Finale Complete)

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CHAPTER 1:

1.1 Introduction

Poverty is the lack of basic human needs, such as clean water, nutrition, health

care, education, clothing and shelter, because of the inability to afford them. Pete Alcock

defines poverty in his book Understanding Poverty as “Poverty means going short

materially, socially and emotionally. It means spending less on food, on heating and on

clothing than someone on an average.” So poverty is condition where people's basic

needs for food, clothing, and shelter are not being met. Poverty is generally of two types:

Absolute poverty and Relative poverty. Poverty is also categorized as Primary and

secondary poverty.

In Pakistan, poverty is not mainly due to lack of resources rather management of

given resources. Pakistan is a poor country. Its economy is facing fluctuations now a day.

At the time of independence Pakistan has very low resources and capital, so the processes

of progress were very slow. Unfortunately the politicians of Pakistan were all not well

aware of modern global system and the progress processes and the needs of country. Due

to bad policies today Pakistan is facing a lot of problems. The continuous failure of

policies leads the people of country to miserable conditions. The major problem in the

country is poverty which is becoming the cause of crime and social order.

Poverty in Pakistan is a major economic issue. Nearly one-quarter of the

population is classified poor as of October 2006. The declining trend on poverty in the

country seen during the 1970s and 1980s was reversed in the 1990s by poor Federal

policies and rampant corruption. For many people in developing countries, poverty

means difficulty in living, as well as lack of basic services in health and education. In

Pakistan lack of access to credit, training to income generating activities, basic social

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services and infrastructure are the critical factors behind the persistence of substation

poverty. Poverty is widely spread in Pakistan and is pre dominating the rural

phenomenon. Poverty has many faces, changing from place to place and across time, and

has been described in many ways. Most often, poverty is a situation people want to

escape. So poverty is a call to action for the poor and the wealthy alike.

Dr. M. Sultan Shah (2007:10) describes poverty alleviation is the strategy to

lessen the poverty. Two main focuses of poverty alleviation should be;

1. To provide minimum living standard for people who otherwise would live below

the minimum.

2. To provide the opportunity for those currently living poverty to move out of

poverty and at the same time to provide the opportunity for those currently not

living in poverty to remain above the poverty level.

Dr. M. Sultan Shah (2007:7) quotes Shaykh Yusuf al-Qaradawi to define ‘poor’ in

light of Islamic perspective, who has summarized those who deserve Zakah from Fuqarah

and Masakin in three categories;

1. One who has no property and no source of income

2. One who has some property or income but it is less than half of his needs.

3. One who has some property or income which covers half of his needs but does

not met all his needs.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

This study focused on

“The Punjab University Management Students’ awareness of poverty alleviation”

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1.3 Significance of the Study

Management of resources is crucial to run a system in smooth way. In Pakistan,

the system is suffering due to poor management. This poor management is not only the

reason behind poverty but also dangerous to whole system. In this study, we will try to

find out the relation between both. This study is concerned with management students

because they have an important role in future administration and management of system.

Pakistan land is full of natural resources which need to be explored and managed

properly to eradicate poverty.

We focused on the Punjab University Management Students’ awareness of

poverty alleviation. As University of the Punjab is one of the largest universities in

Pakistan and its students have an important role in excelling country’s business and

economic growth. So the students’ awareness with current problems decides their future

path.

1.4 Objectives of the study

To study what Punjab university management students do think that what is

poverty and what are the reasons of poverty?

To study the role of management study programs in awakening awareness of

poverty alleviation.

To study the management students opinion about the actions of government for

the alleviation of poverty.

To build a sound knowledge base to develop a frame-work on poverty alleviation.

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1.5 The Methodology

The methodology is used for the purpose of the study, is given below.

1.5.1 Research Design

The researcher followed descriptive research design for the study.

1.5.2 Population

The University of the Punjab, Lahore comprises of 13 Faculties and

approximately 75 departments. As this study is concerned with business and management

students so our population was following departments.

Hailey College of banking and Finance

Hailey college o Commerce

Institute of Business Administration

Institute of Administrative Sciences

Department of Economics

Institute of Business and Information Technology

1.5.3 Sample

By using convenient sampling method researcher developed a sample of 120

students from population of six departments of Punjab University.

1.5.4 Sampling Technique

The researcher used convenient sampling technique.

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1.5.5 Instrument of Data Collection

The information was collected directly from management students in Punjab

University through questionnaire.

1.5.6 Data Analysis

Data was explained in the form of graphs and percentage.

1.6 Research Questions:

What are the opinions of PU management students about poverty?

What are the causes of poverty in view of PU management students?

What are the sources of awakening awareness of poverty in students?

The PU management students’ knowledge of Govt. policies about poverty

alleviation

Are management courses helpful in developing awareness of poverty alleviation?

1.7 Limitations of the Study

The study and the research were limited to Punjab university business and

management students.

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1.8 Definitions of Key Terms

1.8.1 Poverty:

Poverty is the state of not having enough money to take care of basic needs such

as food, clothing, and housing.

1.8.2 Alleviation:

Alleviation is to make something such as pain or hardship more bearable or less

severe.

1.8.3 Awareness:

Awareness is having knowledge of something from having observed it or been

told about it.

1.8.4 Absolute poverty:

It is claimed to be an objective, even a scientific definition and it is based on

the notion of subsistence. Subsistence is the minimum needed to sustain life, and so being

below subsistence level is to be experiencing absolute poverty because one does not have

enough to live on.

1.8.5 Relative poverty:

This is more subjective or social standard in that it explicitly recognizes that some

elements of judgment is involved in determining poverty levels. Judgment is required

because a relative definition of poverty is based on a comparison between the standard of

living of the poor and the standard of living of other members of society who are not

poor, usually involving some measures of the average standard of the whole society in

which poverty is being studied.

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1.8.6 Primary poverty:

Primary poverty referred to those who did not have access to the resources to

meet their subsistence needs.

1.8.7 Secondary poverty:

It refers to those who seemingly did have the resources but were still unable to

raise themselves above the subsistence level.

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CHAPTER 2:

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The purpose of this chapter is to review the empirical literature related to the

present study. A view of the relevant literature helps the researcher to have a better

understanding of the problem. In this chapter an attempt has been made to provide such

studies which are relevant to the present research.

2.1 What is Poverty?

Poverty is hunger. Poverty is lack of shelter. Poverty is not having access to

school and not knowing how to read. Poverty is not having a job, is fear for the future,

living one day at a time. Poverty is losing a child to illness brought about by unclean

water.

Dr. M. Sultan Shah (2007:10) defines the word poverty alleviation through its

origin. He express the word poverty is derived from Latin “pauper” meaning “a very poor

person”. Pauperism is the state or condition of utter poverty. Poverty is deprivation of

basic needs. Alleviation is a noun having meanings to make easier to endure; lessen to

mitigate.

