Filipino Psychology - Concepts and Methods

Filipino PsychologyFilipino PsychologyConcepts and MethodsConcepts and Methods

Robert E. Javier Jr., PhDRobert E. Javier Jr., PhDAssociate ProfessorAssociate Professor

Department of PsychologyDepartment of PsychologyDe La Salle University - ManilaDe La Salle University - Manila

What is Filipino Psychology?What is Filipino Psychology?

It is an Indigenous PsychologyIt is an Indigenous Psychology

The scientific study of the ethnicity, The scientific study of the ethnicity, society and culture of a people and the society and culture of a people and the application to psychological practice of application to psychological practice of indigenous knowledge rooted in the indigenous knowledge rooted in the people’s ethnic heritage and people’s ethnic heritage and consciousness.consciousness.

Virgilio G. Enriquez (1994). Pagbabangong-Dangal: Indigenous Virgilio G. Enriquez (1994). Pagbabangong-Dangal: Indigenous Psychology & Cultural Empowerment. Akademya ng Kultura at Psychology & Cultural Empowerment. Akademya ng Kultura at Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Lungsod ng Quezon.Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Lungsod ng Quezon.

Distinctions among the forms of Distinctions among the forms of Psychology in the PhilippinesPsychology in the Philippines

Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas Psychology in the PhilippinesPsychology in the Philippines

Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino Psychology of FilipinosPsychology of Filipinos

Sikolohiyang Pilipino Sikolohiyang Pilipino Filipino PsychologyFilipino Psychology

Virgilio G. Enriquez (1976) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo Virgilio G. Enriquez (1976) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo at gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the Philippines at gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the Philippines Press: Quezon City.Press: Quezon City.

Sikolohiya sa PilipinasSikolohiya sa Pilipinas

Psychology in the PhilippinesPsychology in the Philippines

refers to a series of events related to the refers to a series of events related to the field of psychology in the Philippines.field of psychology in the Philippines.

(e.g. number of degree programs and (e.g. number of degree programs and journals, the amount of research conducted)journals, the amount of research conducted)

ang pinakamalaki o kabuuang anyo ng ang pinakamalaki o kabuuang anyo ng sikolohiya sa kontekstong Pilipino.sikolohiya sa kontekstong Pilipino.

Sikolohiya ng mga PilipinoSikolohiya ng mga Pilipino

Psychology of FilipinosPsychology of Filipinos

refers to any theories or knowledge of refers to any theories or knowledge of Filipino nature regardless of source, Filipino nature regardless of source, Western or localWestern or local

palasak na anyo sapagkat palasak na anyo sapagkat pinakakaraniwan o madaling makita.pinakakaraniwan o madaling makita.

Sikolohiyang PilipinoSikolohiyang Pilipino

Filipino PsychologyFilipino Psychology

refers to a psychology based on the refers to a psychology based on the Filipino’s true thoughts, feelings, behaviors Filipino’s true thoughts, feelings, behaviors and must derive from indigenous Filipino and must derive from indigenous Filipino sources, language, and methods.sources, language, and methods.

nilalayong anyo, sikolohiyang bunga ng nilalayong anyo, sikolohiyang bunga ng karanasan, kaisipan at oryentasyong karanasan, kaisipan at oryentasyong PilipinoPilipino

Limits of Western Concepts & MethodsLimits of Western Concepts & Methods

IssueIssue

Applicability of the Western theories Applicability of the Western theories and principles taught as well as the and principles taught as well as the research concepts and methods used research concepts and methods used in the Philippine setting.in the Philippine setting.

Timothy Church (1985) in Indigenous Psychology: A Book of Timothy Church (1985) in Indigenous Psychology: A Book of Readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Quezon City.Pilipino: Quezon City.


The limits of Western social research The limits of Western social research methods in rural Philippines: The need for methods in rural Philippines: The need for innovationinnovation

Gloria D. Feliciano (1965) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, Metodo Gloria D. Feliciano (1965) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, Metodo at Gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the Philippines at Gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the Philippines Press: Quezon City.Press: Quezon City.


The limits of applicability of Western The limits of applicability of Western concepts, values and methods in the social concepts, values and methods in the social sciences to the concrete realities of Asian sciences to the concrete realities of Asian societies.societies.

Augusto C. Espiritu (1968) in Indigenous Psychology: A Book of Augusto C. Espiritu (1968) in Indigenous Psychology: A Book of Readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) (1990) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) (1990) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Quezon City.Pilipino: Quezon City.

Sikolohiyang Pilipino Sikolohiyang Pilipino from a movement to an academic disciplinefrom a movement to an academic discipline

Principal emphasis in psychologyPrincipal emphasis in psychology

Identity and national consciousnessIdentity and national consciousnessSocial awareness and involvementSocial awareness and involvementPsychology of language and culturePsychology of language and cultureApplications & bases of Filipino psychologyApplications & bases of Filipino psychology(health practices, agriculture, art, religion)(health practices, agriculture, art, religion)

Virgilio G. Enriquez (1992). From colonial to liberation psychology: Virgilio G. Enriquez (1992). From colonial to liberation psychology: The Philippine experience. University of the Philippines Press. QC The Philippine experience. University of the Philippines Press. QC

Primary areas of protests of Primary areas of protests of Sikolohiyang PilipinoSikolohiyang Pilipino

It is againstIt is against

a psychology that perpetuates the colonial a psychology that perpetuates the colonial status of the Filipino mindstatus of the Filipino mind

a psychology used for the exploitation of a psychology used for the exploitation of the massesthe masses

the imposition of psychologies developed the imposition of psychologies developed in foreign countriesin foreign countries

Positions of Sikolohiyang PilipinoPositions of Sikolohiyang Pilipino

On psychological practiceOn psychological practice

conceptualization of psychological practice conceptualization of psychological practice in a Philippine context (industriya vs. in a Philippine context (industriya vs. kabuhayan; klinika vs. kalusugan)kabuhayan; klinika vs. kalusugan)

concerned with folk practices, indigenous concerned with folk practices, indigenous techniques of healing, popular religio-techniques of healing, popular religio-political movementspolitical movements


On Science – Humanism issueOn Science – Humanism issue

utilizes scientific methodology in the study utilizes scientific methodology in the study of psychological phenomenaof psychological phenomena

concerned not only with the universal concerned not only with the universal validity of psychological science but also in validity of psychological science but also in utilizing such for the purpose of serving utilizing such for the purpose of serving the interest of all mankind, affording the interest of all mankind, affording protection to the disadvantagedprotection to the disadvantaged


On Mentalism - Behaviorism issueOn Mentalism - Behaviorism issue

uses both phenomenological & behavioristic uses both phenomenological & behavioristic concepts, but lesser emphasis on individual concepts, but lesser emphasis on individual experience and greater emphasis on the experience and greater emphasis on the collective experiencecollective experience

attaches greater importance to kamalayan, attaches greater importance to kamalayan, subsidiary importance to uliratsubsidiary importance to ulirat


On Analysis – Wholeness IssueOn Analysis – Wholeness Issue

methodologically leans on the side of methodologically leans on the side of analysis but interprets the result of analysis but interprets the result of analysis with a bias for wholenessanalysis with a bias for wholeness

(social context, political implications, (social context, political implications, cultural meaning of the study)cultural meaning of the study)

Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a ‘taong-bahay’Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a ‘taong-bahay’

MetaphorMetaphor

Sikolohiyang Pilipino can be explained Sikolohiyang Pilipino can be explained through a metaphor: (a characteristic way through a metaphor: (a characteristic way of clarifying concepts) – difference of clarifying concepts) – difference between tao sa bahay (person in the between tao sa bahay (person in the house) and taong-bahay (house person). house) and taong-bahay (house person).

Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a callSikolohiyang Pilipino is a call

for the exercise of care in the adoption of for the exercise of care in the adoption of foreign theories… “uncritical rejection is foreign theories… “uncritical rejection is just as dangerous as uncritical acceptance just as dangerous as uncritical acceptance of Western theories”of Western theories”

for example: psychological problems are for example: psychological problems are the same anywhere however, the sources the same anywhere however, the sources of such problems differ greatly of such problems differ greatly

Lines of filiations in Lines of filiations in Philippine psychological thoughtPhilippine psychological thought

Academic-scientific psychology: WesternAcademic-scientific psychology: Western Academic-philosophical psychology: Academic-philosophical psychology:

ClergyClergy Ethnic psychology: Indigenous psychologyEthnic psychology: Indigenous psychology Psycho-medical system: Religion - Psycho-medical system: Religion -

cohesive element and explanation.cohesive element and explanation.

Zeus A. Salazar (1981) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at Zeus A. Salazar (1981) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore, Inc.: Manila.Bookstore, Inc.: Manila.

Psychology: the Western traditionPsychology: the Western tradition

Academic-scientific psychology:Academic-scientific psychology:

Wilhelm Wundt, the German traditionWilhelm Wundt, the German tradition

University of the Philippines (1908)University of the Philippines (1908)

and other American traditional schoolsand other American traditional schools

Academic-philosophical psychology:Academic-philosophical psychology:

Thomistic philosophy and psychologyThomistic philosophy and psychology

University of Santo Tomas (1611)University of Santo Tomas (1611)

Ethnic psychology Ethnic psychology Native psychological thoughtNative psychological thought

Indigenous psychology: kinagisnan and Indigenous psychology: kinagisnan and katutubong sikolohiya.katutubong sikolohiya.

Psychology of Filipinos - perceived ethnic Psychology of Filipinos - perceived ethnic traits, as observed by foreigners or as felt traits, as observed by foreigners or as felt and expressed by Filipinos.and expressed by Filipinos.

The practice of psychology by Filipinos – The practice of psychology by Filipinos – techniques of enculturation, socialization.techniques of enculturation, socialization.

Psychology: the Filipino traditionPsychology: the Filipino tradition

Ethnic psychologyEthnic psychology

Kinagisnang sikolohiyaKinagisnang sikolohiyathe subconscious psychology imbedded in the subconscious psychology imbedded in the native language, art, music, culture and the native language, art, music, culture and religion (one has been born into; unaware).religion (one has been born into; unaware).e.g. kaluluwa at ginhawae.g. kaluluwa at ginhawa

Zeus A. Salazar (1977) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at Zeus A. Salazar (1977) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989). University of the Philippines gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989). University of the Philippines Press: Quezon City.Press: Quezon City.



Katutubong sikolohiyaKatutubong sikolohiyapsychology worked out by Filipinos with psychology worked out by Filipinos with indigenous elements as basis (innate to the indigenous elements as basis (innate to the Filipino) e.g. Kartilya of the Katipunan, Jose Filipino) e.g. Kartilya of the Katipunan, Jose Rizal, Hermano Pule, Isabelo de los Reyes.Rizal, Hermano Pule, Isabelo de los Reyes.

Katutubong sikolohiya and Kinagisnang Katutubong sikolohiya and Kinagisnang sikolohiya constitute Katutubong sikolohiyasikolohiya constitute Katutubong sikolohiya



Psychology of Filipinos- based on mainly Psychology of Filipinos- based on mainly Western system of thought e.g. Spanish: Western system of thought e.g. Spanish: Pigafetta’s quite objective observation of Pigafetta’s quite objective observation of the Filipinos in the Visayas (impressed by the Filipinos in the Visayas (impressed by them); American: Worcester’s view of the them); American: Worcester’s view of the Filipinos as distinct ethnic groups different Filipinos as distinct ethnic groups different from one another as Christian and non-from one another as Christian and non-Christian (pagans and Moros).Christian (pagans and Moros).



Practice of psychology by Filipinos:Practice of psychology by Filipinos:a. indigenous techniques of enculturation/ a. indigenous techniques of enculturation/ socialization, e.g. myths for social control, socialization, e.g. myths for social control, or as affected by Christianity or Islam.or as affected by Christianity or Islam.b. proto-clinical practice, e.g. tagapayo, b. proto-clinical practice, e.g. tagapayo, manghuhula, ancient techniques of group manghuhula, ancient techniques of group therapy that are still present (alternating therapy that are still present (alternating chants during wakes, poetry, consensus).chants during wakes, poetry, consensus).



Psycho-medical system: religion as Psycho-medical system: religion as cohesive element and explanation.cohesive element and explanation.

(1565) Babaylan or Catalonan techniques of (1565) Babaylan or Catalonan techniques of healing; disease theory, causation, therapy. healing; disease theory, causation, therapy.

(1650) Messianic movements (1650) Messianic movements

(1730) Herbolaryo(1730) Herbolaryo

(1900) Espiritista(1900) Espiritista

Filipino psychological knowledgeFilipino psychological knowledge

Filipino LanguageFilipino Language

use as a tool for identifying/rediscovering use as a tool for identifying/rediscovering indigenous conceptsindigenous concepts

e.g. study of diwa (psyche), refers to the e.g. study of diwa (psyche), refers to the wealth of ideas implied by the wealth of ideas implied by the philosophical concept of “essence”philosophical concept of “essence”

Filipino LanguageFilipino Language

““Enriquez does his theorizing in Filipino Enriquez does his theorizing in Filipino and does his writing in Pilipino; merely as and does his writing in Pilipino; merely as a heuristic device, a discovery procedure… a heuristic device, a discovery procedure… returning to the ‘deep structure’ of the returning to the ‘deep structure’ of the language… Enriquez worked in an area language… Enriquez worked in an area where Filipinos are most adept, where the where Filipinos are most adept, where the language has a rich vocabulary of feeling language has a rich vocabulary of feeling and sentiment.”and sentiment.”

Andrew B. Gonzales (1982) in Indigenous Psychology: A book of Andrew B. Gonzales (1982) in Indigenous Psychology: A book of readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino: readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Quezon City.Quezon City.

Language, a Heuristic ToolLanguage, a Heuristic Tool

Methods: Ethnography, Language Analysis, Methods: Ethnography, Language Analysis, Semantics, IntrospectionSemantics, Introspection

Language provided the instrument to Language provided the instrument to refine the tools of research so as to refine the tools of research so as to discover categories and subcategories discover categories and subcategories which would be lost to a Western English-which would be lost to a Western English-speaking researcher…speaking researcher…

Filipino, the Philippine Filipino, the Philippine lingua francalingua franca

The issue of national language has long The issue of national language has long been resolved by the Filipino masses been resolved by the Filipino masses through their use and propagation of a through their use and propagation of a language based on the Manila language based on the Manila lingua lingua franca, franca, Manila being the seat of Manila being the seat of government, the business hub, melting government, the business hub, melting pot, center of history.pot, center of history.

