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AN APPROACH TO ENHANCE IMAGE ENCRYPTION USING BLOCK-BASED TRANSFORMATION ALGORITHM
by
MOHAMMAD ALI MOH'D BANI YOUNES
Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA 2009
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
"All praises and thanks to ALLAH"
I would like to express my sincere appreciation and heartfelt thanks to my
supervisor, Dr. Aman Jantan, for his creative guidance, intellectual support,
stimulating discussions and inspiring words. I am grateful for his excellent
hospitality and wonderful attitude.
Also, I would like to thank Dr. Omar Abu Shqeer, Dr. Ahmed Abdel Raouf Younis,
Dr. Samer Al-Dhalli, Dr. Ahmed Manasrah, and Dr. Ahmad Alzoubi for their
constructive contribution, invaluable advice, critical comments and patience.
A great thanks from my heart to my parents for their prayers, my wife for her
patience and support, my sons and daughter for their patience too, and my father in
law, mother in law, brothers, sisters, friends, and colleagues for their
encouragements.
Finally, I would like to thank all lecturers, administration, and staff of Universiti
Sains Malaysia and all academic and non academic staff of the School of Computer
Science for Graduate Studies for their help and support.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF ALGORITHMS xi
LIST OF APPENDICES xii
ABSTRAK xiii
ABSTRACT xv
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Research Motivations 3
1.3 Symmetric Key Algorithms 5
1.4 Image Encryption Using Block-Based Transformation Algorithm 6
1.5 Hiding Technique 8
1.6 Goal, Scope, and Objectives of the Research 8
1.7 Thesis Structure 9
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
12
2.1 Introduction 12
2.2 Digital Images 13
2.2.1 Digital Image Formats 15
2.3 Cryptographic Systems 21
2.3.1 Block and Stream Ciphers 27
2.4 Encryption Algorithms 30
2.4.1 Data Encryption Standard (DES) Algorithm 31
2.4.2 Blowfish Algorithm 33
2.4.3 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Algorithm 36
2.4.4 Serpent Algorithm 38
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2.4.5 Twofish Algorithm 39
2.4.6 RC6 Algorithm 39
2.4.7 MARS Algorithm 40
2.4.8 Triple-DES Algorithm 42
2.4.9 IDEA Algorithm 42
2.5 Current Research in Image Encryption 43
2.5.1 A new Image Encryption Approach Using Combinational Permutation Techniques 44
2.5.2 A General Cryptanalysis of Permutation-Only Multimedia Encryption Algorithms 45
2.5.3 Techniques for a Selective Encryption of Uncompressed and Compressed Images 46
2.5.4 Chaos-Based Image Encryption Algorithm 47
2.5.5 Analysis and Comparison of Image Encryption Algorithms 48
2.5.6 Image Encryption Using Fractional Fourier Transform and 3d Jigsaw Transform 48
2.5.7 Image Encryption for Secure Internet Multimedia Applications 49
2.5.8 Image and Video Encryption Using Scan Patterns 50
2.5.9 A New Chaotic Image Encryption Algorithm 52
2.5.10 Image Encryption and Decryption with Residual Intelligibility Measurements 52
2.5.11 Lossless Image Compression and Encryption Using SCAN 53
2.6 Steganography Technique for Digital Images 55
2.6.1 Cryptography and Steganography of Video Information in Modern Communication 57
2.6.2 A Technique for Image Encryption Using Digital Signature 57
2.7 Image Security Measurements 58
2.7.1 Image Correlation 59
2.7.2 Image Histogram 60
2.7.3 Image Entropy 62
2.7.4 Image Similarity 64
2.8 Summary 65
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CHAPTER THREE: A MODEL TO ENHANCE IMAGE ENCRYPTION USING BLOCK-BASED TRANSFORMATION TECHNIQUE
67
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 Model Description 67
3.2.1 Transformation Technique 71
3.2.2 Encryption Process 77
3.2.3 Key 78
3.3 Security Measures 78
3.3.1 Image Correlation 79
3.3.2 Image histogram 88
3.3.3 Image Entropy 90
3.3.4 Image Similarity 92
3.4 The Technique of Hiding Information in the Image Data 94
3.4.1 Data Mixing (Sender Side) 94
3.4.2 Data Extracting (Receiver Side) 96
3.5 Decryption Process 99
3.6 Summary 100
CHAPTER FOUR: IMPLEMENTATION, TESTING AND RESULTS ANALYSIS
101
4.1 Introduction 101
4.2 Implementation Architecture 102
4.3 Experimental Design 103
4.4 Testing and Results 104
4.4.1 Correlation Test 106
4.4.2 Entropy Test 116
4.4.3 Histogram Test 119
4.4.4 Similarity Test 123
4.4.5 Hiding Efficiency 125
4.4.6 Retrieving the Original Image 129
4.5 Discussion 130
4.5.1 Shortcomings of the Proposed Technique 133
4.6 Summary 134
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CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION AND FUTURE WORK 136
5.1 Introduction 136
5.2 Technical Contribution 136
5.2.1 Strength and Efficiency of the Technique 137
5.3 Economical Contribution of the Research 141
5.3.1 Knowledge Gain 142
5.3.2 Security Enhancement 143
5.4 Future Work 144
5.4.1 Random Factor 145
CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION
148
REFERENCES 150
APPENDICES 160
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 184
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LIST OF TABLES
2.1 Image color space versus bit depth (bpp) 14
2.2 BMP file header 17
2.3 Comparison of the algorithms used for image encryption
54
2.4 Value of r (or rs) interpretation 60
2.5 An example to illustrates the histogram data points 61
3.1 Transformation table example 76
3.2 The color value of pixel representation 81
3.3 The horizontal correlation between adjacent elements of the image 81
3.4 The vertical correlation between adjacent elements of the image 83
3.5 The diagonal correlation between adjacent elements of the image 85
3.6 The opposite diagonal correlation between adjacent elements of the image
86
3.7 The probability of gray level of Figure 3.12, page 91 92
4.1 Different number of blocks used in this research 103
4.2 Results of measurement values of the original images
105
4.3 Correlation results of the transformed image 1 for all cases 108
4.4 Correlation results against key length for image 1 of all cases 110
4.5 Correlation results of case 1 111
4.6 Correlation results of the encrypted image 1 for all cases 113
4.7 Results comparison between the Blowfish algorithm alone and the combination technique based on correlation test
114
4.8 Correlation results against key length of the encrypted image 1 for all cases
115
4.9 Entropy results of the encrypted image 1 against number of blocks for all cases with different key lengths
117
4.10 Results of entropy of the encrypted image1 versus key length for all cases
