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INDUSTRIAL TRAINING AT KELTRON 1. INTRODUCTION The Kerala State Electronics Development Corporation (KSEDC) popularly known as KELTRON, was established in 1973 as the first Electronics Development Corporation in India in the state government sector. The Keltron group of companies comprised of the holding company KSEDC, and ten subsidiary and associate companies turning out more than hundred different types of products. The products are distributed through a strong sales and distribution network spanning the entire country. Keltron Controls, a division of KSEDC was set up in 1979 in Aroor to introduce the state-of-the-art technology in the field of Control and Instrumentation (C&I) to the power and process industries in our country. Keltron is one of the major pioneering Public Sector Companies in Kerala. Its ownership is completely held by Government of Kerala. Keltron Controls Aroor (KCA) was started as its Control and Instrumentation division. During early 2000 in order to utilize its idle capital and infrastructure, Keltron Controls Aroor was restructured into four self-profit generating Strategic Business Units (SBU`s). The activities of SBUs are supported by the Common Service Groups (CSG`s) comprising of Finance, Materials, HR, Administration etc. 1
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Final Report-industrial training at keltron controls ,aroor

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Page 1: Final Report-industrial training at keltron controls ,aroor

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING AT KELTRON

1. INTRODUCTION

The Kerala State Electronics Development Corporation (KSEDC) popularly known

as KELTRON, was established in 1973 as the first Electronics Development Corporation in

India in the state government sector. The Keltron group of companies comprised of the holding

company KSEDC, and ten subsidiary and associate companies turning out more than hundred

different types of products. The products are distributed through a strong sales and distribution

network spanning the entire country. Keltron Controls, a division of KSEDC was set up in 1979

in Aroor to introduce the state-of-the-art technology in the field of Control and Instrumentation

(C&I) to the power and process industries in our country.

Keltron is one of the major pioneering Public Sector Companies in Kerala. Its

ownership is completely held by Government of Kerala. Keltron Controls Aroor (KCA) was

started as its Control and Instrumentation division. During early 2000 in order to utilize its idle

capital and infrastructure, Keltron Controls Aroor was restructured into four self-profit

generating Strategic Business Units (SBU`s). The activities of SBUs are supported by the

Common Service Groups (CSG`s) comprising of Finance, Materials, HR, Administration etc.

1.1 ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY IN INDIA

Electronics is one of the fastest growing segments of the Indian industry. Today, the

electronics industry is completely de-licensed with the exception of aerospace and defense

electronics. The electronic industry in India constitutes less than 1% of the global market! The

demand for these products however is growing rapidly and the investments are flowing-in to

augment them a fracturing capacity.

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1.2 HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY.

Among the manufacturing industries, the electronics industry occupies a key position

in modern science and technology. It plays vital role in the field of Atomic Energy,

Communication, Defense, Education, Entertainment and Space Technology. Until 1970’s the

electronics industry was the most protected of all the Indian industries. At that point of time

country’s electronics policy strongly favored self-reliance and technology and capital imports

were strongly discouraged. This resulted in the electronics industry being highly under

developed till the late 1980’s. The industry was considered very inefficient producing outdated

and low quality models at a very high cost. Policy reforms were initiated in the early 1990’s with

the liberalization of trade and industry sectors. With the change in the policy regimes after

liberalization, the industry experienced restructuring.

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2. K E L T R O N

2.1 HISTORY OF THE COMPANY

The history of KELTRON – Kerala State Electronics Development Corporation

Ltd. - is a saga of innovation in electronics. From being a pioneer in 1973; to the role of a trend-

setter, today the Organization – Keltron - has been the catalysis for the development of

electronics industry in Kerala. The tag line launching a state owned electronics enterprise, more

than a quarter century ago, read “spearheading an electronics revolution in Kerala”. It was

indeed an experiment by Government of Kerala (The Industries minister Sri. TV Thomas & the

founder Chairman & Managing Director Sri. KPP Nambiar) to transform the laid-back,

picturesque Kerala state known for its spices, natural beauty, Kathakali and Onam boat races ,

to an arena for industrial and technological development based primarily on Electronics.

That was in fact how Keltron was born headed by the founder Chairman & Managing Director

Sri. KPP Nambiar in the capital city of Kerala State – Thiruvananthapuram. Today he has an

unique position in the Indian Electronics scenario as the father of electronics in India.

Within five years of its inception, Keltron had set up a production centre in every

district of the state. More than 5,000 people were engaged directly or indirectly by Keltron for

the manufacture of electronic goods. The model of a state-owned electronics corporation was so

successful that several other states in India followed suit; launching their own electronics

development corporations.

A quarter century later, Keltron after having contributed significantly to the the

state and substantially to the Industrial community of the nation and to the exchequer, set about

transforming Trivandrum, the capital city of Kerala, into one of the major electronics hubs of the

country. Today the city is home to techno-park, the internationally known technology park, a

long cherished dream come true of the founder Chairman & Managing Director – Sri. KPP

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Nambiar - where thousands of talented men and women participate in the development of a

burgeoning information technology industry. Thus Keltron has in effect triggered a revolution

that still keeps churning out its benefits to individuals and institutions in different parts of the

world, touching different walks of human life and continuing in its quest to Innovate Products &

Processes and Services that would add further value to the livelihood areas of the country,

supporting real time industrial growth.

Keltron has been making things happen since 1973 starting with spearheading an

electronics revolution in the country to being the most sustainable electronics corporation in the

state sector. “ Relitronics” – that was the word used by for the products and services of Keltron

by the visionary founder i.e.: “Reliable Electronic products and services”. A strong infra-

structure, enterprising team of enthusiastic in-mates, innovative operational methods, accent on

quality and customer-orientation are the core competencies of the organization which has made

things happen all these years. Large pool of Experienced Technical man power, expertise in high

quality manufacturing is the direct result of the highly skilled, multi-disciplinary team of

graduate engineers, project managers and a skilled workforce with a proven track record in

complex precision manufacturing. Now the visibility of Keltron is very much evident.

Currently Keltron employs a work force of 2000 of which 400 are engineers who

possess extensive hands-on experience in technology integration and adoption, high-Tech

manufacturing operations and in managing turn-key projects. Man power at space electronics

section has been specially trained at Indian space Research Organization (ISRO) in high

reliability soldering, harnessing and QC. Keltron also provides technical man power to major

organization like ONGC and VSSC and collaborators like Hitachi Japan. Country wide sales

network - Keltron has an all India Sales network in place with full-fledged Marketing offices in

Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Trivandrum to provide the

quickest possible service to customer.

