Fil Project Part 3

PANITIKAN SA PANAHON NG HIMAGSIKAN

KALIGIRANG KASAYSAYAN

Nagising pagkatapos nang higit sa tatlong daang taong pagkakahimlay ang mga natutulog na damdamin ng mga Pilipino nang isangkot sa digmaan sa Kabite ang tatlong paring sina Gomez, Burgos at Zamora at patayin sa pamamagitan ng garote nang walang matibay na katibayan ng pagkakasala. Ito’y naganap noong ika-17 ng Pebrero, 1872. Naragdagan pa ito nang makapasok dito ang diwang liberalismo sa pamamagitan ng pagkakabukas ng Pilipinas sa pandaigdig na kalakalan, at ang pagkakapadala sa kapuluan ng liberal na lider na tulad ni Gob. Carlos Maria dela Torre.

PAKSA NG PANITIKAN:

1. Humihingi ng pagbabago o reporma sa pamamalakad ng simbahan at pamahalaan.

2. Diwang makabayan.

3. Pag-asam o pagnanais ng kalayaan

ANG KILUSANG PROPAGANDA

Ang kilusang ito ay binubuo ng mga intelektwal sa gitnang uri na tulad nina Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez-Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, Pedro Paterno at iba pa. Paghingi ng reporma o pagbabago gaya ng mga sumusunod ang layunin ng kilusang ito

LAYUNIN NG KILUSANG PROPAGANDA

1. Magkaroon ng pantay-pantay na pagtingin sa mga Pilipino at Kastila sa ilalim ng batas.

2. Gawing lalawigan ng Espanya ang Pilipinas.

3. Panumbalikin ang pagkakaroon ng kinatawang Pilipino sa Kortes ng Espanya.

4. Gawing mga Pilipino ang mga kura-paroko.

5. Ibigay ang kalayaan ng mga Pilipino sa pamamahayag, pananalita, pagtitipon o pagpupulong, at pagpapahayag ng kanilang mga karaingan.

ANG MGA PROPAGANDISTA

JOSE RIZAL

JOSE RIZAL –gumamit ng dalawang sagisag-panulat= Laong-laan (Amor Patrio); Dimasalang ( Masonry), itinatag-LA LIGA FILIPINA

- ipinanganak noong ika-19 ng Hunyo 1861, bayan ng Kalamba - namatay noong ika-30 ng Disyembre 1896- ang kanyang mga AKDA :

NOLI ME TANGERE – akdang nagbigay daan sa himagsikan laban sa Espanya; inilantad ang kasamaang naghahari sa pamamahala ng mga Kastila sa Pilipinas.

EL FILIBUSTERISMO – akdang nagsisiwalat ng mga kabulukan ng pamahalaang umiiral

MI ULTIMO ADIOS – (Ang Huli Kong Paalam); ito ay kanyang sinulat noong siya ay nakakulong sa Fort Santiago. Ipinalalagay ng marami na ang tulang ito ay maihahanay sa lalong pinakadakilang tula sa daigdig.

SOBRE LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS FILIPINAS- (Hinggil sa Katamaran ng mga Pilipino ). Ito’y isang sanaysay na tumatalakay at sumusuri ng mga palasak na sabing ang mga Pilipino ay tamad

FILIPINAS DENTRO DE CIEN ANOS-(ANG Pilipinas sa Loob ng Sandaang Taon ). Ito ay isang sanaysay na nagpapahiwatig na darating ang panahon na ang interes ng Europa sa Pilipinas ay mababawasan, samantalang ang impluwensya ng Estados Unidos ay mararamdaman. Hula ni Rizal; kung may sasakop uli sa Pilipinas, walang iba kundi ang Estados Unidos.

A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINO- ( Sa Kabataang Pilipino ). Ito ay isang tulang inihandog niya sa mga kabataang Pilipinong nag-aaral sa Pamantasan ng Sto. Tomas.

EL CONSEJO DE LOS DIOSES- ( Ang Kapulungan ng mga Bathala). Ito ay isang dulang patalinghagang nagpapahayag ng paghanga kay Cervantes.

JUNTO PASIG – ( Sa Tabi ng Pasig ). Isinulat niya ito nang siya ay 14 na taong gulang pa lamang.

ME PIDEN VERSOS- ( Hinilingan Nila Ako ng mga Tula ).-1882 at A LAS FLORES DE HEIDELBERG ( Sa mga Bulaklak ng Heidelberg 1882 ). Ang dalawang tulang ito ay nagpapahayag ng mga di-pangkaraniwang kalaliman ng damdamin.

MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

Marcelo H. del Pilar was born on August 30, 1850 in the barrio of Cupang, municipality of San Nicolás, province of Bulacan He was the ninth of ten children of Julián H. del Pilar and Blasa Gatmaitán.

Julián was a Tagalog grammarian, speaker, and poet. He was a three-time gobernadorcillo (municipal mayor) of the pueblo (town) of Bulacan and afterwards oficial de mesa (government clerk) of the alcalde mayor of the province. Marcelo's siblings were namely Toribio (priest, deported to the Marianas in 1872), Fernando (father of General Gregorio del Pilar), Andrea, Dorotea, Estanislao, Juan, Hilaria (married to Deodato Arellano), Valentín, and María. The family owned rice and sugarcane lands, several fish ponds, and animal-power mill.

The real surname of the family was "Hilario". They adapted the surname "del Pilar" in compliance with the decree of Governor-General Narciso Clavería in 1849. It is probable that aristocratic blood ran in del Pilar’s veins. His mother was a Gatmaitán, and the prefix "Gat" indicated her descent from the ancient Tagalog kings.