118
4.11 Standard deviation values against number of blocks with different key lengths
120
4.12 Results of standard deviation versus key length 122
4.13 The percentage of similarity between the original image and retrieved one
124
4.14 Two cases to test the impact of the insertion data of the encrypted images
125
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4.15 Results of correlation and entropy values with and without insertion data 126
4.16 Results of insertion data of case 1 127
4.17 Results of insertion data of case 2 128
4.18 Comparison results of correlation and entropy values of the original images and recovered ones
130
5.1 Correlation and entropy values of image1, encrypted by commercial algorithms
138
5.2 Correlation and entropy values of image1, encrypted by commercial available algorithms preceded by the proposed algorithm
138
5.3 Correlation and entropy values of commonly used encryption algorithms in Literature when applied to the image of Figure 5.3
140
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LIST OF FIGURES
1.1 General block diagram of the proposed technique 4
1.2 Symmetric key algorithms 5
1.3 A block diagram of the proposed technique versus Blowfish algorithm 7
2.1 Image pixels 16
2.2 Public key encryption and decryption model 24
2.3 A simple model of symmetric key encryption 25
2.4 Model of symmetric key cryptosystem 26
2.5 Electronic Code Book (ECB) mode encryption 28
2.6 Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode encryption 28
2.7 Cipher Feedback (CFB) mode encryption 29
2.8 Output Feedback (OFB) mode encryption 29
2.9 An illustration of DES algorithm 32
2.10 Rounds structure of the Blowfish encryption 34
2.11 An illustration of AES_Rijndael algorithm 38
2.12 Structure of MARS algorithm 41
2.13 An example of an image histogram 62
3.1 General block diagram of the transformation and encryption 68
3.2 An overview model of the proposed technique at the sender side 70
3.3 An overview model of the proposed technique at the receiver side 70
3.4 The transformation process 72
3.5 Encryption process using the Blowfish with and without transformation 77
3.6 The horizontal correlation of image data 80
3.7 The vertical correlation of image data 82
3.8 The diagonal correlation of image data 84
3.9 The opposite diagonal correlation of image data 85
3.10 The correlation between variables for all directions 87
3.11 Histogram of original and encrypted images 90
3.12 The color value of pixel representation 91
3.13 Mixing data at the sender side 95
3.14 Extracting data at the receiver side 96
3.15 Part of a ciphered image data without insertion 98
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3.16 Part of a ciphered image data with insertion 98
3.17 Illustration of the decryption and retransformation processes 99
4.1 The parts of the proposed model 101
4.2 The original images (image 1 and image 2) used in the experiment 104
4.3 Results of the transformed image 1 for all cases by using 8 bytes key, 16 bytes key and 32 bytes key
107
4.4 Correlation values against number of blocks of the transformed image 1 109
4.5 Correlation values against key length of image 1 for all cases 110
4.6 Results of encryption by using 30 30 blocks 111
4.7 Correlation value of case 1 112
4.8 Correlation values against number of blocks with different key lengths 113
4.9 Correlation values against key length of the encrypted image1 for all cases
115
4.10 Entropy values of the encrypted image 1 against number of blocks for all cases with different key lengths
117
4.11 Entropy values of the encrypted image 1 versus key length for all cases 119
4.12 Standard deviation values against number of blocks with different key lengths, 8 bytes key, 16 bytes key, 32 bytes key
121
4.13 Results of encryption and histograms of the original image ( image1, case 1) by using 3030 blocks
121
4.14 Standard deviation values versus key length with different number of blocks
123
4.15 The similarity between the original image and retrieved one
124
4.16 Results of encrypted images with and without insertion of data 126
4.17 Color level before and after insertion of case 1 127
4.18 Color level before and after insertion of case 2 129
5.1 Correlation values of the algorithms shown in Table 5.1 138
5.2 Entropy values of the algorithms shown in Table 5.1 139
5.3 Image used to compare the proposed algorithm with the commonly used ones in literature
139
5.4 Correlation values of the algorithms shown in Table 5.3 140
5.5 Entropy values of the algorithms shown in Table 5.3 141
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LIST OF ALGORITHMS
Algorithm 1 Creation of the transformation table process 73
Algorithm 2 Transformation process 76
Algorithm 3 Image horizontal correlation 80 Algorithm 4 Image vertical correlation 82
Algorithm 5 Image diagonal correlation 84
Algorithm 6 Image opposite diagonal correlation 86
Algorithm 7 Image average correlation algorithm 88
Algorithm 8 Image histogram algorithm 89
Algorithm 9 Image entropy algorithm 91
Algorithm 10 Compute image similarity 93
Algorithm 11 Mixing process 95
Algorithm 12 Extracting process 97
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A The Encryption Results of Original Image (Image 1) 160
Appendix B The Transformation Results of the Original Image (Image 2) 165
Appendix C Correlation Test of Transformed Image 2 166
Appendix D The Encryption Results of the Original Image (Image 2) 168
Appendix E Correlation Test of Encrypted Image 2 171
Appendix F Entropy Test of the Encrypted Image 2 174
Appendix G Histogram Test of the Encrypted Image 2 176
Appendix H Similarity Test 182
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SUATU PENDEKATAN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PENYULITAN IMEJ MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA TRANSFORMASI BERASASKAN BLOK
ABSTRAK
Penyulitan data (data encryption) telah digunakan secara meluas untuk menjamin
keselamatan dalam rangkaian terbuka (open network), contohnya internet. Setiap
jenis data mempunyai cirinya yang tersendiri. Oleh itu, teknik yang berbeza
sepatutnya digunakan untuk melindungi data imej rahsia (confidential image data)
daripada dicapai oleh pihak yang tidak berkenaan. Kebanyakan algoritma penyulitan
digunakan untuk data teks. Walau bagaimanapun, disebabkan saiz data yang besar
dan kekangan masa sebenar (real time constrains), algoritma yang sesuai untuk data
teks mungkin tidak sesuai bagi data multimedia.