Virgilio G. Enriquez & Elizabeth P. Marcelino (1984). Neo-colonial Virgilio G. Enriquez & Elizabeth P. Marcelino (1984). Neo-colonial politics and language struggle in the Philippines. Akademya ng politics and language struggle in the Philippines. Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Quezon City.Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Quezon City.

Language & KnowledgeLanguage & Knowledge

System of communicationSystem of communicationsumming-up our lived experiencessumming-up our lived experiences

Social interactionSocial interactionexpressing our thoughts and feelingsexpressing our thoughts and feelings

Spoken languageSpoken languagefrom bodily gestures to linguistic actsfrom bodily gestures to linguistic actsspecialized speech apparatusspecialized speech apparatusprimary medium of communicationprimary medium of communication

Thinking & LanguageThinking & Language

Interdependence of knowledge & Interdependence of knowledge & language, i.e. the thinking process cannot language, i.e. the thinking process cannot work independently of languagework independently of language

Language is not a neutral system of signs Language is not a neutral system of signs nor is it value-free, i.e. it is partisan to the nor is it value-free, i.e. it is partisan to the values, perspectives, and rules of values, perspectives, and rules of cognition of a particular class or societycognition of a particular class or society

Language, history, and Language, history, and socio-economic-cultural lifesocio-economic-cultural life

Specific historical features and socio-Specific historical features and socio-economic-cultural conditions shape the economic-cultural conditions shape the thinking and language of a people, giving thinking and language of a people, giving distinctive meanings and value judgments distinctive meanings and value judgments to their words.to their words.

Indigenous language, genuine vehicle of Indigenous language, genuine vehicle of the innermost thoughts and intimate the innermost thoughts and intimate feelings of a people bound by a common feelings of a people bound by a common historical heritage and a specific socio-historical heritage and a specific socio-economic-cultural environment.economic-cultural environment.

Psychological concepts and Psychological concepts and human behaviorhuman behavior

The formation of psychological concepts is The formation of psychological concepts is the more important stage in the entire the more important stage in the entire process of understanding human behavior.process of understanding human behavior.

These concepts lay the foundation for the These concepts lay the foundation for the formation of indigenous psychological formation of indigenous psychological theories and models of analysis that theories and models of analysis that correspond more fully to the realities of correspond more fully to the realities of the life and culture of a society.the life and culture of a society.

Development of technical terminology Development of technical terminology in Filipino Psychologyin Filipino Psychology

System of affixation in the Filipino language System of affixation in the Filipino language a resource for terminology developmenta resource for terminology development

The meaning changes because of the use of The meaning changes because of the use of affixes (suffixes, prefixes, infixes, postfixes)affixes (suffixes, prefixes, infixes, postfixes)

paki, mang, mapa, ika, ipang, ma, ka, makapaki, mang, mapa, ika, ipang, ma, ka, maka

Zeus A. Salazar (1981) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at Zeus A. Salazar (1981) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore, Inc.: ManilaBookstore, Inc.: Manila


Direct borrowing (saling-angkat)Direct borrowing (saling-angkat)

perception (L) persepsyonperception (L) persepsyon

psicologia (S) sikolohiyapsicologia (S) sikolohiya Surface assimilation (saling-paimbabaw)Surface assimilation (saling-paimbabaw)

reinforcement - reimporsmentreinforcement - reimporsment Grammatical translation Grammatical translation

(saling-panggramatika)(saling-panggramatika)

social interaction – interaksyong sosyalsocial interaction – interaksyong sosyal


Loan translation (saling-hiram)Loan translation (saling-hiram)

defense mechanismdefense mechanism

mekanismong pananggalangmekanismong pananggalang Word invention (salitang likha)Word invention (salitang likha)

masturbation – mag-isang pagpaparaosmasturbation – mag-isang pagpaparaos Abbreviated words (salitang daglat) Abbreviated words (salitang daglat)

STM short term memorySTM short term memory

PUP Panukat ng Ugali at PagkataoPUP Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao


Parallel translation (salitang-tapat)Parallel translation (salitang-tapat)

relationship = pakikisalamuharelationship = pakikisalamuha Indigenous-concept oriented translationIndigenous-concept oriented translation

(salitang taal)(salitang taal)

kapwa: hindi ibang-tao, ibang-taokapwa: hindi ibang-tao, ibang-tao Amalgamated translation (salitang sanib) Amalgamated translation (salitang sanib)

mahay (Cebuano), nagmamahaymahay (Cebuano), nagmamahay


Categorization of words and conceptsCategorization of words and concepts Foreign concepts (konseptong banyaga)Foreign concepts (konseptong banyaga)

home for the agedhome for the aged Superficial assimilation Superficial assimilation

(paimbabaw na asimilasyon)(paimbabaw na asimilasyon)reinforcement – gantimpala, ‘may napala’reinforcement – gantimpala, ‘may napala’

Labeling (pagbibinyag)Labeling (pagbibinyag)utang-na-loob - reciprocity utang-na-loob - reciprocity hiya - shamehiya - shamepakikisama - comradeshippakikisama - comradeship


Categorization of words and conceptsCategorization of words and concepts Semantic indigenization (pag-aandukha)Semantic indigenization (pag-aandukha)

paniniyansing, tambayan (stand by)paniniyansing, tambayan (stand by) Semantic delimitation (pagtatakda) Semantic delimitation (pagtatakda)

gunita – recall, alaala – memorygunita – recall, alaala – memorypersonality is personalidad not pagkataopersonality is personalidad not pagkatao

Indigenous concepts (katutubong Indigenous concepts (katutubong konsepto)konsepto)saling-pusa (informal member)saling-pusa (informal member)pagka-pikon (to be peeved)pagka-pikon (to be peeved)

Kapwa, a core concept in Kapwa, a core concept in Filipino PsychologyFilipino Psychology

The Filipino language provides a The Filipino language provides a conceptual distinction in several levels and conceptual distinction in several levels and modes of social interaction (antas ng modes of social interaction (antas ng pagtutunguhan). pagtutunguhan).

Eight behaviorally recognizable levels Eight behaviorally recognizable levels under two general categories in Filipino under two general categories in Filipino were identified (ibang-tao; hindi ibang-tao).were identified (ibang-tao; hindi ibang-tao).

Carmen E. Santiago and Virgilio G. Enriquez (1976) in Sikolohiyang Carmen E. Santiago and Virgilio G. Enriquez (1976) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo at gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) Pilipino: Teorya, metodo at gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the Philippines Press: Quezon City.University of the Philippines Press: Quezon City.


