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Fcc Cognitive Radio Fette v8

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    June 27, 20122003 General Dynamics, All rights reserved.

    SDR TechnologyImplementation forthe Cognitive Radio

    Bruce Fette PhD

    [email protected]

    Chief ScientistGeneral Dynamics Decision Systems

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    Cognitive Radio* is Built on SDR*

    We must start with a Software Defined Radio as a basic

    platform on which to build a Cognitive Radio

    Cognitive Radio can provide the spectral awareness

    technology to support FCC initiatives in Spectral Use

    *SDR and Cognitive Radio are terms coined by Dr. Joe Mitola - see appendices for references

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    Definition of SDR

    From FCC NPRM*: We view software defined radios as the

    result of an evolutionary process from purely hardware-

    based equipment to fully software-based equipment. In this

    regard, the process can be roughly described in three

    stages 1. Hardware driven radios: Transmit frequencies, modulation

    type and other radio frequency (RF) parameters are determined

    by hardware and cannot be changed without hardware changes.

    2. Digital radios: A digital radio performs part of the signal

    processing or transmission digitally, but is not programmable inthe field

    3. Software Defined Radios:. All functions, modes and

    applications can be configured and reconfigured by software.

    *Notice of Proposed Rule Making (NPRM) 8/12/00

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    Definition of SDR - Continued

    SDR Forum:

    4. SW defines all waveform properties, cryptography and

    applications, is re-programmable, and may be upgraded in

    the field with new capabilities

    Importance of Standards (APIs) 5. HW Interfaces, RF services, Operating Environment,

    Application to Radio Interfaces

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    SDR Technology

    Technology fundamentals:

    Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) provide virtually infinite

    programmability

    All modulation, cryptography, protocols, and source coding

    (voice, data, imagery) are established using software

    Many types of modulation can be accomplished over a broad

    range of frequencies, thereby an SDR is capable of servicing

    more than one class of service

    Field serviceable, when requirements change, upgrades and

    modifications are relatively easy to execute

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    SDR Standardized Architecture Supports BothCurrent and Future Applications

    FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, TDD

    AM, FM, MFSK, MPSK, MQAM, CPM, SSB, DSSS

    DES, 3DES, AES, MeXe

    Trunked Radio, APCO-25, GSM, Iridium, 802.11..

    Tone Coded Squelch, CVSD, LPC, VSELP, AMBE, .

    Its just a matter of software!

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    Building the Cognitive Radio using SDR Technology- The SDR Radio is Available Now!

    SDR drives the Cognitive Radio concept that will provide the

    spectral awareness technology supporting the FCCs Spectral

    Use initiatives

    SDR is a proven, flexible, COTS technology platform

    SDR Technology is in Production and Available Now

    NewAnnouncements

    ComingSoon

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    Cognitive Radio Means Smart and Alert

    It knows where it is

    It knows what services areavailable, for example, it canidentify then use emptyspectrum to communicate moreefficiently

    It knows what services interestthe user, and knows how to findthem

    It knows the current degree ofneeds and future likelihood ofneeds of its user

    Learns and recognizes usage

    patterns from the user

    Applies Model BasedReasoning about user needs,local content, environmentalcontext

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    How Does a Cognitive Radio Get So Smart?

    ExternalIntelligenceSources

    Mitola, Cognitive Radio for Flexible Mobile Multimedia Communications, IEEE Mobile Multimedia Conference, 1999, pp3-10

    OrientEstablish Priority

    PlanNormal

    Generate Alternatives(Program Generation)

    Evaluate Alternatives

    Register to Current Time

    Decide

    Alternate Resources

    Initiate Process(es)(Isochronism Is Key)

    Act

    Learn

    Save GlobalStates

    Set Display

    Send a Message

    ObserveReceive a MessageRead Buttons

    OutsideWorld

    NewStates

    The Cognition Cycle

    PriorStates

    Pre-process

    Parse

    ImmediateUrgent

    Infer on Context Hierarchy

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    Example Spectral Awareness Etiquette That Can BeImplemented on Existing SDR / Cognitive Radio