Pete Alcock (1997:3) defines poverty as; “Poverty means going short materially,

socially and emotionally. It means spending less on food, on heating, and on clothing

than someone on an average”

The European Commission‘s definition of poverty, adopted in 1984 is;

“The poor shall be taken to mean persons, families and groups of persons whose

resources (material, cultural and social) are so limited as to exclude them from the

minimum acceptable way of life in the member state in which they live”

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2.2 Poverty: A Worldwide Problem

Poverty is not a single country problem. It is prevailing through the world. Many

researches have been conducted to study and counter this problem. Pakistan Economic

Survey (2010-11) describes the World Bank's (2011) estimate that 44 million people in

developing countries have been pushed into extreme poverty due to higher prices of corn,

wheat, and oil. ADB study estimates of 25 Asian developing countries reflect the impact

of higher food prices on those clustered around the poverty threshold of $1.25-a-day

poverty line. The impact on the incidence of poverty or headcount ratio was not able to

capture the full impact of fall in living standards of those already living below the

poverty line. In this respect, the “poverty gap ratio”—the product of headcount ratio and

the income gap from the poverty line—is a better tool for capturing the impact.

There are many financial institutions and regulatory bodies that are playing an

important role in alleviation of poverty in world like Worldbank and IMF. These bodies

provide guideline to developing countries that how these countries can up bring the status

of lay man

William Easterly (Dec 2000) highlights the effects of IMF and World Bank

program on poverty. The results in this paper are suggestive that IMF and World Bank

adjustment lending provides a smoothing of consumption for the poor, lowering the rise

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in poverty for a given contraction, but also lowering the fall in poverty for a given

expansion. Adjustment lending seems to play a similar role to inequality, in lowering the

sensitivity of poverty to the aggregate growth rate of the economy. The lower sensitivity

of poverty to growth under adjustment lending is bad news during expansions and good

news during contractions.

If we think of the normal steady state of the economy as being one of positive

growth, then adjustment lending is bad news for the growing economy; it means the poor

share less in the expansion of the economy. One might think that adjustment lending

happens only during non-steady-state output crises, but adjustment lending has been so

continuous for some economies, it is hard to speak of it as purely a transitional

phenomenon.

The question not fully resolved in this paper is: why does structural adjustment

reduce the sensitivity of poverty to growth? Although there is evidence that adjustment

lending alters the cycle for some policy variables, there is no evidence that these

alterations effect poverty. He speculate that the poor may be ill-placed to take advantage

of new opportunities created by structural adjustment reforms, just as they may suffer less

from the loss of old opportunities in sectors that were artificially protected prior to

reforms.

Foreign direct investment plays crucial role in the development of a country

which create more job opportunities, rise in reserves, industrialization, positive balance of

payment, GDP and GNP growth of a developing country

Michael Klein, Carl Aaron, and Bita Hadjimichael (2000) studied the relation

between Foreign Direct Investment (FDIs) and poverty alleviation. FDI is a key

ingredient for successful economic growth in developing countries. This is because the

very essence of economic development is the rapid and efficient transfer and adoption of

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“best practice” across borders. FDI is particularly well suited to affect this and translate it

into broad-based growth, not least by upgrading human capital. As growth is the single-

most important factor affecting poverty reduction, FDI is central to achieving that goal.

The key alternative approaches that might direct more of the fruits of growth to

the poor are government-led programs that improve social safety nets and explicitly

redistribute assets and income. But these are not alternatives to sensible growth-oriented

policies. They are complements. Growth is needed to fund these programs. Moreover, the

delivery of social services to the poor – from insurance schemes to access to basic

services such as water and energy – can clearly benefit from reliance on foreign

investors. However we may look at it – among the tools available – FDI remains among

the most effective ones in the fight against poverty.

In a nutshell, this paper argues that FDI is a key ingredient for successful

economic growth in developing countries. This is because the very essence of economic

development is the rapid and efficient transfer and adoption of “best practice” across

borders. FDI is particularly well suited to affect this and translate it into broad-based

growth, not least by upgrading human capital. As growth is the single most important

factor affecting poverty reduction, FDI is central to achieving that goal.

There are some other factors which have positive impact on a country growth

such as decentralization which improve the living standard of the poor, many doors are

opened for a lay man so that he might be able to use his potentials and credential in

development of a country which lead to poverty alleviation.

Johannes Jütting, Céline Kauffmann, Ida Mc Donnell (2004) describes the

relation of Decentralization and Poverty alleviation. In Developing Countries

Decentralization can lead to an increase in efficiency. Central state authorities usually

lack the “time and place knowledge” (Hayek, cited in Ostrom et al., 1993) to implement

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policies and programs that reflect people’s ‘real’ needs and preferences. If properly

managed, decentralization is seen as a way to improve allocative efficiency (Musgrave,

1983; Oates 1972).

Decentralization can lead to improved governance. Decentralization enhances

accountability and monitoring of government officials and decision makers. Unchecked

authority and inadequate incentives encourage “rent-seeking behaviour” by government

officials. Decentralization undermines these opportunities by creating institutional

arrangements that formalize the relationship between citizens and public servants.

Political decentralization, especially the election of local officials by citizens, when

accompanied by a strong legal framework, can create local accountability and thereby

foster officials’ legitimacy, bolstering citizen involvement and interest in politics, and

deepening the democratic nature of institutions (Blair, 2000; Crook and Manor, 1998;

Manor; 1999).

An overall conclusion emerging from this study is that donors wishing to promote

a pro-poor decentralization process should differentiate between two types of countries,

namely those countries that fulfill basic criteria in terms of country background and

process implementation and those that do not. In the former category, donors can play a

vital role in fine-tuning policies and reinforcing the link between decentralization and

poverty. This could include: — providing financial resources through SWAPs and

coordinated budget support; — emphasizing and increasing ownership; and helping to

design and establish channels of communication and participation between central

authorities, local communities and civil society.

Inequality also disturbs the human life which causes of poverty, brutality, plunder,

disturbance, cleavages and disintegration.

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Francisco H.G. Ferreira, Martin Ravallion (May 2008) member of the World

Bank Research Group Poverty team, worked on Global Poverty and Inequality. Drawing

on a compilation of data from household surveys representing 130 countries, many over a

period of 25 years, this paper reviews the evidence on levels and recent trends in global

poverty and income inequality. It documents the negative correlations between both

poverty and inequality indices, on the one hand, and mean income per capita on the other.

It points to the dominant role of Asia in accounting for the bulk of the world’s poverty

reduction since 1981.

The evolution of global inequality in the last decades is also described, with

special emphasis on the different trends of inequality within and between countries. The

statistical relationships between growth, inequality and poverty are discussed, as is the

correlation between inequality and the growth elasticity of poverty reduction. Some of

the recent literature on the drivers of distributional change in developing countries is also

reviewed.

2.3 Poverty in Pakistan:

Pakistan is a developing country with fragile economic growth and struggling in

many areas. There are certain factors which discriminate third world countries from

developed nations such as low literacy rate, high population rate, budget deficit and brain

drain. Gallup 2011 drew the picture of poverty in Pakistan and conducted a survey to

people.