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Technology Support at the moment; Keltron has an arrangement with CDAC, the research

and development organization under the Government of India, which is located in the Keltron

House campus in Vellayambalam (Trivandrum), for technology development and adaptation. An

in-house research and development facility along with a full-fledged Knowledge Centre is in the

pipeline and will be implemented shortly. Strong Infrastructure and Manufacturing Experience

since its inception in 1973, Keltron’s forte has always been high quality manufacturing. During

the past 30 years, Keltron has churned out a whole range of electronic products, electro-

mechanical and high precision modules and sub assemblies for different industry segments. Over

the years, Keltron has built up a strong infrastructure spread over 7, 00,000 sq ft of built-up area.

Equipped with computer-based facility for system design & engineering, and software

development tools for embedded systems, Keltron today is fully geared to offer integrated

manufacturing solutions.

2.2 OWNERSHIP PATERN

Keltron is one of the major public sector companies in Kerala. Its ownership is

completely held by government of Kerala. Keltron Controls Aroor (KCA) was started as its

Control and Instrumentation division. But during the late 90`s because of the globalization of

Indian market and the change of energy sector reforms the control and instrumentation business

in India has become dull. In order to utilize its idle capital and infrastructure Keltron Controls

Aroor were restructured in four self-profit-generating strategic business units (SBU`s). The

activities of SBUs are supported by Common Service Groups (CSGs).

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3. THE COMPANY PROFILE

3.1 INDRODUCTION – KELTRON

The Kerala state Electronics development corporation (KSEDC) popularly known

as Keltron was established in 1973 as the first Electronics Development corporation in India in

the state Government Sector. The Keltron group comprised of the holding company, KSEDC and

ten subsidiary and associate companies turning out more than hundred different types of

products. These products are marketed through a strong sales and distribution network spanning

the entire country. Eight branches located at Ahmadabad, Bangalore, Calcutta, Chennai, Delhi,

Hyderabad, Mumbai and Trivandrum to ensure that the products are backed by dedicated support

and service.

Keltron today is poised to provide an entire range of products, solutions and

services to its consumers in the area of Electronic components, Consumer Electronics,

Cybernetics, Communications, Industrial Electronics, Control and Instrumentation Information

Technology, Strategic Electronics and Traffic management systems. Keltron offers expertise as a

system house to design, engineer, configure, supply, install, commission, and maintains large

projects and provides customized solutions. A highly decentralized operating philosophy was

followed in restructuring the organization.

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K E L T R O N C O N T R O L S

( THE CLASSIC ERA & MIGRATION TO MODERN ERA MANAGEMENT )

Keltron Controls, a division of KSEDC was set up in 1979 to introduce the-state-

of-the-art-technology in the field of Control and Instrumentation (C&I) to the power and process

industries in the country. Keltron Controls commenced its operation with the signing of technical

collaboration agreement with Controle Bailey, France for their sophisticated, versatile electronic

analogue control technology- the 9020 system. At that point of time operations of the Division

are focused on system design, Engineering, Manufacturing, Field Erection & Commissioning

and Project management of Thermal Power sector and Process Control sector instrumentation

systems. The division’s operations include manufacture of panels and other C&I Systems and

Instruments also. Thus the focus was entirely on C&I business.

THE CLASSIC ERA.(1979 to 1999)

Ever since its inception, KELTRON CONTROLS has offered cost effective, State-

of-the-art Engineering solutions in Control & Instrumentation and Process Automation to Core

sectors like Power, Steel, Petrochemicals, Oil & Natural Gas, Fertilizers, Aluminium and

Cement Industries. The Division has brought-in the latest Control & Instrumentation

Technology into the country, covering such as Sensing Elements, Monitoring Hardware, Final

Control Elements, Actuators, and Control and Automation software.

With an Annual turn Over of Rs.600 Million and manpower base of over 600

personnel, Keltron Controls specialized in system Engineering and Design, Manufacturing,

Software Development, Quality Controls, Erection & Commissioning and Customer support

services (AMCs etc.). The rich tradition of KELTRON in the field of Electronics gave

KELTRON CONTROLS a leading edge in Technology Assimilation, Research and

development. With its increasing capability to undertake Turn-Key projects in Control,

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Instrumentation and Automation for varied application; Keltron Controls was able to meet the

challenges poised in front of them.

Keltron Controls has achieved many first time feats in India, like Total Power Plant

Automation at Vijayawada Thermal Power Station of AP State Electricity Board and the fully

automated Steel Melting Shop at Visakhapatnam Steel Plant (VSP). With the signing of

Technical Collaborations with CONTROLE Bailey, France (1979), the Division successfully

introduced the popular Analog Control System in Indian Thermal Power Stations with a vision to

adapt sophisticated technologies to suit the Indian needs:

Analog Control Instrumentation – Controle` Bailey, France

Edge-wise Indicators – Camille Bauer, Swiss

Electronic Pressure & Differential Pressure Transmitters & Analyzers – ABB Kent

Tank Level Gauges – Enraf B.V, Holland

Single Loop Controllers – ABB Kent, UK.

Digital Distributed Control System – ABB Kent, UK.

Subsequently emphasis was on technology assimilation, know-how studies and as a result

indigenization has contributed to the success of Keltron Controls in offering industry solutions

based on latest technology developed indigenously. Thus having blazed a trial of success in the

speedy implementation of various core sector projects, the manufacturing unit of Keltron

Controls Division set up amidst the lush greenery with the back drop of backwater in Aroor near

to Kochi, has been delivering complete solutions for total automation such as:

HIACS – 3000 Digital Distributed Control System for Power Plant Applications

Multi Loop Digital Distributed Control System for Process Automation

9020 Analog Control system for Power Plants

S-9000 PC Based DCS for Power & Process industries.

SCADA – Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition software for Power & Process Plants

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Along with other complementing systems like Programmable Logic Controllers, Open

loop Logic System, Sequential Events recorders, Valve position Controllers and Multi-window

Alarm Annunciation Systems, and the unit ensured complete in-house solution towards total

automation solution integration. Thus the division was sailing smooth with the classic and

traditional industrial structuring of well defined broad spectrum departments:

1. MARKETING: The division was equipped with well established marketing network

backed by qualified and experienced professionals assisting the customers in selecting

right products for specific applications in the core sectors.

2. PROJECT MANAGEMENT: The project team provided the customers with single

point contact and co-ordinated with various departments and for the support services

required for the customers.

3. SYSTEM DESIGN & ENGINEERING: The design team comprised of qualified and

experienced engineers specialized in process technologies to create optimum engineering

solutions. The Divisions Engineering capabilities had gained International acceptance

through associations with its collaborators for overseas contracts in Singapore, Nigeria,

Philippines.

4. SOFTWARE: A dedicated group of experienced application software engineers worked

to provide real-time software solutions on a variety of hardware platforms. This group

also provided software support services the collaborators for their overseas contracts etc.

