

Abu

ndan

ce (Z

-uni

ts)

-1

0

1

2

% Cropland0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

-1

0

1

2

3

4

Proportion of Watershed Comprised of Cropland

R2=0.38

R2=0.17

R2=0.28

High % cropland in watershed: declines in several benthivore/ piscivores

Blue Crab

Spot

Reduced abundance is not just a shift offshore

Data: Jim Uphoff, MD-DNR

Atlantic Menhaden

Juvenile Centrarchids

But some planktivores increase

% cropland in watershed

Abun

danc

e (z

-sco

red

units

)

Proportion Cropland in Watershed0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Mea

n B

otto

m D

O (m

g/L)

3

4

5

6

7

80.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Mea

n To

tal N

itrog

en (u

g/L)

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

Proportion Cropland in Watershed 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7W

etla

nds

+ S

AV

Com

posi

te

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Proportion of land within 100 m of shoreline that is wetland

-2

-1

0

1

2

Ave

rage

Abu

ndan

ce (Z

-uni

ts)

-1

0

1

2

3

% wetland 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

-1

0

1

2

3

4

Blue Crab

Spot

Atlantic Croaker

R2=0.27

R2=0.24

R2=0.23

% variation among subestuaries explained if model includes:

Cropland SAV TN SAV+TN

Blue crab 67 66 69 66

Croaker 71 93 84 94

Spot 71 98 57 92

Menhaden (w/o outlier) 35 0 85 pos

94

Juvenile Centrarchidae 61 65 81 pos

81

Systems without high % developed land

-2

-1

0

1

2

Ave

rage

Abu

ndan

ce (Z

-uni

ts)

-1

0

1

2

3

% Subestuary Shoreline Hardened 0 20 40 60 80 100

-1

0

1

2

3

4

Blue Crab

Spot

Atlantic Croaker

R2=0.18

R2=0.34

R2=0.34

Percent of shoreline that is

hardened

Variation among subestuaries

Loss of wetlands and SAV, and higher N loads may be proximate mechanisms for land use and riprap effects on fish/crabs/shrimp

Natural shoreline habitats have higher abundance, biomass, and diversity of benthic invertebrates than developed habitats (e.g.,Corrotoman River)

Marsh Beach Riprap Bulkhead

Marsh Beach Riprap Bulkhead

Marsh Beach Riprap Bulkhead

Rochelle Seitz

Developed and mixed-developed watersheds have reduced benthic density, biomass, & richness

Rochelle Seitz

Threshold for loss of benthic biomass with

~35% upland development

Regression P = 0.28

Rochelle Seitz

Both shoreline hardening and watershed land use affect economically and ecologically important species in Chesapeake Bay & Delaware Coastal Bays

Jordan et al., shoreline project Funding from NOAA-NCOS

Diann Prosser Rochelle Seitz Denise Breitburg Tim Targett, Matt Kornis

Climate change in the shallows – interacting effects of diel-cycling hypoxia and acidification Denise Breitburg Andrew Keppel Seth Miller Rebecca Burrell

Atmospheric CO2

Acidification Respiration

+CO2

Hypoxia/ deoxygenation

-O2

nutrients

Multiple stressors – management, understanding

Breitburg et al., unpublished

Estuarine salt marsh 1 m – Rhode River

pH

Disease Growth

Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica)

Growth Sensitivity to hypoxia

Atlantic & inland silversides (Menidia menidia & M. beryllina)

LabVIEW program

manifold

Rep.

1

Rep.

2

Rep.

3

Rep.

4

Rep.

5

Rep.

6

N2 MFC

00.00 N2

system, n=3

CO2 system, n=4

O2 system, n=3

20psi

LiqN2 with gas removal

V

V

O2 MFC

00.00 20psi

O2

CO2 MFC

00.00

15psi

CO2

Emergency fail closed solenoid

Air system, n=5

Air compressor

Condensing coil in freezer

Drip leg to drain condensate

CO2 stripper column (soda lime filled)

drying column (indicating silica

filled)

Particle filter

00.00

drain

CO2 free air

^ ^

Normally open

When energized

3-way solenoid

air

H2O

Air MFC

15psi

V

Emergency air compressor

Emergency fail open solenoid

Oxyguard DO probes

Durafet pH probes

Trt. 1 Trt. 2 Trt. 3 Trt. 4 Trt. 5

Spar e

air

H2O

Burrell et al., accepted pending revision

LabView program

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.05.56.06.57.07.58.08.59.09.5