Gallup (2011): According to a Gillani Research Foundation survey carried out by

Gallup Pakistan, 77% of all Pakistanis are of the opinion that poverty has increased in our

country. Furthermore nearly half of all Pakistanis (47%) believe that the trend of helping

the poor has decreased. It should be noted that this survey captured perceptions which

may or may not match with realities.

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In a survey, a nationally representative sample of men and women from across the

country were asked the following question:” In your opinion has poverty increased or

decreased in the last ten years in Pakistan. Here poverty refers to those people who

cannot afford two meals a day or have a shelter?” Seventy seven percent (77%) believed

that poverty has increased in Pakistan in the past one decade, 12% said it has remained

the same while 11% were of the opinion that it has decreased.

Furthermore forty seven percent (47%) were of the opinion that the trend of

helping the poor has decreased, 28% said it has remained the same while 24% stated it

has increased. 1% gave no response.

According to the Human Development Report on South Asia, 2003:

While less than one-third of Pakistan’s people are income poor, nearly one half

suffer from serious deprivation of several opportunities of life.

Nearly two-third of the total adult population (and as much as three-fourths of the

adult female population) can’t read or write.

Access to basic services like primary health care and safe drinking water is denied

to nearly half of the population. About 38 % of the children under five are

malnourished.

The poverty in Pakistan has increased from 21% in 1990-91 to 35% in 1998-99.

The number of poor as per government criteria, increasing at the rate of nearly 6

million per year now touches almost 58 million.

Pakistan’s economy used to derive great benefit from expatriate labour abroad,

especially the Gulf countries. This was traditionally unskilled labour engaged in

the construction boom of the post-1973 oil price hike shock. However, the

opportunities for unskilled labour in Arab countries have been reducing due to the

economic changes taking place there.

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The number of Pakistani expatriates in the Gulf countries now however around

one million (compared to nearly 3.8 million Indians). The result has been

reducing remittances declining from over $2.5 billion in early 1980s to around

$800 million by the end of the ’90s.

Pakistan’s labour force is growing at the rate of 2.4%, and the unemployment rate

is growing at an alarming rate of 6% per annum in the last five years.

Coupled with the decline in jobs abroad, the economy’s capacity to generate

employment opportunities has been decreasing, which can be figured out from the

low growth rates. With the high rate of population growth, the figure for

unemployed Pakistanis are likely to go up further.

There is a mismatch in Pakistan in the supply and demand for skills. It’s basically

education levels in a country that creates employment skills; studies indicate that

Pakistan’s literacy rate is one of the lowest in the world and is worse the countries

which have per capita GNP equal to or close to Pakistan.

Less than three-quarters of its school-age population attends primary school.

Expenditure on education as a percentage of GNP has been less than 3 % in the

last decade.

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World Bank country report 2009 on Pakistan shows following figures;

Population, mid-year (millions) 2009169.7

Population growth rate (%) - 2.2

Labor force (%) - 3.8

Urban population (% of total population) -37

Life expectancy at birth (years) - 67

Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) - 71

Access to an improved water source (% of

population)- 90

Literacy (% of population age 15+) - 54

Gross primary enrollment (% of school-age

population)- 85

Male - 93

Female - 77

Pakistan poverty headcount ratio (% of total

population)2006 22.3

Some revolutionary steps must be taken to alleviate poverty in rural and urban

areas such as growth in the agricultural sector, and improve non-farm employment

opportunities would reduce chronic poverty

Hari Ram Lohano (2009) studied chronic poverty dynamics in rural Sindh, Pakistan.

The paper focuses on poverty dynamics and their determinants, using panel survey data

for rural Sindh, Pakistan. Households interviewed by the International Food Policy

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Research Institute (IFPRI) during 1986–91, were resurveyed in 2004–05 with minimal

attrition. The incidence of poverty increased sharply over this time, as the percentage of

households entering poverty was nearly three times higher than the percentage of

households escaping into poverty.

Over a quarter of panel households were also found to be chronically poor, even

though income growth was higher for the poor than for the non-poor households during

the period between the two surveys. Newly formed households had lower income and

assets than ‘core’ panel households, primary due to life cycle effects. Declining land and

asset ownerships among the chronically and descending poor was driven by a

combination of agricultural and other shocks, along with a decline in non-farm

employment.

The few households who escaped poverty did so through crop diversification,

investing in education and non-farm employment. This suggests that policies to mitigate

shocks in farming, enhance sustainable growth in the agricultural sector, and improve

non-farm employment opportunities would reduce chronic poverty, prevent descent into

poverty, and allow escape from poverty in the future.

2.4 Causes of Poverty in Pakistan:

Gradual increase in food and energy price causes poverty in Pakistan. These

should be under consideration to alleviate poverty in the country.

Theresa Thompson Chaudhry and Azam Amjad Chaudhry (2008) studied the

effects of rising food and fuel costs on poverty in Pakistan. The dramatic increase in

international food and fuel prices in recent times is a crucial issue for developing

countries and the most vulnerable to these price shocks are the poorest segments of

society. In countries like Pakistan, the discussion has focused on the impact of

substantially higher food and fuel prices on poverty.

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This paper used PSLM (Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement

Survey) and MICS (Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys) household level data to analyze

the impact of higher food and energy prices on the poverty head count and the poverty

gap ratio in Pakistan. Simulated food and energy price shocks present some important

results: First, the impact of food price increases on Pakistani poverty levels is

substantially greater than the impact of energy price increases.

Second, the impact of food price inflation on Pakistani poverty levels is

significantly higher for rural populations as compared to urban populations. Finally, food

price inflation can lead to significant increases in Pakistani poverty levels: For Pakistan

as a whole, a 20% increase in food prices would lead to an 8% increase in the poverty

head count.

The results obtained from the simulated food and energy price shocks are both

important for academics interested in the effect of inflation on poverty and for

policymakers interested in designing measures aimed at reducing the impact of price

shocks on the poor.

First, the results show that both food price shocks and energy price shocks cause

higher levels of poverty, though the analysis implies a greater short run impact for food

price shocks (assuming that food and energy price shocks are of equal magnitude). Thus

policymakers designing measures to help the poor in terms of turbulent prices should

focus first on controlling food price shocks and then on controlling energy price shocks,

though it must be noted that large energy price shocks have a greater impact than small

food price shocks.

Second, the results show that the negative impact of food price shocks falls

disproportionately on the rural poor, as opposed to the urban poor. This means that

policies designed at providing food security should start with the rural poor, though the

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urban poor is also substantially affected and should not be ignored. However, over the

medium to longer term, rural farmers will likely see welfare improvements as the selling

price of their commodities rise.

Third, the negative impact of food price shocks is significant across provinces,

which implies that both provincial and federal policies targeting poverty must address the

issue of food security as soon as possible. As the results above show, a 20% increase in

food prices could lead to a nearly 8 point higher poverty head count across provinces.