Dalam penyelidikan ini, satu algoritma transformasi berasaskan blok dicadangkan
untuk keselamatan imej iaitu dengan menggunakan gabungan transformasi imej dan
teknik penyulitan. Algoritma ini akan digunakan sebagai transform prapenyulitan
(pre-encryption transform) untuk mengelirukan hubungan di antara imej biasa
(original images) dan imej yang dijana (generated images). Imej yang dijana
(ditransformasi) kemudiannya disesuaikan pada algoritma penyulitan Blowfish.
Korelasi, histogram dan entropi digunakan untuk menentukan tahap keselamatan
imej.
Hasil daripada eksperimen yang dijalankan menunjukkan bahawa teknik gabungan
menghasilkan korelasi yang rendah, nilai entropi yang tinggi dan histogram yang
seragam. Sedangkan keputusan daripada penggunaan algorithma Blowfish
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menunjukkan peningkatan dalam tahap keselamatan imej yang disulitkan (encrypted
images). Kedua-dua teknik (gabungan transformasi imej dan teknik penyulitan)
menunjukkan kesamaan yang tinggi (high similarity) serta kualiti yang baik daripada
imej yang dipulihkan, jika dibandingkan dengan teknik asal. Ciri lain bagi teknik
gabungan adalah keteritlakkan (generality). Keputusan eksperimen menunjukkan
bahawa penggunaan teknik gabungan bersama dengan algoritma lain memberikan
prestasi yang lebih baik, jika dibandingkan dengan penggunaan algoritma lain secara
bersendirian.
Dalam usaha meningkatkan kekuatan penyulitan imej yang ditransformasikan, suatu
pendekatan steganografi baru bagi penyembunyian data (data hiding) juga
dicadangkan. Keputusan eksperimen menunjukkan bahawa korelasi dan nilai entropi
daripada imej yang disulitkan sebelum sisipan (insertion) adalah sama dengan nilai
korelasi dan entropi selepas sisipan. Oleh kerana korelasi dan entropi tidak berubah
semasa penyembunyian maklumat yang perlu, maka keadah ini memberikan
perlindungan (concealment) data yang baik dalam imej yang disulitkan serta
mengurangkan peluang ia dikesan. Data yang disembunyikan akan digunakan untuk
membolehkan penerima membangunkan semula (reconstruct) jadual transformasi
rahsia yang sama selepas mengekstraknya, dan imej asal boleh dihasilkan semula
dengan menyongsangkan (inverse) proses transformasi dan proses penyulitan.
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AN APPROACH TO ENHANCE IMAGE ENCRYPTION USING BLOCK-BASED TRANSFORMATION ALGORITHM
ABSTRACT
Data encryption is widely used to ensure security in open networks such as the
internet. Each type of data has its own features, therefore, different techniques should
be used to protect confidential image data from unauthorized access. Most of the
available encryption algorithms are used for text data. However, due to large data
size and real time constrains, algorithms that are good for textual data may not be
suitable for multimedia data.
In this research, a block-based transformation algorithm is proposed for image
security using a combination of image transformation and encryption techniques.
This algorithm will be used as a pre-encryption transform to confuse the relationship
between the original images and the generated ones. The generated (transformed)
images are then fed to the Blowfish encryption algorithm. Correlation, histogram,
and entropy have been used to measure the security level of the images.
The experimental results have shown that the combination technique resulted in a
lower correlation, a higher entropy value, and a more uniform histogram, compared
to using the Blowfish algorithm alone; resulting in an enhancement to the security
level of the encrypted images. This implies a high similarity and a good quality of
the retrieved image compared to the original one. Another feature of the combination
technique is its generality; it can be applied with any other traditional algorithm to
enhance its performance. Experimental results have shown that using the
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combination technique along with the other algorithms resulted in a better
performance compared to using the other algorithms alone.
In order to further strengthen the encryption of the transformed image, a
steganography approach for data hiding is also proposed. Experimental results have
shown that the correlation and entropy values of the encrypted image before the
insertion are similar to the values of correlation and entropy after the insertion. Since
the correlation and entropy have not changed while hiding necessary information, the
method offers a good concealment of the data in the encrypted image, thus reduces
the chance of the encrypted image being detected. The hidden data will be used to
enable the receiver to reconstruct the transformation table after extracting it and
hence the original image can be reproduced by the inverse of the transformation and
encryption processes.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Many digital services require reliable security in storage and transmission of digital
images. Due to the rapid growth of the internet in the digital world today, the security
of digital images has become more important and attracted much attention. The
prevalence of multimedia technology in our society has promoted digital images to
play a more significant role than the traditional texts, which demand serious
protection of users' privacy for all applications. Encryption and steganography
techniques of digital images are very important and should be used to frustrate
opponent attacks from unauthorized access (Mitra et al, 2006), (Shujun et al, 2002),
(Lee et al, 2003).