Del Pilar received his early education from his paternal uncle Alejo del Pilar. Because his family was highly cultured, it was not long before he played the flute, piano, and violin. He took a Latin course in the school of Hermenigildo Flores in Manila. He later enrolled and earned his Bachiller en Artes at the Colegio de San José. He pursued law at the Universidad de Santo Tomás.

Del Pilar had developed a dislike for the friars early in his life. In 1870, he was imprisoned after a fight with the parish priest of San Miguel, Manila who was charging an exorbitant baptismal fee. He happened to be one of the child's godfathers. After his release from prison, he worked as oficial de mesa in Pampanga and Quiapo. He resumed his legal studies in 1878. He earned hislicenciado en jurisprudencia (equivalent to a Bachelor of Laws) in 1880.

Del Pilar's first job as a lawyer was with the Manila Royal Audiencia. He aimed at gaining insight into the operation of the colonial government. He toured the towns of Bulacan to deliver speeches against the friars, preaching to the people the gospel of work, self-respect, and human dignity. He made the cockpit and the town plaza the venues of his campaign.

In 1882, del Pilar co-founded the Diariong Tagalog (Tagalog Newspaper), the first Philippine bilingual newspaper. He published nationalist articles and edited the Tagalog section. He helped organize various anti-friar demonstrations, culminating in that of March 1, 1888, which petitioned the expulsion of the friars from the Philippines and the deportation of the Archbishop of Manila.

La Solidaridad

Unable to tolerate del Pilar's radical activities, the Spanish authorities ordered his arrest. He left the Philippines on October 28, 1888, escaping to Hong Kong before moving to Spain. Before his departure, he organized Caja de Jesús, María y José. It was later dissolved and replaced by a committee in Manila.

Del Pilar arrived in Spain on January 1, 1889. He headed the political section of the Asociación Hispano-Filipina de Madrid (Hispanic Filipino Association of Madrid). On December 15, 1889, he succeeded Graciano López Jaena as editor of the La Solidaridad (Solidarity). Under his editorship, the aims of the newspaper expanded. Using propaganda, it pursued the desires for:

Cultural assimilation

Removal of the friars and the secularization of the parishes

Freedom of assembly and speech

Equality before the law

Philippine representation in the Cortes, the legislature of Spain

The publication of La Solidaridad stopped due to lack of funding. In del Pilar's farewell editorial, he said :

“ We are persuaded that no sacrifices are too little to win the rights and the liberty of a nation that is oppressed by slavery. ”

The National Shrine of Marcelo H. del Pilar in San Nicolas, Bulacan, Bulacan

Del Pilar experienced hardships in Spain for lack of money. He contracted tuberculosis and died on July 4, 1896. He was buried at the Cementerio del Sub-Oeste (Southwest Cemetery) in Barcelona. His remains were returned to the Philippines on December 3, 1920 and was buried initially at theManila North Cemetery. It was later transferred to his birthplace in Bulacán, Bulacan on August 30, 1986, under a monument.

MARCELO H. DEL PILAR- gumamit ng iba’t ibang sagisag-panulat tulad ng PLARIDEL; PUPDOH;PIPING DILAT; at DOLORES MANAPAT

- isinilang sa Cupang,San Nicolas Bulakan noong ika-30 ng Agosto,1850

- itinatag ang DIARIONG TAGALOG noong 1882

-hinalinhan niya si Graciano Lopez Jaena bilang patnugot ng pahayagang LA SOLIDARIDAD

MGA AKDA NI MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

• PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA- salin sa tulang Kastilang “Amor Patrio” ni Rizal na napalathala noong Agosto 20, 1882 sa Diariong Tagalog.

• CAIIGAT KAYO – ito’y isang pabiro at patuyang tuligsa at tugon sa tuligsa ni Padre Jose Rodriguez sa Noli ni Rizal; inilathala sa Barcelona noong 1888. Gumamit siya ng sagisag na “Dolores Manapat” sa akda niyang ito.

• DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN- akdang hawig sa katesismo subalit pagtuya laban sa mga prayle na inilantad sa Barcelona noong 1888.

• ANG CADAQUILAAN NG DIOS – ito’y isang hawig sa katesismo subalit pagtuya laban sa mga prayle na inilahathala sa Barcelona. Isang sanaysay ng pagtuligsa laban sa mga prayle ngunit nagtataglay ng pilosopiya tungkol sa kapangyarihan at katalinuhan ng Poong Lumikha, pagpapahalaga at pag-ibig sa kalikasan.

• SAGOT NG ESPANYA SA HIBIK NG PILIPINAS- isang tulang nagsasaad ng pagbabago ngunit ang Espanya ay napakatanda at napakahina na upang magkaloob ng anumang tulong sa Pilipinas.

• DUPLUHAN..DALIT..MGA BUGTONG- ito’y katipunan ng maiigsing tula at pang-aapi ng mga prayle sa Pilipinas.

• LA SOBERANA EN FILIPINAS- sanaysay na tungkol sa mga katiwalian at di-makatarungang ginawa ng mga prayle sa mga Pilipino

• PASIONG DAPAT IPAG-ALAB NANG PUSO NANG TAONG BABASA (Passion That Should Inflame the Heart of the Reader, 1888)

• LA FRAILOCRACIA FILIPINA -  (Friarocracy in the Philippines, 1889)

• SA BUMABASANG KABABAYAN -  (unpublished)

GRACIANO LOPEZ-JAENA

His parents sent López Jaena to Jaro which had been opened under the administration of Governor General Carlos María de la Torre y Nava Cerrada. While studying at St. Vincent Ferrer Seminary in Jaro, López Jaena served as a secretary to an uncle named Claudio López who was the honorary vice consul of Portugal in Iloilo. His ambition of becoming a physician, convinced his parents that this was the better course of action.