There are some attribute which determines the real growth of a country such a

Govt. policies, accountability, education, import and export, law and order situation

prevailing in the country.

Gallup 2009: According to a Gilani Research Foundation survey carried out by

Gallup Pakistan, majority of the Pakistanis do not attribute wealth disparity to hard work,

illegal means or education. More than 40% people believe a person is rich or poor

because he/she was born into a wealthy or poor family. While 28% attribute poverty to

bad luck, less than 20% think the rich are well off because they chose to use illegal

means. Less than 5% think education is a reason why people are rich or poor.

There are many other reasons of poverty prevailing in Pakistan. These include

personal, social and economic as well. Anwar Farooq Rana (2009) classified following

causes of poverty in Pakistan

2.4.1 Government Policies:

Government is not well aware of present conditions of country. The policies of

government are base on the suggestions of officials which do not have awareness about

the problems of a common man. After implementation the policies do not get effective

result. After the failure of one policy, government does not consider its failure and

announces another policy without studying the aftermaths of last one. Heavy taxes and

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unemployment crushes the people and they are forced to live below poverty line. The

suitable medical facilities are not provided to people and they are forced to get treatment

for private clinics which are too costly.

2.4.2 Corruption:

Another cause of poverty is corruption. There are two types of corruption. There

is not morality and every one is trying to earn more and more by using fair and unfair

means. Officials waste their time has low efficiency. Only one relationship that is exists

in society is money. One has to pay a heavy cost to get his right. Law and order

conditions are out of control and institutions are failed to provide justice to a common

man. Justice can be bought by money only. But government is unable to control such

type of things. In this whole scenario some corrupt people has been occupying the

resources and common man is living in miserable conditions.

2.4.3 Division of Agricultural Land:

Pakistan is an agricultural country. Most of people are farmers by profession. One

has land which is fulfilling the needs of his family but he has to divide the land into his

children when they got young. After division the land is not sufficient to support a

family. Now the families of his children are suffering and spending their lives below

poverty line.

2.4.4 Materialism:

In our society social bonding are gradually becomes thinner and thinner. A race of

material object has been started even no one tried to understand the problems of others.

Every one is gradually changing from human to a bioman which only know about his

needs and have no concept about the limitations of others. People are not ready to help

each other. At last every one has lost his trust on others which effect our social and

economic system and it is another cause of poverty.

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2.4.5 Lack of Education:

The literacy rate of Pakistan is very low. Most of people do not have any concept

about the modern earning sources. Most people are unable to adopt technology for their

business needs, that’s why businesses do not meet international standards and results as

decrease in revenue which leads the society to poor financial conditions.

2.4.6 Large Scale Import:

The import of Pakistan is greater than export. Big revenue is consumed in

importing good every year, even raw material has to import for industry. If we decrease

import and establish own supply chains from our country natural resources the people

will have better opportunities to earn.

2.4.7 Law and Order:

There are lot of problems regarding law and order. Terrorist attacks create

uncertainty in stock markets and people earning from stock are getting loss due to which

the whole country faces uncertain increase in commodity prices.

2.4.8 Fluctuated Foreign investment:

Foreign investor comes to local markets. They invest millions of dollars in stock

markets and stock market gets rise in index. Then the investor withdraws his money with

profit and market suddenly collapses. The after math always be faced by poor people.

2.4.9 Privatization:

Government is unable to manage the departments and country has low reserve

assets. So the meet the requirements some companies run by government are sold to

foreign investors. The commodities or services provided by the companies are becoming

costly. For example if government sold a gas plant then prices for gas in country rises.

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2.4.10 Moral Culture:

The main reason for poverty is the social dishonesty and irresponsible behavior of

people. Every one is trying to get rich by using unfair means. A shop keeper is ready to

get whole money from the pocket of customer. People doing jobs are not performing their

duties well. In society the man considered brave or respectful who do not pay taxes or

continuously violate the laws. This irresponsible behavior continuously increases and

produces loss for county.

2.4.11 Impact of Floods on Poverty Situation

There are some catastrophic incidents occurred in Pakistan which Detroit the

economy of Pakistan, and recent flood played havoc the land of small farmers.

Pakistan Economic Survey (2010-11) gives an attention to floods’ impact over the

economy as the main reason.

The floods of 2010 have long-lasting impact on socio-economic development of

the country as nearly 20 million people were impacted by the damages to economic

activity. The floods have caused a significant loss to poverty reduction efforts and would

result in increase in poverty and vulnerability of affected population.

It is now clear that world has become global village in this technological era. By

considering this fact, there should be set of certain interventions by the Government.

Increasing competitiveness is at the heart of the whole process.

Sohail Jehangir Malik (2006) explores the impact of globalization on poverty in

Pakistan. The international evidence suggests strongly that open trade and investment

policies alone are not sufficient for poverty reduction. These have to be accompanied by

a host of other sound policies. Developing countries need to ensure competitiveness of

their enterprises in the global economy. This requires reasonably good investment

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climates in which firms, particularly small domestic firms, can start up, prosper, and

expand.

Good governance—control of corruption, well functioning bureaucracies and

regulation, contract enforcement, and protection of property rights – is an important pre-

condition without which globalization cannot achieve growth and poverty reduction. The

forward and backward linkages of markets within a country and globally (through

transport and telecommunications infrastructure) are essential not just for a good

investment climate but also for including the poor in the processes of growth. Pakistan’s

experience with globalization has not led to significantly increased growth and poverty

reduction.

This study looks at Pakistan’s experience in the light of the international

experience and suggests key strategic steps that are necessary for Pakistan to maximize

its growth and poverty reduction benefits from globalization. The whole process is

predicated on increased efficiency arising out of the international competition. In order

for the fruits of this process to be widely shared the poor have to constantly seek to

improve their skills and human capital. This requires a set of specific interventions by the

Government. Increasing competitiveness is at the heart of the whole process. Competing

in the globalized world requires new institutions and processes. It requires a new

“culture”. In particular, the research requirements in order to stay competitive are

becoming increasingly sophisticated.

The need to build awareness and consensus also requires policy support. The

study identifies the different areas for Government policy support. The study identifies in

particular the need to have in place specific social safety net policies in order to catch the

marginalized because the process by definition produces winners and losers and the

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inability to protect the losers can not only increase the damage from the process but also

shatter national confidence and lead to a reversal towards protectionism.

2.5 Poverty Alleviation Strategies in Pakistan

Increase in Poverty is a major issue of Pakistan, the status of lay man is declining

day by day. Govt. of Pakistan is taking some initiative to alleviate poverty rate in country

and launched some projects such as Benazir Income Support Programme ,Waseela-e-

Haq, Pakistan Bait-ul-Mal (PBM), micro finance schemes.

Pakistan Economic Survey (2010-11) explores the working of Pakistan to

alleviate poverty. Pakistan is commitment to reducing poverty in the medium term was

first reflected in Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) finalized in December 2003

for a period up to 2007-08 and its second phase PRSP-II is under implementation for a

period of three years (2008-09 to 2010-11).