Digital images are exchanged over various types of networks. It is often true that a
large part of this information is either confidential or private. Encryption is the
preferred technique for protecting the transmitted data (Hossam El-din et al, 2006).
There are various encryption systems to encrypt and decrypt image data, however, it
can be argued that there is no single encryption algorithm which satisfies the
different image types (Shujun and Zheng, 2002), (Mohammed Husainy, 2006).
In general, most of the available encryption algorithms are used for text data.
However, due to large data size and real time constrains, algorithms that are good for
textual data may not be suitable for multimedia data (Yas A. Alsultanny, 2008),
(Droogenbroech and Benedett, 2002), (Fong and Singh, 2002). According to Xun
(2001) and Wang (2005), even though triple-data encryption standard (T-DES) and
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international data encryption algorithm (IDEA) can achieve high security, they may
not be suitable for multimedia applications (Xun et al, 2001), (Wang et al, 2005).
Therefore, encryption algorithms such as data encryption standard (DES), advanced
encryption standard (AES), and international data encryption algorithm (IDEA) were
built for textual data (Lee et al, 2003), (Syed, 2002), (Xun et al, 2001).
Although we can use the traditional encryption algorithms to encrypt images directly,
this may not be a good idea for two reasons. First, the image size is often larger than
text. Consequently, the traditional encryption algorithms need a longer time to
directly encrypt the image data. Second, the decrypted text must be equal to the
original text but this requirement is not necessary for image data. According to
Chang (2001), due to the characteristic of human perception, a decrypted image
containing small distortion is usually acceptable (Chang et al, 2001), (Jiri Jan, 2005),
(David Salomon, 2005). The intelligible information present in an image is due to the
correlation among the image elements in a given arrangement. According to Mitra
(2006), this perceivable information can be reduced by decreasing the correlation
among image elements using certain transformation techniques (Mitra et al, 2006).
In addition to cryptography, steganography techniques are getting significantly more
sophisticated and have been widely used. The steganography techniques are the
perfect supplement for encryption that allows a user to hide large amounts of
information within an image. Thus, it is often used in conjunction with cryptography
so that the information is doubly protected, that is, first it is encrypted, and then it is
hidden so that an adversary has to find the hidden information before the decryption
takes place (Kisik Chang et al, 2004), (Kessler, 2001), (Kathryn Hempstalk, 2005).
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1.2 Research Motivations
Most of the algorithms specifically designed to encrypt digital images were proposed
in the mid-1990s. According to the Maniccam and Bourbakis (2004), there are two
major groups of image encryption algorithms: (a) Non-chaos selective methods, and
(b) Chaos-based selective or non-selective methods (Maniccam and Bourbakis,
2004). However, most of these algorithms are designed for a specific image format,
either compressed or uncompressed. There are methods that offer light encryption
(degradation), while others offer strong form of encryption. Some of the algorithms
are scalable and have different modes ranging from degradation to strong encryption.
According to Borko (2005), the user is expected to choose a method based on its
properties, which will be best for image security (Borko Furht et al, 2005).
Image encryption has applications in internet communication, multimedia systems,
medical and military imaging systems. Each type of multimedia data has its own
characteristics such as high correlation among pixels and high redundancy. Thus,
different techniques should be used to protect confidential image data from
unauthorized access (Hossam El-din et al, 2006), (Ozturk and Sogukpinar, 2004).
The motivation behind this research is the ever-increasing need for harder-to-break
encryption and decryption algorithms as the computer and network technologies
evolve. We believe that by proposing the block-based encryption and decryption
algorithm, it will help to reduce the relationship among image elements by increasing
the entropy value of the encrypted images as well as lowering the correlation.
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However, in order to increase the robustness of the proposed encryption technique, a
steganography method using the least significant bit insertion will be applied without
impacting the quality of the image.
Considering the above points, we will divide this research into three parts: a new
transformation algorithm, a combination technique (transformation and encryption),
and a steganography approach that will be used to hide a secret information (that is,
the number of horizontal and vertical blocks of the transformed image) in the
encrypted image data before transmission to the receiver. A general block diagram of
the transformation and encryption techniques is shown in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 General block diagram of the proposed technique
The next section will explain more about the adopted algorithm and the methodology
used.
Transformation process
Encryption Process
Retrieved image
Receiver sideSender side
Decryption process
Ciphered image
Original image
Ciphered image Retransformation process
Transformed image
Transformed image
Mixing process
Extracting process
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1.3 Symmetric Key Algorithms
In general, symmetric key algorithms use a single, shared secret key. The same key is
used for both encrypting and decrypting the data. There are two primary types of
symmetric algorithms: block and stream ciphers. A block cipher is used to encrypt a
text to produce a ciphertext, which transforms a fixed length of block data size into
same length block of ciphertext in which a secret key and algorithm are applied to
the block of data. For example, a block cipher might take a 64-bit block of plaintext
as input, and output a corresponding 64-bit block of ciphertext. This transformation
process should be conducted by a user providing a secret key and the decryption
process is the inverse transformation to the ciphertext using the same key (April,
2005). Blowfish, Data Encryption Standard (DES), Triple-DES, IDEA, Rijndael and
RC2 are examples of symmetric block cipher. The symmetric key algorithms use a
single key for encryption and decryption processes as shown in Figure 1.2.
