ANDHRA LOYOLA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY VIJAYAWADA, KRISHNA DISTRICT MINI PROJECT REPORT ON “TRANSFORMER AND ITS PROTECTION” Submitted in accordance with the curriculum requirements for third year second semester of degree course in BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY In the branch of ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING Of Page | 1
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ANDHRA LOYOLA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
VIJAYAWADA, KRISHNA DISTRICT
MINI PROJECT REPORT
ON
“TRANSFORMER AND ITS PROTECTION”
Submitted in accordance with the curriculum requirements for third year
This is to certify that this mini project entitled “TRANSFORMER AND ITS
PROTECTION” has been completed by R.RATNA SAGAR (08HP1A0241),
K.MANJEET (08HP1A0235) in partial fulfillment of the award the degree in
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECRICAL AND ELECTRONIC
ENGINEERING of JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, KAKINADA during the academic year 2011-2012.
Project Guide Head of the Department
Principal External Examiner
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ACKNOWLEGEMENT
We would like to express our sincere thanks to LANCO, KONDAPALLI for providing us with an opportunity to undergo mini project at your esteemed organization. I thank few people in this regard
Mr.S.Sundaramoorthy- Executive director (project)Mr.K.Hari Krishna Rao - General Manager (O&M)Mr.K.Tirumala Rao-AGM (Maintenance), granting us permission.
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our project guide Mr.K.Baskar Rao , Deputy Manager for his valuable guidance. We were privileged to experience a sustained enthusiastic and involved interest from his side. We would also like to thank Mr. Ravindra for his conscious effort simplifies the concepts and facilities better understanding of the subject.
We would like to extend our gratitude to our Associative Professor Mrs. Anantha Lakshmi H.O.D, Department of Electrical and Electronics for his consistent encouragement and effort.
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CONTENTS
1. ABSTRACT 5
2. ABOUT LANCO 6
3. OVER VIEW OF LANCO POWER PLANT 7-23
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 COMBINE CYCLE POWER PLANT
3.3 HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR
3.4 BLACK START SYSTEM
3.5 PROCESS LAYOUT AT LANCO
3.6 GENERAL PRICIPLES OF DESIGN CONCEPTS
4. INTRODUCTION TO PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS 24-25
5. TRANSFORMERS 26-36
6. POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION 37-39
6.1 NECESSITY OF PROTECTIVE SYSTEM
6.2 BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTIVE SYSTEM
6.3 IMPORTANCE OF PROTECTIVE RELAYING
7. TRANSFORMERS USED IN
LANCO POWER 41-48
7.1 GENERATOR TRANSFORMER
7.2 AUXILARY TRANSFORMER
7.3 STATION TRANSFORMER
7.4 TRANSFORMER OIL PRESERVATION SYSTEM
8. POWER TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 49-85
8.1 CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSFORMERS
8.2 TRANSFORMER FAULTS
8.3 PROTECTION BY FUSE
8.4 PRIMARY BACK-UP PROTECTION
8.5 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
8.6 OVER CURRENT PROTECTION
8.7 RESTRICTED OVER CURRENT AND EARTH
FAULT PROTECTION
8.8 COMBINED EARTH FAULT AND PHASE FAULT
PROTECTION
8.9 RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
8.10 OVERLOAD PROTECTION
8.11 THERMAL OVER HEATING PROTECTION OF
LARGE TRANSFORMERS
8.12 HOT-SPOT THERMOMETER
8.13 LEAKAGE TO FRAME PROTECTION
8.14 OVERFLUXING PROTECTION
8.15 MECHANICAL PROTECTION
8.16 DEVICES USED FOR PROTECTION
9. MODERN TRENDS IN
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 86-88
10. CONCLISION 89
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY 90
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1. ABSTRACT:
Protective systems have been undergoing improvements/modifications keep
in step with the requirements of larger & larger generating stations and complexity
of interactions.
Protective systems are the heart of any power system. They play a very
important role in controlling and protecting various equipment in power system.