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5. MANUFACTURING: The sophisticated manufacturing unit of Keltron controls covers

a floor area of 13,000 sq.meters spread over 18 acres of land in Aroor. This unit houses:

Fully equipped, air conditioned Electronic assembly shop for component

insertion, soldering, testing, calibration of PCBs, including computerized in-

circuit testers, cabinets wiring and system integration & testing.

Machine shop for precision machining of critical components

Painting shop for high quality surface finish

Assembly line for Analyzers, transmitters and pneumatic products.

6. QUALITY ASSURANCE: Divisions Total Quality Management always ensured and

directed at constant improvement and development of products and servicesTotal quality

management efforts match the companies set standards of excellance to ensure that the

customers receive ZERO defect systems.

7. ERECTION & COMMISSIONING: In any Turn-Key project execution environment

Erection & Commissioning are two important overall functions. The division is

committed to comprehensive customer support at every stage of contract execution up to

the final responsive after sales service.

In fact the overall organization of Keltron Controls was fully focused on Control

& Instrumentation business till 1995. During late 1990s there was a marked change in the

foreign trade policies of Govt. of India and the flood gate in the name of open policy was opened

to all sectors and as a result the multinational giants like SIEMENS etc gate crashed into India

and established their supremacy in no time in hitherto protected Electronic industry.

Subsequently Keltron Controls faced draught situation in canvassing orders and had to push

forward with practically no C& I turn-key orders for considerable time frame! The Spares

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business and AMCs helped the Unit to certain extend. The overseas giants applied thump rule to

dictated terms within the industry.

During the period Indian manufacturing industry experienced deep recession

everywhere and KELTRON to experience the heat of recession. In most of the areas idling of

man power as well as machine was evident. The next 5 to 7 years were a trial by fire for the

manufacturing industry. Every management pundits raked their brain to find a way out of this

predicament. Lot of brain storming was made. Keltron too were in search of a solution to tide

over the situation.

THE PRESENT (THE MODERN ERA – 2003 TO PRESENT)

Over the years, the division has diversified into Information Technology (ITG) also

by starting the manufacture of computers in 1999. Subsequently, the division started

manufacturing of mechanical products for the disabled people (PPD). Of late, the Division has

diversified its operations into Defense field in close association with NPOL, Cochin and Bharat

Electronics, Bangalore as well as into shipping instrumentation in association with Cochin

Shipyard Ltd (STSG). Also the division is a major supplier of technical manpower to ONGC for

their rig operation & maintenance. As there is very good manufacturing infrastructure for

Electronics, Electrical and Mechanical products and services, the division offers Contract

Manufacturing Services to clients from abroad and India.

3.2 THE ORGANISATION

Presently the Division is headed by Chief General Manager (CGM) and supported

by a team of well qualified and experienced Engineers and Technicians & other Professionals

from commerce, Finance & HR etc fields. At present the operations of Keltron Controls division

is based on FOUR independent Strategic Business Units (SBUs) and each SBU is self-profit-

generating-center. The activities of SBUs are supported by common service groups (CSGs).

Under the division head SBUs are independently looked after by SBU Heads.

3.3 DEPARTMENTS / STRATEGIC BUSINESS GROUPS CONCEPT

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Keltron Controls division is functioning as four independent Strategic Business

Units (SBUs). The activities of SBUs are supported by four Common Service Groups (CSGs).

The four strategic business units are Control and Instrumentation, Pneumatic Products,

Information Technology, Strategic Services Group (STSG) and the Projects for Physically

Disabled (PPD) stand apart as A MINI SBU.

3.3.1 CONTROL AND INSTUMENTATION GROUP (CIG)

This group provides process automation solution for Thermal Power Plants and

Process Industries. The group had technical collaborations for Microprocessor Based Distributed

Digital Control System (DDCS) with industry leaders in France, United Kingdom, Japan, and

Italy. Most of the Power Plants spread all over in India have C & I Systems supplied by Keltron

Controls Aroor.

DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEM (DCS) - INTRODUCTION

LCN(A)

LCN(B)

UCN(A) UCN(B) field

Overview of DCS

12

I/O moduleController

NIMNIM

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LCN – local control network

UCN – User Control network

NIM - Network Interface Module

DCS means centralized control operation of physically and geographically spread or

discrete plants from a platform on a peer to peer network using uniform database and different

pairs of network platform. DCS removes the controller to the process, allowing the controls via

communication network to update the operator in the control room, on what is happening at the

processing unit and allowing the operator to take action like change of set points or manual

control.

I/O MODULE

The i/o module acts as the interface between the field equipment and the DCS. Three

types of i/o cards are present.

1. For analog input/output signal

2. For digital input/output signal

3. For pulse input/output signal

The analog input signal may be either low level (mv) signal from devices like

thermocouple, RTDs etc or high level input signal normally 1-5 V or 4-20mA. The analog input

card have the capability of accepting both high level and low level signal. Most of the popular

system use either 8 channel or 16 channel analog input cards. These cards contain a multiplexer

which multiplexes in sequence the input signal from the field.

` Since the input is a digital device, all computations are performed digitally. Hence all

analog signals have to be converted to digital values. This is done using a device known as A/D

converter. Since it is very expensive normally one ADC is used per card.

PROCESS CONTROL UNIT

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Process control units are required to function as a closed loop controllers, open loop controllers,

batch controllers or as simple monitoring equipment. When a process unit is used to perform

closed loop can’t be of more than one loop, it is called multiloop controller. When within a

process unit a single microprocessor is dedicated to a single control loop the same is known as

single loop controller.

OPERATORS STATION

The basic structure of an operator station consists of a video screen for displays and a

two level keyboard for manipulation and system configuration. The station has its own memory

to store data in its own microprocessor to process data and its own communication interface for

being tied to the data highway. The main function of the operators station are manual control,

command and setting, display set point of measured variables, display plant alarm conditions,

records plant events and print it.

MAN MACHINE INTERFACE

The operation interface or man machine interface (switches, pressure/ temperature/ level

switches etc) and provide the data necessary for the processor to make it control decision

OUTPUT INTERFACE

It provides command to software on/off the motor by energizing breakers, energise

solenoids under direction from the processor.

The input section consists of modules that can accept signals from field devices.

Transducers convert the process signal such as pressure, level or flow into usable input levels,

which may be analog, digital pulse or even binary coded decimal.

The processor drives every function. It directs the sequential scanning of input and

evaluates them relative to stored logic steps in a predetermined order. In modern units, one input

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solves the relay ladder logic which the other governs the communication with the I/O interface

and maintains the overall control.

The programming interface is of great importance in the design scheme, because it

facilitates use of PC’s prime characteristics i.e. its easy programmability. The programming

interface takes several forms- such as CRT, keyboard, and register access pannel.