Figure 1.2 Symmetric key algorithms
The Blowfish algorithm is one of the symmetric block cipher algorithms that was
designed in 1993 by Bruce Schneier as a fast alternative of the existing encryption
algorithms, whereby it can be used as a replacement for the Data Encryption
Standard (DES) or the International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA). The
Blowfish encryption algorithm has been analyzed considerably, and is gaining
acceptance as a strong encryption algorithm. Its source code is also available and it is
not subjected to any patent royalties (Bruce Schneier, 1993), (William Stallings,
Plaintext Ciphertext Plaintext
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2003). Hence, this algorithm will be used mainly in this research as part of the new
combination encryption technique.
The Blowfish algorithm consists of two parts: a key-expansion part and a data-
encryption part. It encrypts the data by using the block cipher method, which breaks
the text into 64-bit blocks before encrypting them. It takes a variable-length key from
32 bits to 448 bits of length, which implies flexibility in its security strength (John
and James, 2005), (Bruce Schneier, 1993), (William Stallings, 2003).
1.4 Image Encryption Using Block-Based Transformation Algorithm
In this research, we propose a new transformation algorithm to be used as a pre-
encryption transform, where the original image is divided into a random number of
blocks which are shuffled and placed randomly within the image to build a newly
transformed image. The generated transformed image is then fed to the Blowfish
encryption algorithm. Thus, we expect that the combination of the transformation
and encryption techniques will enhance the security level of the encrypted images.
This combination technique uses the original image to produce two output images:
a) a transformed image, using the proposed transformation algorithm.
b) a ciphered image of the transformed image, using the Blowfish algorithm.
A block diagram of the proposed technique versus Blowfish algorithm is shown in
Figure 1.3.
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Key
Transformation process
Original image
Comparison Process
Encryption process
Statistical analysis
Blowfish algorithmProposed technique Comparison results
Ciphered image Ciphered image
Statistical analysis
Encryption process
Measurement results Measurement results
Figure 1.3 A block diagram of the proposed technique versus Blowfish algorithm
The measurements of correlation, entropy and histogram will be used to measure and
compare the security level of the original image, transformed and encrypted images
using the combination technique, and the encrypted image using the Blowfish
algorithm alone. Encrypted images produced by the combination technique are
expected to have lower correlation and higher entropy values, compared to those
produced by the Blowfish algorithm alone.
In addition to transformation technique, we also present a steganography approach to
be used for hiding secret information within encrypted image before being
transmitted to the receiver.
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1.5 Hiding Technique
Steganography techniques can be used for hiding information within other
information. The least significant bit (LSB) insertion is one of the most widely used
methods for embedding a message in a digital image. Steganography involves hiding
information so it appears that no information is hidden at all. Therefore, it is
expected that the person will not be able to decrypt the information (Shujun and
Zheng, 2002), (Neil and Zoran, 2001), (Sushil, 2001). An alteration of the least
significant bit of the color value of some pixels in an image will not change the
quality of the image significantly. Therefore, a message can be sent within an image
using these bits (Stallings, 2003).
In this research, the number of horizontal and vertical blocks of the transformed
image, produced by the proposed algorithm, represents the secret information to be
mixed (hidden) with the encrypted image before being transmitted to the receiver.
This secret information will be needed at the receiver. Instead of sending the whole
transformation table, which is usually big, only the secret information is sent. At the
receiver side, the hidden information allows the receiver to regenerate the
transformation table. Thus, the original image can be retrieved by the
retransformation and decryption processes.
1.6 Goal, Scope, and Objectives of the Research
The goal of this research is to enhance the security level of the encrypted images
using the proposed transformation algorithm. The scope is limited to the image
encryption using the combination technique (block-based transformation algorithm
and Blowfish encryption algorithm) on Microsoft windows based machine. This
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combination technique is applied to divide and shuffle the positions of the blocks of
the original image, encrypt the transformed image, and then embed secret
information (the number of horizontal and vertical blocks) in the encrypted image
data prior to transmission to the receiver. Furthermore, the focus of this research was
concerning a bit mapped (bmp) images using the standard Cipher Block Chaining
(CBC) mode of the Blowfish algorithm.
To achieve the above goal, the objectives of this research will be as follows:
1. To introduce a new algorithm for image transformation, and to test and evaluate it.
2. To compute and compare correlation, entropy and histogram of different images
with and without the proposed algorithm.
3. To compare the security levels of the encrypted images generated by the
combination technique and the Blowfish algorithm..
4. To introduce a steganography method to exchange the secret information between
the sender and the receiver that will be used for producing the transformation
table.
1.7 Thesis Structure
This thesis will be organized into six chapters. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to
the work, the motivations of this research, and explains important goal, scope, and
objectives of this study. Image encryption using block based transformation
algorithm is explained to provide a general aspects of symmetric encryption
algorithm, then the most important features of the blowfish encryption and
decryption algorithm are presented. A precise description of the proposed technique
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and its diagram is presented. Furthermore, the important use of the steganography
technique is also presented.
In chapter 2, we will provide an overview of the concepts of digital image
encryption. The general aspects of digital images and image file formats will also be
discussed. We will also provide the explanations on cryptographic systems in
general; block cipher with its modes of operation, stream cipher and some of the
most commonly used or well known encryption and decryption algorithms such as
DES, Blowfish, Rijndael-AES and IDEA. This chapter also highlights a background
of the current research in image encryption. Steganography technique for digital
images is also presented. At the end of this chapter, the image measurements; the
correlation among image elements, image entropy, and image histogram as well as
image similarity are discussed in certain degree of details.
