Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stock: Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil

March | April 2010

Feature title: Feed Management - Diets for tilapia brood stock: Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil

The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

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The Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus is a popular species for farming because it grows and reproduces

well under a wide range of environ-mental conditions and production systems.

So much so that tilapias are now the second most popularly farmed fish after carps in the world, cultured in about 100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions. According to FAO global tilapia production reached 2.4 million tonnes in 2006, around five percent of total aquaculture production.

The sustainability of this production, however, will have to be underpinned by regular supply of quality seed which in turn will depend of high quality of brood stock diets for their production.

One crucial aspect that will arguably question the sustainability of tilapia farming is the dependency on fish oil (FO) including brood stock diets.

Moreover, the availability and costs of fish feed ingredients such as FO are vital

factors for sustainable aquaculture, par-ticularly if tilapia is to compete with other species. It is therefore timely to explore substitutes for ingredients like FO to secure the future of tilapia farming by reducing dependence on marine pelagic fish for oil

Can we substitute for fish oil?

One key require-ment of tilapia seed production is a high proportion of fertilised eggs that result in larvae with acceptable survival and growth. It is widely recognised that brood stock nutrition affects reproductive performance, and egg and larval quality in fish and there is now a sub-stantial body of literature highlighting the immense importance of lipids and essential fatty acids (EFA) egg and larval quality and

performance. Much of this recent attention however has been on marine species.

One potential replacement of FO for tilapia brood stock diets could be palm oil (PO) which is currently the world’s

most important oil crop accounting for 25 percent of total vegetable oil production.

Many scientific papers have shown that a significant part of fish oil can be sub-

Diets for tilapia brood stock:

Table 1: Proximate composition of experimental diets (composition of diet expr

Proximate analysis

Diet 1 (Po)

Diet 2 (P&Co)

Diet 3 (control)

Dry mater  14.3 14.2 8.0

Crude protein 41.01 40.8 40.6

Crude lipid  9.8 9.7 7.1

Carbohydrate 22.2 23.1 24.3

Ash 5.3 5.1 10.0

Crude fibre 7.3 7.3 7.8

Gross energy (KJg-1) 20.4 20.3 23.9

Addressing challenges for reducing dependency on fish oil

by Krishen rana and Ali Hajizadeh

38 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010

Feed Management

2 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010

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stituted with without negatively affecting fish growth, feed utilization and survival but comparatively little is known if they be substituted in brood stock diets.

Such a study was recently conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture to test the effect of palm oil on egg and larval quality over consecutive spawnings in brood stock Nile tilapia, that were reared for their entire life cycle on their respec-tive diet regimes. The three diets tested shown in Table 1 include 100 percent substitution of oil using PO (Diet 1), 90 percent PO (Diet 2) and a control trout diet (Diet 3).

Fish were fed three times daily at three percent of body weight. Fish were manually stripped under anaesthesia and eggs were fertilised by adding the sperm from males maintained under the same diet regime and total fecundity (number of eggs per female), relative fecundity (no. of eggs per female weight), fertilisa-tion (%) and hatching rate (%), inter-spawning-interval (ISI) and egg weight as percentage of body weight (EW:BW) monitored. In addition hatchlings from each individual fish were weighed and their length measured at 10 days post-fertilisation.

Fecundity and egg sizeThese studies indicated that PO

had no negative effect egg diameter, egg volume, egg wet and dry weight and total egg volume ( although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with sub-stitute diets performing better. Similarity, the substitute diets did not negatively effect larval length and weight Table 2) although some differences were observed with relative fecundity with substitute diets performing better. Similarity, the substitute diets did not nega-tively effect larval length and weight.

In each raw means with different superscripts are significantly differ-

ent (P < 0.05). The inter spawning interval is an

important factor for understanding breeding performance. In these studies ISI for brood stock fed substituted PO diets had the shortest ISI (Figure 1), an added benefit.

These studies suggest that under con-trolled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used suc-cessfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production.

Table 2: Spawning performance of nile tilapia fed different dietary lipid sources

Parameters

treatments

Palm oil diet

(Diet 1)

P&Cl oil diet (9:1)

(Diet 2)

Control

(Diet 3)

Total fecundity 752.6±32.01b 823.3±46.59a 662.9±36.10b

Relative fecundity (no. of egg /BWg) 5.5±0.23a 5.5±0.38a 3.6±0.31b

Egg diameter (mm)  2.2±0.03a 2.2±0.03a 2.2±0.03a

Egg volume (mm3) 5.2±0.22a 5.4±0.22a 5.6±0.24a

Total egg volume (mm3) 3902.7±236.45a 4385.7±267.11a 3654.6±237.07a

Egg dry weigh (mg) 2.6±0.05a 2.5±0.09a 2.7±0.09a

Egg wet weight (mg) 6.1±0.1a 6.1±0.16a 6.6±0.21a

EW: BW  1.4±0.06a 1.3±0.08a 0.9±0.08b

Fertilisation rate (%) 76.3±1.40a 78.5±1.82a 75.9±2.2a

Hatchability (%) 59.5±1.04a 60.1±1.75a 61.4±1.35a

ISI (day)          14±0.71a          19±1.52b          24±2.74c

"Under controlled conditions palm oil performed as well with commercial control diets containing FO and could be used successfully for brood stock diets whilst also increasing the profitability of seed production

40 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2010

Feed Management

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