The overall vision of PRSP-II is to steer Pakistan`s economic growth back to the

range of 5-7 percent a year by stimulating growth in the production sector; creating

adequate employment opportunities; improving income distribution; and harnessing the

country`s economic competitiveness through economic liberalization, deregulation and

transparent privatization. The strategy recognizes that to steer Pakistan back on path of

broad-based growth, create jobs, and reduce poverty, a prolonged period of

macroeconomic stability, financial discipline and sound policies is required.

Trade play important role in economy of a country as in case of Pakistan. We

have trade deficit that is a negative sign for a country but matter of fact is that

international trade can play an important role towards growth and ultimately alleviation

of poverty

25

Rana Ejaz Ali Khan (2010) presented paper on Trade Growth and Poverty: A

Case of Pakistan.

It is generally argued that open trade is crucial for economic growth and development.

The economic literature also argues that growth is an important option for reducing

poverty in developing countries. The paper analyzed the causality between the trade,

growth and poverty for Pakistan using annual time series data from 1973-2009.

Granger causality results based on Error-Correction Models have shown that in

the case of Pakistan there exists two way relationship between trade and growth in the

long-run but for the short-run growth enhance the trade. For the growth and poverty,

there exists long-run relation from growth to poverty while for the short-run there exists

no relationship. It may be concluded that international trade can play an important role

towards growth and ultimately alleviation of poverty. From the policy perspective

government should focus on trade.

2.5.1 Tracking of Pro-Poor Expenditures

The Government prioritized the 17 pro-poor sectors through the

Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) from 2008-09 to 2010-

11 in the PRSP-II. The MTEF provides a link between policy priorities

and budget realities. Expenditures incurred in these sectors are in line

with the Fiscal Responsibility and Debt Limitation

Act, 2005 which stipulates that expenditures on social and

poverty related spending would not be less than 4.5 percent of GDP in

any given year and that budgetary allocations for health and education

would double as a percentage of GDP over the next 10 years ending in

2012-13. During 2009 10, total federal and provincial budgetary

expenditures in these sectors amounted to Rs 1110.8 billion

26

representing 7.6 percent of the GDP against the projected target of Rs

660 billion. An amount of Rs.482.6 has been spent on these areas

during July-December 2010 which is 15.8 percent higher than in the

comparable period of last year.

2.5.2 Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP):

The Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) envisages cash grants of Rs 1,000

every month to the females of each qualifying household having a monthly income of

less than Rs 6,000 through banks/post offices with the aim to ameliorate the conditions of

the poorest of the poor by directly accessing them and supplementing their sources of

income.

In the short to medium term BISP will also serve as a platform for complementary

social assistance programs, the main being health insurance for the poor and the

vulnerable. An amount of Rs 15.3 billion was disbursed during 2008-09 while Rs 32

billion was disbursed in 2009-10. An allocation of Rs 50 billion has been kept during the

current financial year for this purpose.

2.5.3 Waseela-e- Haq

This component of BISP was launched in October 2009. A total number of 750

registered beneficiaries of BISP under the current targeting mechanism are selected

through a monthly draw. Each of them are provided with an interest-free loan worth Rs.

0.3 million, repayable in installments over a period of 15 years.

2.5.4 Pakistan Bait-ul-Mal (PBM)

A total of Rs 2,261 million was disbursed in 2009-10 against 3,432 millions in

last 2008-09 (registering a decline by 34 percent in disbursements and increase in

beneficiaries by 82 percent from 1.16 million to 2.11 million). The main reason behind

27

this sharp decline in overall disbursement was the closure of PBM’s Food Support

Program (FSP) in 2009-10 as the FSP was merged in Benazir Income Support Program.

2.5.5 Peoples’ Works Program (PWP) I & II

This program covers implementation of schemes under PWP-I & II entailing

roads, electricity, gas, telephones, education, health, water supply & sanitation and

bulldozer hours. PWP-I & II incurred expenditures of Rs. 3.3 billion and Rs 28 billion in

2008-09 and Rs. 8.4 billion and Rs. 31.8 billion during 2009-10, respectively.

2.5.6 Initiatives in Microfinance

Owing to committed efforts of the government, microcredit demonstrated an

upward trend both in terms of active borrowers, which increased by 11 percent and Gross

Loan Portfolio (GLP), which recorded a growth rate of 23 percent during 2009-10 as

compared to the 2008-09. In terms of savings (both voluntary and compulsory programs),

32 percent growth was recorded compared to the previous fiscal year. As regards

microfinance services, micro insurance grew upward significantly. The number of policy

holders and sum insured increased by 83 percent each during 2009-10 as compared to

2008-09.

2.5.7 Other Initiatives in Microfinance

The State Bank of Pakistan has launched three microfinance initiatives: the

Microfinance Credit Guarantee Facility, the Institutional Strengthening Fund, and

Improving Access to Finance Services Fund. The initiatives are part of the Financial

Inclusion Program, a joint venture between SBP and the UK Department for International

Development. The objective of the three microfinance initiatives is to provide liquidity to

the microfinance providers in response to tighter liquidity conditions and spikes in

inflation.

28

29

2.5.8 Microfinance Credit Guarantee Facility (MCGF):

This facility will provide incentives to banks and development financial

institutions to provide funds to microfinance institutions which will then be used to

provide credit to the MFI’s borrowers. Lenders will lend to the MFIs at the State Bank of

Pakistan policy discount rate plus 2 percent. The incentives include a guarantee on

repayment of 40 percent of the funds provided by banks and DFIs to MFIs. In addition to

the guarantee, banks and DFIs may deduct the funds loaned to MFIs from their demand

and time liabilities when calculating their statutory liquidity and the cash reserve

requirements for regulatory purposes.

2.5.9 Institutional Strengthening Fund (ISF):

The objective of the Institutional Strengthening Fund is to increase the capacity of

MFIs by providing grants for them to make advances in their human resources,

management, governance, internal controls, business development, cost reduction

mechanisms, product innovation, and technology implementation. With good

performance and resubmission of their proposal, MFIs may be recipients of grants several

years in a row. The fund will primarily focus on institutions that are already regulated, or

are in the process of seeking a license, or have solid plans for restructuring in the near

future.

2.5.10 Improving Access to Financial Services (IAFS):

This fund also is designed to enhance the capacity of MFIs with the additional

goal of promoting financial literacy. The fund was established with a USD 20 million

endowment from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) supported Improving Access to

Financial Services Program. In addition to promoting an increase in capacity in many of

the same ways as the ISF, the IAFS places some added focus on increasing capacity in

remittances and Islamic financial services. It will also train government and regulatory

30

authorities on supporting the development of an inclusive financial system enabling

financial services providers to launch financial and basic literacy programs for their

clients.

