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Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology
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Page 1: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

Enzymes and MetabolismBiochemistry – Part One

Enzymes and MetabolismBiochemistry – Part One

MicrobiologyMicrobiology

Page 2: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

MetabolismMetabolism

The sum total of all cellular reactions

The sum total of all cellular reactions

Page 3: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

MetabolismMetabolism

Anabolism - The total of all biosynthetic processes in the cell

Catabolism - The energy generating processes in the cell

Anabolism - The total of all biosynthetic processes in the cell

Catabolism - The energy generating processes in the cell

Page 4: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

EnergyEnergy

Energy releasing reactions are exergonic – the free energy is released to be used in the cell for other operations

Reactions in which the amount of energy required for their initiation than the energy released are endergonic

Energy releasing reactions are exergonic – the free energy is released to be used in the cell for other operations

Reactions in which the amount of energy required for their initiation than the energy released are endergonic

Page 5: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

Biochemical ReactionsBiochemical Reactions

enzyme Reactant(s) Product(s) ( substrate)Great specificity of the enzyme for the substrateEnvisioned as a lock and keyMore probable like an induced fit

enzyme Reactant(s) Product(s) ( substrate)Great specificity of the enzyme for the substrateEnvisioned as a lock and keyMore probable like an induced fit

Page 6: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

EnzymesEnzymes

Are biological catalystsProteinsTheir tertiary structure produces a

specific site for the interaction of reactants(substrates)

Are biological catalystsProteinsTheir tertiary structure produces a

specific site for the interaction of reactants(substrates)

Page 7: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

EnzymesEnzymes

Form temporary intermolecular forces with the substrate

Orient the substrate so the reaction occur

Associates two substrates that are in equally low concentrations in the cell

Form temporary intermolecular forces with the substrate

Orient the substrate so the reaction occur

Associates two substrates that are in equally low concentrations in the cell

Page 10: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

Protease – breaks down proteinsDNase breaks down and recycles

DNAKinase- tranfers phosphate from

ATP to another molecule

Protease – breaks down proteinsDNase breaks down and recycles

DNAKinase- tranfers phosphate from

ATP to another molecule

Page 11: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

Activation energyActivation energy

Page 12: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

Activation energyActivation energy

Activation energy is the energy required to start a biochemical reaction

All biochemical reactins require a biochemical catalyst to reduce the amount of energy required to initiate the reaction

Activation energy is the energy required to start a biochemical reaction

All biochemical reactins require a biochemical catalyst to reduce the amount of energy required to initiate the reaction

Page 13: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.
Page 14: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

Factors that Affect the rate of an Enzyme reaction

Factors that Affect the rate of an Enzyme reaction

TemperaturepHConcentration of enzymeConcentration of substrate

TemperaturepHConcentration of enzymeConcentration of substrate

Page 15: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

Optimal Temperature and pHOptimal Temperature and pH

Page 16: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

Competitive InhibitionCompetitive Inhibition

Page 17: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

Non Competitive Inhibitor

Non Competitive Inhibitor

Page 18: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

NAD- CoenzymeNAD- Coenzyme

Page 19: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

NAD+NAD+

Page 20: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

FAD CoenzymeFAD Coenzyme

Page 21: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

REDOX ReactionsREDOX Reactions

Oxidation is the loss of electrosn( e-), the loss of hydrogen(H), and the gain of oxygen

Reduction is the gain of electrons, the gain of Hydrogen, and the loss of oxygen

Oxidation is the loss of electrosn( e-), the loss of hydrogen(H), and the gain of oxygen

Reduction is the gain of electrons, the gain of Hydrogen, and the loss of oxygen

Page 22: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

REDOXREDOX

Page 23: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

REDOX REACTIONREDOX REACTION

Page 24: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

Feedback InhibitionFeedback Inhibition

Page 25: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

Allosteric InteractionsAllosteric Interactions

Page 26: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

Coupled reactionsCoupled reactions

Reactions which require the input of energy must be coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP

Reactions which require the input of energy must be coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP

Page 27: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.
Page 29: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

TermsTerms

Chemo – chemical energyPhoto – light energyOrgano – organic moleculesLitho – uptake larger organic

molecules for biosynthesisAuto – produces its own organic

molecules from basic molecules

Chemo – chemical energyPhoto – light energyOrgano – organic moleculesLitho – uptake larger organic

molecules for biosynthesisAuto – produces its own organic

molecules from basic molecules

Page 30: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

Chemoorganoheterotroph

Chemoorganoheterotroph

Uses organic molecules for a Carbon source and as an energy source

Pathogens exhibit this type of metabolism

Uses organic molecules for a Carbon source and as an energy source

Pathogens exhibit this type of metabolism

Page 31: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

ChemolithoautotrophChemolithoautotroph

Uses inorganic molecules as a carbon source and energy source

Extremophiles, nitrogen fixing bacteria, thermophiles, and methanogens

Uses inorganic molecules as a carbon source and energy source

Extremophiles, nitrogen fixing bacteria, thermophiles, and methanogens

Page 32: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

PhotolithoautotrophPhotolithoautotroph

Uses light energy as an energy source and inorganic CO2 as a carbon source.

Conventional photosynthesis – Cyanobacteria

Chlorophyll as si the primary phtosynthetic pigment

Capture light energy at 420 and 620+ nm

Uses light energy as an energy source and inorganic CO2 as a carbon source.

Conventional photosynthesis – Cyanobacteria

Chlorophyll as si the primary phtosynthetic pigment

Capture light energy at 420 and 620+ nm

Page 33: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

PhotoorganoheterotrophPhotoorganoheterotroph

Use light energy to trasnform to energy for biological processes

Uses alternative pigments to capture light

Use light energy to trasnform to energy for biological processes

Uses alternative pigments to capture light

Page 34: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

PathwaysPathways

Page 35: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

Pathways begin with one molecule and end with a

product

Pathways begin with one molecule and end with a

productGlycolysis – Catabolic pathway –

energy producing – breaks down glucose

Gluconeogensis – Anabolic – requires the inpute of energy – produces sugars and carbohydrates

Glycolysis – Catabolic pathway – energy producing – breaks down glucose

Gluconeogensis – Anabolic – requires the inpute of energy – produces sugars and carbohydrates

Page 36: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

CyclesCycles

Page 37: Enzymes and Metabolism Biochemistry – Part One Microbiology.

Krebs – Citric AcidKrebs – Citric Acid