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Climate Change Changes in water distribution
95

ERMslides4

Nov 11, 2014

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Class presentation slides for the fourth quarter of ERM 150, Spring Semester 2009
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Climate ChangeChanges in water distribution

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Changes in Weather Patterns

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Extremes

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Sahara

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Dust Bowl1934 - 35

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Causes7 years drought

Overworked soil

Extensive rangeuse

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Drought

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Dust Bowl

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Dust Bowl

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Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

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Shelter Belt

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Dust Bowl AftermathEmergency Farm Mortgage ActFrazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy ActTaylor Grazing ActEmergency Relief Appropriation

ActSoil Conservation ServiceShelter Belt Project

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Consequences of Drought

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California

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Oakland 1991

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San Joaquin Delta2006 (Maurer)

Floods in winterDrought in summer

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Fall 2007

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Spring 2009

Fargo, ND

Fargo, ND & Moorhead, MN

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Midwest 1988

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Mississippi 1993

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Katrina 2005Erosion

Runoff

Mold

Tree loss

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Moche

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The Weather

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$$ Disasters $$

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!Kung Sanhxaro

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Ancient Floods5600 BC

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Ancient FloodsVishnu

Gilgamesh

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Target: Earth

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Extraterrestrial Impact

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Evidence

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Our Moon

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Comet Shoemaker - Levy July 1994

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Jupiter’s Moon Ganymede

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Terrestrial Impact Sites

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The Solar System

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Geocentrism

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Piazzi 1801

CeresVestaPallasJuno

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Asteroid Belt10,000+ objects

All < 500 km

Irregular in shape

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AsteroidsFragments

OR

Remnants of early solarSystem?

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Earth crossers

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Kuiper Belt

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Kuiper Belt Objects

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Oort Cloud

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Comets

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Omens

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Mark Twain & Halley’s Comet

“I came in with Halley's Comet... It is coming again ... and I expect to go out with it... The Almighty has said, no doubt: 'Now here are these two unaccountable freaks; they came in together, they must go out together.”

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Comet Composition

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Cometary Orbits

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Meteor Showers

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Meteor ShowersLyrids Apr 24 Comet

186115/hr

Eta Aquarids May 4 Halley 20/hrDelta Aquarids July 30 ? 20/hrPerseids Aug 12 Comet 1862 60/hrDraconids Oct 9 Giacobini 15/hrOrionids Oct 21 Halley 20/hrLeonids Nov 17 Comet 1866 15/hrGeminids Dec 13 Phaeton 50/hr

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Meteor Shower 1833

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Meteorites

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October 2008 (2008 TC3)Entered Earth’s Atmosphere

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2008 TC3

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Feb 2009

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Tunguska 1908

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Tunguska

Force = 40 Megatons

Pressure wave

Lake Cheko?

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Impact Craters

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KT Event

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Luis & Walter Alvarez

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Iridium anomaly

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Soot

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Where did it Hit?<-250 km->

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65 million years ago

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Shocked Quartz

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ChondrulesCarbon + silicates

Meteoric

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Microspherules

Microscopic glassdroplets produced by rapid cooling

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ApproachAsteroid

VS

Comet

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Mass Extinction Event

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ImpactImmediate:

10+ earthquaketsunamishockwavefirestorm

200 trillion tons TNT

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Nuclear Winter http://www.atomicarchive.com/Movies/Movie6.shtml

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Long Term Changes50 year cloud cover

Loss of Photosynthesis

Emergence of Mammals

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Permian extinction275 million years ago

Large scale insect and marine event

Pangaea

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Methane Hydrate Release?

CH4 trapped in watermatrix (low temp,high pressure)

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Lake Nyos 1986

Camerooncaldera

CO2 release

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Flaming IceExposure to Oxygen:

flammability

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Results

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Mass Extinctions

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The Next Collision?

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Apophis

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ApophisApproach:

2029

Return Apr 13, 2036

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Impact Trajectory

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1950DA2880

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B612 FoundationLocate & deflect

Earth crossingasteroids

Rusty Schweikart

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Risk

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Alternative ExplanationsSupernova?

Megavolcano(es)

Marine Regression

Pathogens

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SupernovaProduces Pt-244

2 million years agoFe-60 deposits

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MegavolcanoesDeccan Traps

60-68 x 106 years ago

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Shiva Crater

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Marine Regression

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PathogensT. rex coprolites

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Parasite InfectionsSandflies roundworms

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Greatest Threat

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Triumph of Survival