In DCS there is a new approach which replaces large instrument panels with small desk

size console employing interactive CRT, displays and keyboard. These units offers simple and

transparent presentations of process states and ability to access into the process directly via

screen and keyboard. The result is simplified control room layout, concentrated display of

information and ease of process operation.

DCS with wiring loop

CIG also uses PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers) for automation of different plants.

15

FIB FTA- AI HLA_T

FIB MB FTA - AO AD

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I/O

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CONTROLLER

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PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

A Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC for short, is simply a special computer

device used for industrial control systems. They are used in many industries such as oil

refineries, manufacturing lines, conveyor systems and so on. Where ever there is a need to

control devices the PLC provides a flexible way to "softwire" the components together.

The basic units have a CPU (a computer processor) that is dedicated to run one program

that monitors a series of different inputs and logically manipulates the outputs for the desired

control.  They are meant to be very flexible in how they can be programmed while also providing

the advantages of high reliability (no program crashes or mechanical failures), compact and

economical over traditional control systems.

It is defined as s digital electronic device that uses programmed memory to store

instructions such as logic , sequence timing, counting and arithmetic to control machines and

process. It can be used in any specific applications by appropriate programming. Infact it can be

programmed to carry out control tasks in a truly user friendly fashion by using the simple and

flexible ladder logic using popular relay logic symbols. This ensures easy process modifications.

A PLC basically consists of following key elements.

Memory: It is the storage area used to hold the set of instructions to be executed by the

processor.

Processor: It is the brain of the system. It interprets the set of instructions and

implements the control of the machine/process

Input Interface: It receives signal from field (like limit switch, circuit breaker contact,

and proximity software)

Relays: It is electrically operated software. Current flowing through the coil of the

relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts.

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The coil current can be on or off. So relays have two s/w positions and they are double

throw switches.

Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separated

from the first. For eg. ;- a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC main

circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits, the link is

magnetical and mechanical.

NO NC

COM

The relays switch connections are usually labeled as COM, NC, NO.

COM: Common always connect to this, it is the moving plate of the switch

NC: Normally closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.

NO: Normally open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on

Eg: Panel board display: It contains eight counters, 24 V bulbs and a hooter. There are eight

packing machines in a bagging plant. Each counter counts the number of sack packed by each

machine. The counter C1 is for machine one and C2 for number two etc. The 24V bulbs BLL1 to

BLL8 indicates the low level material bin for each machine. When the material level for in any

of the machine is low the corresponding bulb will glow. Whenever the air pressure is low bulb

APL will glow and at the same tome hooter will be ON for 30sec.

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C1 C2 C3 C4

C5 C6 C7 C8

- - - - APL - - - -

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Panel Board Display

The 110V supply is given to each counter and the counter will get the pulse signal

from the corresponding machine. Whenever the counter gets the pulse , count value is

incremented by one. A connection is taken from the level switch which is placed inside the

material bin and connected to the 24V bulbs provided for the bin level indication. Inside the

panel one timer and relay are there. When APL bulb glows, the timer gets ON for 30sec.The

output of the timer is connected to the relay.

A programmable logic controller is a specialized computer used to control machines and

processes.  It therefore shares common terms with typical PCs like central processing unit,

memory, software and communications.  Unlike a personal computer though the PLC is designed

to survive in a rugged industrial atmosphere and to be very flexible in how it interfaces with

inputs and outputs to the real world.

The components that make a PLC work can be divided into three core areas.

The power supply and rack

The central processing unit (CPU)

The input/output (I/O) section

PLCs come in many shapes and sizes.  They can be so small as to fit in your shirt pocket

while more involved controls systems require large PLC racks.  Smaller PLCs (a.k.a. “bricks”)

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C1 C2 C3 C4

C5 C6 C7 C8

- - - - APL - - - -

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are typically designed with fixed I/O points.  For our consideration, we’ll look at the more

modular rack based systems.  It’s called “modular” because the rack can accept many different

types of I/O modules that simply slide into the rack and plug in.

 

The Power Supply and Rack

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The rack is the component that holds everything together.  Depending on the needs of

the control system it can be ordered in different sizes to hold more modules.  Like a human spine

the rack has a backplane at the rear which allows the cards to communicate with the CPU.  The

power supply plugs into the rack as well and supplies a regulated DC power to other modules

that plug into the rack.  The most popular power supplies work with 120 VAC or 24 VDC

sources.

The CPU

The brain of the whole PLC is the CPU module.  This module typically lives in the slot

beside the power supply.  Manufacturers offer different types of CPUs based on the complexity

needed for the system.

The CPU consists of a microprocessor, memory chip and other integrated circuits to

control logic, monitoring and communications.  The CPU has different operating modes. 

In programming mode it accepts the downloaded logic from a PC.  The CPU is then placed

in run mode so that it can execute the program and operate the process. 

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Since a PLC is a dedicated controller it will only process this one program over and over

again.  One cycle through the program is called a scan time and involves reading the inputs from

the other modules, executing the logic based on these inputs and then updated the outputs

accordingly.  The scan time happens very quickly (in the range of 1/1000th of a second).  The

memory in the CPU stores the program while also holding the status of the I/O and providing a

means to store values.

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 I/O System

The I/O system provides the physical connection between the equipment and the PLC. 

Opening the doors on an I/O card reveals a terminal strip where the devices connect. 

 

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 There are many different kinds of I/O cards which serve to condition the type of input or output

so the CPU can use it for its logic.  It's simply a matter of determining what inputs and outputs

are needed, filling the rack with the appropriate cards and then addressing them correctly in the

CPUs program.

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Inputs

Input devices can consist of digital or analog devices.  A digital input card handles discrete

devices which give a signal that is either on or off such as a pushbutton, limit switch, sensors or

selector switches.  An analog input card converts a voltage or current (e.g. a signal that can be

anywhere from 0 to 20mA) into a digitally equivalent number that can be understood by the

CPU.  Examples of analog devices are pressure transducers, flow meters and thermocouples for

temperature readings

Outputs

Output devices can also consist of digital or analog types.  A digital output card either turns

a device on or off such as lights, LEDs, small motors, and relays.  An analog output card will

convert a digital number sent by the CPU to it’s real world voltage or current.  Typical outputs

signals can range from 0-10 VDC or 4-20mA and are used to drive mass flow controllers,

pressure regulators and position controls.

Programming a PLC

In these modern times a PC with specially dedicated software from the PLC manufacturer

is used to program a PLC.  The most widely used form of programming is called ladder logic. 

Ladder logic uses symbols, instead of words, to emulate the real world relay logic control, which

is a relic from the PLC's history.  These symbols are interconnected by lines to indicate the flow

of current through relay like contacts and coils.  Over the years the number of symbols has

increased to provide a high level of functionality. 