In chapter 3, we will present and discuss in details the description of the model and
methodology that will be applied to enhance the security level of the encrypted
images by using the newly proposed approach. Hiding information in image using
steganography technique is also presented in this chapter.
In chapter 4, we will discuss the implementation, testing and results analysis of the
proposed technique. Hiding efficiency will also be presented in this chapter with the
focus on mixing and extracting data within the encrypted image. How the sender will
hide the secret information in the image data that enables the receiver to rebuild the
transformation table using the secret key will also be discussed.
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In chapter 5, we will present the technical contribution; strength and efficiency of the
technique by comparing the combination technique with three commonly used
encryption algorithms; Blowfish, Twofish, or RijnDael. Economical contribution of
the research; knowledge gain and security enhancement will also be explained. Some
suggestions for future work will also be provided. Chapter 6 will summarize the
main points of the thesis and list the main conclusions of the work.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter provides a detail description of the cryptographic systems used in this
research. Section 2.2 presents general aspects of the digital image encryption.
Section 2.3 defines fundamental concepts of cryptography systems and image
encryption. Categories of cryptography systems are also discussed; symmetric key
cryptography and public key cryptography. Some important symmetric key
algorithms such as block cipher and stream cipher algorithms are also introduced in
this section. Furthermore, we will discuss modes of operation; Electronic Code Book
Cipher (ECB), Cipher Block Chaining (CBC), Cipher Feedback (CFB), and Output
Feedback (OFB).
Section 2.4 presents some of the recently developed or well-known encryption and
decryption algorithms in cryptography, such as DES, Blowfish, Rijndael-AES and
IDEA. These algorithms define and cover the rules of encryption and decryption that
are used to provide security in image encryption. Section 2.5 presents an overview of
the research in the image encryption area. Section 2.6 provides an overview of the
steganography techniques for digital images.
Section 2.7 explains the image security measurements; the correlation among image
elements, image entropy, image histogram, and image similarity in a certain degree
of detail. These security measurements will be used in this research to compute and
evaluate the encrypted images produced by the combination technique.
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Finally, section 2.8 summarizes the main points presented and discussed in this
chapter.
2.2 Digital Images
A digital image is defined by an array of individual pixels and each pixel has its own
value. The array, and thus the set of pixels, is called a bitmap. If we have an image of
512 pixels 512 pixels, it means that the data for the image must contain
information about 262144 pixels (Steinmetz and Nahrstedt, 2002), (Kristian
Sandberg, 2000).
Digital images are produced through a process of two steps: sampling and
quantization. Sampling is the process of dividing the original image into small
regions called pixels, whereas quantization is the process of assigning an integer
value (i.e. color) to each pixel (David Salomon, 2007).
The number of colors (i.e. color space) that can be assigned to any picture element or
pixel is a function of the number of bits, which is sometimes referred to as the color
depth or bits resolution. This concept is also known as bits per pixel (bpp) that
represents the color for each value. The color space is computed using the following
equation:
b2ColorSpace = ......Equation 1
where:
b: the bit depth
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The color values used in each bitmap depend on the specific bitmap format. This
means that each pixel in a bitmap contains certain information, usually interpreted as
color information. The information content is always the same for all the pixels in a
particular bitmap. Thus, each color value in a bitmap is a binary number. A binary
number is a series of binary digits that can be either 0 or 1 and called bits. This
binary number in a given format will differ in length depending on the color depth of
the bitmap, where the color depth of a bitmap determines the range of possible color
values that can be used in each pixel. For example, each pixel in a 24-bit image can
be one of roughly 16.8 million colors. This means that each pixel in a bitmap has
three color values between 0 and 255 and then those colors are formed by mixing
together varying quantities of three primary colors: red, green and blue (Vaughan,
2004), (Rafael and Richard, 2002), (Sander, 2000). Table 2.1, illustrates the image
color space.
Table 2.1 Image color space versus bit depth (bpp)
Image properties Bits resolution Color space
Binary image (black and white) 1 2 colors
Gray scale (monochrome) 8 256 gray levels
Colored image 8 256 colors
Colored image 16 65536 colors
True color (RGB) 24 16,777,216 colors
As seen from Table 2.1, as the number of bits increases, the image quality is also
increased. However, storage requirements will increase, resulting in a direct
relationship between the image storage size and the bits resolution. Image storage
size for an uncompressed image is computed using the following equation:
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BRIMGRIMGSS = ...Equation 2 where:
IMGSS: Image storage size
IMGR: Image resolution (i.e. image width image height)
BR: Bits resolution (bits depth)
For example, the storage size of a 640 pixels 480 pixels, true colored image is
given as follows:
IMGSS = W H BR = 640 480 24 bits = (7372800/1024/8) = 900 KB.
2.2.1 Digital Image Formats
Basically, there are three types of image files: bitmap, vector, and metafiles. When
an image is stored as a bitmap file, its information is stored as a collection of pixels,
manifest as colored or black-and-white dots. When an image is stored as a vector
file, its information is stored as mathematical data. The metafile format can store
image information as pixels (bitmap), mathematical data (vector), or both (Betcher
and Gardner, 2006), (Sander, 2000). There is no single format that is appropriate for
all types of images. According to Glouglim (2001), larger files take longer to load,
require more disk space and can take longer to print, whereas small file sizes means
greater performance (McGlouglim, 2001). The most common file formats are
discussed below:
a) BMP Files
According to Bourke (1998), the BMP Bitmaps are defined as a regular rectangular
mesh of cells called pixels (Bourke, 1998). Each pixel contains a color value as
shown in Figure 2.1
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Figure 2.1 Image pixels
Bitmaps are characterized by only two parameters: the number of pixels, and the
information content (color depth) per pixel, and they are the most commonly used
type to represent images on the computer.