Therefore for reliable operation of any plant, protective systems are very
important. Keeping in phase with the development of advanced electronics, the
shape and size of protective systems are also getting major changes. Static &
microprocessor based relays came into existence which precisely control & protect
the system from spurious faults.
Therefore in our project we studied various protective schemes that are
employed for Transformers in “LANCO KONDAPALLI POWER PLANT”.
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2. ABOUT LANCO:
The LANCO odyssey began more than two decades ago in civil engineering and
core sector. The challenges and opportunities in a resurgent India following
economic liberalization saw LANCO engineer and consolidate itself a single apex
entity, LANCO infratech ltd.
LANCO infratech ltd is one of India’s top business conglomerates and among the
fastest growing .LANCO infratech has subsidiaries and divisions across synergistic
span of verticals. These include construction, power, EPC, infrastructure, property
development and wind energy. LANCO projects, operational and underway, are
spread across India.
A member of the UN global compact, LANCO infratech is recognized for its good
corporate governance and corporate social responsibility initiatives led by the
LANCO infratech builds on a tradition and culture where trust comes first……and
the credo is inspiring growth. It has won many awards from different organizations
in different fields.
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3. OVERVIEW OF LANCO POWER PLANT:
3.1. Introduction:
The plant is located at IDA (industrial development area) kondapalli Vijayawada,
which works on combined cycle power plant (CCPP) with total capacity of 734
MW. The plant consists of two gas turbines and two heat recovery steam
generators (HRSG) and one steam turbine.
The gas turbine uses fuel as natural gas or naphtha and stating fuel as high speed
diesel (HSD) and steam turbine uses fuel as water .they have an long term
agreement with GAIL(gas authority of India limited) to supply natural gas. The gas
is supplied from tatipaka near amalapuram through 200km pipeline. Naphtha is
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alternate fuel; it is used in the shortage of natural gas. It is stored in the naphtha
storage tanks.
For starting the gas turbine air is drawn from the atmosphere into the compressor
(with the help of cranking motor) and the compressed air and fuel is brought to
combustion chamber where it is ignited which produces enough energy to rotate
the gas turbine, which generates the power of 15KV. The exhaust gas from the
turbine consists enough temperature, which is used in HRSG to produce steam,
which is used for the running the steam turbine producing power.
The power that is generated is to be transmitted to Andhra Pradesh state grid. The
generated voltage 15KV is stepped up to 220KV by generator transformer. The
plant consists of 3-generator transformers, 2-station transformers and 2-unit
auxiliary transformers with their productive equipment.
The combined cycle power plant has a better efficiency of 45% to 55%compared to
other power plants, because of higher heat rate. It has five feeders namely
kondapalli-1, kondapalli-2, chilakulu-1, chilakulu-2, gudivada. It has three system
busses namely main bus-1, main bus-2 and transfer bus. It maintains standards set
by APTRANSCO.
In the Power Sector, gas turbine drive generators are used.
Gas turbines range in size from less than 100 KW up to about 140.000 KW. The
gas turbine has found increasing application due to the following potential
advantages over competive equipment.
• Small size and weight per horsepower
• Rapid loading capability
• Self-contained packaged unit
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• Moderate first cost
• No cooling water required
• Easy maintenance
• High reliability
• Waste heat available for combined cycle application.
• Low Gestation Period
• Low Pollution Hazards
The function of a gas turbine in a combined cycle power plant is to drive a
generator which produces electricity and to provide input heat for the steam cycle.
Power for driving the compressor is also derived from gas turbine.
3.2. Combined Cycle
Combined Cycle power plant integrates two power conversion cycles namely.
Brayton Cycle (Gas Turbines) and Rankine Cycle (Conventional steam power
plant) with the principal objective of increasing overall plant efficiency.
3.2.1. Brayton Cycle
Gas Turbine plant-operate on Brayton Cycle in which air is compressed this
compressed air is heated in the combustor by burning fuel combustion produced is
allowed to expand In the Turbine and the turbine is coupled with the generator.