As far as the monitoring of Poverty Reduction strategy is concerned, the

government has put in place a stringent results-based M&E system through the institution

of a project financed jointly by Ministry of Finance and UNDP called Strengthening

Poverty Reduction Strategy Monitoring Project. The objective is to strengthening

institutional capacities for results based monitoring and evaluation of PRSP at the federal,

provincial and district levels. It may also be noted that the credits/grants received by the

government as budget support are always as result of certain pre-negotiated/agreed policy

parameters linked to disbursement. These parameters are then stringently

measured/monitored both by the donors and the government for successful

implementation.

31

CHAPTER 3:

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

Type of Research: Descriptive Study

Method of the Study: Quantitative Research

Unit of Analysis: individual student

3.2 Population of the Study

The University of the Punjab, Lahore comprises of 13 Faculties and

approximately 75 departments. As this study is concerned with business and management

students so our population was following departments.

Hailey College of banking and Finance

Hailey college o Commerce

Institute of Business Administration

Institute of Administrative Sciences

Department of Economics

Institute of Business and Information Technology

3.3 Sample of the study

By using convenient sampling method researcher developed a sample of 120

students from population of six departments of Punjab University

32

3.4 Tools of Data Collection

Questionnaires

3.5 Data Collection

Data was collected through primary and secondary sources. The source of primary

data was the management student of Punjab University. Researcher filled the

questionnaires to 20 students of each department.

Questionnaires were drafted according to the topic. It consisted of student’s

perception about poverty; their routine activates which enhance their mentality levels,

government role in poverty alleviation, role of international financial institutions in

poverty alleviation in Pakistan and government budget and schemes

The source for secondary data was data source i-e financial data collected from the

books, articles related to poverty, facts and figures of World Bank report and other

governmental and non-governmental institutions.

3.6 Data Analysis & Interpretation

Data collected through questionnaires were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted.

The relevant secondary data collected from various sources were also be used in to check

the authenticity of the results obtained from this study.

33

CHAPTER 4:

DATA ANALYSIS

This part of the chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of data,

collected from the respondents, through questionnaires. Questionnaires ware developed

to find out awareness of Punjab university management students about poverty

alleviation.

The data has been presented in tabular and numerical (percentage) form to explain

the result of this research.

Q .No. 1 Do you read newspaper?

Yes No

Table: 1Newspaper Reading NO. %

Yes 105 88

No 15 12

TOTAL 120 100%

The response to this question shows that 105 (88%) out of 120 students read

newspaper while remaining 15 (12%) says they do not read newspaper

34

Q .No. 2 How many days do you read newspaper in a week?

Regularly

Often

Rarely

Table 2NO. %

Regularly 40 33%

Often 48 40%

Rarely 32 27 %

TOTAL 120 100%

The response to this question shows that 48 students are not regular readers of

newspapers while 32 students rarely read newspaper.

Q .No. 3 Do you watch TV?

Yes No

Table: 3Watching TV NO %

Yes 110 92%

No 10 8%

Total 120 100%

The response to this question shows that A good number of students watch T.V.

The response to this question shows that 110 out of 120 (92%) watch T.V, remaining 8%

do not have such activity.

35

Q .No. 4 In your opinion what is poverty?

Houseless

Unemployment

Low income to consume

Illiteracy

All of the above

Table: 4Poverty NO %

Houseless 4 3%

Unemployment 34 28%

Low income to consume 7 6%

Illiteracy 6 5%

All of the above 69 58%

TOTAL 120 100%

The response to this question shows that The majority (58%) students marked all

of the above in definition of poverty. Only 3% of the sample termed Houseless as

poverty.

Q .No. 5 In your point of view what is the most probable reason of poverty?

Unemployment

illiteracy

Increasing population growth rate

Any other

36

Table: 5NO %

Unemployment 73 60%

Illiteracy 32 27%

Population Growth rate 7 6%

Any other 8 7%

TOTAL 120 100%

The response to this question shows that A large number of students are

concerned about unemployment as 60% (73) students marked the term ‘unemployment’

as the most probable reason of poverty. Only 6% (7) considers the population growth rate

as the main cause of poverty.

Q .No. 6 What should be the most likely action of Government to alleviate

poverty?

Provide jobs

Increasing literacy rate

Control over inflation

Increasing loan schemes

Table: 6 NO. %

Provide jobs 63 53%

Literacy rate 34 27%

Control inflation 14 12%

Loan schemes 9 8%

TOTAL 120 100%

37

The response to this question shows that 53% (63) student think that Govt. should

focus on employment creation to alleviate poverty problem. Only 8% (9) thinks that loan

schemes by Govt. can work to counter this problem.

Q .No. 7 Government is working on poverty alleviation. Are you aware of

Government’s policies of poverty alleviation?

Table: 7Government’s policies awareness NO. %

Yes 61 51 %

No 59 49 %

TOTAL 120 100%

The response to this question shows that majority (51%) are aware of Govt.

policies of poverty alleviation

Q .No. 8 What is the purpose of Govt. scheme of Institutional Strengthening

Fund (ISF)?

Increasing the capacity of Microfinance Institutions

Strengthening Commercial and other development banks

Funding poor families

Other

38

Table: 8Institutional Strengthening Fund NO. %

Increasing the capacity of

Microfinance Institutions

34 28%

Strengthening Commercial and other development banks

19 16 %

Fund poor families 35 29 %

Other 16 13%

No Response 16 13%

TOTAL 120 100%

The response to question shows 29% (35) marked Funding poor families as the

purpose of Govt. scheme of Institutional Strengthening Fund while 13% (16) think that

this scheme is for another purpose.

Q .No. 9 Govt. is providing interest free loan of Rs.3 lakhs under Waseela-e-Haq

program to poor families for the purpose of

Fulfill their basic needs

Start their own income generating schemes

Prosperous living

Table: 9Waseela-e-Haq Program NO %

Fulfill basic needs 26 22%

Income generation scheme 69 58%

Prosperous living 15 13%

Not Response 6 5%

TOTAL 120 100%

39

The response to this question shows the well awareness of students as 58% (69)

think that the purpose of Waseela e Haq program is to start their own Income generation

schemes while only 4% (5) think it is for some other purpose.

Q .No. 10 Benazir Income Support program of Govt. of Pakistan has been

proposed to help

Poor males

Poor Females

Both

Other than individuals

Table: 10NO %

Poor males 2 2

Poor females 41 34

Both 62 52

Others 9 7

Not Response 6 5

TOTAL 120 100%

The response to this question shows that major portion of sample (52%) thinks

that the Benazir Income Support program of Govt. of Pakistan has been proposed for

both genders. Only 2% think it is for poor males only.

40

Q .No. 11 Rank the following poverty alleviation strategies by Govt. that you

think are more effective in poverty alleviation, assigning 1 for the most preferred strategy

and 5 for the least preferred.

