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Environmental Requirements
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Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Mar 26, 2015

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Page 1: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Environmental Requirements

Page 2: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Soil

n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces

Page 3: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Soil

n classified according to percentage of sand, silt, and clay they contain.

Page 4: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Soil Particles

n vary greatly in sizen sand is the largestn silt - mediumn clay - smallest

Page 5: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Clay

n particles hold moisture and plant food elements more effectively than larger particles.

Page 6: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Soil Profile

n consists of 3 basic layersn topsoiln subsoiln soil bedrock

Page 7: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Topsoil

n represents depth normally plowed

Page 8: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Subsoil

n deep rooting plants send roots down into subsoil

Page 9: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Sandy Soil

n silt and clay make up less than 20% by weight

n drain welln little water holding capacity

Page 10: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Clayey Soil

n must contain at least 30% clay

n holds more moisture than is good for plants

n poor drainage

Page 11: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Loamy Soil

n most desirable soiln equal parts sand, silt and

clay

Page 12: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Soil Improvement

n Drainage – change soil structure–add organic matter to

encourage earth worms

Page 13: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Worms

n their tunnels and castings result in better soil structure - aggregation - clinging together

Page 14: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Drainage

n drainage tilesn raise planting bedsn ditching between beds

Page 15: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Moisture retention

n adding organic matter (o.m.)n sources of o.m.n animal manuren green manure - crop grown

and plowed under to improve the soil

Page 16: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Sources of O.M.

n peat mossn sawdustn mulches - compost or wood

chips

Page 17: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Mulches

n placed on the surface to help retain moisture

n reduce runoff and evaporation

n reduce weeds

Page 18: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Moisture retention

n irrigation

Page 19: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Fertilizing

n fertilize according to soil test results

Page 20: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Diseases

n plant resistant varietiesn chemicalsn soil pasteurization

–heat to 180 degrees F for 30 minutes.

Page 21: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Nutritional deficiencies

n show on leaves of plantsn Nitrogen - pale green leavesn Phosphorus - purple color on

underside of leaves

Page 22: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Planting Media Mixes

n Soil less mixesn advantages include :

uniformity - doesn’t vary in pH, fertility or texture

Page 23: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

advantages

n sterilen lightweightn good moisture retention and

drainagen free of weed seeds

Page 24: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

disadvantages

n light weight - pots tip in strong wind

n minor elements are missingn transplants may not adjust

well to new media

Page 25: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Content of mixes

n perliten improve aerationn volcanic origin

Page 26: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Vermiculite

n exploded Mican improves aeration

Page 27: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Plant food and fertilizersn divided into two groupsn Major elements (macro)n Nitrogen - Nn Phosphorus - Pn Potassium - K

Page 28: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

minor elements (micro)

n Calcium - Can Magnesium - mgn Sulfur - Sn Iron - Fe

Page 29: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

minor elements (micro)

n Manganese - Mnn Boron - Bn Copper - Cun Zinc - Zn

Page 30: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Plant requirements

n large amounts of major elements

n relatively small amounts of minor elements

Page 31: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Commercial fertilizers

n shows % or pounds per cwt. (100#) of the three major elements in large numbers on the container or bag.

Page 32: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Commercial fertilizers

n 5-10-5n 5% N, 10% P, 5% Kn remaining 80% is fillern NP&K are always listed in

that order.

Page 33: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Soil tests

n determine amount of elements needed for various plants.

Page 34: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Nitrogen

n generally purchased in one of four forms

n Nitrate of sodan ammonium nitrate

Page 35: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Nitrogen

n ammonium sulfaten urea formaldehyde

Page 36: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Nitrogen

n has most noticeable effect on plants

n encourages above ground vegetative growth

n regulates use of other elements

Page 37: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Too much N

n lower disease resistancen weaken stem because of

long soft growthn lower fruit quality

Page 38: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Too much N

n delay maturityn increase winter damage to

plants

Page 39: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Not enough N

n yellow or light green colorn stunted root and top growth

Page 40: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

N lost easily from soil

n leaching - being filtered down through soil with water

n not held by soil particles, dissolved in water

n O.M. holds insoluble N for slow release

Page 41: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Don’t use excess N

n quickly lost through leachingn can damage plants

Page 42: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Phosphorous

n held tightly by soil particlesn not easily leached

Page 43: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Phosphorous

n effects plants in several ways

n encourage cell division

Page 44: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Phosphorous

n flowers and seeds don’t form without it

n hastens maturity, offsetting quick growth caused by N.

Page 45: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Phosphorous

n encourage root growthn makes K more availablen increase disease resistancen improves quality of grain,

root and fruit crops

Page 46: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Phosphorous

n container plants can be damaged by excess P

n increases soluble salt content of medium

n causes dehydration of roots

Page 47: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Phosphorous

n Insufficient Pn purple color on underside of

leafn reduced flower fruit and

seed production

Page 48: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Insufficient P

n susceptibility to cold injuryn susceptibility to plant

diseasesn poor quality fruit and seeds

Page 49: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Potassium

n modifies both fast soft growth of N and early maturity of P

n is essential

Page 50: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Potassium

n increase disease resistancen encourages healthy root

systemsn essential for starch formation

Page 51: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Potassium

n development of chlorophylln efficient use of CO2

Page 52: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Insufficient K

n leaves appear dry and scorched with irregular yellow areas on the surface

Page 53: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Lime

n CaCO3- Calcium Carbonaten acts as a plant foodn affects soil acidityn soil acidity affects availability

of plant food elements

Page 54: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Lime

n furnishes Calcium

Page 55: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

pH

n measure of acidity or alkalinity

n pH scale - runs from 0 - 14n most plants grow best from

5.6-7.0

Page 56: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

pH

n 7.0 is neutraln pH of 7 or above is alkaline

or basicn pH below 7 is acidic

Page 57: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

pH

n as numbers decrease, solution becomes more acidic.

n As numbers increase, solution becomes more basic or alkaline

Page 58: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

pH

n if soil is too acidic, lime is added to raise the pH

n if soil is too alkaline, sulfur is added

Page 59: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Above ground environmentn temperaturen some plants prefer cool

weathern some plants prefer warm

weather

Page 60: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Temperature

n there are temperatures above and below which plants stop growth

n generally, plant growth rate increases as temps increase up to about 90 degrees

Page 61: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Light

n must be present before plants can manufacture food

n plants vary in light requirement

n effects flowering

Page 62: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Photoperiodism

n response to different periods of day and night in terms of growth and maturity

Page 63: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Photoperiodism

n short day plantsn chrysanthemum and

Christmas Cactusn bloom when days are short

and nights are long

Page 64: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Photoperiodism

n long day plantsn lettuce and radishesn bloom when days are long

and nights are short

Page 65: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Photoperiodism

n day length indifferentn do not depend on length of

light or darknessn African Violet and tomato

Page 66: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Phototropism

n plants appear to grow towards the sun or light source

Page 67: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Humidity

n moisture level of the airn most plants grow best in 40-

80% RHn Relative Humidity

Page 68: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Humidity

n too high humidity may cause the spread of fungus diseases

Page 69: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Plant diseases and Insectsn reduce productionn lower fruit and vegetable

quality

Page 70: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Gases and Air Particles

n CO2 is vital to plants for Psn Air pollutants can cause

damage

Page 71: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Air Pollutants

n Sulfur Dioxide - SO2 - from burning coal

n Carbon Monoxide - CO - exhaust from cars

Page 72: Environmental Requirements. Soil n composed of sand, silt, and clay, organic matter, living organisms, and pore spaces.

Carbon Monoxide

n reduces plant growthn can kill plants