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Evolution of community forestry regimes and decentralization of forest management in Babati district, Tanzania

Jan 21, 2015

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Babili, H.I
Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro,
Tanzania. Email: [email protected]

Wiersum, F.K.
Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group,
Wageningen University, the Netherlands. Email: [email protected]

Presentation for the conference on
Taking stock of smallholders and community forestry
Montpellier France
March 24-26, 2010
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Page 1: Evolution of community forestry regimes and decentralization of forest management in Babati district, Tanzania

Mount Kilimanjaro is in Tanzania It is the highest Mountain In Africa (5,895m asl)

Page 2: Evolution of community forestry regimes and decentralization of forest management in Babati district, Tanzania

Evolution of community forestry regimes and decentralization of forest management in Babati District, Tanzania

Paper presented at a conference on taking stock of smallholder and community forestry: where do we go from here? Held on March 24-26, 2010, Montpellier, France

1Babili, H.I , 2Wiersum, F.K.1Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro,Tanzania. Email: [email protected]

2Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands. Email: [email protected]

Page 3: Evolution of community forestry regimes and decentralization of forest management in Babati district, Tanzania

Presentation outline

1. Introduction

2. Concepts: community forestry, forest management regime (FMR), FMR change processes, drivers and pathways

3. Study area and Methodology

4. Results4.1 Evolution of community forestry in Babati

4.2 Drivers of forest management regime (FMR) change

4.3 Pathways of FMR change and resulting mngt. regimes

5. Discussions

6. Conclusions

Page 4: Evolution of community forestry regimes and decentralization of forest management in Babati district, Tanzania

1.0 Introduction

• Need for conservation of forest resources and securing livelihoods for the rural people

• State forest management to different forms of involvement of communities (Adhikari et al., 2004; Agrawal and Gibson, 1999). Alternative mngt.

Community forestry Decentralized forest management Participatory forest management (PFM), Joint forest management Collaborative forest management Community based forest management

Page 5: Evolution of community forestry regimes and decentralization of forest management in Babati district, Tanzania

1.0 Introduction (Cont…)

• In Tanzania community forestry is popularly knows as participatory forest management (PFM) G:\Paper presentation\Tanzania_Background information.ppt

• Two forms of PFM Joint forest management Community based forest management G:\Paper presentation\PFM in Tanzania_Types.ppt

• By 2006 about 3million ha under PFM (CBFM:1.6mil ha)

• A number of studies, but mostly focusing on individual management regimes

• Little attention given to simultaneous occurrence of: different forest management regimes change

processes, drivers for forest management regime change, pathways of forest management regime change

Page 6: Evolution of community forestry regimes and decentralization of forest management in Babati district, Tanzania

1.0 Introduction (Cont..)

Objective of the study/paperTo improve our understanding on evolution of community forestry and decentralization of forest management

Research questions(i) how community forestry developed at Babati

(i) how different regime change processes are

related to development of multiple forest management regimes?

(i) what are drivers and pathways for different kinds of forest management regimes change processes?

Page 7: Evolution of community forestry regimes and decentralization of forest management in Babati district, Tanzania

2.0 Concepts

Community forestry

(i) Situation which intimately involves local people in forestry activity (FA0, 1978, cited by Fisher, 1995).

(ii) Regime of common property management that strives to achieve sustainability by linking local people’s social and economic interest with forest conservation (Taylor, 2000)

Taylor’s definition because it is consistent with objectives for establishing community forestry in the study area

Page 8: Evolution of community forestry regimes and decentralization of forest management in Babati district, Tanzania

2.0 Concepts (Cont…)

Forest management regimes

Common property management regime (Taylor,2000)

Private property regime (Demsetz, 1967)

State forestry regime, Traditional management (McCarthy,2000)

Forest regimes, (Regenvanu, et al., 1997)

Regime= a set of implicitly or explicit principles norms, rules and decision making procedure in governing a certain area (Harvey, 1995)

Forest resource regimes: institutional framework for management of forests (Kant and Berry, 2001)

Page 9: Evolution of community forestry regimes and decentralization of forest management in Babati district, Tanzania

2.0 Concepts (Cont…)

Forest management regime (FMR): is an institutional-organizational framework comprising a set of rules, norms, and actors responsible for management of forest resources

Institutions can be socially embedded, those based on culture, social organization and daily practices

Bureaucratic, those formalized arrangement based on explicit organizational structure, contracts and legal rights often introduced by government or development agencies (Cleaver, 2002)

Organizations are group of people organized for interests or set of goals (Murphree, 1994).

Page 10: Evolution of community forestry regimes and decentralization of forest management in Babati district, Tanzania

2.0 Concepts (Cont…)

Processes leading to change of forest management regimes

Centralization concentration of power to central government (Rudqvist, 2006)

Decentralization any act in which a central government formally cedes powers to actors and institutions at lower levels in a political-administrative and territorial hierarchy (Agrawal and Ribot, 1999)

Deconcentration transfer of power from central government to appointee of the central government. Bureaucratic norms remain unchanged (Ribot et al., 2006). Devolution involving transfer of power from central government to actors or organizations that are accountable to local population in their jurisdiction usually through electoral process (Rudqvist (2006; Ribot et al., 2006).