The completed program looks like a ladder but in actuality it represents an electrical

circuit.  The left and right rails indicate the positive and ground of a power supply.  The rungs

represent the wiring between the different components which in the case of a PLC are all in the

virtual world of the CPU.  So if you can understand how basic electrical circuits work then you

can understand ladder logic.

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In this simplest of examples a digital input (like a button connected to the first position on

the card) when it is pressed turns on an output which energizes an indicator light.

 

The completed program is downloaded from the PC to the PLC using a special cable that’s

connected to the front of the CPU.  The CPU is then put into run mode so that it can start

scanning the logic and controlling the outputs.

3.3.2 PNEUMATIC PRODUCTS GROUP (PNG)

The Pneumatic Business Group is engaged in the business of Pneumatic Actuators

using Power Cylinder. KELTRON is in the business of Pneumatic Actuators using Power

Cylinders since 1979. KELTRON Pneumatic Actuators are in service in almost all the Thermal

Power Plants, Captive Power Plants, and Steam Generating Units of various Process Plants etc.

These double acting pneumatic actuators accurately operate and position regulating devices such

as dampers, fan inlet vanes, rheostats, butterfly valves etc. KELTRON actuators can operate

outdoors in corrosive, dusty and high temperature atmosphere with a proper selection of

materials and accessories. To operate under such adverse conditions, they are fitted with a hard

chromium plated steel piston rod, stainless steel tubing and connections, suitable sealing, bellows

and coated with epoxy paint to make all these devices weather proof.

KELTRON Pneumatic Actuators are preferred by OEMs like Boiler manufacturers

(BHEL, ALSTOM, THERMAX, IJT, CVL, etc.) as well as Boiler Auxiliaries (Fan / SADC /

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SCOOP Tube Coupling) manufacturing (C.DOCTAIRE, VOITH, BCPL, BILT, PEMPRIL,

etc.). The Group has supplied about 35,000 units of Pneumatic Actuators and they are working in

almost all the Power Plants spread all over in India.

PNEUMATIC POWER CYLINDERS

KELTRON CONTROLS manufactures a wide range of pneumatic instruments in

collaboration with Control Bailey. Pneumatic Power Cylinders manufactured by KELTRON

CONTROLS have been installed around 25,000 locations all over India at different power plants

and process plants.

Pneumatics is a section of technology that deals with the study and application of

pressurized gas to effect mechanical motion.

Pneumatic systems are extensively used in industry, where factories are commonly

plumbed with compressed air or compressed inert gases. This is because a centrally located and

electrically powered compressor that powers cylinders and other pneumatic devices through

solenoid valves is often able to provide motive power in a cheaper, safer, more flexible, and

more reliable way than a large number of electric motors and actuators.

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Pneumatics also has applications in dentistry, construction, mining, and other areas

A Simple Pneumatic circuit.

Gases used in pneumatic systems

Pneumatic systems in fixed installations such as factories use compressed air because a

sustainable supply can be made by compressing atmospheric air. The air usually has moisture

removed and a small quantity of oil added at the compressor, to avoid corrosion of mechanical

components and to lubricate them.

Factory-plumbed, pneumatic-power users need not worry about poisonous leakages as

the gas is commonly just air. Smaller or stand-alone systems can use other compressed gases

which are an asphyxiation hazard, such as nitrogen - often referred to as OFN (oxygen-free

nitrogen), when supplied in cylinders.

Any compressed gas other than air is an asphyxiation hazard - including nitrogen, which

makes up 77% of air. Compressed oxygen (approx. 23% of air) would not asphyxiate, but it

would be an extreme fire hazard, so is never used in pneumatically powered devices.

Portable pneumatic tools and small vehicles such as Robot Wars machines and other

hobbyist applications are often powered by compressed carbon dioxide because containers

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designed to hold it such as soda stream canisters and fire extinguishers are readily available, and

the phase change between liquid and gas makes it possible to obtain a larger volume of

compressed gas from a lighter container than compressed air would allow. Carbon dioxide is an

asphyxiant and can also be a freezing hazard when vented inappropriately.

Advantages of pneumatics

Simplicity of Design And Control

o Machines are easily designed using standard cylinders & other components.

Machines operate by simple ON - OFF type control.

Reliability

o Pneumatic systems tend to have long operating lives and require very little

maintenance.

o Because gas is compressible, the equipment is less likely to be damaged by shock.

The gas in pneumatics absorbs excessive force, whereas the fluid of hydraulics

directly transfers force.

Storage

o Compressed gas can be stored, allowing the use of machines when electrical

power is lost.

Safety

o Very low chance of fire (compared to hydraulic oil).

o Machines can be designed to be overload safe.

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Pneumatic logic systems (sometimes called air logic control) are often used to control industrial

processes, consisting of primary logic units such as:

And Units

Or Units

'Relay or Booster' Units

Latching Units

'Timer' Units

Sorteberg relay

Fluidics amplifiers with no moving parts other than the air itself

Pneumatic logic is a reliable and functional control method for industrial processes. In recent

years, these systems have largely been replaced by electrical control systems, due to the smaller

size and lower cost of electrical components. Pneumatic devices are still used in processes where

compressed air is the only energy source available or upgrade cost, safety, and other

considerations outweigh the advantage of modern digital control.

PNEUMATIC ACTUATOR

A pneumatic actuator converts energy (typically in the form of compressed air) into motion.

A Pneumatic actuator mainly consists of a piston, a cylinder, and valves or ports. The piston is

covered by a diaphragm, or seal, which keeps the air in the upper portion of the cylinder,

allowing air pressure to force the diaphragm downward, moving the piston underneath, which in

turn moves the valve stem, which is linked to the internal parts of the actuator. Pneumatic

actuators may only have one spot for a signal input, top or bottom, depending on action required.

Valves require little pressure to operate and usually double or triple the input force. The larger

the size of the piston, the larger the output pressure can be. Having a larger piston can also be

good if air supply is low, allowing the same forces with less input. These pressures are large

enough to crush object in the pipe. On 100 kPa input, you could lift a small car (upwards 1,000

lbs) easily, and this is only a basic, small pneumatic valve. However, the resulting forces

required of the stem would be too great and cause the valve stem to fail.

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This pressure is transferred to the valve stem, which is hooked up to either the valve plug,

butterfly valve etc. Larger forces are required in high pressure or high flow pipelines to allow the

valve to overcome these forces, and allow it to move the valves moving parts to control the

material flowing inside.

