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Fish Farming Technology supplement 1406

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    FISH FARMINGTECHNOLOGY

    SUPPLEMENT

    The MAG seal

    deterrent system

    Temperature stress

    Water temperature and stress control

    SUPPLEMENT

    The MAG seal deterrent is the most effectiveand cetacean-friendly device on the market

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    SoundtechnologyThe MAG seal deterrent is the most effective

    and cetacean-friendly device on the market

    For the last 20 or so years the

    Airmar DBII+ has been considered

    the best Seal Deterrent on the

    market. And whilst this system is

    as good as ever, Mohn Aqua felt that as the

    Control System uses 1980s technology, it

    could do with modernising.

    So, with the help, advice and blessing of

    Airmar, Mohn Aqua developed a new, state-of-the-art Control Box the MAG Seal

    Deterrent which, amongst other things,

    increased the system from a four projector

    system to one that offered the choice of two,

    four or six projectors. As such, it can be set

    up as a standard four-Projector System and, ifa site is experiencing problems, another two

    Projectors can be added.

    'Another important advantage of the new

    system', says Mal Scott, General Manager of

    Mohn Aqua, 'is that the Pulses can be varied, in

    power, duration and firing pattern. Plus, it is 50

    per cent more efficient than the DBII+, which

    means half the batteries need to be used, or

    existing batteries last twice as long during

    power outages.'

    The MAG Seal deterrent was also devel-

    oped after discussions with both the Seal

    Mammal Research Unit and the Salmon

    Aquaculture and Seals Working Group, where

    two concerns with current ADDs were iden-tified. The first was that operators could not

    immediately tell that a system had a fault until,

    for example, there was a sudden increase in

    morts. Secondly, there is a growing feeling

    that systems need to become more Cetacean

    Friendly.As such, the MAG Seal Deterrent has

    Fault Indicators for each Projector. After a

    'soft start' Switch designed to not instantly

    frighten Cetacean, the super bright LEDs turn

    from Amber to Green, with the Projector that

    is firing at the time flashing Green. This lets the

    operators know from a huge distance away

    that all is good.

    Any faults on a Projector or Cable are

    instantly recognised by an internal Processor,

    and the channel is automatically shut down,

    preventing damage to the Control Circuits.

    The LED for that Channel instantly turns red

    and the operators know which channel and

    which projector has a problem. This is par-

    ticularly useful for audits, which are now are

    carried out in monitoring Seal problems. The

    next Generation of projectors, which will be

    available as soon as Airmar have finished trials

    and star t manufacture, have an inbuilt Sensor

    that will give even more fault information to

    the new control box.

    Cetacean-friendlyMohn Aqua also believe that the MAG

    Seal Deterrent is the most Cetacean-

    friendly system available. It can be put into

    a 'Standby' mode, where the output can be

    toned down to very low levels when there

    is not a current threat to the site. This way,

    Cetacean, always know the system is there,

    keep a distance away, but are not frightened

    by it. When a threat does occur, the system

    can be switched back to normal operation

    through the 'soft start' sequence. This is far

    better than a 'detection' system that will lay

    dormant, almost asking Cetacean to come

    close, then fire unexpectedly, causing fear and

    panic.

    This system is also fully compatible with cus-tomers' existing DBII+ Projectors , meaning

    that to upgrade sites only have to replace the

    Control Box and not the full installation.

    The MAG Seal Deterrent system has been

    installed at a number of Scottish Seafarms

    002 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish farming Technology

    FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

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    (SSF), Marine Harvest and Scottish

    Salmon Company sites, as well as

    three large Salmones Maga llanes

    sites in Chile, where they have

    proved to be extremely effective. For

    example, as Ewan Gibb, site manager

    at SSF Summer Isles, explains: 'Early

    on in the year we had a severe seal

    issue at one cage in particular. Once

    the new system was installed, over-night the seal problem stopped at

    that cage; and progressed to another

    cage.

    'What I like about them is that they

    can be programmed on site, they

    don't need to be taken away, and

    you can also vary frequencies, pulse

    rates, the gaps between the pulses

    everything is adjustable on it. It's

    really doing the job well.'

    This is echoed by Colin MacDonald,

    site manager at SSF Scallastle: 'It's a

    very good system and the display

    panel is very clear and easy to read',

    he explains. 'Since we've had it

    installed we've had no problems with

    seals; we have no complaints with it

    at all.'