López Jaena sought enrollment at the University of Santo Tomas but was denied admission because the required Bachelor of Artsdegree was not offered at the seminary in Jaro. Instead he was appointed to the San Juan de Dios Hospital as an apprentice. Unfortunately, due to financial problems, he dropped out and returned to Iloilo to practice medicine.

During this period, his visits with the poor and the common people began to stir feelings about the injustices that were common. At the age of 18 he wrote the satirical story "Fray Botod" which depicted a fat and lecherous priest. Botod’s false piety "always had the Virgin and God on his lips no matter how unjust and underhanded his acts are. This incurred the fury of the friars. Although the story was not published, a copy circulated in Iloilo but the friars could not prove that López Jaena was the author.

He got into trouble for refusing to testify that certain prisoners died of natural causes when it was obvious that they had died at the hands of the mayor of Pototan. López Jaena continued to agitate for justice and finally went to Spain when threats were made on his life. López Jaena sailed for Spain in 1879. There he was to become a leading literary and oratorical spokesman for Philippine reform.

López Jaena pursued his medical studies at the University of Valencia but did not finish the course. Once Rizal reproached Lopéz Jaena for not finishing his medical studies.  Graciano replied, "On the shoulders of slaves should not rest a doctor's cape." Rizal countermanded, "The shoulders do not honor the doctor's cape, but the doctor's cape honors the shoulders."

He then moved to the field of journalism. Losing interest in politics and academic life, he soon enjoyed his life in Barcelona and Madrid. However, his friends would forgive him these indiscretions due to his appeal with words and oratory. Mariano Ponce who was another of the Filipino propagandists in Spain observed, "... a deafening ovation followed the close of the peroration, the ladies waved their kerchiefs wildly, and the men applauded frantically as they stood up from their seats in order to embrace the speaker."

Rizal noted, "His great love is politics and literature. I do not know for sure whether he loves politics in order to deliver speeches or he loves literature to be a politician."

In addition he is remembered for his literary contributions to the propaganda movement. López Jaena founded the fortnightly newspaper, La Solidaridad. When the publication office moved from Barcelona to Madrid, the editorship was succeeded to Marcelo H. del Pilar. A student will discover his talent in the publication Discursos y Artículos Varios (Speeches and Various Articles).

López Jaena died of tuberculosis on January 20, 1896, eleven months short of his 40th birthday. The following day, he was buried in unmarked grave at the Cementerio del Sub-Oeste of Barcelona. His death was followed on July 4 by Marcelo H. del Pilar and on December 30 of José Rizal by firing squad, thus ending the great triumvirate of propagandists. He died in poverty just shy of two and a half years before the declaration of independence from Spain by Emilio Aguinaldo. His remains were never brought back to the Philippines.

- isinilang noong Disyembre 18, 1856- kinilalang manunulat at mananalumpati sa “Gintong Panahon ng Panitikan at

Pananalumpati”- itinatag niya ang kauna-unahang magasin, ang LA SOLIDARIDAD na naging opisyal na

bibig ng “Asociation Hispano Filipina”- nagkasakit ng tuberkolosis at namatay sa ospital ng Barcelona noong ika-20 ng Enero 1896

MGA AKDA NI G.LOPEZ-JAENA

• FRAY BOTOD (1876)- tinutuligsa ang mga prayle na masisiba, ambisyoso at imoral ang pagkatao

• LA HIJA DEL PRAILE- ipinaliliwanag ang mga kapahamakan at kabiguan kung mapakasal sa isang Kastila.

• SA MGA PILIPINO (1891)- isang talumpati na ang layunin ay mapabuti ang kalagayan ng mga Pilipino. Malaya, maunlad, at may karapatan

• MGA KAHIRAPAN NG PILIPINAS- tinutukoy rito ni Lopez Jaena ang maling pamamalakad at edukasyon sa Pilipinas-1887

IBA PANG MGA PROPAGANDISTA

1. ANTONIO LUNA

2. MARIANO PONCE

3. PEDRO PATERNO

4. JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN

5. PASCUAL POBLETE

ANTONIO LUNA

Antonio Luna de San Pedro y Novicio-Ancheta (October 29, 1866 – June 5, 1899), an Ilocano born in Manila, was aFilipino pharmacist and general who fought in the Philippine–American War. He was also the founder of

the Philippines's first military academy, which existed during the First Philippine Republic. He was regarded as the most brilliant of the Filipino military officers during the war. Succeeding Artemio Ricarte as commander of

the Philippine Revolutionary Army, he organized professional guerrilla soldiers later to be known as the Luna sharpshooters. His three-tier defense, now known as the Luna Defense Line, gave the American troops a hard

campaign in the provinces north of Manila.

- isang parmasyotikong dinakip at ipinatapon ng mga Kastila sa Espanya.- sumanib sa kilusang PROPAGANDA- ang paksa ng kanyang mga isinusulat ay nauukol sa mga kaugaliang Pilipino, at ang iba’y

tumutuligsa sa pamamalakad ng mga Kastila - ginamit niyang sagisag-panulat – TAGA-ILOG- namatay sa gulang na 33 noong ika-7 ng Hunyo, 1899

MGA AKDA NI A. LUNA

• NOCHE BUENA – naglalarawan ng tunay na buhay Filipino

• SE DIVIERTEN – (Naglilibang Sila)- isang pagpuna sa sayaw ng mga Kastila na halos di-maraanang sinulid ang pagitan ng mga nagsisipagsayaw