BMP is the native bitmap format of Windows. BMP is a general format that stores
images in different color depths without compression (Betcher and Gardner, 2006),
(Paul Bourke, 1998), (James and William, 1996).
The BMP advantages are that each pixel is independently available for any alteration
or modification, and that repeated use of them does not normally degrade the image
quality (Lancaster, 2003). The main disadvantage of this format is due to the size of
the files, which is usually larger compared to other formats or other lossy
compression schemes. In general, a BMP file consists of a header, descriptive
information about the image (such as width, height, etc), an optional Color Lookup
Table (CLUT) area which contains the actual colors of the image pixels, and a pixel
data area (Shalini, 2004). The parts of the BMP file are illustrated in Table 2.2.
Pixels
N Pixels horizontally
M P
ixel
s ver
tical
ly
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Table 2.2 BMP file header
Header Stores general information about the BMP file.
Information header Stores detailed information about the bitmap image.
Optional palette Stores the definition of the colors being used for indexed color bitmaps.
Image data
Stores the actual image, pixel by pixel.
Color Lookup Tables (CLUTs) follow the header for those lower performance modes
in which they are used such as (1, 4, 8 or 16 lookup colors). These, in turn, are
followed by the actual pixel data. The main interest lies in the 24-bit uncompressed
RGB color mode. In this mode, there are no color lookup tables used. Each pixel
consists of an 8-bit red value, an 8-bit green value and an 8-bit blue value (Lancaster,
2003).
B) GIF Files
The Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) was originally developed by CompuServe in
1987. It is one of the most popular file formats for web graphics and exchanging
graphics files between computers. The GIF format supports 8 bits of color
information that is limited to 8 bits palette and 256 colors. Thus, only 256 different
colors are available to represent the picture. It can be viewed by all common
browsers. GIF also support animation, transparency and interlacing (Betcher and
Gardner, 2006), (Robert Fry, 2006).
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GIF images are automatically compressed when they are saved using a lossless
compression method known as LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch) that does not degrade the
image quality. GIF format provides four main features: interlacing, transparency, file
compression, and primitive animation. The interlacing feature allows the browser to
display portions of the image as it updates. The original image starts off with poor
quality but gets better as more of the interlacing parts are updated. Interlaced GIF
files allow users to view a portion of the image as the file is loading (Seeram and
Radiography, 2006).
One of GIF's weaknesses is that GIF images are limited to a maximum of 256 colors.
The quality of the image suffers if the color depth is reduced to less than the color
depth of the original image. GIF files can store any of the 16.8 million colors but
only a maximum 256 colors in each GIF file. Therefore, when converting an image
to GIF, the program compresses the file by reducing the number of colors in the
image from 24-bit (millions of colors) to 8-bit (256 colors). However, the GIF file
format has the ability to store multiple images in a single file and play the images in
a loop, thereby giving the appearance of animation (CIMC, 2006), (Sharon Wheeler,
2000).
c) JPEG Files
The Joint Photographic Experts Group, (JPEG) format, is one of the most popular
formats for web graphics. It supports 24 bits of color information. The JPEG file
format stores all of the color information in an RGB image, and then it compresses
the file size to save storage space, or it saves only the color information that is
essential to the image. Unlike GIF, JPEG does not support transparency.
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The compression method used in JPEG is usually lossy compression, meaning that
some visual quality is lost in the process. JPEGs can be saved in a variety of lossy
compression levels. This means more or less compression can be applied to the
image, depending upon which looks best. JPEG can be used by almost any browser.
Since JPEG is an image compressor, it is best used for photographic quality images
and detailed illustrations with many colors (Tom Lane, 2008).
The advantage of JPEG is that it is a highly compressed file format. Therefore, the
image can be compressed while the quality is maintained. JPEG weakness is that
lossy compression may result in low quality graphics. Another weakness noted in
JPEG formats is that there is no support for pixel transparency. JPEGs lose quality
every time they are opened, edited and saved. It is very important to minimize the
number of editing sessions between the initial and final version of a JPEG image
(Sharon Wheeler, 2000), (CIMC, 2006), (Graphics Academy, 1998).
d) PICT Files
The Picture File Format (PICT) is used primarily on the Macintosh platform. It is the
default format for Macintosh image files as its standard metafile format. The PICT
format is most commonly used for bitmap images, but can be used for vector images
as well. The PICT is a lossless format. Since the PICT format supports only limited
compression on Macintoshes with QuickTime installed, PICT files are usually large.
PICT is used for images in video editing, animations, desktop computer
presentations, and multimedia authoring (Chris Betcher and Margie Gardner, 2007).
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e) EPS Files
The Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) file format is intended to make files usable as a
graphics file format. The EPS file format is a metafile format. It can be used for
vector images or bitmap images. It can also be used on a variety of platforms,
including Macintosh and Windows. If an EPS image is placed into a document, we
can scale it up or down without information loss (Chris Betcher and Margie Gardner,
2007).
f) PNG Files
The Portable Network Graphics (PNG) format is a bitmapped image format that
employs lossless data compression. It will likely be the successor to the GIF file
format. PNG is expected to become a mainstream format for web images and could
replace GIF entirely. It is platform independent and should be used for single images
only (not animations). Compared with GIF, PNG offers greater color support and
better compression, gamma correction for brightness control across platforms, better
support for transparency, and a better method for displaying progressive images
(Sharon Wheeler, 2000), (Fulton, 2005).
g) TIFF Files
The Tag Interchange File Format (TIFF) is a tag-based international standard for
storing and interchanging bitmaps between applications and hardware platforms. It is
compatible with a wide range of software applications and can be used across
platforms such as Macintosh, Windows, and UNIX. The TIFF format is complex,
thus TIFF files are generally larger than GIF or JPEG files. TIFF supports lossless
LZW compression. However, compressed TIFF takes longer to open. The format
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consists of items called tags which are defined by the standard. Each tag is followed
by a tag dependent data structure (Graphics Academy, 1998).