    Mohn Aqua is also beginning an

    agreement with Scottish Seafarms

    in Shetland, which will see the

    company carrying out an audit of all

    SSF Shetlands existing Airmar/Mohn

    Aqua Seal Deterrent equipment. This

    will lead to SSF Shetland receiving theoptimum efficiency from its existing

    equipment and recommendations for

    modification and upgrades to ensure

    that they continue to have the very

    best possible protection in the future.

    Fish farming Technology | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED| 003

    FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

    50% more efcient than the Airmar DB11

    Varies pattern, length and breaks of pulses preventing seal attacks

    Works perfectly with existing projectors, just upgrade the control box

    Fault protection, upgraded cover, cetacean friendly

    Replace your Metal halide lights with ourRevolutionary LED light system

    Reduces 75% of electricity use

    Weighs only one kilo, can be installed by one person

    We think this is thebest Seal Deterrent

    on the market(so does Airmar, which is why they tested and approved it)

    Scotland: +44 (0) 1309 678270Norway: +47 53 500 [email protected]

    www.mohnaqua.com

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    M

    ost aquatic animals are

    poikilothermic whose

    metabolism and growth

    are closely related to the

    environmental temperature. All farmed fishand shrimps have their optimum range of

    temperatures for growth. At temperatures

    outside this range, metabolism and growth

    are severely affected and may eventually

    cause death if the water temperature drifted

    too far away from the optimum range. This

    article provides a review on the nutritional

    physiology of aquatic animals affected by

    temperature fluctuations with some recently

    published data.

    In recent years, the erratic changes inglobal temperatures have caused huge losses

    to aquaculture in China and elsewhere.

    Guangxi Aquatic animal husbandry and vet-

    erinary Association reported that in 2011

    alone, fishery economic loss affected by tem-

    perature was more than 100 million Yuan.

    China-Fishery net reported that in 2013

    Jiangxi aquaculture economic loss affected by

    low temperature was more than 80 million

    yuan; Anhui fishery economic loss affected

    by high temperature was as high as 100

    million yuan.

    The influence of watertemperature on fishbehavior and physiology

    Water temperature and fish feedingThe change of environmental tempera-

    ture directly affects the fish feeding and

    growth. When temperature increases within

    the range of optimum temperatures, cor-

    responding metabolism, food intake, growth

    also increases. Both feed intake and feed effi-

    ciency will decrease at temperatures higheror lower than the optimum temperature.

    It is important for aquaculture industry to

    understand the growing temperature to

    optimize feeding management and minimise

    the feed cost.

    The influence of watertemperature on fish immunity

    The change in environmental temperature

    also affects fish immune and metabolism. Qin

    Chuanjie reported that water temperaturemainly affects the antibody secretion and the

    activity of immune active cells and quantity,

    lysozyme activity and complement activation

    pathways and activity. When the environmen-

    tal temperature is higher than physiological

    adaptation range, specific and nonspecific

    immune activity of fish are subdued. However,

    within the optimum temperature range, if one

    of the immune system (one of the specific or

    non-specific immunity) is weakened by a small

    temperature change, some other immune

    systems are usually improved.

    Water temperature andenergy metabolism

    Study on fish energy metabolism analyses

    the quantitative relationship between energy

    balance components and the effect of various

    ecological factors. Cui and Wootton first put

    forward the idea of restricted feeding during

    abnormal temperature to keep the balance

    of each energy component in sunfish. Then

    Xie & Sun and Cui et al. reached a similar

    conclusion in a study with southern catfish

    and grass carp. But Sun Yao found that the

    temperature significantly affects energy bal-

    ance model in black bream, red porgy and

    black Jun. Within the appropriate temperature

    range, feed intake, growth, metabolism and

    excretion rate showed a trend of slow growth

    with increasing temperature. That is to say,

    under the condition of ad libitum feeding,

    fish energy distribution pattern is still affected

    by temperature. Because of differences in

    adaptive mechanisms among various groups

    of fish species it is important to establish the

    energy budget for individual species to be ableto determine the energy required for basal

    metabolism and for other metabolic activities

    at various temperatures.