    Infrastructure Based Approaches

    Possible Infrastructure Reuse - spread economic support base

    Existing examples of Spectrum sharing Protocols

    A) Trunked radio

    B) Cellular spectrum borrowing

    C) Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA)(demand assigned time

    sharing)

    Infrastructure Supports wide Range of Spectrum Management Policies

    Match Requirements, Priorities, Spectral Mask of Owners

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    Example Spectral Awareness Etiquette Can BeImplemented on Existing SDR/Cognitive Radio (continued)

    Cognitive Radios can adopt new etiquettes for new standards

    o Possible Demonstrations using existing SDRs

    Spectrum rental transactions

    Spectral Availability (Borrow) Beacon

    Local Spectrum Utilization Database Server (time, freq, code, space, power,

    modulation)

    Spectral Noise temperature (Kolodzy, 2002)

    RTS - CTS handshake (handshake includes local spectral activitymodel at each end of link, as well as BW, packet size, TX PWR

    for APC). Minimizes hidden node problem

    Underlay, Overlay, Interweave

    Distributed techniques - Possible Demonstrations

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    Example Spectral Awareness Etiquette Can BeImplemented on Existing SDR/Cognitive Radio (continued)

    Waveform Orthogonality: Time - Freq - Code - Hop/Chirp - Spatial- Usually Involves some form of CSMA sensing for high priority user

    Adaptive Frequency - find a frequency

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    SDR Finds Frequency - Time Opportunities

    Spectral Awareness Etiquette

    Existing Signals

    Detailed Signal Parameters

    Deployed waveforms

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    Example Spectral Awareness Etiquette Can BeImplemented on Existing SDR/Cognitive Radio (continued)

    Waveform Orthogonality: Time - Freq - Code - Hop/Chirp - Spatial- Usually Involves some form of CSMA sensing for high priority user

    Adaptive Frequency - find a frequency

    Adaptive TDMA - find an unused time slot in between a periodic user

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    Opportunities for Spectral Reuse Amongst Periodic Signals

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    Example Spectral Awareness Etiquette Can BeImplemented on Existing SDR/Cognitive Radio (continued)

    Waveform Orthogonality: Time - Freq - Code - Hop/Chirp - Spatial- Usually Involves some form of CSMA sensing for high priority user

    Adaptive Frequency - find a frequency

    Adaptive TDMA - find an unused time slot in between a periodic user

    Spatial - Beam steering and Null Steering

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    Time - Frequency - Space

    Each Domain has Opportunities for Spectral Reuse

    T1

    R1,R4

    T2

    T3

    R3

    R3,T4

    InterferingSignal PlacedIn Null

    Transmitter forms Beam Toward Intended RecipientReceiver forms Null Toward Interference Sources

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    Example Spectral Awareness Etiquette Can BeImplemented on Existing SDR/Cognitive Radio (continued)

    Waveform Orthogonality: Time - Freq - Code - Hop/Chirp - Spatial- Usually Involves some form of CSMA sensing for high priority user

    Adaptive Frequency - find a frequency

    Adaptive TDMA - find an unused time slot in between a periodic user

    Spatial - Beam steering and Null Steering

    Adaptive Bit Loading onto OFDM carriers based on SNR

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    OFDM Interference Avoidance

    1

    2

    3

    00.5

    11.5

    22.5

    x 106

    -100

    -80

    -60

    -40

    -20

    0

    Transmission NumberFrequency (Hz)

    Pow

    erSpectrumM

    agnitude(dB)

    1

    2

    3

    00.5

    11.5

    22.5

    x 106

    -140

    -120

    -100

    -80

    -60

    -40

    -20

    Transmission NumberFrequency (Hz)

    Po

    werSpectrumM

    agnitude(dB)

    Tx Spectrum Rcv Spectrum0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5x 10

