Famous Quotes about Computers “I think there is a world market for maybe five computers.” – Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM, 1943 “Computers in the.

Famous Quotes about Computers

“I think there is a world market for maybe five computers.” – Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM, 1943

“Computers in the future may weigh no more than 1.5 tons.” – Popular Mechanics, 1949

“There is no reason anyone in the right state of mind will want a computer in their home.” – Ken Olson, President of Digital Equipment Corp, 1977.

1

The Early History of Computers

The Abacus Blaise Pascal Joseph Jacquard Charles Babbage Herman Hollerith The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) The ENIAC The UNIVAC Transistors Integrated circuits

2

The Abacus The abacus, a simple counting aid, may have

been invented in Babylonia (now Iraq) in the 4th century B.C.

3

The Pascaline – 1642 First mechanical calculator; its design used until 1960s when the first electronic calculators came out

4

The Pascaline

5

The Pascaline

6

Jacquard’s Loom – 1801 First machine programmed with punched-cards

7

Jacquard’s Loom

8

Punched-cards for a loom

9

10

Punched-card

Babbage Difference Engine – 1820s - 1840s

11

6 feet high

10 feet long

contains 4000 parts

weighs 3 tons

Herman Hollerith and the 1890 US Census

Hollerith’s Tabulating Machines reduced the amount of time to tabulate the results of the census by a huge amount of time. Different sources say different time frames; About.com says that what would have taken 10 years to tabulate by hand took 1 year with these machines. Watch the YouTube video (link below) for more information.

12

Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine used for the Census

13

ABC Computer – around 1940

Built by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry of the Physics Department at Iowa State University to help with calculations complicated physics calculations.

First electronic digital computer First to use the binary numbering system First to use vacuum tubes to store data instead of

mechanical switches used in older computers Was the size of a desk It took 15 seconds for EACH calculation (today’s

computers can do more than 300 billion operations in 15 seconds).

14

ABC(note the tubes in the lower right corner)

15

Vacuum Tubes

16

IBM Vacuum Tubes

17

ENIAC – 1946

18

Cost $500,000 to build

weighed 30 tons

10 feet high

3 feet wide

100 feet long

ENIAC – Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

19

UNIVAC – 1951

First mass produced computer for commercial use

First to use the “stored program” concept - computers previously had no storage - nothing to hold programs or data

Used a keyboard & magnetic tape, instead of punched-cards.

Gained exposure on the CBS news for correctly predicting the outcome of the 1952 presidential election (Eisenhower over Stevenson).

20

UNIVAC - Universal Automatic Computer

21

UNIVAC Vacuum Tube

22

The First Transistor - 1947

23

24

25

1958 Transistors

(less than ½ inch wide)

26

The size of a cell phone built with Vacuum Tubes:

27

The size of a pager built with vacuum tubes:

28

The size of a home computer built with vacuum tubes:

29

Integrated Circuits - 1958

Integrated circuits (computer chips) began use in computers in 1961

An integrated circuit contains many transistors (today, up to several hundred million) and electronic circuits on a single wafer of silicon, or chip.

30

The first mainframe: The IBM 360 – 1964

31

The first minicomputer: The PDP-8 – 1965

32

The Birth of the Internet - 1969

The Advanced Research Projects Agency within the Department of Defense created ARPAnet - four computers that were connected together - which eventually grew into what we know today as the InternetThe four computers were at the following locations: UCLA, Univ. of California in Santa Barbara, Stanford, & Univ. of Utah

33

First Microprocessor – Intel 4004 (1971)(2300 transistors)

34

1984: Intel 80286 – 134,000 transistors; 6-12 MHz 1987: Intel 80386 – 275,000 transistors; 16-33 MHz 1989: Intel 486 – first processor with 1 million

transistors on it; 25-100 MHz 1993: Pentium – 3.3 million transistors; 75-200

MHz 1997: PII – 7.5 million transistors; 234-450 MHz 1999: PIII – 9.5-28 million transistors; 400 MHz –

1.2 GHz 2000-2003: PIV – 42-80 million transistors; 1.4-3.2

GHz 2002: Pentium M (an improved PIII) – 77 million

transistors; up to 1.6 GHz 2005: Pentium D - two PIV Prescott dies in a single

package; higher heat and more power hungry than the Core 2 Duo; is a 32-bit processor

Today: Core 2 Duo - two Pentium M dies in a single package; 64-bit processors; faster, consumes less power, dissipates heat better - better than a Pentium D

35

197223 hosts (computers connected to ARPAnet) including MIT and Harvardthe first email program is written50 Kbps backbone (like a dial-up speed)

36

37

The first supercomputer: The Cray 1 – 1976

1975: Altair – first microcomputer 1976-1977: first Apple – Steve Jobs and Steve

Wozniak – built in Job’s garage; they tried to sell their idea to Atari – they weren’t interested; then they tried Hewlitt Packard – they said “we don’t need you – you haven’t got through college yet”

1981: IBM PC 1982: Compaq is founded to develop and

market IBM-compatible PCs 1982: Sun Microsystems introduces its first

workstation 1984: Apple MacIntosh – first desktop with a

GUI OS 1985: Microsoft introduces Windows – its first

GUI OS for IBM-compatibles 1985: Toshiba releases first PC-compatible

notebook, the Toshiba T110038

The Altair 8800: 1975

The first microcomputer Sold as a kit through Popular Mechanics magazine, the designers intended to sell 400 to hobbyists over the 2 mos. the article was printed– they sold 400 in one afternoon!Altair BASIC, an interpreter that allowed the BASIC programming language to run on the Altair computer, was Microsoft’s founding product written by Bill Gates and Paul Allen while Bill was a student at Harvard. 39

The first Apple: 1976

About two hundred Apple I’s were built and sold over a ten month period, for the superstitious price of $666.66.

40

The Apple II: 1977

The original retail price was $1298 with 4KB of RAM and $2638 with 48KB of RAM. Later, an external 5 ¼ inch floppy disk drive could be added. It also had other expansion slots which permitted other expansion capabilities.VisiCalc, the first ever spreadsheet program written for the Apple II, was released in 1979. 41

1979 – Visicalc – one of the first spreadsheet programs, originally written for the Apple II; sold over 700,000 copies in 6 years

1983 – Lotus 1 2 3 – combines spreadsheet, graphics, and database

42

43

1981 - Bill Gates: “640 KB of memory ought to be enough for anybody”

The IBM PC: 1981

Was $1565 when first releasedPurchased mainly by businesses – not popular in the home market.

44

1982The term “Internet” is used for the first time.

1983DNS is created at Univ. of Wisconsin

45

1984 Upgrade to a portion of the Internet 1.5 Mbps (like a DSL connection) 1,024 hosts

1988 Next upgrade begins after the above upgrade was

so successful 56,000 hosts

46

1990s For most of the decade, the number of hosts doubles

or almost doubles each year

1991 WWW is released 617,000 hosts

1992 Upgrade complete 1,136,000 hosts

47

1993 Mosaic is created at Univ. of Illinois 2,056,000 hosts

1994 Netscape is founded; Yahoo is created 3,864,000 hosts

1994 Internet Explorer is created

48