EOC Test Preparation: Expansion and the Antebellum Period.

EOC Test Preparation: Expansion and the Antebellum Period

Territorial Expansion

• Northwest Territory, Northwest Ordinance– Guidelines on how new states could be admitted– Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin– No slavery

Territorial Expansion• Louisiana Purchase

(1803)– President Jefferson

wanted to secure US trading on the Miss. R.

– Bought from France• Haiti revolt, French-

British war

– Doubled the size of the US

Territorial Expansion

• Lewis and Clark– Meriwether Lewis

and William Clark sent to find water route to Pacific Ocean

– Gathered info on the OR and LA territories

– 1804-06– Led to mass

migration to Pacific NW

Territorial Expansion

• War of 1812– Native Americans and settlers not getting along in

the new territories– British had a strong presence in Canada and were

allies of the Native Americans• British were impressing US sailors (taking captive and

forcing them to work on British ships)

Territorial Expansion

• War of 1812 (cont.)– British invaded and burned Washington, DC in

August– US won a victory at battle of Ft. McHenry– Francis Scott Key: Star Spangled Banner– US Commander Andrew Jackson won victories

over the Creek Indians at Battle of Horseshoe Bend and against British forced at Battle of New Orleans

Territorial Expansion• War of 1812 (cont.)– Treaty of Ghent did

not grant any land against to the US, but:• Miss. R. and frontier

open, meaning more western migration• US could defend

itself and interests• Nationalism

Monroe Doctrine

• Era of Good Feelings: left over pride from War of 1812

• President James Monroe issued the doctrine in 1823– US would not allow European intervention in

independent nations in Americas – No more colonization by Europeans – US would view any actions as aggressive and

respond with force

Manifest Destiny

• America’s destiny, and divine right, to expand and possess all land between the Atlantic and Pacific

Manifest Destiny

• Missouri Compromise– Admission of Missouri would mess up the balance

between slave and free state. – Decision: all states south of 36 d. north would be

slave, those to the north would be free– Missouri = slave– Maine = free

TX: Independence and Annexation

• 1821• Mexico controlled TX which had a lot of US

settlers• Santa Anna tightened control, Texans rebelled

under Sam Houston’s leadership• Texans declared their own independence,

Mexico responded with military force (The Alamo)– All Texans killed

TX: Independence and Annexation• Texans eventually made a

comeback and took Santa Anna hostage– Agreed to Texas being free and

pulled back troops

• Texas wanted to be annexed, but issue over TX being admitted as a slave state – Potentially multiple slave states?– Became a state in 1845

TX: Independence and Annexation

• James K. Polk wins election as a Democrat• President John Tyler (pre-Polk) urged

Congress to admit Texas – 1845

Oregon

• 1827• Oregon territory– Britain and US would both

occupy the area

• Polk argued with Britain over the territory– “54-50, or fight!”– Established the northern

border with Canada that we know today (1846)

Mexican-American War• June 1845, Polk ordered Gen. Zachary Taylor to

TX border• John Slidell went to Mexico to settle disputes over

the border and negotiate purchase of CA and NM• Mexican president wouldn’t meet, US troops

pushed into disputed area, Mexican troops attacked

• Polk demanded that Congress declare war due to “shed American blood on American soil”

Mexican-American War

• US won multiple victories • Sept. 1847, US troops moved into Mexico City and

forced Mexico to surrender – Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in Feb 1848– Give territory to US and final southern border of the US

would be Rio Grande

• 1853: issues still existed– President Pierce sent Gadsden to purchase land for RR.

Gadsden Purchase gave US New Mexico and Arizona

Trail of Tears• Cherokee in NC and GA– Good relationship with American settlers, even

fought in War of 1812– Gold discovered in GA land…– 1830: Indian Removal Act• Supreme Court said this couldn’t be forced, Jackson

would not enforce decision

California

• Compromise of 1850– Gold Rush 1849– CA population

increased, need for own government

– Admitted as a free state

Sectional Differences

• West– Reasons to move west: • Religion• gold• Comstock Lode• Land

Sectional Differences

• Econ. Differences between North and South– Cotton Gin• “King Cotton”

– Interchangeable parts• Mass production• Widely used in industry and

factories

Political Differences

• South and West:– Federal government should be restricted, allow

states/territories govern themselves– Slavery– Small business vs. big business

• North:– Strong central government for national

unity/consistency – Free– Big business

Election of 1824• North: John Quincy Adams• South: William Crawford• West: Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson• Election came down to Jackson and Adams, HOR had

to decide the winner– Clay threw support to Adams, wins– Jackson protested b/c Clay was being named Sec. of State. – “Corrupt Bargain”

• Jackson wins against Adams 4 years later

Universal Suffrage

• Jacksonian Democracy– Western expansion– Rights of white settlers

• All white men should be free to vote, not just those who owned property– Country becomes more democratic and enabled

all (white) men to have a voice

Spoils System, Strict interpretation, Laissez- Faire

• Jackson would reward supporters with gov. positions

• Although he sometimes pushed the powers of the presidency, he had a literally view of the Constitution

• No regulation for business or pass policies to help US businessmen– Allows a level playing field for all

Spoils System, Strict interpretation, Laissez- Faire

• Jackson vs. Second National Bank (1832)– Jackson saw the bank as unconstitutional – Political enemies pushed for the bank to

apply for its charter early so that it would pose a threat during the election, but…

– Public agreed with Jackson, wins re-election– Bank lost its charter

• Federal money placed in state banks– This lead to an economic crisis

Two-Party System

• Issues within the Democratic-Republican Party led to a break up– Democrats– National Republicans• Some of these people

formed a new party: Whigs

Social Reforms

• Transform society in beneficial ways• Second Great Awakening: – Christian preachers traveled preaching the Gospel and

calling on believers to be socially active and change society

• Temperance Movement: against alcohol• Abolitionist Movement: against slavery– Former slaves, Quakers, MC whites, educated, church

people

• Women’s Rights Movement