• LA TERTULIA FILIPINA- (Sa Piging ng mga Pilipino)-naglalahad ng isang kaugaliang Filipino na ipinalalagay niyang lalong mabuti kaysa kaugaliang Kastila

• POR MADRID – tumutuligsa sa mga Kastilang nagsasabing ang Pilipinas ay lalawigan ng Espanya ngunit ipinalalagay na banyaga kapag sinisingilan ng selyo

• LA CASA DE HUESPEDES – (Ang Pangaserahan)- naglalarawan ng isang pangaserahan na ang kasera’y naghahanap ng mangangasera hindi upang kumita’ kundi upang maihanap ng mapapangasawa ang kanyang anak

• IMPRESIONES- ito’y isang paglalarawan sa ibayong kahirapang dinaranas ng isang mag-aaral na naulila sa amang kawal

MARIANO PONCE

Ponce was born in Baliwag, Bulacan where he completed his primary education. He later enrolled at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran and took up medicine at the University of Santo Tomas. In 1881, he traveled to Spain to continue his medical studies at the Unversidad Central de Madrid.

There he joined Marcelo del Pilar, Graciano López Jaena, José Rizal and other Propagandists in an anti-Spaniard movement. This espoused Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes and reforms in the Spanish colonial authorities of the Philippines. He was the co-founder of La Solidaridad with fellow co-founder Graciano López Jaena. Ponce was also the head of the Literary Section of the Asociacion Hispano-Filipina, created to aid the Propaganda Movement where he served as secretary.

In [La Solidaridad], his works included daily editorials on history, politics, sociology and travel. He also created himself many alias as well. His most common names are Naning, his nickname; Kalipulako, named after Lapu-Lapu; and Tigbalang, a supernatural being in Filipino folklore.

Ponce was imprisoned when the revolution broke out on August 1896 and was imprisoned for forty eight hours before being released. Fearing another arrest, he fled to France and later went to Hong Kong where he joined a group of Filipinos and Filipino-Chinese, who served as the international front of the Philippine revolution.

In 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo chose him to represent the First Philippine Republic. Ponce was tasked to draft a framework of the revolutionary government. In 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo selected him as a representative of the First Republic to Japan. He traveled to Japan to seek aid and purchase weapons. During his stay he met with the founder and First President of the Chinese Republic; Sun Yat-Sen. Through discussions and negotiations, Dr. Sun and Ponce became close friends. Dr. Sun introduces Ponce to a Filipino-Japanese man named José Ramos Ishikawa, who assists Ponce in purchasing weapons and munitions for the revolution. But the shipment did not reach the Philippines due to a typhoon off the coast of Formosa.

Mariano returned to Manila with his wife, a Japanese girl named Okiyo Udanwara. In 1909, he was made director of "El Renacimiento" (The Renaissance). He also joined the "Nacionalista Partido" (National Party) and established "El Ideal" (The Perfect), the party's official organization. Ponce later ran for a seat in the Philippine Assembly and was elected assemblyman for the second district of Bulacan. Ponce wrote his memoirs, "Cartas Sobre La Revolución" (Letters on the Revolution), he died in the Government Civil Hospital in Hong Kong, on May 23, 1918. His remains are now interred in the Cementerio del Norte, Manila.

- naging tagapamahalang patnugot, mananalambuhay at mananaliksik ng Kilusang Propaganda.

- mga sagisag-panulat na ginamit- TIKBALANG; KALIPULAKO at NANING- tungkol sa kahalagahan ng edukasyon ang karaniwang paksa ng kanyang mga sanaysay - inilahad din niya ang pang-aapi ng mga banyaga at ang karaingan ng bayan

MGA AKDA NI M.PONCE

• MGA ALAMAT NG BULAKAN – naglalaman ng mga alamat at kwentong-bayan ng kanyang bayang sinilangan

• PAGPUGOT KAY LONGINO – isang dulang Tagalog na itinanghal sa liwasan ng Malolos, Bulakan

• SOBRE FILIPINA

• ANG MGA PILIPINO SA INDO-TSINA

PEDRO PATERNO

Pedro Alejandro Paterno y de Vera-Ignacio, also spelled Pedro Alejandro Paterno y Debera Ignacio (born on February 17, 1857 - died on April 26, 1911; in some references the birth date is February 27, 1858 while the death date is March 11, 1911) was aFilipino politician who has been called "the greatest turncoat in Philippine history." He was also a poet and novelist.

His intervention on behalf of the Spanish led to the signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato on December 14, 1897, an account of which he published in 1910. Among his other works include the first novel written by a native Filipino, Ninay (1885), and the first Filipino collection of poems in Spanish, Sampaguitas y otras poesías varias (Jasmines and Other Poems), published in Madrid in 1880.

At the trial of José Rizal in 1896, it was suggested that Paterno, along with Rizal, had incited the Katipunan because they had both written about the ancient Tagalog civilization. As evidence for their complicity, the Spanish prosecution cited Paterno's earlier work "Antigua Civilización" as promoting ideas which had "consequences both erroneous and injurious to Spanish sovereignty." Nobody moved against Paterno, however, because he was close to a significant number of Spanish officials - both military and civilian - who could vouch for him. Thus, Paterno, like many others of the Manila elite, distanced himself from the events of the Katipunan revolution.

In 1897 the Philippine revolutionary forces led by Emilio Aguinaldo had been driven out of Cavite and retreated northwards from town to town until they finally settled in Biak-na-Bato, in the town of San Miguel de Mayumo in Bulacan. Here, they established what became known as the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.

In late July, 1897, Paterno voluntarily presented himself to Governor General Fernando Primo de Rivera, whom he had known while living in Spain, and offered his services as a mediator.