Privatization when government cedes power to private non state actors such as private individuals or corporations ((Ribot et al., 2006)

Delegation occurs when government entrust forest management responsibility to non-state actor (Donoghue et al., 2003)

Page 11: Evolution of community forestry regimes and decentralization of forest management in Babati district, Tanzania

2. Concepts (Cont…)

Drivers of forest FMR changeThings that enable or facilitate FMR change

Pathways: Indicate source of change

Endogenous when change is from within the Community

Exogenous: When change is externally introduced

Page 12: Evolution of community forestry regimes and decentralization of forest management in Babati district, Tanzania

3.0 Study area and Methodology3.1 Study area

Page 13: Evolution of community forestry regimes and decentralization of forest management in Babati district, Tanzania

3. 2 Methodology

Qualitative methods

Page 14: Evolution of community forestry regimes and decentralization of forest management in Babati district, Tanzania

4. 0Results4.1 Evolution of community forestry in Babati

Period Forest management regimes

1. Period of socially embedded institutions

Traditional forest management (TFM)

2. Period of centralized state policy

State forestry with reservation initiated,Traditional forest management in areas outside forest reserves adopted, social forestry in reserved forests, Private tree planting among few people started

3. Period of ujamaa villagelization

Community forestry through communal farm trees planting and private tree planting.Private farm trees promoted.Community forestry extended in natural forests.

4. Period of political and Bureaucratic decentralization

CBFM in village forests reserves (VFR) initiated, TFM in VFR adopted.Joint forest management initiated in Babati.Some traditional forests gradually disappearing.

Page 15: Evolution of community forestry regimes and decentralization of forest management in Babati district, Tanzania

4.2 Drivers of forest management regime change

Bureaucratic(i) Change of laws in forest sector and other sector- Decentralization and 2002 Forest Act, Local Government

Act of 1982, Land Act of 1999- Sexual Offences Act of 1998- Government declarations

(ii) Knowledge transfer from national and international actors

- Vertical knowledge transfer- experience from Asia- Horizontal knowledge transfer- Babati District experience

replicated in other areas of Tanzania

Page 16: Evolution of community forestry regimes and decentralization of forest management in Babati district, Tanzania

4.2. Drivers of forest management regime change (Cont…)

Bureaucratic(iii) National and international financial support- Bilateral support in Tanzania: SIDA, NORAD

SIDA (CBFM), NORAD (JFM, CBFM through REDD)- World Bank support (through TASAF in Tanzania)- International NGOs e.g. FarmAfrica

(iV) National and international environmental and development goals

- Water catchment protection - Climate change adaptation e.g. through REDD

(V) Impacts of programmesFailure of central government in forest protectionSimilar finding (e.g. Alden and Mbaya, 2002; Vihemaki, 2005)

Page 17: Evolution of community forestry regimes and decentralization of forest management in Babati district, Tanzania

4.3. Drivers of forest management regime change (Cont…)

Socially embedded(i) Changing local awareness- Claims of local people against gazzettment process Similar findings: Mtwara Tanzania (Sunseri, 2005); Mexico

(Asbjornsen and Ashton (2002)

(ii) Acquisition of formal education, new religion, existence of multiple institutionsFormal education, religion, multiple organizations providing Alternative beliefs and understanding which some people use to challenge traditional believes

Page 18: Evolution of community forestry regimes and decentralization of forest management in Babati district, Tanzania

4.4 Pathways of FMR change and forest management regimes

Bureaucratic Norms WOODLOTS, FARM TREES PLANTATIONS, FOREST RESERVES Government foresters Government foresters Individual farmers Donors Donors Local responsibility State responsibility District foresters Local community actors Central government foresters Consultant, Donors Local community actors NGOs, Donors SPRING FOREST QAIMANDA TEF QAIDASU Local actors

Socially embedded norms

Endogenous pathway Exogenous pathway

JFM

CBFM

PM

SM

TFM

Page 19: Evolution of community forestry regimes and decentralization of forest management in Babati district, Tanzania

5. Discussion: Relationship between: processes, drivers and pathways of FMR change with resulting

forest management regimes

Change processes Driver Pathways Regime

Centralization Bureaucratic Exogenous National reserves, (Government plantations)

Deconcentration Bureaucratic Exogenous JFM

Devolution Bureaucratic,Socially embedded

Endogenous,Exogenous

CBFM

Privatisation Bureaucratic Exogenous, Private forest mngt.(Farm trees)

Socially embedded

Socially embedded

Endogenous Traditional forest management

Page 20: Evolution of community forestry regimes and decentralization of forest management in Babati district, Tanzania

6. Conclusions

• Forest management in Tanzania went through different processes of regimes change including centralization, deconcentration, devolution, privatisation, socially embedded processes

• The processes have created different forest management regimes: State forest management, JFM, CBFM, Traditional forest management. For the case of Babati this resulted in existence of multiple forest regimes in same area in stead of having one dominant regime

• However, the multiple regime changes processes are gradually decreasing the importance of traditional forest management regimes

Page 21: Evolution of community forestry regimes and decentralization of forest management in Babati district, Tanzania

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