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FIG-1.GAS TURBINE
Without losses the theoretical cycle process is represented by 1’ 2’ 3’ 4’
In the actual process losses do occur. Deviation from the theoretical process, results
from the fact that compression and expansion are not performed
Isentropically but polytropically which is conditioned by heat dissipation
(expansion) and heat supply (Compression) caused by various flow and fraction by
losses.
In the combined cycle mode, the Brayton Cycle is chosen as the topping cycle due
to the high temperature of the exhaust of the gas turbine (point 4 in the P.V
diagram). In modern gas turbines the temperature of the exhaust gas is in the
Range of 500 to 550 0C.
Reference to the T.S. diagram may indicate the amount of heat that is produced,
converted into mechanical energy and extracted from this process. For the
evaluation of the cyclic process, two parameters are of greatest importance;
1) Thermal efficiency 2) Process working capacity
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Thermal efficiency is obtained from chemical binding energy of the fuel and
mechanical energy available at the shaft of the gas turbine.
Thermal efficiency ( th ) as follows:
th = Energy at GT shaft
Chemical Energy of fuel
= (Q Input. - Q output)/ Q Input
= 1 - (Q Output/ Q Input)
Working capacity is also obtained from the difference between the amounts of heat
supplied and removed. This is achieved by increasing P2 that is increasing gas
inlet temperature T3.
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FIG-2 BRAYTON CYCLE
3.2.2.Rankine Cycle
The conversion of heat energy to mechanical energy with the aid of steam is carried
out through this cycle. In its simplest form the cycle works as follows (fig.2).
The initial state of the working fluid is water (point-3) which, at a certain
temperature is compressed by a pump (process 3-4) and fed to the boiler. In the
boiler the compressed water is heated at
Constant pressure (process 4-5-6-1). Modern steam power plants have steam
temperature in the range of 500 0C to 550 0C at the inlet of the turbine.
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FIG-3 RAKINE CYCLE
3.2.3. Combining two Cycles to Improve Efficiency
We have seen in the above two cycles that gas turbine exhaust is at a
Temperature of 500–550 0C and in Rankine Cycle heat is required to generate steam
at the temperature of 500-550 0C. So, why not use the gas-turbine exhaust to
generate steam in the Rankine cycle and save the fuel required to heat the water?
Combined Cycle does just the same.
The efficiency of Gas Turbine cycle alone is 30% and the efficiency of Rankine
Cycle is 35%. The overall efficiency of combined cycle comes to 48%.
3.2.4. Types of Combined Cycles
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It is basically of two types, namely Unfired Combined cycle and Fully Fired
combined cycle.
1. Unfired combined Cycle
The basic system is shown in figure- 3. In this system the exhaust gas is used only
for raising steam to be fed to the steam turbine for power generation.
The conventional fossil fuel fired boiler of the steam power plant is replaced with a
‘Heat Recovery Steam Generator’ (HRSG). Exhaust gas from the gas turbine is led
to the HRSG where heat of exhaust gas is utilized to produce steam at desired
parameters as required by the steam turbine.
However, non-reheat steam turbine is the preferred choice for adopting this type of
system as usually the live steam temperature for HRSG will be solely controlled by
the gas turbine exhaust temperature which is usually around 500 0C.
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Fig-4 UNFIRED COMBINED CYCLE
In recent development, with the introduction of Dual Pressure Cycles more heat is
recovered in the HRSG and steam with higher pressure and temperature can be
generated. But higher capital investment and sometimes necessity of supplemental
firing system makes the system complex and costly.