    6

    -100

    -90

    -80

    -70

    -60

    -50

    -40

    -30

    -20

    -10

    0

    Frequency (Hz)

    PowerSpectrum

    Magnitude

    (dB)

    Shaped QPSK @ 128 kbps

    QPSK Interference Spectrum

    Normal

    Survive

    Survive

    Normal

    Survive

    Survive

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    Example Spectral Awareness Etiquette Can BeImplemented on Existing SDR/Cognitive Radio (continued)

    Waveform Orthogonality: Time - Freq - Code - Hop/Chirp - Spatial- Usually Involves some form of CSMA sensing for high priority user

    Adaptive Frequency - find a frequency

    Adaptive TDMA - find an unused time slot in between a periodic user

    Spatial - Beam steering and Null Steering

    Adaptive Bit Loading onto OFDM carriers based on SNR

    OFDM techniques where small spectral holes can be filled by one or

    a few carriers that fit the time - frequency hole

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    Frequency

    T

    I

    M

    E

    Spectral Adaptation Waveforms

    OFDM Carriers Selected for Use That Fall intoAvailable Spectrum

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    Example Spectral Awareness Etiquette Can BeImplemented on Existing SDR/Cognitive Radio (continued)

    Waveform Orthogonality: Time - Freq - Code - Hop/Chirp - Spatial- Usually Involves some form of CSMA sensing for high priority user

    Adaptive Frequency - find a frequency

    Adaptive TDMA - find an unused time slot in between a periodic user

    Spatial - Beam steering and Null Steering

    Adaptive Bit Loading onto OFDM carriers based on SNR

    OFDM techniques where small spectral holes can be filled by one or

    a few carriers that fit the time - frequency hole

    Interference Suppression & MultiUser Decomposition

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    Example Spectral Awareness Etiquette Can BeImplemented on Existing SDR/Cognitive Radio (continued)

    Waveform Orthogonality: Time - Freq - Code - Hop/Chirp - Spatial- Usually Involves some form of CSMA sensing for high priority user

    Adaptive Frequency - find a frequency

    Adaptive TDMA - find an unused time slot in between a periodic user

    Spatial - Beam steering and Null Steering

    Adaptive Bit Loading onto OFDM carriers based on SNR

    OFDM techniques where small spectral holes can be filled by one or

    a few carriers that fit the time - frequency hole

    Interference Suppression & MultiUser Decomposition

    Importance of Adaptive Power Control

    AD Hoc Networking (shortest hop routing w APC)

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    Transmitting from A -> Z : AdHoc Networking

    Node A

    Node Z

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    Example Spectral Awareness Etiquette Can BeImplemented on Existing SDR/Cognitive Radio (continued)

    Waveform Orthogonality: Time - Freq - Code - Hop/Chirp - Spatial- Usually Involves some form of CSMA sensing for high priority user

    Adaptive Frequency - find a frequency

    Adaptive TDMA - find an unused time slot in between a periodic user

    Spatial - Beam steering and Null Steering

    Adaptive Bit Loading onto OFDM carriers based on SNR

    OFDM techniques where small spectral holes can be filled by one or

    a few carriers that fit the time - frequency hole

    Interference Suppression & MultiUser Decomposition

    Importance of Adaptive Power Control

    AD Hoc Networking (shortest hop routing w APC)

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    Timeline: SDRs to have Cognitive Capabilities

    2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

    DARPAs

    Demonstrations

    within 1 year

    Commercial

    viabilityexploration &

    commercial

    analysis under

    existing

    agreements

    Viabilitydemonstrated

    for commercial

    purposes

    within 2 year

    SDR Forum can

    initiate early work

    and insert into

    standards bodies as

    work matures

    5 years for

    etiquettes

    to be formallystandardized

    2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

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    In Conclusion

    SDR Products and Technology are a RealityToday

    SDR Standards are Actively Being Worked todayby Standards Bodies and Organizations

    Cognitive Radios have the Ability to ImplementProtocols and Policies Beyond TraditionalCommunications.