Ibang-tao (outsider)Ibang-tao (outsider)

pakikitungo (amenities, civility)pakikitungo (amenities, civility)

pakikisalimuha (‘mixing’)pakikisalimuha (‘mixing’)

pakikilahok (joining, participating)pakikilahok (joining, participating)

pakikibagay (conforming)pakikibagay (conforming)

pakikisama (adjusting)pakikisama (adjusting) Hindi ibang-tao (one-of-us)Hindi ibang-tao (one-of-us)

pakikipagpalagayang-loob (mutual trust)pakikipagpalagayang-loob (mutual trust)

pakikisangkot (getting involved)pakikisangkot (getting involved)

pakikiisa (full trust, oneness, fusion)pakikiisa (full trust, oneness, fusion)

Kapwa, the shared inner selfKapwa, the shared inner self

Kapwa (English: both, fellow being, others) Kapwa (English: both, fellow being, others) others is used in opposition to the ‘self’others is used in opposition to the ‘self’implies the recognition of the ‘self’ implies the recognition of the ‘self’ ‘‘self’ as a separate identityself’ as a separate identity

Kapwa in FilipinoKapwa in Filipinoa recognition of shared identitya recognition of shared identityan inner self shared with othersan inner self shared with othersthe ‘ako’ (ego) and the ‘iba sa akin’ the ‘ako’ (ego) and the ‘iba sa akin’ (others) are one and the same in kapwa (others) are one and the same in kapwa psychologypsychology


Pakikitungo, pakikipagkapwa are Pakikitungo, pakikipagkapwa are mutually replaceable in taxonomic mutually replaceable in taxonomic analysis, either covers the entire lexical analysis, either covers the entire lexical domain.domain.

Pakikipagkapwa, more theoretically Pakikipagkapwa, more theoretically fertile concept when analyzed fertile concept when analyzed semantically; much deeper and profound semantically; much deeper and profound in its implications as it means accepting in its implications as it means accepting and dealing with the other person as an and dealing with the other person as an equal.equal.

Pakikiramdam: Pakikiramdam: the pivotal aspect of kapwathe pivotal aspect of kapwa

refers to heightened awareness, sensitivityrefers to heightened awareness, sensitivity ‘‘feeling for another’feeling for another’ a kind of emotional a prioria kind of emotional a priori an active process involving great care and an active process involving great care and

deliberation manifested in ‘hesitation to deliberation manifested in ‘hesitation to react, inattention to subtle cues, and non-react, inattention to subtle cues, and non-verbal behavior in mental role-playingverbal behavior in mental role-playing

Rita H. Mataragnon (1987) in From colonial to liberation Rita H. Mataragnon (1987) in From colonial to liberation psychology: The Philippine Experience. Virgilio G. Enriquez (Ed) psychology: The Philippine Experience. Virgilio G. Enriquez (Ed) (1992) UP Press.(1992) UP Press.

Pakikiramdam: Pakikiramdam: the pivotal aspect of kapwathe pivotal aspect of kapwa

Pakiramdam is necessarily tied to the Pakiramdam is necessarily tied to the operation of all Filipino surface values:operation of all Filipino surface values:

pakikisama, hiya, utang na loobpakikisama, hiya, utang na loob The improvisatory character of The improvisatory character of

pakikiramdam is operative in bahala napakikiramdam is operative in bahala na

lakas ng loob, pakikibakalakas ng loob, pakikibaka The centrality of pakiramdam in The centrality of pakiramdam in

behavioral and interpersonal domains:behavioral and interpersonal domains:

biro-lambing-tampo.biro-lambing-tampo.

The Development of The Development of Sikolohiyang Pilipino KnowledgeSikolohiyang Pilipino Knowledge

Major goals of Sikolohiyang PilipinoMajor goals of Sikolohiyang Pilipino

pagsasakatutubo (indigenization)pagsasakatutubo (indigenization) pagka-agham (science)pagka-agham (science) pagka-Pilipino (Filipino identity)pagka-Pilipino (Filipino identity)

Mario San Buenaventura (1983) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, Mario San Buenaventura (1983) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore, Inc.: Manila(1985). National Bookstore, Inc.: Manila

The Development of The Development of Sikolohiyang Pilipino KnowledgeSikolohiyang Pilipino Knowledge

The project of Sikolohiyang PilipinoThe project of Sikolohiyang Pilipino

development of indigenous psychological development of indigenous psychological conceptsconcepts

utilization of indigenous research methodsutilization of indigenous research methods creation of authentic and appropriate creation of authentic and appropriate

social scientific psychologysocial scientific psychology

Steven Rood (1985) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at Steven Rood (1985) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore, Inc.: ManilaBookstore, Inc.: Manila

Research ApproachesResearch Approaches

Experimental - adherence to Experimental - adherence to predetermined set of procedurespredetermined set of procedures

Survey – conform to an informal Survey – conform to an informal agreement with respondentsagreement with respondents

Participatory – negotiate issues jointly as Participatory – negotiate issues jointly as they arisethey arise

Indigenous – seek to enhance awareness Indigenous – seek to enhance awareness as one-with-the-otheras one-with-the-other

Indigenous ResearchIndigenous Research

Cross-Indigenous Psychology fuses the Cross-Indigenous Psychology fuses the modern and the traditional i.e. using modern and the traditional i.e. using scientific methods and ensuring that they scientific methods and ensuring that they are culturally appropriate.are culturally appropriate.

Sikolohiyang Pilipino utilizes and borrows Sikolohiyang Pilipino utilizes and borrows concepts from both the modern and concepts from both the modern and traditional cultural systems.traditional cultural systems.

Approaches in the development & Approaches in the development & utilization of indigenous viewpointsutilization of indigenous viewpoints

Indigenization from withinIndigenization from withinbasis: the indigenousbasis: the indigenousdirection: outwardsdirection: outwardsculture-as-sourceculture-as-source

Indigenization from withoutIndigenization from withoutbasis: the exogenousbasis: the exogenousdirection: inwardsdirection: inwardsculture-as-targetculture-as-target

Indigenization from withoutIndigenization from without

Content indigenizationContent indigenization

translation of imported materialstranslation of imported materials

Theoretic indigenizationTheoretic indigenization

Indigenization as strategyIndigenization as strategy

Culture assimilationCulture assimilation

indigenous versions of imported systemsindigenous versions of imported systems

Indigenization from withinIndigenization from within

Identification of indigenous concepts, Identification of indigenous concepts, methods, theoriesmethods, theories

Semantic elaborationSemantic elaboration Indigenous codification re-codificationIndigenous codification re-codification Systematization/explication of implied Systematization/explication of implied

theoretical frameworkstheoretical frameworks Application/useApplication/use

Using the culture as sourceUsing the culture as source

Indigenization from within Indigenization from within

necessarily implies the need for cultural necessarily implies the need for cultural revalidation revalidation

a demand for concepts and methods a demand for concepts and methods which are culturally appropriate, which are culturally appropriate, scientifically validscientifically valid

Traditional Filipino indigenous Traditional Filipino indigenous psychology and culturepsychology and culture

LanguageLanguage

ethnolingguistic groups, multilingual ethnolingguistic groups, multilingual peoplepeople

LeisureLeisure

laro, laruan, palaro (patintero, sipa, piko)laro, laruan, palaro (patintero, sipa, piko) CuisineCuisine

adobo, bistik, dinuguan at puto, halo-haloadobo, bistik, dinuguan at puto, halo-halo LawLaw


ReligionReligion

belief in a supreme being (Batlaya)belief in a supreme being (Batlaya)

respect for nature (spirits dwell in nature)respect for nature (spirits dwell in nature)

reverence for ancestry (bulol, anito, reverence for ancestry (bulol, anito, ninuno)ninuno)


ReligionReligion

underscores the importance of establishing underscores the importance of establishing close interpersonal relations with one’s close interpersonal relations with one’s family, relatives and fellowmen (kapwa)family, relatives and fellowmen (kapwa)

highly-developed sense of values: courage, highly-developed sense of values: courage, cleanliness, courtesy, control and the familycleanliness, courtesy, control and the family