2. Fully Fired Combined Cycle
Fig – 4 shows the basic schematic of this cycle. In this system the heat of
Exhaust gas from gas turbine is used for two purposes as described below:
Heat contained in exhaust gas is used to heat feed water to a desire
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Fig-5 BOILER REPOWERING SYSTEM EXHAUST HEAT EXCHANGER
Temperature at the inlet to the boiler. This leads to the reduction or elimination of
the extraction steam requirement from the steam turbine. In case, the steam turbine
has a larger steam swallowing capacity to generate more power the amount of
steam which is being extracted from steam turbine for regenerative feed heating
could be made to expand in the turbine to increase its base load capacity and
improve the overall efficiency. In case the steam turbine does not have the capacity
to swallow extra steam available due to cutting down of extraction, the fuel being
fired in the boiler can be cut down to generate less steam by an amount equivalent
to steam required for extractions and thus improving the overall efficiency due to
less consumption of fuel.
Gas turbine exhaust contains about 14 to 16 % oxygen (by weight) and can be used
as hot secondary air in the conventional fossil fired furnaces. So the heat required to
heat the secondary air will be saved and can be used for other purposes. FD fan
power consumption will also be reduced to a great extent.
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3.3. HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR:
A heat recovery steam generator or HRSG is an energy recovery heat
exchanger that recovers heat from a hot gas stream. It produces steam that can
be used in a process or used to drive a steam turbine.
A common application for an HRSG is in a combined-cycle power station,
where hot exhaust from a gas turbine is fed to an HRSG to generate steam
which in turn drives a steam turbine. This combination produces electricity
more efficiently than either the gas turbine or steam turbine alone. Another
application for an HRSG is in diesel engine combined cycle power plants,
where hot exhaust from a diesel engine, as primary source of energy, is fed to
an HRSG to generate steam which in turn drives a steam turbine. The HRSG is
also an important component in cogeneration plants. Cogeneration plants
typically have a higher overall efficiency in comparison to a combined cycle
plant. This is due to the loss of energy associated with the steam turbine.
HRSGs consist of four major components: the Evaporator, Superheater,
Economizer and Water preheater. The different components are put together to
meet the operating requirements of the unit.
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FIG-6 HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR
Modular HRSGs can be categorized by a number of ways such as direction of
exhaust gases flow or number of pressure levels. Based on the flow of exhaust
gases, HRSGs are categorized into vertical and horizontal types. In horizontal type
HRSGs, exhaust gas flows horizontally over vertical tubes whereas in vertical type
HRSGs exhaust gas flow vertically over horizontal tubes. Based on pressure levels,
HRSGs can be categorized into single pressure and multi pressure. Single pressure
HRSGs have only one steam drum and steam is generated at single pressure level
whereas multi pressure HRSGs employ two (double pressure) or three (triple
pressure) steam drums. As such triple pressure HRSGs consist of three sections: an
LP (low pressure) section, a reheat/IP (intermediate pressure) section, and an HP
(high pressure) section. Each section has a steam drum and an evaporator section
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where water is converted to steam. This steam then passes through super heaters to
raise the temperature and pressure past the saturation point.
3.4. PROCESS AT LANCO KONDAPALLI POWER PLANT:
This is a (stage-1) 368.144 MW combined cycle power plant situated at IDA
(Industrial development area) kondapalli. The plant includes 2-gas turbine
generators, 2-heat recovery steam generators each supplying steam to single
condensing steam turbine generator. The main fuel used is natural gas and the
starting fuel is HSD (high speed diesel). The output power of the generators is at
15KV.the two gas turbines are fed with gas as fuel, whose flue gases at the output
are used to produce steam in heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), which drives
the steam turbine. The power is produce by 3 units of 120MW each.
The gas turbines are capable of being operated on simple cycle by exhausting into
the atmosphere, without the utilization of its exhaust gas for steam generation in
HRSG and the consequent use of the same in steam turbine generator for power
generation. This uncertainty arises during the initial commissioning the plant when
the gas turbine alone is started up and stabilized attending to the heating problems
as well as the last stage. For any reason the HRSG is not available for service.