The next section will explain the cryptographic system and image encryption.
2.3 Cryptographic Systems
Cryptography is the conversion of data into a secret code for transmission over a
public network. Cryptography enables the sender to securely store sensitive
information or transmit it across insecure networks so that it cannot be read by
anyone except the intended recipient (Harris Chen, 2001), (Gary Kessler, 2007).
Encryption of sensitive data is necessary. Cryptography is used to render the
information unintelligible if transmission is intercepted by unauthorized individuals
(Jae Shim, 2000). The intelligible form (original data) of information is called
plaintext and the unintelligible form (protected data) is called ciphertext (Elbirt and
Paar, 2005), (Stallings, 2003). The process of converting the plaintext into ciphertext
is called encryption, while the reverse process of transforming ciphertext into the
corresponding plaintext is called decryption.
In general, most cryptographic algorithms use a secret value called a key. The
security of encrypted data is entirely dependent on two things: the strength of the
cryptographic algorithm and the secrecy of the key. The key is used for encryption
and decryption and must be kept secret, thereby requiring the sender and receiver to
agree on the same key before making any data transmissions. The key is independent
of the plaintext. Therefore, the same plaintext encrypts to different ciphertext with
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different keys, and thus both processes are impossible without the use of the correct
key (Weber and Fahrny, 2003), (Natasa, 2005), (Schneier, 1996).
Cryptography can be strong or weak. Cryptographic strength is measured in the time
and resources it would require to recover the plaintext. The result of strong
cryptography is ciphertext that is very difficult to decipher without possession of the
appropriate decoding tool. The sender and the recipient must keep the key secret
because anyone who knows the key can use it to decrypt the plaintext. In addition,
the strength of the algorithm is important. An unauthorized entity can take encrypted
ciphertext and attempt to break the encryption by determining the key based on the
ciphertext (Zhong et al, 2005).
While cryptography is the science of securing data, cryptanalysis is the science of
analyzing and breaking secure communication, and therefore it is the process of
recovering the plaintext or key, usually by using the ciphertext and knowledge of the
algorithm (Albassal and Wahdan, 2004), (Bagnall et al, 1997), (Harris Chen, 2001).
According to Kessler (2007), there are two types of algorithms: symmetric that uses
a single key for both encryption and decryption, and asymmetric that uses one key
for encryption and another for decryption (Kessler, 2007).
Cryptography can also be used to ensure the security of the communication path
through the following: (a) data integrity which means ensuring that the data has not
been modified by unauthorized entities. Thus, the message received by the recipient
is the same as the message sent by the sender. (b) Non-repudiation ensures that the
sender of any message cannot deny his/her actions. This can be achieved with digital
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signatures in conjunction with asymmetric key encryption. (c) Authentication is the
process of proving the identity, and (d) privacy/confidentiality is the process to
ensure that no one can read the message except the intended recipient (Alina Stan,
2007), (Solomon and Chapple, 2005).
The modern field of cryptography can be divided into several areas of study. In this
section, two related categories for cryptography systems: public key cryptography
and symmetric key cryptography will be discussed (Kaufman et al, 2002).
Public Key Cryptography (PKC) is also known as asymmetric cryptography. It uses
one key for encryption and another for decryption. The encryption key known as
public key is intelligible and can be distributed for all parities, while the decryption
key known as private key is intelligible only to the recipient. Each user creates a pair
of keys; if one is used for encryption then the other is used for decryption (Kaufman
et al, 2002).
The public and private keys are mathematically related so that data encrypted with
the public key can only be decrypted with the private key. This guarantees message
privacy during transit. An important characteristic of public key encryption
algorithms is that it should be computationally infeasible to determine the decryption
key given only knowledge of the algorithm and the encryption key. Public key
encryption can be used to exchange the secret key between the parties in a symmetric
key cryptosystem (Stallings, 2003), (Baek, 2004). Figure 2.2, shows the main
ingredients of public key cryptography system.
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Figure 2.2 Public key encryption and decryption model (Stallings, 2003).
As illustrated in Figure 2.2, there are three basic steps to send a message by using
public key encryption:
Sender and receiver exchange the public keys, while the private key is kept secret by its owner.
The sender uses the recipient's public key in encrypting a message for sending. The recipient's secret key is used to decrypt the received message.
In symmetric key cryptography, encryption and decryption are performed using the
same secret key. The key can only be known by the sender and receiver to maintain
integrity (Thomas Shinder, 2002). According to Whitman and Jason (2005), the
primary disadvantage of symmetric key algorithms is that the key must remain secret
at all times. For this reason, the key must be protected and secured requiring the
sender to transmit the key to the recipient in a secure fashion (Jason Isom, 2005),
(Whitman and Mattord HJ, 2005). Symmetric encryption is the most widely used
algorithm. It has five ingredients as shown in Figure 2.3 (Stallings, 2006).
Plaintext output
Transmitted ciphertext
Alice's private
key
Encryption algorithm (e.g., RAS)
Decryption algorithm (reverse of encryption algorithm)
Plaintext input
Bobs's public
key ring
Alice's public
key
Joy Mike
Ted Alice
Mohammad Thesis 2009