Benazir Income Support Program

Waseela-e-Haq Program

People’s Work Program(PWP)

Pakistan Bait-ul-Mal (PBM)

Microfinance Credit Guarantee Facility

Table: 11Govt. Strategies

Ranking

1 2 3 4 5 N/R

Benazir income

support program

26 16 9 22 12

Waseela- e- Haq program

23 24 17 10 11

PWP 6 26 23 18 12

PBM 15 8 25 21 16

Micro finance credit scheme

18 5 12 15 35

TOTAL 35

The response to this question shows that The majority (35) students did not

respond to this question as they were not well aware of all those Govt. schemes. Among

respondents 26 ranked Benazir Income Support Program 1while 35 ranked Microfinance

credit guarantee facility as 5 that is least preferred.

Q .No. 12 Rank the following sources that you think are more effective in

developing awareness of poverty alleviation, assigning 1 for the most preferred source

and 4 for the least preferred.

41

Media

Curriculums

Personal Experiences

Seminars

Table: 12Sources of Awareness Ranking 1st 2nd 3r

d

4th N/R

Media 60 11 26 4

Curriculums 28 24 26 24

Personal experience 9 35 24 33

Seminars 4 31 25 40

TOTAL 19

The response to this question shows that The media has been ranked the main

source of developing awareness as 60 respondents assigned it 1 which is most preferable

while seminars have been least ranked by respondents.

Q .No. 13 S.A A N D.A S.D

In Pakistan, most people are those who work but

cannot earn enough money

45 45 6 8 15

The response to this question shows that The majority (45) respondents are

agree that In Pakistan, most people are those who work but cannot earn enough money

while only 6 respondents have neutral view about it.

Q. No. 14 S.A A N D.A S.D

There are jobs available for anyone who is willing to 1 1 14 43 49

42

work 2

The response to this question shows that Majority are strongly disagree that

There are jobs available for anyone who is willing to work while only 1 among all is

strongly agree to its.

Q .No. 15 S.A A N D.A S.D

No country economically established without reducing

poverty.

49 46 6 5 3

The response to this question shows that The majority students (49)

respondents are strongly agree that No country economically established without

reducing poverty while only 3 respondents are strongly disagree to this situation.

Q. No. 16 S.A A N D.A S.D

Society can be maintained without reducing the

poverty

2 1

6

10 40 51

The response to this question shows that The majority students (51)

respondents think that Society can be maintained without reducing the poverty while 2

among 120 are strongly agree that without poverty society can b maintained.

Q .No. 17 S.A A N D.A S.D

Poverty is the main problem of Pakistan 25 6 22 10 ----

43

1

The response to this question shows that The majority students (61) respondents

are agree that Poverty is the main problem of Pakistan while only 10 persons are disagree

to this statement.

Q .No. 18 S.A A N D.A S.D

Govt. policies are helpful in reduction of poverty 8 1

6

27 52 16

The response to this question shows that Majority (52) respondents are

disagreeing that Govt. policies are helpful in reduction of poverty and only 8 respondents

are strongly agree to it.

Q .No. 19 S.A A N D.A S.D

Allocation of resources in national budget is enough

for reduction of poverty

5 1

2

17 63 21

The response to this question shows that The majority students (63) respondents

are disagreeing that Allocation of resources in national budget is enough for reduction of

poverty while 5 among 120 are strongly agree to this question.

Q .No. 20 S.A A N D.A S.D

44

Government scheme of Microfinance Credit

Guarantee for Micro Finance (MFI’s) will help in

providing more credit facilities to deserving people.

5 41 55 16 2

The response to this question shows that The majority (55) respondents are

neutral that Government scheme of Microfinance Credit Guarantee for Micro Finance

(MFI’s) will help in providing more credit facilities to deserving people while only 2

respondents are strongly disagree to this statement.

Q .No. 21 S.A A N D.A S.D

You are satisfied with the way the economy is going

these days

1 9 8 47 54

The response to this question shows that Majority respondents are strongly

disagree that they are satisfied with the way the economy is going these days while only

1 respondent is strongly agree to it.

45

Q .No. 22 S.A A N D.A S.D

Micro finance schemes by private sector are helping

hands in poverty alleviation

3 4

1

44 25 6

The response to this question shows that Majority students (44) are neutral about

this statement that Micro finance schemes by private sector are helping hands in poverty

alleviation while only 3 respondents are strongly agree to it.

Q .No. 23 S.A A N D.A S.D

The role of IMF and World Bank has positive impact

on poverty alleviation

in Pakistan

2 1

0

20 35 52

The response to this question shows that Majority respondents (52) are strongly

disagree that The role of IMF and World Bank has positive impact on poverty alleviation

in Pakistan while only 2 respondents are strongly agree to it.

Q .No. 24 S.A A N D.A S.D

Curriculums are helpful in developing awareness

about poverty alleviation

6 5

3

39 20 1

The majority (53) students are agree that Curriculums are helpful in developing

awareness about poverty alleviation while 1 among 120 is strongly disagree to this

statement.

Q .No. 25 S.A A N D.A S.D

46

Awareness of poverty alleviation is helpful in

eradicating this chronic problem

12 6

6

27 12 2

Majority respondents (66)are agree that Awareness of poverty alleviation is helpful

in eradicating this chronic problem while only 2 respondents are strongly agree to

statement.

47

CHAPTER 5:

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION & RECOMANDATION

5.1 Summary

The purpose of the study was to describe/observe the the awareness of Punjab

University management students about poverty alleviation because the University of the

Punjab is the largest and the oldest seat of higher learning in Pakistan. It was the first to

be established in the sub-continent in Muslim majority area. Punjab University intends to

be a lead public university in providing affordable educational opportunities to develop

scientific, socio-cultural, economic and political leadership, through learner-centred

teaching and research, while strengthening our identity at National and International

level.

In this study researcher also evaluate all aspect of poverty and poverty alleviation.

The objectives of the present study were:

To study what Punjab university management students do think that what is poverty

and what are the reasons of poverty?

To study the role of management study programmes in awakening awareness of

poverty alleviation.

To study the management students opinion about the actions of government for the

alleviation of poverty.

To build a sound knowledge base to develop a frame-work on poverty alleviation.

48

The research was qualitative in nature researcher took convenient sampling

and developed a sample of 120 students from population of six departments of Punjab

University, researcher collected information directly from management students in

Punjab University through questionnaire.

Researcher used questionnaire as a tool for data collection, after collecting data

researcher analyzed it and presented it in the form of percentage with meaningful

narrative interpretation

5.2 Findings

1. The response to this question shows that majority read newspaper while remaining less

numbers of students say that they do not read newspaper.

2. The frequency shows that majority students are not regular readers of newspapers

while some people rarely read newspaper.

3. The response to this question shows that more then ninety percents (92%) watch T.V,

remaining few students do not have such activity.

4. The majority students marked all of the above in definition of poverty. Only few of the

sample termed Houseless as poverty.

5 .Majority students marked the term ‘unemployment’ as the most probable reason of

poverty. Only six percents consider that population growth rate as the main cause of

poverty.

6. Large number of students thinks that Govt. should focus on employment creation to

alleviate poverty problem. Only few think that loan schemes by Govt. can work to

counter this problem.