During availability the HRSG are capable of being positively isolated by means of
a “GUILLOTINE DAMPER”. a DIVERTER DAMPER is provided in the exhaust
of gas turbine for directing/controlling the exhaust either to the atmosphere or into
the HRSG direct to the surface condenser in envisaged for matching the required
parameter of steam for steam turbine with that or steam generated in the
HRSG ,during the start up of the steam turbine also by pass system maintaining the
HRSG in the service in case of a trip out of the steam turbine facilities the
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matching of the steam parameters, in case a steam turbine generator has to take
again into service.
3.5. START UP POWER:
The function of the starting system is to crank the gas turbine up to the required
speed until: it becomes self sustaining.
One method of starting large gas turbine is by using a motor driven hydraulic
starting system. Alternatively, the GTG can be started by using a frequency
converter to rotate the generator which drives the turbine for starting.
Typical hydraulic starting systems for each gas turbine consist of the following:
• Starting motor, electric AC induction motor
• Hydraulic torque converter
• Auxiliary Gear
• Couplings
The electric starting motor drives the hydraulic torque generator through a coupling.
The hydraulic torque converter consists of an impeller, which forces the fluid
against hydraulic starting motor. The hydraulic torque converter is coupled to the
accessory gear, which is connected to the gas turbine shaft. The torque converter
receives hydraulic fluid from hydraulic and lube oil reservoir during
Operation. When gas turbine reaches self-sustaining speed the starting device is
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disconnected and shut down. To break the inertia of the starting motor and reduce
the starting current a pony motor is provided. Gas turbines of GE and WH designs
are provided with starting motor system for cranking purpose.
3.5.1. Black Start System
To start a gas turbine in the event of AC-power failure an emergency black start
system is provided. It also helps in safe coasting down of the gas turbine and its
auxiliaries following a ‘trip’ in the event of grid collapse. The black start system
consists of a separate diesel engine or a gas turbine driven synchronous generator
connected to station switch gear bus. It can be operated manually from local or
remote and also it automatically comes into operation following a black out
condition. Capacity of the black start unit should be such that it can supply the total
auxiliary power required to start a gas turbine from standstill condition.
The LANCO KONDAPALLI POWER PLANT gas turbine is provided for
emergency black-start purpose and all other projects are provided with diesel
generator set for the same duty. In LANCO the start up power of gas turbine
generator is catered by 6.6KV station switchgear by starting gas turbine generator
cranking motor (HT) and also feeding gas turbine generator (LT) auxiliaries by
connecting the tie between 6.6KV unit and station switch gears. The tie breaker
can be closed only on dead bus closing that is with both incomer and bus couplers
open. Upon successful starting and synchronizing of generator to grid, the 6.6KV
unit switch gear incomer breakers can be closed under synchronization
immediately automatic tripping of station per unit tie breakers will take place
through trip selection switch.
3.6. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN CONCEPT:-
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The basic concept of the electrical system as a
whole is based on the requirements for the safe and reliable performance of the gas
turbine and steam turbine generator sets and the interconnected electrical system
with provision for easy maintenance and overhauling.
3.6.1. AUXILIARY POWER SYSTEM:-
Auxiliaries of the gas turbine generator and steam turbine
generator range from large capacity motors to small fractional horsepower motors.
Larger motors range from 160KV is fed from 6.6KV buses and smaller motors
from 415KV buses.
3.6.2. SYSTEM /NEUTRAL GROUNDING:-
Generator neutral grounding:-
Generator neutral is grounded through neutral grounding
transformer with resistor to limit earth fault current to 10Amps.
220KV system grounding:-
As per ANSI/IEEE standard 142-1982, system with
voltages above 15KV is to be effectively grounded. Hence, the 220kv systems
have solidly earthen.
6.6KV system grounding:-
Resistance grounding is used at medium voltages
primarily due to the following advantages.
1. Electric shocks hazards to personnel due to stray ground fault currents in
the ground return path is returned.
2. Transient over voltages can be limited.
3. Mechanical stresses in circuits and apparatus carrying fault current is
reduced.
4. Burning and melting effects in faulted electric equipment are reduced. In
view of the above and also advantage of immediate and selective tripping
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of grounded circuit, low resistance grounding is envisaged for limiting
the theoretical ground fault current to 500Amps.