    Temperature is an important factor of

    affecting basal or resting metabolism, which

    is mainly the amount of energy required to

    maintain homeostasis when inactive. Within

    the appropriate temperature range, respi-

    ration and oxygen consumption increases

    with the increase of environmental tempera-ture [12].In this case, with the temperature

    increasing, metabolism, enzyme activity, basic

    metabolism of fish will increase causing higher

    energy requirement for basal metabolism. On

    the other hand, as the water temperature

    exceeds the optimum range, oxygen con-

    sumption rate will drop down decreases with

    the rise of temperature. It happens because

    of decreasing metabolic requirement because

    of reduced enzyme activity, degeneration or

    Planning water temperature and stress control through aquatic feedsby Ruijian Sun, Haifeng Mi, Lu Zhang, Wugang Wang,Yuanhong,wen, Chuny Xue Technology center oftongwei Co., LTD Chengdu, 610041

    004 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish farming Technology

    FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

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    means would be highly beneficial to the farm-

    ing industry. Hence, nutritional regulations

    with appropriate dietary supplements such as

    energy-yielding or anti-stress substances can

    improve fish immunity and anti-stress activity,

    and may well result in reduction of the loss of

    productivity due to heat stress.

    Nutrition regulation under highwater temperature condition

    Many published studies have discussed fish

    physiological responses under high tempera-

    ture but few researches elucidated nutritional

    regulation to reduce the effect. Fish shows

    lower growth and higher protein turnover rate

    during heat stress. An increase in dietary pro-

    tein to energy ratio might meet the increased

    need of proteins. Glencross et al. (2010)

    reported that increased dietary protein to

    energy ratio of barramundi (Lates calcarifer)

    provided significant benefits in terms of reduc-

    ing the impact of growth retardation under

    heat stress. However, it was not observedin Atlantic salmon that can be related to the

    narrow range of dietary protein to energy

    ratio. In Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus),

    Caroline et al. (2012) reported decreased

    synthetic rate and concentration of blood

    cell, reduced the activity to transport oxygen,

    under heat stress affecting fish health. The

    authors showed that dietary supplementation

    of vitamin B6 could enhance blood cell syn-

    thesis resulting in better growth performance.

    Nutritional regulation atlow temperature stressThe membrane fluidity is decided by the

    fatty acid composition in membrane lipid and

    usually decreased during low temperature.

    Earlier studies showed that the unsaturated

    fatty acid concentration in cell membrane

    is positively correlated to the cold stress

    resistance capacity in fish-

    -. Thus, increasing the

    dietary poly-unsaturated

    fatty acids, especially the

    n-3 unsaturated fatty

    acids, can improve the

    cold stress resistance

    capacity in fish.

    An increase in dietary

    tryptophan, methio-

    nine and tyrosine can

    also improve cold-stress

    resistance during winter.

    Tyrosine is the precursor

    of catecholamine, which

    is the precursor of nor-

    epinephrine (NA) and

    adrenaline (Adr). Both NAand Adr can regulate the

    metabolic balance helping

    fish to adapt to the stress.

    The supplementation of

    tyrosine increases the cold

    resistance capacity of fish by improving the

    biosynthesis of catecholamine.

    On the other hand, tryptophan, a pre-

    cursor of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) that

    regulates secretion of some hormones, can

    improve fishs cold stress resistance capacity

    by regulating feed intake. Methionine, as the

    methyl donor, is involved in the methylation

    process of hormones, nucleic acids and neu-

    rotransmitters. Cheng et al. [32] showed that

    the lack of methionine may lower fishs cold

    resistance capacity.

    The supplementation of dietary vitamin

    E and vitamin C under cold stress has also

    shown to eradicate the peroxide and the over

    all concentration of free radicals, which can

    improve immunity and maintain physiological

    homeostasis. Pitaksong et al. reported that the

    supplementation of vitamin E and vitamin C in

    diet improves growth performance of catfish

    under cold stress and enhance its physiological

    and immunity conditions.

    The supplementation of dietary mineralsis also good for fish to resist the cold stress.

    Minerals such as Zn and Fe in combination

    with the antioxidants, can erase the peroxide

    in fish. The supplementation of dietary Zn

    can increase cold resistance by keeping the

    mitochondrial membrane balance in fish under

    cold-stress [34]. Where as, supplementation

    of Fe may improve respiratory enzyme activity

    and prevent anemia. However, higher supple-

    mentation of minerals in fish feed than the safe

    amount may become toxic and do more harm

    than good.