Because many highly-placed Spaniards of the time thought Paterno held great sway over the natives, Primo de Rivera accepted Paterno's offer. He called for a truce, explaining his decision to the Cortes Generales: "I can take Biak-na-Bato, any military man can take it, but I can not answer that I could crush the rebellion."

Paterno left Manila on August 4, 1897 and found Aguinaldo five days later. This began a three-month-long series of talks which saw Paterno constantly shuffling between Manila, Biyak-na-bato, and some areas in Southern Luzon where a number of revolutionary chiefs held sway. During the negotiations, Paterno's wife Luisa died on November 27, 1897.

In ceremonies on December 14–15 that year, Aguinaldo signed the Pact of Biak-na-bato. He proclaimed the official end of the Philippine revolution on Christmas Day, and on left for Hong Kong via the port of Dagupan on December 27.

He returned to Manila on January 11 amidst great celebration, but was spurned by Primo de Rivera and other authorities when he asked to be recompensed by being granted a dukedom, a seat on the Spanish Senate, and payment for his services in Mexican Dollars.

- isang iskolar, dramaturgo, mananaliksik at nobelista sa Kilusang Propaganda- sumapi sa Kapatiran ng mga Mason at sa Asociation Hispano-Filipino- unang manunulat na nakalaya sa sensura sa panitikan sa mga huling araw ng pananakop

ng Kastila

MGA AKDA NI PEDRO PATERNO

• NINAY – kauna-unahang nobelang panlipunan sa wikang Kastila na sinulat ng isang Pilipino

• A MI MADRE (Sa Aking Ina)- nagsasaad ng kahalagahan ng isang ina, na nagiging malungkot ang isang tahanan kung wala ito

• SAMPAGUITAS Y POESIAS VARIAS – katipunan ng kanyang mga tula

JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN

Jose Ma. Panganiban y Enverga (February 1, 1863 - August 19, 1890) was a Bicolano propagandist, linguist and essayist whose life was tragically cut short, an event that caused great mourning in the Filipino community in Spain. He is one of the main writer and contributor for La Solidaridad, writing under the pen names "Jomapa" and "J.M.P."

Jose Ma. Panganiban was born on February 1, 1863 in Bangkal Phase II (Jose Panganiban), Camarines Norte, a town which was subsequently renamed after him. He was the eldest of the three sons of Vicente Panganiban, originally from Hagonoy, Bulacan, and Juana Enverga, a native of Mauban, Tayabas (now Quezon).

Panganiban developed his interest in reading at an early age from reading the cartilla, caton and catecismo taught by his mother. Once, his mother found him under a tree, sleeping obviously from reading Don Quixote, the book of Baao, found beside him.

Since his mother died when he was a little boy, Panganiban grew up in the care of his father, the clerk of court in Daet, the capital town of the province. His father sent him to the Holy Rosary Seminary (El Seminario del Santissimo Rosario) of Nueva Caceres (now Naga City, Camarines Sur) and became the protégé of the seminary rector Fr. Santonja. He earned the praises of his teachers because of his aptitude to easily absorb his lessons. At 12, he mastered Latin and Spanish and at 15, the Classics and Natural Sciences.

He was good at writing and was articulate in expressing his ideas. Because of this, the Spanish Governor-General Domingo Moriones who happened to be visiting the province and heard him speak during a school program commended him. In April 1878, he wrote A Nuestro Obispo in honor of Bishop Francisco Gainza who was on a visit to Mambulao. Unknown to many of his fellow Bicolanos was Panganiban’s superior academic credentials as a student at the seminary with grades of sobresaliente (excellent) in all subjects.

Father Santoja became instrumental for Panganiban’s studies in Manila. The priest recommended him to the Colegio de San Juan de Letran where he obtained his degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1883. Wanting to become a medical practitioner, he took up medical courses at the University of Santo Tomas and at the same time taking vocational courses in agriculture at Letran so that in 1885, he received the title of Agricultural Expert. While at the University in 1887, he wrote Anatomia de Regines which was recognized as one of his brilliant literary works. His papers on general pathology, therapeutics and surgical anatomy was also awarded prizes.

An anthology of his works was gathered by Fr. Gregorio Echevarria, rector of University of Santo Tomas, and sent to be exhibited at the 1887 Exposicion General de Filipinas in Madrid.

In May 1888, Panganiban sailed for Spain and continued his medical studies at the University of Barcelona, Spain, where he met other Filipino propagandists agitating for reforms in the colony. He joined reformist groups such as the Asociacion Hispano-Filipina and La Solidaridad because he believed in instituting reforms in the Philippines, and used the pen names "Jomapa" and "J.M.P."

On April 25, 1889 Panganiban signed a petition addressed to the Spanish Minister of Colonies, requesting Filipino representation in the SpanishCortes.While in Spain, he learned other languages like German, Italian, and French, adding to the Spanish and Latin he learned during his student days in the seminary of Nueva Caceres (Naga City, Camarines Sur). He was able to translate into Spanish the book of German author Carl Julius Weber entitled: Die Religio und Die Religionen (Religion and Other Religions).

Being one of the writers of the La Solidaridad, he called the attention of the Spaniards on the freedom of the press and criticized the educational system in the Philippines. His works were recognized by Jose Rizal who even said "He was a true orator, of easy and energetic words, vigorous in concepts and of practical and transcedental ideas". Among the articles he published were "El Pensamiento", "La Universidad de Manila: Su Plan de Estudio", and "Los Nuevos Ayuntamientos de Filipinas". He continued to write popems and short stories, including "Ang Lupang Tinubuan", "Noches en Mambulao", "Sa Aking buhay", "Bahia de Mambulao", "La Mejerde Oro", "Amor mio", "Clarita Perez" and "Kandeng".