10.010.511.0

Dis

solv

ed o

xyge

n (m

g/L)

2012 dissolved oxygen trend

DO_WB_mean

DO_WP_mean

DO_GP_mean

DO_BP_mean

DO_BB_mean

6.90

7.00

7.10

7.20

7.30

7.40

7.50

7.60

7.70

7.80

7.90

8.00

7/31/2012 2:24

7/31/2012 14:2

8/1/2012 2:24

8/1/2012 14:24

8/2/2012 2:24

8/2/2012 14:24

8/3/2012 2:24

8/3/2012 14:24

8/4/2012 2:24

8/4/2012 14:24

pH (u

nits

)

2012 pH trend

DO_WB_mean

DO_WP_mean

DO_GP_mean

DO_BP_mean

DO_BB_mean

Mean daily minimum DO during days with salinity > 11 (mg/L)

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

Infe

ctio

n pr

eval

ence

(%)

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

20082009

Diel-cycling increases prevalence and intensity of Perkinsus infections in oysters (Breitburg et al., 2015)

% days with min DO < 2.0 mg/L 0 10 20 30 40

Infe

ctio

n in

tens

ity

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

mean salinity < 12mean salinity > 12

Low salinity year ΩCalcite =0.69

High salinity year ΩCalcite =1.87

Spat

are

a (m

m2 )

8

10

12

14

16

Severe cycling hypoxia, Normcapnia Severe cycling hypoxia, Severe cycling pH Normoxia, Normcapnia Normoxia, Normcapnia: 14.6631 Normoxia, Severe cycling pH

Severe cycling hypoxia, Normcapnia Severe cycling hypoxia, Severe cycling pH Normoxia, Normcapnia Normoxia, Severe cycling pH Col 8 Col 9 Col 10 Col 11

low oxygen high oxygen hi pH low pH hi pH low pH

Juvenile growth cycling down to

DO = 0.5, pH = 7.1

low oxygen high oxygen hi pH low pH hi pH low pH C

Spe

cific

gro

wth

rate

22

24

26

28

30

Severe cycling hypoxia - Normcapnia Severe cycling hypoxia - Cycling pH Normoxia - Normcapnia Normoxia - Cycling pH

low oxygen high oxygen hi pH low pH hi pH low pH Keppel 2014

Prop

ortio

n ph

agoc

ytic

hem

ocyt

es

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

Severe cycling hypoxia - Normcapnia Severe cycling hypoxia - Cycling pH Normoxia - Normcapnia Normoxia - Cycling pH

Cycling (DO, CO2, DO+CO2) stimulates hemocyte function

low oxygen high oxygen hi pH low pH hi pH low pH

(cycling down to DO = 0.5, pH = 7.1)

Keppel et al., in review

Infe

ctio

n In

tens

ity

(mea

n of

all

dise

ased

oys

ters

)

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Severe cycling hypoxia - Normcapnia Severe cycling hypoxia - Cycling pH Moderate cycling hypoxia - Cycling pH Normoxia - Normcapnia Normoxia - Cycling pH

Stimulation of hemocytes only reduces infection progression when oxygen is high

low oxygen high oxygen hi pH low pH hi pH low pH Keppel et al., in review

Atlantic and inland Silversides-

Growth, Aquatic Surface Respiration & Mortality

Seth Miller

Juvenile growth reduced by diel-cycling dissolved oxygen (1.7 mg/L) &

constant hypoxia (2.2 mg/L) but not by cycling pH (6.7) or constant low pH (7.4)

Oxygen Stress Control Low pH

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

Mea

n In

crea

se in

Wei

ght

(g)

Low pH

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

First ASR Death

Mea

n D

O (m

g/L

Menidia menidia NormalAcidified

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

First ASR ConsistentASR

Death

Mea

n D

O (m

g/L,

Menidia beryllina

© Dave Conover

Simultaneous exposure to low pH made fish more sensitive to low oxygen

CO2 suppresses ventilatory response to low oxygen

Fish, shellfish and Nearshore Habitat: The Land-water Interface is Important

Image: www c

Fish and shellfish are strongly affected by • Land use • Shoreline hardening • Current levels of diel-cycling hypoxia

and acidification