    New Realms of Knowledge and InformationTransfer are Achievable with Cognitive/SDRRadio as the Underlying Technology Enabler

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    Appendix

    SCA Reference Architecture

    Radio Services for Application Portability

    SDR Forum Standardized Hardware Architecture

    Reference Publications

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    SCA Reference Architecture

    Core Framework (CF)

    Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS)

    Applications

    OE

    Red (Non-Secure) Hardware Bus

    CF

    Services &

    Applications

    CORBA ORB &

    Services

    (Middleware)

    Network Stacks & Serial Interface Services

    Board Support Package (Bus Layer)

    POSIX Operating System

    Black (Secure) Hardware Bus

    CF

    Services &

    Applications

    CORBA ORB &

    Services

    (Middleware)

    Network Stacks & Serial Interface Services

    Board Support Package (Bus Layer)

    POSIX Operating System

    Core Framework IDL (Logical Software Bus via CORBA)

    Non-CORBA

    ModemApplications

    Non-CORBA

    Modem API

    Non-CORBA

    Security

    Applications

    Non-CORBA

    HostApplications

    Non-CORBA

    Security APIRF

    Modem

    Applications

    Link, Network

    Applications

    Security

    Applications

    Modem

    Adapter

    Security

    Adapter

    Security

    Adapter

    Host

    Adapter

    Host

    Applications

    Modem API Link, Network API Link, Network API

    Non-CORBA

    Host API

    Link, Network

    Applications

    APISecurity

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    Radio Services For Application Portability

    OperatingEnvironment

    Devices

    Radio SystemsApplications

    MiddlewareServices

    (Ext)

    (Ext)

    (Ext)

    (Int)

    (Int)

    (Int)

    JTR Set

    RadioServices

    (Ext)

    (Int)

    (Int)

    WFApps

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    *SDR Forum was established as an Industry Organization to address SDR technology on 1995

    SDR Forum* Standardized Hardware Architecture

    From Programmable Modular Communications System (PMCS) Guidance Document, 1997

    RF

    BB / IF

    Real/

    ComplexDigital/

    Analog

    RF

    BITS

    Cypher TextFlow Contl

    BITS

    Plain TextFlow Contl

    Aux Aux Aux

    KeyFill

    RepresentativeInformation

    FlowFormats

    AIR

    I/O

    C

    RF

    C C C C

    I I II

    CONTROL

    MSGPROCESS

    & I/O

    C

    Routing

    Common

    System

    Equipment

    Clock/Strobe

    Ref, Power

    MultimediaVoice

    Data

    Flow Control

    Network

    Ext. Ref

    Remote Control/Display

    User Control(HMI)

    Aux: Special Purpose

    I/O for Antenna DiversityCo-site Mitigation, etc.

    I: Information

    BB: BasebandC: Control/Status

    SEC I/O

    LINKPROC

    (Black)

    I/O

    C

    INFOSEC

    I/O

    C

    MODEM

    I/O

    C

    ANTENNA

    C

    I

    (A) (R) (M)

    (C)

    (S)

    (R)

    C

    (L)

    Aux

    Video

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    Reference Publications

    Mitola, Cognitive Radio for Flexible Mobile Multimedia Communications,

    IEEE Mobile Multimedia Conference, 1999, pp3-10

    Mitola, Future of Signal Processing - Cognitive Radio, Keynote, IEEE

    ICASSP, May 1999

    Mitola, Maguire, Cognitive Radio: Making SW Radios More Personal,IEEE Personal Communications, August 1999, pp13-18

    Mitola, SDR Architecture Refinement for JTRS, Milcom 2000, pp 214-218

    Mitola, Software Radio Architecture: A Mathematical Perspective, IEEE J

    on Selected Areas in Comms, April 1999, pp 514-538

    Margulies, Mitola, Software Defined Radio: A Technical Challenge and a

    Migration Strategy, 1998, pp551-556