- itinago ang tunay na pangalan sa ilalim ng sagisag na JOMAPA- kilala sa pagkakaroon ng “MEMORIA FOTOGRAFICA”- kabilang sa mga kilusang makabayan

MGA AKDA NI JOMAPA

• ANG LUPANG TINUBUAN

• SA AKING BUHAY

• SU PLAN DE ESTUDIO

• EL PENSAMIENTO

PASCUAL POBLETE

Poblete wrote columns and essays for the periodical La Oceanie Española and cofounded Diariong Tagalog with fellow journalist Marcelo H. del Pilar. He also helped found another newspaper called Revistas Popular de Filipinas,s notable for being one of the first to carry articles on the lives of Filipino women. Poblete was an editor and translator for this newspaper.

He also worked on other publications such as the Patnubay ng Catolico, and was an associate editor for Ang Pliegong Tagalog in 1896.

Afterwards, Pascual Poblete founded the patriotic periodical El Resumen, in which he wrote the following passage on 12 June 1892:

Maganglalapi tayong nangagkakaisa sa usaping sarili at bakahin natin ang mga kabalbalan at paghihinala niyaong mga nagnanasang ang lalawigang kastilang ito ay maging kutang luma ng matandang kaugalian, at di man nila nagugunita na ang di mapigilang pagunlad, sa kanyang banayad na kilos ay nagbubukas ng landas sa lahat ng dako at ginigipo ang sino mang sa kanyang paglakad ay sumagabal.

United by a common tongue, let us thwart the suspicions of those who desire this land be kept a rotting stronghold for obsolete ways. They do not realize that change, inevitable, gradually opens new paths in all directions. And those who try to hinder it shall fail.

During the Philippine revolution, Poblete was first arrested as a subversive and sent to Spain, then to Africa.

When he was finally able to return to the Philippines, he became the editor of El Grito del Pueblo (Voice of the People) for the Nacionalista Party and Ang Kapatid ng Bayan.

Poblete translated Jose Rizal's Noli Me Tangere into Tagalog. He also published a compilation of Rizal's works under the title Dia Filipino. It was published on 30 December 1913, the seventh anniversary of Rizal's death.

During the American period, Poblete staged Amor Patrio (Beloved Homeland), a play named after an article Rizal wrote for Diariong Tagalog. The play's patriotic themes were considered subversive by the American authorities, but Poblete managed to evade arrest.

On 5 February 1921, Poblete suffered from a heart attack. He died in Manila at the age of 63.

- isinilang sa Naic Kabite noong Mayo 17, 1858- kabilang siya sa dalawang panahon ng Panitikang Pilipino:Kastila at Amerikano - mamamahayag, makata, mandudula, nobelista at mananalaysay - itinatag niya at pinamatnugutan ang pahayagang “EL RESUMEN”- sa panahon ng Amerikano, itinatag niya ang pahayagang “EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO” at

“ANG TINIG NG BAYAN”- kauna-unahang Pilipino na nagsalin sa Pilipino ng Noli Me Tangere ni Jose Rizal- kinilalang “Ama ng Pahayagang Tagalog”

ANG PANAHON NG TAHASANG PAGHIHIMAGSIK

KALIGIRANG KASAYSAYAN

Hindi naipagkaloob sa mga Pilipino ang mga hinihinging pagbabago ng mga Propagandista. Naging bingi ang pamahalaan, nagpatuloy ang pang-aapi at pagsasamantala, at naging mahigpit pa sa mga Pilipino ang pamahalaan at simbahan. Ang mga mabuting balakin sana ng Inang Espanya sa Pilipinas ay nasasalungat pa rin ng mga prayleng nangaghari rito.

NILALAMAN NG PANITIKAN SA PANAHON NG TAHASANG PAGHIHIMAGSIK:

- pawang pagtuligsa sa pamahalaan at simbahan - pagbibigay-payo sa mga Pilipino upang magkaisa at maghanda nang matamo ang inaasam

na kalayaan

ANDRES BONIFACIO

Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro (30 November 1863 – 10 May 1897) was a Filipino nationalist, and revolutionary. He is often called "the father of the Philippine Revolution,". He was a founder and later Supremo ("supreme leader") of the Katipunan movement which sought the independence of the Philippines from Spanish colonial rule and started the Philippine Revolution. He is considered a de factonational hero of the Philippines, and is also considered by some Filipino historians to be the first President, but he is not officially recognized as such.

Bonifacio was the son of Santiago Bonifacio and Catalina de Castro in Tondo, Manila, and was the eldest of five children. His father was a tailor who served as a tenyente mayor of Tondo, Manila, while his mother was a mestiza born of a Spanish father and a Filipino-Chinese mother who worked at a cigarette factory. As was custom, upon baptism he was named for the saint on whose feast he was born, Andrew the Apostle.

Bonifacio's normal schooling was cut short when he dropped out to support his siblings after both their parents died of illness. He sold canes and paper fans he made himself and made posters for business firms. In his late teens, he worked as a mandatory for the British trading firm Fleming and Company, where he rose to become a corregidor of tar, rattan and other goods. He later transferred to Fressell and Company, a German trading firm, where he worked as a bodeguero (storehouse worker). Bonifacio was also a part-time actor who performed in moro-moro plays.

Not finishing his normal education, Bonifacio was self-educated. He read books about the French Revolution, biographies of thePresidents of the United States, books about contemporary Philippine penal and civil codes, and novels such as Victor Hugo's Les Misérables, Eugène Sue's Le Juif errant and José Rizal's Noli Me Tángere and El Filibusterismo. Aside from Tagalog and Spanish, he could speak a little English, learnt from his working for J.M. Fleming and Co.

