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CONSTRUCTION AND
MATERIALS
FINISHES
CEILINGS
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CEILINGS Ceilings can be classified into three
groups based on how they are attached tothe structure.
They can be suspended from thestructure,
Attached directly to the structure,
The structure and the finish ceiling can besame component.
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CEILINGS (cont.) Residential construction:
Gypsum wallboard placed directly on the floorjoists or ceiling joists with mechanicalattachment using screws or nails.
Commercial construction:
The ceiling is a wire suspended system
supporting a finished surface of acoustical tilegypsum wallboard, or other decorativematerial.
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CEILINGS (cont.) Suspended ceiling provides a flat ceiling
surface for partition attachment, lights, andacoustical treatment and allows the spaceabove the ceiling, called the plenum, to beused for mechanical systems, wiring, andother services.
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Suspended Acoustical Ceilings These ceilings are the most common type
for commercial construction. They consist of thin panels of wood fiber,
mineral fiber, or glass fiber set in a supportgrid of metal framing that is suspended bywires from the structure.
The tiles are perforated or fissured invarious ways to absorb sound.
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Suspended Acoustical Ceilings
(cont.)
The advantages of suspended acoustical
ceilings include low cost, fast installation,sound control, flexibility, adaptability tolighting and mechanical services, andeasy accessibility to the plenum.
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Suspended Acoustical Ceilings
(cont.) Acoustical ceiling components:
Acoustical ceiling tiles and the metal supporting gridare available in a variety of sizes and configurations.
The most common type is the lay-in system in which
panels are simply laid on top of an exposed T-shaped grid system (See Figure 2.2(a)).
A variation of this is the tegular system that usespanels with rabbeted edges, as shown in Figure 2.2
(b).
Systems are also available in which the grid iscompletely concealed. Figure 2.2(c).
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Suspended Acoustical Ceilings
(cont.)
Beveled-edged tiles are better than
square-edged tiles because the slightbevel helps prevent edge chipping andconceals minor misalignments betweentiles.
Whichever system is used, the tile at the
perimeter walls is supported by a ceilingangle.
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Suspended Acoustical Ceilings
(cont.)
Manufacturers offer many types of grid
shapes and sizes. Some of these areshown in Figure 2.3. See catalogs fordimensions.
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Suspended Acoustical Ceilings
(cont.)
Standard ceiling assemblies:
Suspended acoustical ceilings are installed byattaching hanger wires to the structural flooror roof and using these wires to support
lengths of the grid system spaced 1.20 m. oncenter.
Cross tees are then snapped into prepunched
holes in the main runners every 60 cm.
Figure 2.5.
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Suspended Acoustical Ceilings
(cont.)
Because acoustical ceilings cannot stop
sound from passing through them, plenumsound barriers are required abovepartitions that extend from the floor to theunderside of the suspended ceiling whenacoustical privacy is needed.
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Suspended Acoustical Ceilings
(cont.)
The easiest and least expensive way is to
lay fire-rated sound attenuation insulationon top of the ceiling tile for a distance ofabout 1.20 m. On either side of thepartition line, as shown in Figure 2.6.
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Coordination Because ceilings serve so many purposes in
todays construction in addition to acousticalcontrol, there are many elements that must be
coordinated with the selection and detailing of
ceiling system. These elements can include recessed lights,
duct work, sprinkler piping, fire alarm speakers,
smoke detectors, and other recessed items.
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Surface Mounted Items All the mechanical, electrical, and
architectural items that must be mountedon the ceiling should be considered.
They must be located consistent with the
design plan, while satisfying the limitationsand of functions and code requirements.
Light fixtures, HVAC air grilles and
registers, speakers, smoke detectors,sprinkler heads, fire alarms and signs.
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Recessed Lights The space above suspended ceiling is
packed with ducts, conduit, and piping. It must be verified that there is sufficient
clearance for recessed lights, andspecified design features.
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Access If there is a great deal of mechanical
equipment, valves, electrical junctionboxes, and other items requiring access, aceiling system must be selected that is
easy to open up and return into placewithout damage.
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Remodeling Work In remodeling work, painting existing
acoustical tiles is sometimes seen aseconomical way to refinish ceilings.
However, painting may destroy theacoustical value of the tiles.
Instead, replacing or cleaning the tiles
should be considered.
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Heavy Loads When partitions extend only to the suspended
ceiling, additional bracing may be required forheavy loads suspended on the partition, such asbookcases.
Additional bracing will prevent wall shake from
heavy doors being closed and can be used forearthquake bracing.
Bracing may consist of diagonal studs screwed
through the ceiling into the top runner of thepartition and secured to the structural floorabove.
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Gypsum Wallboard Ceilings When wallboard is attached directly to
structural framing, such as joists, the onlyother components to the assembly arefasteners tape, and joint compound.
Screws are almost always used for bothceiling and partition construction because
they are faster and easier to install and donot pull out of the framing.
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G W llb d C ili ( )
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Gypsum Wallboard Ceilings (cont.)
For residential construction, wallboard is
screwed directly to the ceiling joists. Although gypsum wallboard ceilings in
commercial construction provide a
smooth, uninterrupted finished ceiling,they lack the easy accessibility of
suspended acoustical ceilings.
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G W llb d C ili ( t )
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Gypsum Wallboard Ceilings (cont.)
Because of this, where access to valves,
junction boxes, fire dampers, or otherequipment or services is required, accesspanels must be installed in the ceiling.
These are prefabricated steel units with ahinged door that allow the wallboard to be
framed into them.
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Gypsum Wallboard Ceilings (cont.)
In addition to a flat ceiling, gypsum
wallboard can be formed into nearly anyconfiguration.
Stepped, sloped, coffered, vaulted, and
arched ceilings are all possible usingvarious combinations of suspended
framing and studs to form the basic shape.
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Gypsum Wallboard Ceilings (cont.)
When acoustical control is required in
residential construction, resilient channelsare attached to the joists and soundattenuation insulation placed between
joists. For sloped, vaulted, or arched ceilings, itmust be verified that there is no
interference from duct work, piping, orother obstructions.
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Plaster Ceilings Lath and plaster ceilings are constructed
similarly to lath and plaster partitions. Like their partition counterparts, lath and
plaster ceilings cost more than gypsum
wallboard ceilings and are more difficult toconstruct.
However they can easily be curved to formcomplex shapes.
Decorative Suspended Ceilings
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Decorative Suspended Ceilings
Many other types of decorative suspended
ceilings are available. They are all suspended with either wiresor threaded rods anchored to the structure
above. The visible, finished portion of the ceiling
can be vertical metal baffles, wood strips,
mirrored panels, open grids of aluminumor wood, or other proprietary systems.
Integrated Ceilings
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Integrated Ceilings
Integrated ceilings are suspended ceiling
systems specifically designed toaccommodate acoustical ceiling tile, lightfixtures, supply and return air grilles, fire
sprinklers, and partition attachment in aconsistent, unified way.
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