ReligionReligion

indigenous morality: profound concept of indigenous morality: profound concept of pagkamakataopagkamakatao

babaylan (priestess), dambana (shrine)babaylan (priestess), dambana (shrine)

rituals and symbols for good (benevolent rituals and symbols for good (benevolent diwata) and evil (malevolent aswang)diwata) and evil (malevolent aswang)


Manuscripts, memories, mummies lostManuscripts, memories, mummies lost

bell of Balangica, baybayin (alibata), bell of Balangica, baybayin (alibata), burial grounds in Sagadaburial grounds in Sagada

Misa, mesa, mamimista, mamimis kitaMisa, mesa, mamimista, mamimis kita

Foreign words subsumed in the structure Foreign words subsumed in the structure of the Filipino languageof the Filipino language


Names: Sinag Liwayway (T), Dawani Paros Names: Sinag Liwayway (T), Dawani Paros (B), Janatyan Ahaddas (Y), Hamili Ayo (C), (B), Janatyan Ahaddas (Y), Hamili Ayo (C), Sudi Amor (I)Sudi Amor (I)

Literature: Francisco Balagtas, Ka Amado Literature: Francisco Balagtas, Ka Amado

Theater and Film: Fernando Poe Jr. Theater and Film: Fernando Poe Jr. Tagalog movies shown in theaters from Tagalog movies shown in theaters from Batanes to JoloBatanes to Jolo


MedicineMedicinelason vs. gamot, synthetic pesticides have lason vs. gamot, synthetic pesticides have gone semantic transformation- result of gone semantic transformation- result of massive promotion during the Marcos’ massive promotion during the Marcos’ Green Revolution projectGreen Revolution project

herbal medicine, medicinal plants, hilot, herbal medicine, medicinal plants, hilot, concepts attributing illness to displaced concepts attributing illness to displaced organs that have to be massaged back organs that have to be massaged back into its correct positioninto its correct position


Music and Arts: Sarong Banggi (B), Ati Cu Music and Arts: Sarong Banggi (B), Ati Cu Pung Singsing (P), Pamulinawen (I), Pung Singsing (P), Pamulinawen (I), Pobreng Alindahaw (C), Dandansoy (H), Pobreng Alindahaw (C), Dandansoy (H), Salidumay (S); Kulilal Ensemble of Salidumay (S); Kulilal Ensemble of Palawan, Kutyapi Artists of MaguindanaoPalawan, Kutyapi Artists of Maguindanao

Rituals and Ceremonies: agimat Rituals and Ceremonies: agimat (talisman), mutya (charm), gayuma (spell), (talisman), mutya (charm), gayuma (spell), anting-anting (amulet); bulong (whisper); anting-anting (amulet); bulong (whisper); sapi (spirit possession) sapi (spirit possession)


Methods: doing diagnosisMethods: doing diagnosis

psychodiagnostician determine culturally-psychodiagnostician determine culturally-defined cause of affliction through defined cause of affliction through patawas, pagbatbat/pag-usisa, pagpakot, patawas, pagbatbat/pag-usisa, pagpakot, pamulso.pamulso.

beliefs in sapi, matanda, nuno, dwende.beliefs in sapi, matanda, nuno, dwende.


Meanings:Meanings:

Hiyang – (compatible, suited) in Hiyang – (compatible, suited) in indigenous medical practice, it means indigenous medical practice, it means compatibility of the treatment and compatibility of the treatment and medicine with the individual.medicine with the individual.

Lagnat laki (‘growing-up’ fever); Lugaw is Lagnat laki (‘growing-up’ fever); Lugaw is perceived as ‘food for the sick’perceived as ‘food for the sick’


Genetic diversity of indigenous plantsGenetic diversity of indigenous plants

e.g. varieties of rice grains nurtured e.g. varieties of rice grains nurtured through centuries by indigenous peoplethrough centuries by indigenous people

Herbal knowledgeHerbal knowledge

e.g. pito-pito, herbal tea from seven e.g. pito-pito, herbal tea from seven leaves: bayabas, banaba, alagao, kulantro, leaves: bayabas, banaba, alagao, kulantro, mango, pandan – use to detoxify the body.mango, pandan – use to detoxify the body.

Philippine cultural studiesPhilippine cultural studies

Perspectival and Interpretive ModelsPerspectival and Interpretive Models

absolutist position - assumes the basic absolutist position - assumes the basic congruence of psychological phenomena congruence of psychological phenomena across humankindacross humankind

relativist position – assumes differences relativist position – assumes differences across cultures, if not the uniqueness of across cultures, if not the uniqueness of each oneeach one


pangkami (reactive relativist), assumes the pangkami (reactive relativist), assumes the utility of an alien frame of referenceutility of an alien frame of reference

pantayong pananaw (ethnocentric), pantayong pananaw (ethnocentric), assumes the absolutist indigenous assumes the absolutist indigenous perspectiveperspective

universalist position implied by the kapwa universalist position implied by the kapwa and cross indigenous orientation of and cross indigenous orientation of Sikolohiyang PilipinoSikolohiyang Pilipino


Universalist positionUniversalist position

assumes that basic psychological assumes that basic psychological processes are likely to be common processes are likely to be common features of human life everywhere, yet features of human life everywhere, yet their manifestations are likely to be their manifestations are likely to be influenced by cultureinfluenced by culture


Emic approach (phonemic)Emic approach (phonemic)

the need to understand a culture from its the need to understand a culture from its own perspective (using natural own perspective (using natural taxonomies)taxonomies)

Etic approach (phonetic)Etic approach (phonetic)

the discovery of psychological universalthe discovery of psychological universal

Filipino intellectual traditionFilipino intellectual tradition

Philosophical traditions and paradigms of Philosophical traditions and paradigms of science as neither Eastern nor Westernscience as neither Eastern nor Western

The West does not have a monopoly of The West does not have a monopoly of scientific standards, in fact science evolved scientific standards, in fact science evolved from Eastern intellectual traditionsfrom Eastern intellectual traditions

Filipino intellectual traditions: the Ma’aram, Filipino intellectual traditions: the Ma’aram, si Pilosopong Tasyosi Pilosopong Tasyo

Filipino intellectual traditionFilipino intellectual tradition

Filipino philosophy of science incorporates Filipino philosophy of science incorporates the demands of empirical validation from the demands of empirical validation from reliability and validity to affirmability and reliability and validity to affirmability and authenticity.authenticity.

Levels of validity & scientific standardsLevels of validity & scientific standardskatatagan (replicability, reliability)katatagan (replicability, reliability)katapatan (multiple operationism, validity)katapatan (multiple operationism, validity)patibay (certification)patibay (certification)patotoo (affirmability, attestability)patotoo (affirmability, attestability)patunay (authenticity)patunay (authenticity)

Filipino indigenous theoriesFilipino indigenous theories

Filipino concepts and models of Filipino concepts and models of personalitypersonality

The five elements of the Ma’aram concept The five elements of the Ma’aram concept of pagkatawo (personhood):of pagkatawo (personhood):

ginhawa (vital principle)ginhawa (vital principle)buot (perception)buot (perception)isip (mind)isip (mind)dungan (sleep spirit)dungan (sleep spirit)kalag (life spirit)kalag (life spirit)



Three elements in Baltazar’s model:Three elements in Baltazar’s model:

bait (sanity)bait (sanity)

muni (reflection)muni (reflection)

hatol (judgment)hatol (judgment)



The four elements in Covar’s concept of The four elements in Covar’s concept of Filipino personhood:Filipino personhood:

kaluluwa (spirit)kaluluwa (spirit)budhi (conscience)budhi (conscience)katauhang panlabas, external appearancekatauhang panlabas, external appearancekatauhang panloob (innermost being)katauhang panloob (innermost being)


Filipino social interaction theoryFilipino social interaction theory

Levels and modes of social interaction Levels and modes of social interaction rooted in Filipino collectivist culture which rooted in Filipino collectivist culture which have been identified using ethnoscientific have been identified using ethnoscientific field methods.field methods.