415KV system grounding:-
415V system is widely distributed and 3-phase, 4-wire
system is required to meet the requirement of power to control, indication,
annunciation, etc.
According to Indian electricity rule no.61,the neutral
conductor of a 3-phase , 4- wire low voltage and medium voltage system shall be
earthed and there shall not be inserted in the connection with earth any impedance
cut-out or circuit breaker. IEEE standard no.142 also recommends low voltage
system (600V and below) to be operated solidly grounded.
220KV bus bar systems:-
For the 220KV outdoor switchyard, double main and transfer
bus is provided. Bus coupler breaker is used for connecting main bus-1 and main
bus-2. The bus transfer breaker is provided between main and transfer bus. 220kv
switchyard is having the provision for connecting three numbers generator
transformers, two number station transformers and five number APSEB grid
feeders.
6.6.6KV systems:-
The 6.6KV unit switch gear of unit bus as well as 6.6KV station
switch gear of station bus is sectionalized into two sections each section being fed
from individual 15/16.9 KV transformer (in case of station bus) , 2 * 100% rated .
The unit bus is feeding unit auxiliaries of one steam – generating unit. The station
bus is used to supply power for the start-up as well as station auxiliaries.
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415V system:-
The 415V units as well as station switchboards are
sectionalized into two buses each being fed from 6.6KV/433V transformer, 2 *
100% rated. The 415V switch boards are carrying the 415 V plant loads.
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4. INTRODUCTION TO PROTECTIVE SYSTEM:
Protective relaying is an integral part of any electrical power system. The
fundamental objective of system protection is to quickly isolate a problem so
that the unaffected portions of the system can continue to function. The flip side
of this objective is that the protection system should not interrupt power for
acceptable operating conditions, including tolerable transients.
The choice of protection depends upon several aspects such as type, rating of
the protected equipment, its important location, probable abnormal conditions,
costs etc.
A fault in electrical equipment is defined as a defect in its electrical circuit
due to which the flow of current is diverted the intended.
Faults can be minimized by improving system design, improving quality of
component, better and adequate protective relaying, better operation and
maintenance; however the fault can’t be entirely eliminated.
The protective relay senses the abnormal condition in a part of power system
and given an alarm or isolate that part from the healthy system.
When abnormal conditions occur three basic objectives must always be met:
All endangered equipment must be protected from damage
The faulted components must be isolated and if not damaged, reenergized as
rapidly as possible.
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Service interruption must be minimized.
A power transformer constitutes an important and expensive component in a
power system. It is, therefore essential to provide an efficient protective relay
scheme to protect the transformer from any severe damage which might likely
to be caused by short-circuited faults within the equipment itself or any
sustained overload or fault conditions in the power systems
.
Protective relaying is necessary for every power transformer. The choice of
protection depends upon several aspects such as type, rating of transformer, its
location, its importance, probable abnormal conditions, cost etc. There are
several transformers of various ratings. Each needs certain adequate protection.
The protective relaying senses the abnormal conditions give an alarm or
isolate that part from the healthy system. The relaying are compact, self
contained devices which respond to abnormal condition. The relay
distinguishes the normal and abnormal conditions. When an abnormal
condition occurs relay closes its contacts there by trip circuit breaker opens and
faulty part is disconnected from the supply. The entire process is automatic and
fast.
Circuit breakers are switching devices which can interrupt normal and
abnormal currents. Besides relays and circuit breaker there are several other
important components in the protective relaying scheme. These include
protective current transformer, voltage transformers, protective relays, time
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delay relays, Auxiliary relays, trip circuits, secondary circuits, auxiliary and
accessories etc.