49

7 .The response to this question shows that majority (more the half students) are aware of

Govt. policies of poverty alleviation.

8. The response to question shows majority students marked Funding poor families as the

purpose of Govt. scheme of Institutional Strengthening Fund while less number of

students think that this scheme is for another purpose.

9 .Majority students think that the purpose of Waseela e Haq program is to start their own

Income generation schemes while only few think it is for some other purpose.

10 .Majority students thinks that the Benazir Income Support program of Govt. of

Pakistan has been proposed for both genders while few think it is for poor males only.

11 .The majority people did not respond to this question as they were not well aware of

all those Govt. schemes. Among respondents less numbers of people ranked Benazir

Income Support Program

12 .The media has been ranked the main source of developing awareness as majority

students assigned it 1 which is most preferable while seminars have been least ranked by

students.

13. Majority students agree that In Pakistan, most people are those who work but cannot

earn enough money wile few students are neutral.

14. Majority students strongly disagree that there are jobs available for anyone who is

willing to work while only single person strongly agree to this question

15. Majority students strongly agree that No country economically established without

reducing poverty while only few strongly disagree to this question.

16. Majority students strongly disagree that Society can be maintained without reducing

the poverty while only few strongly agree to this question.

50

17. Majority students agree that Poverty is the main problem of Pakistan while no one

contradicts to its.

18. Majority students disagree that Govt. policies are helpful in reduction of poverty

while only few strongly agree to Govt. allocated budget

19. Majority students disagree that Allocation of resources in national budget is enough

for reduction of poverty while less number of students agree to this scenario

20. Majority students have neutral opinion that Government scheme of Microfinance

Credit Guarantee for Micro Finance (MFI’s) will help in providing more credit facilities

to deserving people. While only few students strongly disagree to this question.

21. Majority students dissatisfied with the way the economy is going these days while

only one person second the statements

22. Majority students are neutral that Micro finance schemes by private sector are helping

hands in poverty alleviation while less number of students strongly agree about it.

23. Majority students have opposite opinion that the role of IMF and World Bank has

positive impact on poverty alleviation while only two students strongly agree to the

positive role of IMF in Pakistan

24. Majority students agree that Curriculums are helpful in developing awareness about

poverty alleviation while only one student strongly disagree

25. Majority students are agree that Awareness of poverty alleviation is helpful in

eradicating this chronic problem while less numbers of students contradict to this

question

51

5.3 Conclusion

The study concluded the awareness of Punjab University management students

about poverty alleviation; it covers all aspect which represents students view about

poverty alleviation. Majority student often read newspaper it’s matter of irony for

management student that they don’t have much information about current situation which

is prevailing in their rounding. Majority student thinks that following reasons are causing

of poverty

Unemployment

Low income to consume

Illiteracy

Houseless

Unfortunately due to bad governance, nepotism and corruption Govt is not

creating employment opportunities that’s why more then 50% nation is unemployed

that‘s why Large number of students have opinion that Govt. should focus on

employment creation to alleviate poverty problem.

Majority students have same view that Allocation of resources in national budget

is enough for reduction of poverty ,majority students disagree that Govt. policies are

helpful in reduction of poverty, The media has been ranked the main source of

developing awareness by majority students The large number of students are aware of

Govt. policies of poverty alleviation.

52

They think that media has important role in their lives especially expert’s views,

talk shows, economic conversations, specialized channels have take novelty in their

thinking’s

Large number of students is not happy with role of Govt in poverty alleviation

programs such as aid from IMF and World Bank, Micro finance schemes, Microfinance

Credit Guarantee, Allocation of resources in national budget.

Concluding the whole work researcher is of the view that Punjab university

management students are icon for other sector’s universities, PU management students

play dynamic role in practical life especially in policy making and in policy

implementation. More then 80% students want to utilize their potentials for the hall mark

of the career and in strengthen the economy.

53

5.4 Recommendations

Tutorial Activities

Tutorials are smaller, interactive classes that allow teaching staff to amplify and

explain material delivered through lectures and textbooks, to monitor students' progress,

and to facilitate discussion. There should be a Tutorial period in which students can share

his views without any hesitations.

Digital library

It enables students to get any information by using computers, there are some more

benefits :

Explore your knowledge, comprehension and conceptual understanding of a

subject

Develop collaborative learning skills

Understand the process of scientific inquiry involving ideas such as interpreting

data, observing and measuring, problem solving, and applying knowledge and

methods

Develop manual skills

Case Studies

The case study is an intense, in-depth investigation of one participant. This participant

is called a “case” and can be one person, one animal, or one group. Psychologists will

54

study this case (participant) in great detail, in the hopes of learning things that are

generally true.

Develops analytic and problem solving skills

Allows for exploration of solutions for complex issues

Allows student to apply new knowledge and skills

Frequent Seminars

The fruitful benefits of seminars are:

o A wealth of knowledge usually, presented by many speakers at one time in

one place. A lot of "learning" at one clip, with most material compressed

into two or three days' worth of time.

o A sense of camaraderie, where individuals can meet others with the same

interests/problems/concerns that they may have in their chosen field.

o A sense of renewed hope and inspiration , as sometimes business concerns

are lessened by sharing experiences with others. Being with others that

"understand" individual's problems or concerns, is usually a great morale

booster!

o Great ways for those that don't like to read, or attend classes, to improve

their knowledge of a specific subject.

Presentation & Work Assignments

There are many types of assignments! In management subjects, the more common

ones are: homework problems, in-class quizzes, take-home quizzes, computer projects,

design or analysis projects, in-class exams, other proctored period exams, take-home

55

exams, written topic survey or report, oral presentation, lab exercises, lab books, and lab

practicums. That enhance stusents compatibility and his knowledge about particular

burning issues .

Inter Collegiate Dialogues

Social backgrounds become increasingly important as our society becomes more

diverse and socially stratified. One way we can foster learning and understanding across

differences is to bring college students together to talk and learn from each other, to find

ways to communicate, and to understand why it is not always easy to get along or to

identify common ground. However, bringing college students from different backgrounds

together to talk, as anyone who has tried to do it knows, is a complex and challenging

undertaking. This is to fruitful to shares their knowledge about poverty alleviation. This

may lead to developed Pakistan

56

5.5 References

Cock, Pete. (1997). Understanding Poverty (pp. 3-71)

Dr. M. Sultan Shah (2007). Poverty Alleviation in the light of the teachings of

Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) (pp. 3-7)

Geoffrey J. Bannister, Kamau Thugge (2001, May). International Trade and

Poverty Alleviation, Social Science Research Network [on-line] Retrieved May 25,

2011 from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=270440

Theresa Thompson Chaudhry and Azam Amjad Chaudhry (2008) The Effects of

Rising Food and Fuel Costs on Poverty in Pakistan. The Lahore Journal of Economics

Special Edition (September 2008): 117-138

William Easterly (2000, Dec). The Effect of IMF and World Bank Programs on

Poverty

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