Kapwa, a core concept in Filipino social Kapwa, a core concept in Filipino social psychology. Pakikipagkapwa is accepting, psychology. Pakikipagkapwa is accepting, dealing with the other person as an equal.dealing with the other person as an equal.

Filipino indigenous conceptsFilipino indigenous concepts

Filipino concept of justiceFilipino concept of justiceTagalog, Ilongos, Cebuanos, Pampangos Tagalog, Ilongos, Cebuanos, Pampangos use a common word for justice, use a common word for justice, katarungan, derived from the Visayan root katarungan, derived from the Visayan root tarong means straight, upright, tarong means straight, upright, appropriate, correct, and for right, we use appropriate, correct, and for right, we use karapatan, whose root is dapat signifying karapatan, whose root is dapat signifying fitting, appropriate, correct i.e. justice is fitting, appropriate, correct i.e. justice is related to rightrelated to right

Jose W. Diokno (1983) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at Jose W. Diokno (1983) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore, Inc.: ManilaBookstore, Inc.: Manila

Research ModelsResearch Models

Models of data collectionModels of data collection

Self-orientationSelf-orientation

Experimenter-orientationExperimenter-orientation

Reactive-orientationReactive-orientation

Mutual-orientationMutual-orientation

Linda L. Viney (1988) in Pagbabangong-dangal: Indigenous Linda L. Viney (1988) in Pagbabangong-dangal: Indigenous psychology and cultural empowerment. Virgilo G. Enriquez (Ed.) psychology and cultural empowerment. Virgilo G. Enriquez (Ed.) 1994. Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino. Quezon City.1994. Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino. Quezon City.



Self-orientation Model: Self-orientation Model: the data collector and contributors relate the data collector and contributors relate to the other only to the extent of waiting to the other only to the extent of waiting until the other stops responding, e.g. until the other stops responding, e.g. laboratory-based studies of memory. laboratory-based studies of memory. Communication is not taking place Communication is not taking place between them through socially shared between them through socially shared interpretations or common constructs.interpretations or common constructs.



Experimenter-orientation Model:Experimenter-orientation Model:

the data collectors appear to influence the data collectors appear to influence while only the data contributors appear to while only the data contributors appear to be influenced, e.g. Asch’s person be influenced, e.g. Asch’s person perception study; an imbalance of power perception study; an imbalance of power in favor of data collectors who appear to in favor of data collectors who appear to define the experimental situation. define the experimental situation.



Reactive-orientation Model:Reactive-orientation Model:the participants in the data collection are the participants in the data collection are reacting to what is currently taking place reacting to what is currently taking place between them, e.g. verbal conditioning between them, e.g. verbal conditioning research; yet the capacities of both data research; yet the capacities of both data contributors and collectors to construe are contributors and collectors to construe are assumed to be unimportant and are assumed to be unimportant and are ignored.ignored.



Mutual-orientation Model:Mutual-orientation Model:

the data collector and contributor give the data collector and contributor give something to, and gain something from something to, and gain something from the data collection, e.g. Piaget’s early the data collection, e.g. Piaget’s early research on conservation. Indigenous research on conservation. Indigenous psychology research uses this model as psychology research uses this model as the cultural researcher is a culture bearer the cultural researcher is a culture bearer himself.himself.


Researcher-Researchee Relationship ModelResearcher-Researchee Relationship Model Scale of the ResearcherScale of the Researcher

Iskala ng MananaliksikIskala ng Mananaliksik Scale of the Relationship or Interaction Scale of the Relationship or Interaction

between the Researcher and the Researcheebetween the Researcher and the Researchee

Iskala ng Pagtutunguhan ng Mananaliksik at Iskala ng Pagtutunguhan ng Mananaliksik at KalahokKalahok

Carmen E. Santiago & Virgilio G. Enriquez (1975) in Sikolohiyang Carmen E. Santiago & Virgilio G. Enriquez (1975) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit. Rogelia E. Pe-Pua (Ed.). UP Press.Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit. Rogelia E. Pe-Pua (Ed.). UP Press.

Santiago-Enriquez Research ModelSantiago-Enriquez Research Model

Researcher-Researchee Relationship ModelResearcher-Researchee Relationship Model Scale of the ResearcherScale of the Researcher

Iskala ng MananaliksikIskala ng Mananaliksik

These are methods used by the researcher These are methods used by the researcher in generating data that are tried and in generating data that are tried and tested and are culturally sensitive and tested and are culturally sensitive and appropriate in doing research with appropriate in doing research with Filipinos. Filipinos.


Researcher-Researchee Relationship ModelResearcher-Researchee Relationship Model Scale of the Relationship or Interaction Scale of the Relationship or Interaction

between the Researcher and the between the Researcher and the ResearcheeResearchee

Iskala ng Pagtutunguhan ng Mananaliksik Iskala ng Pagtutunguhan ng Mananaliksik at Kalahokat Kalahok

The level of interaction between the The level of interaction between the researcher and the researchee significantly researcher and the researchee significantly determines the quality of data obtained.determines the quality of data obtained.


Researcher-Researchee Relationship ModelResearcher-Researchee Relationship Model Levels of RelationshipLevels of Relationship

There are eight levels of interaction which There are eight levels of interaction which range from the relatively uninvolved range from the relatively uninvolved civility of pakikitungo to the total sense of civility of pakikitungo to the total sense of identification in pakikiisa. These eight identification in pakikiisa. These eight levels of interaction can be divided into levels of interaction can be divided into two categories: the ibang-tao (outsider) two categories: the ibang-tao (outsider) and the hindi ibang-tao (one-of-us).and the hindi ibang-tao (one-of-us).