Bonifacio was married twice, first to a certain Monica who died of leprosy. He then married Gregoria de Jesús of Caloocan in 1893.. They had one son named Andrés who died in infancy of smallpox (Chickenpox).

In 1892 he joined Rizal's La Liga Filipina, an organisation which called for political reform in the colonial government of the Philippines. However, La Liga disbanded after only one meeting as Rizal was arrested and deported to Dapitan in Mindanao. Bonifacio, Apolinario Mabini and others revived La Liga in Rizal's absence and Bonifacio was active at organising local chapters in Manila. La Liga Filipina contributed moral and financial support to Propaganda Movement Filipino reformists in Spain...

• kilalang-kilala bilang “AMA NG DEMOKRASYANG PILIPINO” at “AMA NG KATIPUNAN”

• hamak ang pinanggalingang kalagayan sa buhay, kaya’t sinasabing ang kanyang mga natutuhan ay pawang galing sa “paaralan ng karanasan”

• umanib o lumahok sa kilusang itinatag ni Jose Rizal-ang LA LIGA FILIPINA

• lalong kilala sa pagiging dakilang mandirigma kaysa manunulat

MGA AKDA NI A. BONIFACIO

1. KATUNGKULANG GAGAWIN NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN – nahahalintulad sa Sampung Utos ng Diyos ang pagkakahanay ng kartilyang ito

2. HULING PAALAM – salin sa Tagalog ng “Mi Ultimo Adios”

3. PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA – isang tulang naging katulad din ng pamagat ng kay Marcelo H. del Pilar

4. ANG DAPAT MABATID NG MGA TAGALOG –bumabanggit sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas. Ang kaunlarang tinatamasa ng bansa bago dumating ang mga Kastila at ang mga kaapihan ng mga Pilipino sa kamay ng mga Kastila

5. KATAPUSANG HIBIK NG PILIPINAS – tulang nagpapahiwatig ng hinanakit sa bayan. Kinatha ni Bonifacio bilang pagpapatuloy sa tulang napasimulan ni Herminigildo Flores na may pamagat na Hibik ng Pilipinas sa Inang Espanya. Ito ay tinugon naman ni Marcelo H. del Pilar sa kanyang tulang SAGOT SA HIBIK NG PILIPINAS

EMILIO JACINTO

Born in Manila, Jacinto was proficient both in Spanish and Tagalog. He attended San Juan de Letran College, and later transferred to the University of Santo Tomas to study law. He had Manuel Quezon, Sergio Osmeña and Juan Sumulong as classmates. He did not finish college and, at the age of 19, he joined the secret society called Katipunan. He became the advisor on fiscal matters and secretary to Andrés Bonifacio. He was later known as Utak ng Katipunan..

Jacinto also wrote for the Katipunan newspaper called Kalayaan. He wrote in the newspaper under the pen name 'Dimasilaw', and used the alias 'Pingkian' in the Katipunan. Jacinto was the author of the Kartilya ng Katipunan as well.

After Bonifacio's death, Jacinto pressed on the Katipunan's struggle. Like general Mariano Álvarez, he refused to join the forces of general Emilio Aguinaldo, the leader of the Katipunan's Magdalo faction. He contracted malaria and died in Magdalena, Laguna, at the age of 23. His remains was buried in Sta. Cruz, Laguna then few years after, it was transferred in Manila North Cemetery.

- isinilang sa mahirap na angkan sa Trozo, Maynila noong Disyembre 15,1875

- gumamit ng sagisag-panulat na “DIMASILAW”

- Kinikilala bilang “UTAK NG KATIPUNAN”

- Siya ang tumatayong punong-sanggunian ni Andres Bonifacio

- Katulong ni A. Bonifacio sa pagtatatag ng kilusang KATIPUNAN

- Naging patnugot ng pahayagan ng Katipunan-ang KALAYAAN

MGA AKDA NI E.JACINTO

- KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN – mga kautusan para sa mga kasapi ng Katipunan - LIWANAG AT DILIM – katipunan ng mga sanaysay na may iba’t ibang paksa tulad ng

pag-ibig sa bayan, kahalagahan ng paggawa, pagkakapantay-pantay, kalayaan at paniniwala

- A MI MADRE (Sa Aking Ina) – isang tulang handog sa kanyang ina - A LA PATRIA (Sa Bayang Tinubuan)–ang ipinalalagay na kanyang obra-maestra

APOLINARIO MABINI

Believing that the Reform Movement still had a chance to achieve success, Mabini did not immediately support the Philippine Revolution. He became part of the La Liga Filipina wherein they would write instead of revolt and chose that they would rather be a colony of Spain rather than having a big revolution for their freedom. When José Rizal, part of the "La Liga Filipina", was executed in December that year, however, he changed his mind and gave the revolution his wholehearted support.

In 1898, while vacationing in Los Baños, Laguna, Emilio Aguinaldo sent for him. It took hundreds of men taking turns carrying his hammock to portage Mabini to Kawit. Aguinaldo, upon seeing Mabini's physical condition, must have entertained second thoughts in calling for his help.

Mabini was most active during the Spanish–American War when he served as the chief adviser for General Aguinaldo after thePhilippine Declaration of Independence on June 12. He drafted decrees and edited the first ever constitution in Asia (the Malolos Constitution) for the First Philippine Republic, including the framework of the revolutionary government which was implemented in Malolos in 1899.