Valves input pressure is the "control signal." This can come from a variety of measuring

devices, and each different pressure is a different set point for a valve. A typical standard signal

is 20–100 kPa. For example, a valve could be controlling the pressure in a vessel which has a

constant out-flow, and a varied in-flow (varied by the actuator and valve). A pressure transmitter

will monitor the pressure in the vessel and transmit a signal from 20–100 kPa. 20 kPa means

there is no pressure, 100 kPa means there is full range pressure (can be varied by the transmitters

calibration points). As the pressure rises in the vessel, the output of the transmitter rises, this

increase in pressure is sent to the valve, which causes the valve to stroke downward, and start

closing the valve, decreasing flow into the vessel, reducing the pressure in the vessel as excess

pressure is evacuated through the out flow. This is called a direct acting process.

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Pneumatic cylinders (sometimes known as air cylinders) are mechanical devices which

use the power of compressed gas to produce a force in a reciprocating linear motion.

Like hydraulic cylinders, pneumatic cylinders use the stored potential energy of a fluid, in

this case compressed air, and convert it into kinetic energy as the air expands in an attempt to

reach atmospheric pressure. This air expansion forces a piston to move in the desired direction.

The piston is a disc or cylinder, and the piston rod transfers the force it develops to the object to

be moved. Engineers prefer to use pneumatics sometime because they are quieter, cleaner, and

do not require large amounts or space for fluid storage.

Because the operating fluid is a gas, leakage from a pneumatic cylinder will not drip out

and contaminate the surroundings, making pneumatics more desirable where cleanliness is a

requirement.

single acting cylinder double acting cylinder

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Pneumatic actuators-Classifications

Pneumatic actuators may be of regulating and on/off type. In regulating type regulation is

possible at any point between on and off position while in case of on/off type regulation possible

at on /off positions only.

Pneumatic actuators are commonly used to actuate control valves and are available in two

main forms; piston actuators and diaphragm actuators

Typical piston actuators

Piston actuators

Piston actuators are generally used where the stroke of a diaphragm actuator would be too short

or the thrust is too small. The compressed air is applied to a solid piston contained within a solid

cylinder. Piston actuators can be single acting or double acting, can withstand higher input

pressures and can offer smaller cylinder volumes, which can act at high speed.

Diaphragm actuators

Diaphragm actuators have compressed air applied to a flexible membrane called the diaphragm.

The following figure shows a rolling diaphragm where the effective diaphragm area is virtually

constant throughout the actuator stroke. These types of actuators are single acting, in that air is

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only supplied to one side of the diaphragm, and they can be either direct acting (spring-to-retract)

or reverse acting (spring-to-extend).

A pneumatic diaphragm actuator

Depending upon the operation it is again classified into direct and reverse type actuator

Reverse Actuator

The operating force is derived from compressed air pressure, which is applied to a flexible

diaphragm. The actuator is designed so that the force resulting from the air pressure, multiplied

by the area of the diaphragm, overcomes the force exerted (in the opposite direction)by the

spring.

The diaphragm is pushed upwards, pulling the spindle up, and if the spindle is connected

to a direct acting valve, the plug is opened. The actuator is designed so that with a specific

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change of air pressure, the spindle will move sufficiently to move the valve through its complete

stroke from fully closed to fully open. As the air pressure decreases, the spring moves the spindle

in the opposite direction. The range of air pressure is equal to the stated actuator spring rating,

for eg:-0.2-1 bar. With a larger valve or a higher differential pressure to work against, more force

is needed to obtain full valve movement. To create more force, a larger diaphragm area or higher

spring range is needed. This is why controls manufacturers offer a range of pneumatic actuators

to match a range of valves - comprising increasing diaphragm areas, and a choice of spring

ranges to create different forces. The diagrams in show the components of a basic pneumatic

actuator and the direction of spindle movement with increasing air pressure.

Valve and Actuator configurations

Direct Acting Actuator (spring to retract)

The direct acting actuator is designed with the spring below the diaphragm, having air supplied

to the space above the diaphragm.

An alternative is shown in the figure below. A direct acting pneumatic actuator is coupled to a

control valve with a reverse acting plug (sometimes called a 'hanging plug').

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Direct acting actuator and reverse acting control valve

The choice between direct acting and reverse acting pneumatic controls depends on what

position the valve should revert to in the event of failure of the compressed air supply. Should

the valve close or be wide-open. This choice depends upon the nature of the application and

safety requirements. It makes sense for steam valves to close on air failure, and cooling valves to

open on air failure. The combination of actuator and valve type must be considered. Depending

on the assembly it may be stand type and union type

Again depending on the application it is classified in to secondary damper control and burner

tilt power cylinder.

SPECIFICATIONS

Stroke length- can refer to the distance the piston travels or it can be defined as the distance

between top and bottom dead centers.

Dead centre is the position of a piston in which it is farthest from, or nearest to, the crankshaft.

The former is known as top dead centre (TDC) while the latter is known as bottom dead

centre (BDC).

Supply preasure-3.5-7 k/cm2

Signal preasure-.2-1 bar

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3.3.3 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GROUP (ITG)

Over the years, Keltron Controls division has diversified into Information Technology

also by starting the manufacture of Computers in 1999. Of late, the Division has diversified its

operations into Defense field in close association with NPOL, Cochin as well as into shipping

instrumentation in association with Cochin Shipyard Ltd.

3.3.4 STRATEGIC SERVICES GROUP. (STSG)

During late 2000 Keltron controls seriously understood the needs of the requirements of

defence sector. The Division has already entered into Defence related production in close

association with NPOL under DRDO and provides solutions for the hardware and software

requirements for the NPOL designed product profile. This group is in the thresh hold of more

focused larger business from defence departments. Presently having secured production orders

from BEL, the leading Navaratna Company in Central PSU.

Since Keltron Control has very good infrastructure for steel fabrication and painting, the

unit has diversified into mechanical product also by starting a business center for manufacturing

products for the disabled people (PPD). Thereby the division is also fulfilling the social

obligations to a certain extend. Moving hand in hand with Local Self Government Institutions of

Kerala, these products are being distributed to the physically disabled people throughout the

state. In addition to manufacturing of mobility products, the center is also involved in trading of

locomotive devices. Hearing aids and Vision aids for disabled under various programmes of

government. In fact the government of Kerala had bestowed greater faith in Keltron by declaring

Keltron a Nodel Agency for fulfilling the requirements of physically disabled.

Latest product manufactured in STSG section is towed array which is mainly used in

defence applications.

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TOWED ARRAYS

Towed array sonar is a sonar array that is towed behind a submarine or surface ship. It is

basically a long cable, up to 5 km, with hydrophones that is trailed behind the ship when

deployed. The hydrophones are placed at specific distances along the cable. Towed arrays are

used for the detection of missiles and location of submarines

A hydrophone (Greek "hydro" = "water" and "phone" = "sound") is a microphone

designed to be used underwater for recording or listening to underwater sound. Most

hydrophones are based on a piezoelectric transducer that generates electricity when subjected to

a pressure change. Such piezoelectric materials, or transducers can convert a sound signal into an

electrical signal since sound is a pressure wave. A hydrophone can "listen" to sound in air, but

will be less sensitive due to its design as having a good acoustic impedance match to water, the

denser fluid. Likewise, a microphone can be buried in the ground, or immersed in water if it is

put in a waterproof container, but will give similarly poor performance due to the similarly bad

acoustic impedance match.