Researcher-Researchee Relationship ModelResearcher-Researchee Relationship Model

Levels of RelationshipLevels of RelationshipIbang-tao category (outsider)Ibang-tao category (outsider)

pakikitungo (amenities, civility) pakikitungo (amenities, civility) pakikisalimuha (interaction)pakikisalimuha (interaction)pakikilahok (participation, joining)pakikilahok (participation, joining)pakikibagay (conforming)pakikibagay (conforming)pakikisama (adjusting, being along pakikisama (adjusting, being along

with) with)


Researcher-Researchee Relationship ModelResearcher-Researchee Relationship Model

Levels of RelationshipLevels of Relationship

Hindi ibang-tao category (one-of-us)Hindi ibang-tao category (one-of-us)

pakikipagpalagayang-loob (mutual pakikipagpalagayang-loob (mutual trust)trust)

pakikisangkot (active involvement)pakikisangkot (active involvement)

pakikiisa (full trust)pakikiisa (full trust)

Filipino indigenous research methodsFilipino indigenous research methods

Collective indigenous methodCollective indigenous method partakes of the characteristics of:partakes of the characteristics of:

a community dialoguea community dialoguefocused group discussionfocused group discussionnatural cluster interviewnatural cluster interviewgroup attestationgroup attestation

puts premium on:puts premium on:cultural appropriatenesscultural appropriatenessan ordinary get-togetheran ordinary get-together

Filipino indigenous research methodsFilipino indigenous research methods

Approaches & TechniquesApproaches & Techniques

Pakapa-kapa (‘groping,’ a field method)Pakapa-kapa (‘groping,’ a field method) Pagtatanong-tanong (asking questions)Pagtatanong-tanong (asking questions) Pakikiramdam (shared sensitivities)Pakikiramdam (shared sensitivities) Pakikialam (concerned interference)Pakikialam (concerned interference) Pakikilahok (participation)Pakikilahok (participation) Pakikisangkot (integral involvement)Pakikisangkot (integral involvement) Pagdalaw-dalaw (casual but repeated Pagdalaw-dalaw (casual but repeated

visits)visits)

Sikolohiyang Pilipino research Sikolohiyang Pilipino research approaches and techniquesapproaches and techniques

Pakapa-kapaPakapa-kapaan approach characterized by groping, an approach characterized by groping, searching, probing into an unsystematized searching, probing into an unsystematized mass of social and cultural data to be able mass of social and cultural data to be able to obtain order, meaning, and directions to obtain order, meaning, and directions for research. for research.

Carmen E. Santiago (1975) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, Carmen E. Santiago (1975) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) UP Pressmetodo, at gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) UP Press

Amaryllis T. Torres in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at Amaryllis T. Torres in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) UP Pressgamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) UP Press


Pakapa-kapaPakapa-kapa implies an exploration into cultural, social implies an exploration into cultural, social

or psychological data without the chains of or psychological data without the chains of overriding theoretical framework borrowed overriding theoretical framework borrowed from observations outside the focus of from observations outside the focus of investigation.investigation.

can be related to unobtrusive techniques can be related to unobtrusive techniques because the actual procedures for because the actual procedures for collecting information may range from collecting information may range from observation, documentation, intervention, observation, documentation, intervention, participation.participation.


Panunuluyan approachPanunuluyan approach

interaction techniques, levels of interaction techniques, levels of relationshiprelationshipmula paninimbang hanggang malalimang mula paninimbang hanggang malalimang pakikipagpalagayang-loob.pakikipagpalagayang-loob.

Erlinda Nicdao-Henson (1977) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, Erlinda Nicdao-Henson (1977) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989). UP Press: QC. metodo, at gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989). UP Press: QC.

Josefina B. San Juan & Resurrecion Soriaga (1985) in Sikolohiyang Josefina B. San Juan & Resurrecion Soriaga (1985) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon & Ma. Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon & Ma. Assumpta David (Ed.) (1985) National Bookstore Inc.: Manila. Assumpta David (Ed.) (1985) National Bookstore Inc.: Manila.



Panunuluyan: ang kontekstong pisikal at Panunuluyan: ang kontekstong pisikal at teknolohikal.teknolohikal.

Pakikipagkapwa: ang batayang panlipunan Pakikipagkapwa: ang batayang panlipunan ng pakikipanuluyan.ng pakikipanuluyan.



Makataong pakikipag-ugnayan: pagdalaw, Makataong pakikipag-ugnayan: pagdalaw, paninirahan, pananahanan, pakikisuno.paninirahan, pananahanan, pakikisuno.

Pakikibagay: pakikitulog at pakikikain.Pakikibagay: pakikitulog at pakikikain.

Pakikiramdam at paninimbang: paraan at Pakikiramdam at paninimbang: paraan at batayan ng pakikipagpalagayang-loob.batayan ng pakikipagpalagayang-loob.



Pakikiramdam, paggamit ng damdamin, Pakikiramdam, paggamit ng damdamin, mata at pandinig upang maintindihan o mata at pandinig upang maintindihan o mabasa ang ibig ipahiwatig ng kausap na mabasa ang ibig ipahiwatig ng kausap na ipinahahayag sa pamamagitan ng kilos, ipinahahayag sa pamamagitan ng kilos, parinig at matalinhagang salita (talas ng parinig at matalinhagang salita (talas ng pakiramdam).pakiramdam).



Pakikiramdam could serve as a personality Pakikiramdam could serve as a personality disposition, as a situational behavior, as a disposition, as a situational behavior, as a coping mechanism; closely related to coping mechanism; closely related to many general psychological concepts such many general psychological concepts such as empathy and sensitivity.as empathy and sensitivity.

Rita Mataragnon (1982) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at Rita Mataragnon (1982) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon and Ma. Assumpta David (Ed.) (1985). kaalaman. Allen Aganon and Ma. Assumpta David (Ed.) (1985). National Bookstore Inc.: ManilaNational Bookstore Inc.: Manila



Paninimbang: damdamin at isipan (sentido Paninimbang: damdamin at isipan (sentido komon) ang pinaiiral dito at anuman ang komon) ang pinaiiral dito at anuman ang namasid, nadama, o napakiramdaman ay namasid, nadama, o napakiramdaman ay aangkupan ng tugong-kilos, subalit iniisip aangkupan ng tugong-kilos, subalit iniisip ang kahalagahan at kabutihang ang kahalagahan at kabutihang maidudulot ng katugunang ito maidudulot ng katugunang ito (pagtutumbas).(pagtutumbas).



PamamaraanPamamaraanpanimulang pagsasanaypanimulang pagsasanaypaglalakbay at pakikisunopaglalakbay at pakikisunopaghimpil sa pookpaghimpil sa pookpagtingin-tingin sa maaaring pagtingin-tingin sa maaaring

panuluyanpanuluyanpaghanap ng tulaypaghanap ng tulaypagdalaw sa pakikipanuluyanpagdalaw sa pakikipanuluyan


Panunuluyan approachPanunuluyan approach PagsasakatuparanPagsasakatuparan

pagbati at pagpapakilalapagbati at pagpapakilalapag-aayos ng mga dala-dalahanpag-aayos ng mga dala-dalahanpakikipagpalagayanpakikipagpalagayanpagtulong-tulongpagtulong-tulongpagpalit-palitang paggamit ng mga pagpalit-palitang paggamit ng mga metodometodopaggawa ng pananaliksikpaggawa ng pananaliksikpamamaalam at pasasalamatpamamaalam at pasasalamat


Panunuluyan approachPanunuluyan approach Suliraning etikalSuliraning etikal

pagsasabi ng layunin ngpagsasabi ng layunin ng pananaliksik pananaliksik

pagkasangkapan sa pagkakaibiganpagkasangkapan sa pagkakaibigan

pagsasabi sa kinalabasan ng pananaliksikpagsasabi sa kinalabasan ng pananaliksik

paghingi ng pahintulotpaghingi ng pahintulot

pagtanaw ng utang na pagtanaw ng utang na loob/pamemerwisyoloob/pamemerwisyo

pagbubunyag ng natuklasang katiwalianpagbubunyag ng natuklasang katiwalian


Pagtatanong-tanong MethodPagtatanong-tanong Method

Pagtatanong-tanong, Filipino word for Pagtatanong-tanong, Filipino word for “asking questions,” the repetition of “asking questions,” the repetition of ‘tanong’ to ‘tanong-tanong’ indicates ‘tanong’ to ‘tanong-tanong’ indicates seriousness of purpose, one is truly seriousness of purpose, one is truly determined to get answers to ones determined to get answers to ones questions.questions.

Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (1989). International Journal of Intercultural Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (1989). International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 13, pp 147-163. Pergamon Press: USARelations, Vol. 13, pp 147-163. Pergamon Press: USA



Major CharacteristicsMajor Characteristics

– Participatory in natureParticipatory in nature– Equality of statusEquality of status– Appropriate and adaptiveAppropriate and adaptive– Integrated with other indigenous Integrated with other indigenous

methodsmethods



Preparation: pagtatanong-tanong is part of Preparation: pagtatanong-tanong is part of everyday casual interaction, researcher everyday casual interaction, researcher must plan very well for certain conditions, must plan very well for certain conditions, consider convenience and comfort of consider convenience and comfort of informants, their language, norms, values, informants, their language, norms, values, and background (history, within/between and background (history, within/between group differences, activities, policies).group differences, activities, policies).


Procedure of pagtatanong-tanongProcedure of pagtatanong-tanong

Get to know the people, place, lifestyleGet to know the people, place, lifestyleGreet informants, give credentials (name Greet informants, give credentials (name

the go-between)the go-between)Go tell them the purpose of the studyGo tell them the purpose of the studyGive an estimate of the expected length of Give an estimate of the expected length of

the sessionthe sessionGuide questions are used when necessaryGuide questions are used when necessaryGoodbye and thank you is not abruptGoodbye and thank you is not abrupt


Principles of pagtatanong-tanongPrinciples of pagtatanong-tanong

The level of the relationship that exists The level of the relationship that exists between the researcher and the informant between the researcher and the informant significantly influences the quality of data significantly influences the quality of data obtained (Santiago-Enriquez Model).obtained (Santiago-Enriquez Model).

The language of the respondent is used in The language of the respondent is used in the conduct of pagtatanong-tanong.the conduct of pagtatanong-tanong.



The use of pakikiramdam as ‘feeling for The use of pakikiramdam as ‘feeling for another’ (cultural sensitivity), through this another’ (cultural sensitivity), through this the researcher knows when to ask or avoid the researcher knows when to ask or avoid questions, interprets a ‘yes’ for a ‘no’.questions, interprets a ‘yes’ for a ‘no’.

The equality of status is maintained, as it The equality of status is maintained, as it is a dialogue (informant is a kausap or is a dialogue (informant is a kausap or person spoken with) not an interview.person spoken with) not an interview.



The issue of reliability: consistency of The issue of reliability: consistency of response can be checked by repeating the response can be checked by repeating the question in a different way.question in a different way.

The problem of investigator bias and data The problem of investigator bias and data contamination can be solved by having contamination can be solved by having more than one person do the more than one person do the pagtatanong-tanong.pagtatanong-tanong.



Repeated sampling from as many Repeated sampling from as many informants as possible can produce informants as possible can produce commonalities of lexical domain which can commonalities of lexical domain which can then constitute a ‘construct.’then constitute a ‘construct.’

Familiarity with the language, values, Familiarity with the language, values, cultural norms, will optimize accuracy and cultural norms, will optimize accuracy and relevance of interpretations.relevance of interpretations.


Pakikipagkwentuhan MethodPakikipagkwentuhan Method

KuwentuhanKuwentuhan is an occasion for exchange is an occasion for exchange of information, ideas, insights, and of information, ideas, insights, and opinions also it is a sharing of beliefs, opinions also it is a sharing of beliefs, thoughts, and experiences.thoughts, and experiences.

Roberto E. Javier Jr. (2004). Methodological Properties of Roberto E. Javier Jr. (2004). Methodological Properties of Pakikipagkwentuhan. DLSU-URCO Research Project Report.Pakikipagkwentuhan. DLSU-URCO Research Project Report.



Oral (pasalita)Oral (pasalita)Written (pasulat)Written (pasulat)

Transmitted (pasalin-salin) through timeTransmitted (pasalin-salin) through time

Request (paki – paghingi ng pahintulot)Request (paki – paghingi ng pahintulot)



Pakikipagkwentuhan is an informal, free, Pakikipagkwentuhan is an informal, free, as well as a social process of exchanging as well as a social process of exchanging information, thoughts, and knowledge that information, thoughts, and knowledge that is part of human daily activities.is part of human daily activities.

Grace O. Oteza (1997). Pakikipagkwentuhan: Isang pamamaraan Grace O. Oteza (1997). Pakikipagkwentuhan: Isang pamamaraan ng sama-samang pananaliksik, pagpapatotoo, at pagtulong sa ng sama-samang pananaliksik, pagpapatotoo, at pagtulong sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino. PPRTH Occasional Papers Series 1997, No. 1.Sikolohiyang Pilipino. PPRTH Occasional Papers Series 1997, No. 1.


Procedure of pakikipagkwentuhanProcedure of pakikipagkwentuhan

initially make visits (padalaw-dalaw) initially make visits (padalaw-dalaw) before before living-in the community living-in the community (panunuluyan) (panunuluyan)

introduce yourself to the communityintroduce yourself to the community invite yourself to community gatheringsinvite yourself to community gatherings initiate a conversation when in a natural initiate a conversation when in a natural

clustercluster invest time in story sharing sessionsinvest time in story sharing sessions


Principles of pakikipagkwentuhanPrinciples of pakikipagkwentuhan

may pakikipagkapwa sa kwentuhanmay pakikipagkapwa sa kwentuhan

may ‘paki’ ang kalahok sa kwentomay ‘paki’ ang kalahok sa kwento

may pakinabang sa kwentuhan may pakinabang sa kwentuhan

libangan libangan

linangan ng kaalaman linangan ng kaalaman

lunas sa karamdamanlunas sa karamdaman



collective orientation collective orientation

(pananaliksik na sama-sama)(pananaliksik na sama-sama)

contains the process of validation contains the process of validation

(pagpapatotoo)(pagpapatotoo)

construction of social reality (pagbubuo)construction of social reality (pagbubuo)

cluster as unit of analysis cluster as unit of analysis

(pagsali sa likas na umpukan)(pagsali sa likas na umpukan)



with a topic to talk about but without a with a topic to talk about but without a theme (may pakay pero walang paksa)theme (may pakay pero walang paksa)

worth or value of story produced from the worth or value of story produced from the kwentuhan session (kwenta ng kwentuhan session (kwenta ng

kwento)kwento)



Validity: trustworthiness not truthValidity: trustworthiness not truth

(mapagkakatiwalaan kaysa (mapagkakatiwalaan kaysa makatotohanan)makatotohanan)

Reliability: certification not consistencyReliability: certification not consistency

(process of pakikipagkwentuhan-indicator)(process of pakikipagkwentuhan-indicator)

(pagpapatotoo, pagpapatibay)(pagpapatotoo, pagpapatibay)


Ginabayang Talakayan MethodGinabayang Talakayan Method

collective discussion techniquecollective discussion technique

‘‘sama-sama’ orientationsama-sama’ orientation

Roberto GalvezRoberto Galvez

Filipino Psychology - Concepts and Methods

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