5. TRANSFORMERS
5.1INTRODUCTION:
A transformer is a static piece of equipment used either for raising or lowering
The voltage of an a.c. supply with a corresponding decrease or increase in
current. It essentially consists of two windings, the primary and secondary,
wound on a common laminated magnetic core as shown in Fig. (7.1). The
winding connected to the a.c. source is called primary winding (or primary) and
The one connected to load is called secondary winding (or secondary). The
Alternating voltage V1 whose magnitude is to be changed is applied to the
primary. Depending upon the number of turns of the primary (N1) and secondary
(N2), an alternating e.m.f. E2 is induced in the secondary. This induced e.m.f. E2
in the secondary causes a secondary current I2. Consequently, terminal voltage
V2 will appear across the load. If V2 > V1, it is called a step up-transformer. On
The other hand, if V2 < V1, it is called a step-down transformer.
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FIG-7 TRANSFORMER
5.2. Working
When an alternating voltage V1 is applied to the primary, an alternating flux is
set up in the core. This alternating flux links both the windings and induces
e.m.f.s E1 and E2 in them according to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic
Induction. The e.m.f. E1 is termed as primary e.m.f. and e.m.f. E2 is termed as
secondary e.m.f.
E1=-N1 * dø/dt
E2=-N2*dø/dt
Therefore, E2 = N2
E1 N1
Note that magnitudes of E2 and E1 depend upon the number of turns on the
Secondary and primary respectively. If N2 > N1, then E2 > E1 (or V2 > V1) and
We get a step-up transformer. On the other hand, if N2 < N1, then E2 < E1 (or V2
< V1) and we get a step-down transformer. If load is connected across the
secondary winding, the secondary e.m.f. E2 will cause a current I2 to flow
through the load. Thus, a transformer enables us to transfer a.c. power from one
circuit to another with a change in voltage level.
5.3. Construction of a Transformer
We usually design a power transformer so that it approaches the characteristics
Of an ideal transformer. To achieve this, following design features are
Incorporated:
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(i) The core is made of silicon steel which has low hysteresis loss and high
Permeability. Further, core is laminated in order to reduce eddy current
loss. These features considerably reduce the iron losses and the no-load
current.
(ii) Instead of placing primary on one limb and secondary on the other, it is a
usual practice to wind one-half of each winding on one limb. This
ensures tight coupling between the two windings. Consequently, leakage
flux is considerably reduced.
(iii) The winding resistances R1 and R2 are minimized to reduce I2R loss and
resulting rise in temperature and to ensure high efficiency.
5.4.Types of Transformers
Depending upon the manner in which the primary and secondary are wound on
The core, transformers are of two types’ viz., (i) core-type transformer and (ii)
Shell-type transformer.
(i) Core-type transformer. In a core-type transformer, half of the primary
winding and half of the secondary winding are placed round each limb as
shown in Fig. (8). This reduces the leakage flux. It is a usual practice to
place the low-voltage winding below the high-voltage winding for
mechanical considerations.
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FIG-8 CORE TYPE TRANSFORMERS
(ii) Shell-type transformer. This method of construction involves the use of a
double magnetic circuit. Both the windings are placed round the central
limb (See Fig. 9), the other two limbs acting simply as a low-reluctance
flux path.
FIG-9. SHELL-TYPE TRANSFORMERS
The choice of type (whether core or shell) will not greatly affect the efficiency
of the transformer. The core type is generally more suitable for high voltage and
small output while the shell-type is generally more suitable for low voltage and
high output.
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5.5.Cooling of Transformers
In all electrical machines, the losses produce heat and means must be provided
to keep the temperature low. In generators and motors, the rotating unit serves as
a fan causing air to circulate and carry away the heat. However, a transformer
has no rotating parts. Therefore, some other methods of cooling must be used.
Heat is produced in a transformer by the iron losses in the core and I2R loss in
the windings. To prevent undue temperature rise, this heat is removed by
cooling.
(i) In small transformers (below 50 kVA), natural air cooling is employed
i.e., the heat produced is carried away by the surrounding air.
(ii) Medium size power or distribution transformers are generally cooled by
housing them in tanks filled with oil. The oil serves a double purpose,
carrying the heat from the windings to the surface of the tank and
insulating the primary from the secondary.