On the first few hundred meters near the ship's propeller there are usually no

hydrophones since their effectiveness would be reduced by noise, vibration and turbulence

generated by the propulsion. The array's hydrophones can be used to detect sound sources, but

the real value of the array is that the signal processing technique of beamforming and Fourier

analysis can be used not only to calculate the distance and the direction of a sound source, but

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display its acoustic signature for determining the type of ship based on machinery noise. For this,

the relative positions of the hydrophones need to be known, usually only guaranteed when the

cable is in a straight line, or else a GPS is used to monitor the shape of the array. Therefore, a

vessel using a towed array will need to travel straight and level lest a change of course disturbs

the array and reduces its effectiveness. This requirement is reduced in modern systems by

sensors which constantly measure the relative positions of the array. Also it has to reduce its

speed as the hydrodynamic drag might tear the cable - this can also happen if the array makes

contact with the seafloor or the submarine operates astern propulsion.

The hydrophone assembly consists of a hydrophone and a charge amplifier. It has two

functions of data acquisition and signal conditioning. The data taken in the analog form is

converted into digital form in the corresponding signal conditioning unit. Finally this digital data

is converted into optical form. The hydrophone array is enclosed in Kevlar material. The spacing

between the housing assemblies varies in terms of wavelength. They are thickly arranged for

high frequency applications and loosely arranged for frequency applications.

The data detected by the hydrophones is centrally processed to provide a detection,

mapping, etc. of the feature. The hydrophones are connected through an electronic and

processing backbone, which serves to coordinate and process the data received by the array. For

example, if a boomer is used, timing is coordinated between the chirp of the boomer and the

listening of the hydrophones. The waveform and timing of the acoustic energy received by the

hydrophones is analyzed by the processing backbone to determine if it represents the same

feature. In addition, once a feature is identified, its position can be determined by virtue of the

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timing and the relative positions of the hydrophones in the array. As is known in the art, this can

be readily accomplished via generation of a set of simultaneous equations based upon the

distance determined via the time of receipt of the acoustic signal by each hydrophone.

Prior art towed arrays are plagued by various problems. One problem is boundary-layer

noise, another one is internal noise caused by waves propagating inside the array from one

transducer to another, caused by flow through the hose that the towed array is made of, or by

"cable strumming" caused by towing the cable through the water. Towing the cable may cause

the cable to vibrate, and the vibration is coupled into the array, and picked up by the transducers

in the array.

A fundamental problem is that the positions of the hydrophones or other items

comprising the nodal points of a towed acoustic array are inherently unstable. Because of

currents, position in the array, speed of the boat, or any other of myriad influences, the relative

positions of the nodal points change continuously over time. It is thus important to also

continually monitor the relative positions of the nodal points of the array. Various systems are

used in the art for this purpose. A common system uses a multiplicity of "birds" that clip on the

tow lines. Each bird comprises a transducer used for determining the range between nodal points.

Thus, the backbone causes one bird to ping and the hydrophones of the nodal points to listen.

The measured time of flight (TOF) is used to calculate the distance between the pinging bird and

receiving hydrophones. The distances are used along with known quantities (for example, the

distance between nodal points on the same line) in a series of simultaneous equations to generate

relative distances between nodal points and, thus, the shape of the array.

The accuracy of knowing the shape of the array is highly important to the detection,

analysis, etc. by the array. Although there are known systems that perform the above-described

determination of the shape of the array, such systems generally rely on match filtering to the

shape of the envelope of a continuous wave (CW) tone burst or to a pseudo-random sequence of

tone bursts to measure TOF. Matching the shape of the CW leads to a loss of detail, which is

then compensated for by using higher frequencies. This, however, results in attenuation,

reduction of the range that can be measured, and susceptibility to reflections off of array

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components, bulkheads, etc. Thus, the present systems can only measure the relative positions of

nodal points on the order of 50 cm or greater. Errors of this magnitude result in a degradation in

the performance of the array.

Presently used towed acoustic receiving arrays are very costly; normally use a complex

telemetry system with a unique data acquisition telemetry module for each channel of data; are

relatively large in diameter (2-3 inch) which causes storage, deployment and retrieval problems;

typically use flammable fill fluid to achieve neutral buoyancy and to help dissipate internal heat;

and usually require relatively high electrical power (1 watt or more) per array acoustic channel.

Recovery of an array's many separate channels of acoustic data is necessary to improve array

sensitivity and directivity in conjunction with modern array signal processing.

Multichannel telemetry data can be coded in many ways depending on the data

bandwidth, the signal dynamic range, the number of channels required, and the telemetry cable

limitations. Digital, analog and hybrid telemetry methods are presently used. A digital time

division multiplexed format allows telemetry of many channels with wide dynamic range to be

coupled as necessary over a distance of many thousands of meters using digital repeaters.

However, the data cable must be larger in diameter to allow passage of the relatively wide

telemetry signal bandwidth. In addition, power per channel tends to be high due to high speed

clocking requirements. To maintain channel identity, a different address number is normally

assigned to each channel. Unless a separate plug-in address module is used, this requirement

limits interchangeability.

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To convey acoustic information, analog multichannel carrier techniques use either

frequency modulation (FM) or amplitude modulation (AM) of high frequency carriers. A single

cable can pass up to approximately 20 FM channels before carrier drift and crosstalk become a

problem. AM-FM techniques can carry more data by bandshifting groups of modulated carrier

data, but circuit complexity and power increase and extremely linear repeaters are usually

required to prevent harmonic distortion interference. Amplitude modulation allows more

channels to exist in a given limited cable bandwidth, especially if one of several single sideband

methods are used; however, the received signal level varies inversely with the cable length and

low frequency response is usually poor due to the modulation limitations. Both FM and AM

methods require that each data acquisition module must operate at a unique carrier frequency;

therefore, particular module sparing and repairing problems arise.

There will be several modules in a single towed array system. The output of these

modules are connected to FOM (Fiber Optic Module) which is connected to the ship. The

different outputs are given to a 16:1 multiplexer. There it is connected to a analog-to-digital

converter. Repeaters are used to boost the signal. Heading sensors are used to know the direction

of the assembly.FOM consists of serialiser,encoder and FO transmitter.

Inside the Kevlar enclosure a fluid is filled which is neutrally buoyant. Servo prime 32

can be used for this purpose since it helps to maintain the shape of the assembly and to be stable

without floating beyond a particular depth.