    Recently, researches indicated the capacity

    of some Chinese herbs to improve immune

    response in fish. The natural components

    of Chinese herbs, such as flavonoids and

    curcumin, can serve as antioxidants enhanc-

    ing the antioxidative activities in fish. Thus,

    the supplementation of Chinese herbal can

    increase the immune function and cold resist-

    ance capacity of fish.

    Moreover, high dietary protein or energy

    may help fish to resist the cold stress. Kevin

    reported showed higher growth performance

    and feed efficiency under cold stress in Asian

    sea bass (Lates calcarifer) fed high energy

    diets compared to those fed the low energy

    diets. On the other hand, Qiang et al found

    that tilapia fed with high protein feed showed

    high glucose, cholesterol, total protein and

    triglyceride levels in their serum, which can

    supply energy during cold stress.

    Commercial Tilapia feed adjustmentprogram in Guangdong

    Tilapia is a popular food fish cultured

    mainly in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan.

    They are omnivores and well adapted to

    hypoxia, while they are intolerant to low or

    high temperature. The optimal temperature

    for tilapia growth varied between 22 and 32

    . Their feed intake halts at temperaturebelow 15 , and usually dies at temperature

    below 10. Based on the research findings,

    we made a feed adjustment program for

    tilapia according to annual water tempera-

    ture profile in Guangdong. The performance

    of tilapia fed following the program seems

    encouraging (Table 1).

    ConclusionClimatic condition is complex and tem-

    perature change is acute in china, inducing

    huge losses to the aquaculture industry.In order to get better value for money in

    aquaculture, enhanced resistance to the

    stress from temperature fluctuation beyond

    the optimum range becomes very impor-

    tant. Therefore, in addit ion to improving

    the qual ity of fish fry, the strengthen-

    ing of research to enhance the resistance

    to temperature stress

    regulated by nutritional

    means is necessary.

    We reviewed the

    effects of temperature on

    fish, nutritional regulation

    of temperature stress and

    developed a successful

    feed-management solu-

    tion for tilapia under such

    stresses. We hope the

    study can provide refer-

    ence for improving the

    accuracy of dietary nutri-

    ents, developing cost-

    effective functional feed,

    thereby reducing damage

    to the farming industrycaused by temperature

    stress.

    ReferencesAvailable on request

    Table 1: Tilapia feed adjustment program in Guangdong

    MonthsTemperatureconditions

    Affects Feed adjustment plans

    Dec - Feb

    Lowtemperature,some days

    below 15

    Feed intake islow and growth

    is slow

    Increase the proportion of protein tomaintain the growth and health; keepthe lipid level to prevent shedding

    weight and resistant to low temperaturestress; energy feed was not effectivein this period, phosphorus can be setlower.

    Mar - May

    Watertemperature

    increased andcan reach 25

    Increased feedintake &fishrecovered

    Keep the protein stable, increaselipid level and add vitamin andimmunopotentiator

    Jun - SepWater

    temperaturereached 30

    Much high feedintake, active

    metabolism andrapid growth

    Increase the proportion of proteinand lipid, supply enough vitamin and

    mineral and ensure the health of liverand intestine

    Oct - Nov

    Watertemperaturedecreased to

    25

    Feed intakewas large

    Increase the proportion of proteinand lipid, reduce additives for health,add additives for lipid absorption likecholine.

    006 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | Fish farming Technology

    FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

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    FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

    Extruder OEE for the Production of Fish FeedExtruder OEE for the Production of Fish Feed

    AMANDUS KAHL GmbH & Co. KG, Dieselstrasse 5-9, D-21465 Reinbek / Hamburg,

    Phone: +49 40 727 71 0, Fax: +49 40 727 71 100, [email protected] www.akahl.de

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    EdicinEspaola

    Get 6editions of International Aquafeed magazine, and a copy of the International Aquafeed Directory

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    Understanding ammonia

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    They are what they eatEnhancing thenutritional value of livefeeds

    with microalgae

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    Ultraviolet

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    Niacin one of the keyB v itaminsfor sustaining

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    Transformingaquaculture

    production using

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    processed animal proteins in European aquafeeds

    Towardsaquafeeds with

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    Bioenergetics application in aquaculturenutrition

    VOLUME 16 ISSUE 2 2013 - MARCH | APRIL

    INCOR POR AT ING

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