- nagmula sa maralitang angkan - isinilang noong Hulyo 22, 1864 sa Tanauan, Batangas - nagtapos ng pagka-manananggol - tinaguriang “UTAK NG HIMAGSIKAN”

- ipinatapon sa Guam ng mga Amerikano sapagkat ayaw niyang manumpa sa bandilang Amerikano

- namatay sa sariling bayan sa sakit na kolera

MGA AKDA NI A. MABINI

- ANG HIMAGSIKANG PILIPINO –isang sanaysay na naglalarawan ng kabayanihan ng mga Pilipino sa pakikipaglaban

- SA BAYANG PILIPINO –isang tulang handog sa bayan - ANG PAHAYAG - hinango sa kanyang manipesto - EL DESAROLLO Y CAIDA DELA REPUBLICA FILIPINA-Ang Pagtaas at

Pagbagsak ng Republikang Pilipino- PAGPAPALIT NG ILANG TITIK SA ALPABETONG PILIPINO- EL VERDADERO DECALOGO- Ang Tunay na Sampung Utos

JOSE PALMA

As underground revolutionary activities grew intense, Palma devoted his time to composing more poems. In 1894, he joined the Katipunan but did not join his comrades on the battlefield when the revolution broke out. He eventually joined the revolutionary forces of Colonel Rosendo Simon in 1899 when the Philippine-American War erupted and fought under the command of Colonel Servillano Aquino in the encounters in Angeles and Bambang. Since he could not physically cope with the difficulties of war, he often stayed in camps and entertained the soldiers with kundiman. He eventually joined the staff of the Tagalog section of the revolutionary newspaper, La Independencia, to fight against the Americans as he could not on the battlefield.

Palma and his colleagues in the newspaper often amused themselves with songs and poems while resting in camps or other places during their marches away from the pursuing American forces. It was during one of their breaks in Bautista, Pangasinan when Palma’s poetic spirit produced the poem “Filipinas” that fitted the music of

the “Marcha Nacional Filipina” of Julian Felipe. “Filipinas” was published in Spanish in the first anniversary issue of La Independencia on 3 September 1899

- isinilang noong ika-6 ng Hunyo1876 sa Tondo - nag-aral sa Ateneo de Manila- lumikha ng tulang liriko at ito ay tinipon sa isang aklat na pinamagatang

“MELANCOLICAS” ( Mga Panimdim)- pinakadakilang ambag ay ang pagkakalapat ng titik sa tugtuging pambansa na

pinamagatang “FILIPINAS”

JULIAN FELIPE

Julián Felipe was born in Cavite City, Cavite. A dedicated music teacher and composer, he was appointed by then-President Emilio Aguinaldo as Director of the National Band of the First Philippine Republic. He died in Manila.

He studied at a public school in Cavite and Binondo, Manila for his primary education. At an early age, he showed his talent in music. He also learned how to play the piano and the organ. Later, He became an organist in St. Peter's Parish Church. As an organist, Felipe was given the chance to hone his gift. Soon after he was composing songs.

Among his early popular compositions were Moteti el Santesisimo, Sintos y Floras Rogodones, Amorita Danza, and Reina de Cavite (In honor of Nuestra Señora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga). He impressed many music enthusiasts with the said pieces. Though still young, his works were already at par with the seasoned musicians.

In recognition of his remarkable contributions in the field of music, he was given awards and accolades.

When the revolution broke out, Felipe joined his fellow Cavitenos who fought against the Spaniards. He was arrested and jailed at Fort San Felipe in Cavite.

When freed, he again joined Emilio Aguinaldo's troop. He composed nationalistic songs that inspired his compatriots to continue fighting against the Spaniards. A bust of Felipe can be found in Cavite City, located near San Sebastian College – Recoletos de Cavite.

Aguinaldo asked him to provide a stirring composition to be played in the historic proclamation of Philippine independence. His composition 'Marcha Nacional Filipina', played on June 12, 1898 in Aguinaldo's home in Kawit, was adopted as the Philippine national anthem on September 5, 1938.

- ang may-akda ng Pambansang Awit - kinikilala bilang “AMA NG MARCHA NACIONAL”- isinilang noong Enero 28,1861, Kabite

MGA PAHAYAGAN SA PANAHON NG HIMAGSIKAN

1. HERALDO DELA REVOLUCION – naglalahathala ng mga dekreto ng pamahalaang mapanghimagsik, mga balita, at mga akda sa Tagalog na pawang gumigising sa damdaming makabayan

2. LA INDEPENDENCIA – pinamatnugutan ni Antonio Luna na naglalayon ng pagsasarili ng Pilipinas

3. LA REPUBLICA FILIPINA – itinatag ni Pedro Paterno noong 1898

4. LA LIBERTAD – pinamatnugutan ni Clemente Zulueta

5. UNANG GASETILYA – noong 1637, nilimbag ni Tomas Pinpin ang SUCESOS FELICES bagamat isang polyeto ay ipinalalagay na kauna-unahang pahayagang nalimbag sa Pilipinas

6. DEL SUPERIOR GOBIERNO – kauna-unahang pahayagang regular na inilathala sa Pilipinas.Ang naging unang editor ay si Manuel Fernandez del Folgueras

7. LA ESPERANZA – kinilalang unang pahayagang pang-araw-araw. Pinamatnugutan nina Felipe Lacorte at Evaristo Calderon

8. DIARIO DE MANILA – unang lumabas noong 1848 sa pamamatnugot nina Felipe del Pan

9. EL RESUMEN – magkatulong na inilathala nina Isabelo delos Reyes at Baldomero Hazanas. Kauna-unahang pahayagang lantad sa pagtataguyod ng nasyonalismong Pilipino

10. ANG KALAYAAN – ang opisyal na pahayagan ng kilusang KATIPUNAN na pinamatnugutan ni E. Jacinto