The main modules in a towed array system are electro acoustic module (EAM), broad

band left right ambiguity module (BBLR) and decoy module.BBLR is used to know the direction

of the missiles

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The Left-Right Ambiguity

Two-Dimensional Ambiguity

A major difficulty faced by a submarine trying to detect a threat is to resolve whether the

contact vessel detected by a towed array is on the left or the right of the submarine.

Three-Dimensional Ambiguity

To avoid the ambiguity the three hydrophones are arranged in a circular pattern with

120 degree apart. So the hydrophone which gives the strongest signal gives the direction of the

coming missiles.

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Decoying is used to mislead missiles. A single hydrophone is used in this module. There

are mainly two types of missiles:-active missiles and passive missiles. Passive missiles picks up

the noise of ship for detection while active missiles detects using echo. So an intercept

hydrophone is used to mislead active missiles and a transmitter is used to misguide the echoing

of passive missiles.

Testing of towed arrays can be done in an insonification unit which generates optical

signals. Otherwise testing can be done in a test jig. Digital-to-analog converter is to convert the

signal to analog form. So the output can be tested using a CRO.

3.3.5 COMMON SERVICE GROUPS (CSG): SBUs are supported by Seven common service

groups

1. Human Resources Management(HR)

2. Administration Departments(ADMN)

3. Finance Department(F)

4. Materials Management (MTLS)

5. Quality assurance Department(QA)

6. Plant and services for General maintenance (P and S)

7. Management Information Services (MIS)

All these departments work together for achieving the objectives of the company.

Their hard work and sincerity make the company among one of the top most companies in

Kerala.

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4. PRODUCT PROFILE

Keltron Control is the only C&I system supplier in India who has almost all the critical sub-

system of a C&I package in their manufacturing range. This ensures total control over the quality

of the integrated control and instrumentation system in addition to providing life long after sales

support to the customer. The product range includes:

9020 Analog control system

Data acquisition system (DAS)

Programmable logic controller (PLC)

Open loop control system

Annunciation system

Sequential event recorder

Distributed Digital Control System used for thermal Power industries includes:

HIACS-3000 DDC system & P-4000 DDC system

K-90 integrated control system

Tank level gauging system

Gas and water quality analyzers

Electronic Transmitters

Control drivers & Control panels and cabinets

Pneumatic Actuators.

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5. PRODUCTION FLOW CHART

Logistics (Dispatch)/Stores

System acc

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Procurement (Raw Materials)

Inspection &

Acceptance

Stores

Assembly

Integration

Logistics (Dispatch)/Stores

System testing

System acceptance

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6. ORGANIZATION CHART .

KELTRON AROOR COMPLEX (KELTRON CONTROLS & KELTRAC)

46

Chief General Manager

PNG CIG STSG ITG & CSSG

Keltron Tool Room

& Training Center

Common Service Group(CSG)

CGM(QA/PPD/ P&S)

GM(Mtls/Admn/ HR/MIS)

FINANCE(MGR)

MIS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT

HR ADMN

Planning Purchase Stores

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7.BIBILOGRAPHY

Evolution of Electronics as a business

The word “Electronics” has become a part of our day- to-day lives. It is hard to

imagine a life without the use of these electronic gadgets, which in general term comprise of

Radios, Televisions, Computers, Cell phones etc. Electronics, as it is defined by engineering

stalwarts is the branch of science that deals with the flow of CHARGES through inductors,

vacuum tubes, semiconductors, capacitors and numerous similar other devices. Starting

from the daily use devices like radios, television and other circuits, all come under the broad

terminology – E L E C T R O N I C S.

During the early 1900, the marked leap in the world of scientific inventions was the

Electronic vacuum tube. After 1950`s, the science of electronics switched to “Radio

Techniques” due the invention of Radio. This was the result of the restricted use of the

science of electronics for radio appliances. Most definitely the encouragement must have

rooted from the use of military necessities in vogue, at that point of time. However, since

then the advance of electronics in various fields had attained an increased momentum. All

these inventions and advancements were the contributions of the Americans and Europeans,

to a greater extent.

1970s saw the development of new era of electronics as entertainment electronics as

Japanese found a way to come to the top of the world of electronics through entertainment

electronics. Japanese companies like Sony, Panasonic, Toshiba, Matsushita and Hitachi

became the industry leaders in this new electronics era. China as well as some of the other

South Eastern Countries, which later on became major player in electronics world also

started coming to the forefront during this period. The advancement of world of electronics

had varied effects on the world of technology as a whole. The 1970s saw the use of more and

more electronic devices in all fields of science. Satellite communication and space research

required more focus and attention of electronic researches. The decade also marked the

beginning of the drastic change of philosophy to computer industry augmentation, making

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personal computers a reality. As more focus turned to electronics, Robotics followed suit.

Coupled with computers, Robotics technologies were considered for precision and extensive

use in factory and manufacturing. The Japanese consolidated their position by innovations in

advanced entertainment electronics capturing the mass attention. Companies like SONY

were considered to be the ultimate in entertainment electronics and still enjoy the apex

position.

However during 1980s, the Americans and Europeans strived hard to regain their

position in electronics by the path breaking invention of SEMICONDUCTORS and other

active and passive components. The age of semiconductors form an integral part of modern

electronics devices and appliances. Consequently the electronics industry found a long and

happening path of history. This indeed had achieved due to the cascading effect of all the

inventions and hard work put in by pioneers in America and Japan and other countries of

Europe and Asia. In effect the industry has changed the way of life across the globe.

Moreover the total effect of the same was seen very predominantly in the explosion of

economy over national and international levels. From INDUCTION COIL – generating the

electricity to WIRELESS APPLICATION PROGRAMMING –revolutionizing the

communication arena, the industry has exploded many folds. To be very precise, this industry

has made electronic devices an integrated part of modern civil society.

The Inventions & the Inventors:

1. Michael Faraday: Induction coil – 1791:1867.

2. Alaxander Graham Bell: Telephone – 1847:1922.

3. Gulielmo Marconi: Radio & Telegraphy – 1874:1937

4. William Shockley/Walter Houser Brattain: Transistor – 1873-1961

5. John Ambrose Fleming: Vacuum Tube (DIODE) – (1904) – 1989:1945

6. Dr. Lee De Forest: Vacuum Tube (TRIODE) – 1910:1989

7. John Logie Baird: Television – 1888:1946.

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References:

1. Wikipedia – for Inventions & Inventors & William Edward DEMING

2. Sri. K.P.P. Nambiar – the unsung Hero & father of electronics in India.

3. Sri. SAM PITRODA – Chairman: National Knowledge Commission of India.

4. The Class-room sessions & Practical sessions in Keltron Controls Aroor.

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