(iii) For large transformers, external radiators are added to increase the
cooling surface of the oil filled tank. The oil circulates around the
transformer and moves through the radiators where the heat is released to
surrounding air. Sometimes cooling fans blow air over the radiators to
accelerate the cooling process.
5.6.Three-phase transformer
A three-phase transformer can be constructed by having three primary and three
secondary windings on a common magnetic circuit. The basic principle of a 3-
phase transformer is illustrated in Fig. (10). The three single-phase coretype
transformers, each with windings (primary and secondary) on only one leg
have their unwound legs combined to provide a path for the returning flux. The
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primaries as well as secondaries may be connected in star or delta. If the primary
is energized from a 3-phase supply, the central limb (i.e., unwound limb) carries
the fluxes produced by the 3-phase primary windings. Since the phasor sum of
three primary currents at any instant is zero, the sum of three fluxes passing
through the central limb must be zero. Hence no flux exists in the central limb
and it may, therefore, be eliminated. This modification gives a three leg coretype
3-phase transformer. In this case, any two legs will act as a return path for
the flux in the third leg. For example, if flux is Ø in one leg at some instant, then
Flux is Ø/2 in the opposite direction through the other two legs at the same
Instant. All the connections of a 3-phase transformer are made inside the case
and for delta-connected winding three leads are brought out while for star
connected Winding four leads are brought out.
FIG. (10).THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
For the same capacity, a 3-phase transformer weighs less, occupies less space
and costs about 20% less than a bank of three single-phase transformers.
Because of these advantages, 3-phase transformers are in common use,
Especially for large power transformations.
A disadvantage of the three-phase transformer lies in the fact that when one
Phase becomes defective, the entire three-phase unit must be removed from
service. When one transformer in a bank of three single-phase transformers
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becomes defective, it may be removed from service and the other two
Transformers may be reconnected to supply service on an emergency basis until
Repairs can be made.
5.6.Three-Phase Transformer Connections
A three-phase transformer can be built by suitably connecting a bank of three
Single-phase transformers or by one three-phase transformer. The primary or
secondary windings may be connected in either star (Y) or delta (Δ)
arrangement. The four most common connections are (i) Y-Y (ii) Δ-Δ (iii) Y-Δ
and (iv) Δ-Y. These four connections are shown in Fig. (). In this figure, the
windings at the left are the primaries and those at the right are the secondaries.
The primary and secondary voltages and currents are also shown. The primary
line voltage is V and the primary line current is I. The phase transformation ratio
K is given by;
K =Primary phase voltage = N1
Secondary phase voltage N2
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FIG-11.THREE PHASE CONNECTIONS
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(i) Y-Y Connection. In the Y-Y connection shown in Fig. (11), 57.7%
(Or 1/ 3) of the line voltage is impressed upon each winding but full line
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Current flows in each winding. Power circuits supplied from a Y-Y bank
Often create serious disturbances in communication circuits in their
Immediate vicinity. Because of this and other disadvantages, the Y-Y
connection is seldom used.
(ii) Δ-Connection. The Δ-Δ connection shown in Fig. (11) is often used
for moderate voltages. An advantage of this connection is that if one
Transformer gets damaged or is removed from service, the remaining two
Can be operated in what is known as the open-delta or V-V connection. By
Being operated in this way, the bank still delivers three-phase currents and
Voltages in their correct phase relationships but the capacity of the bank is
Reduced to 57.7% of what it was with all three transformers in service.
(iii) Y-Δ Connection. The Y-Δ connection shown in Fig. (11) is suitable
For stepping down a high voltage. In this case, the primaries are designed
For 57.7% of the high-tension line voltages.
(iv) Δ-Y Connection. The Δ-Y connection shown in Fig. (11) is
Commonly used for stepping up to a high voltage.
5.7.Applications of Transformers
There are four principal applications of transformers viz.
(i) Power transformers (ii) distribution transformers