Engendering economic activity in population censuses * * * Robert McCaa, Antonio Lopez, Phuong Nguyen University of Minnesota Population Center [email protected].

Engendering economic activity in Engendering economic activity in population censusespopulation censuses

* * ** * *Robert McCaa, Antonio Lopez, Phuong NguyenRobert McCaa, Antonio Lopez, Phuong Nguyen

University of Minnesota Population CenterUniversity of Minnesota Population [email protected]

* * * representing the IPUMS-International * * * * * * census microdata access project * * *

• IPUMS: most complete archive of census documentation IPUMS: most complete archive of census documentation –Census forms: 765 on conference DVD—thanks to UNSD, etc.Census forms: 765 on conference DVD—thanks to UNSD, etc.

–Training manuals: available in 2009Training manuals: available in 2009

–To integrate microdata, study documentation carefullyTo integrate microdata, study documentation carefully

• “ “best practices” for capturing female economic activity best practices” for capturing female economic activity –Learned from source documentationLearned from source documentation

–Necessary for integrating microdataNecessary for integrating microdata

–And writing integrated metadataAnd writing integrated metadata

• (Regional reports, on Latin America and Africa given in May and (Regional reports, on Latin America and Africa given in May and Dec., provoked much discussion and debate)Dec., provoked much discussion and debate)

Engendering economic activity—Engendering economic activity—a global perspective acquired from integrating a global perspective acquired from integrating

census microdatacensus microdata

• ~International standards are clear: ~International standards are clear: homemakers may be economically active homemakers may be economically active

– P&R 1958 (M27), 1970 (M44), 1998 (Rev 1, M67), 2007 (Rev 2)P&R 1958 (M27), 1970 (M44), 1998 (Rev 1, M67), 2007 (Rev 2)– UNSD Soc. & Econ. Char. Handbook (2007), ILO BLS 2007-1UNSD Soc. & Econ. Char. Handbook (2007), ILO BLS 2007-1

• Biased questionaire: Biased questionaire: Main Main activity? if housewife, end module. activity? if housewife, end module. • Unbiased: Unbiased: Any economic activity? Any economic activity? if housewife, short list of probes: if housewife, short list of probes:

–Work for pay or profit, family farm/business, crafts for sale, Work for pay or profit, family farm/business, crafts for sale, –See UNSD Handbook (Nov. 2007), p. 45.See UNSD Handbook (Nov. 2007), p. 45.

UN-Statistics Division, Principles and UN-Statistics Division, Principles and Recommendations, 1958-2007: conceptual Recommendations, 1958-2007: conceptual

foundation for unbiased measurement of econ. act. foundation for unbiased measurement of econ. act.

–before the 2000 round, biased wording meant that before the 2000 round, biased wording meant that homemakers/housewives who worked part-time were excluded homemakers/housewives who worked part-time were excluded from the economically active populationfrom the economically active population

–Finally, in the 2000 round, in almost all regions of the world, Finally, in the 2000 round, in almost all regions of the world, bias was greatly eliminated—thanks to a concerted effort by bias was greatly eliminated—thanks to a concerted effort by UNSD, UNFPA, etc.UNSD, UNFPA, etc.

Examples: Mexico, South Africa, Macedonia, YemenExamples: Mexico, South Africa, Macedonia, Yemen

–For 2010 round, almost all (?) countries may pose the economic For 2010 round, almost all (?) countries may pose the economic activity question properly (e.g., Colombia 2005, Cambodia 2008), activity question properly (e.g., Colombia 2005, Cambodia 2008),

but, unless we act quickly, old ways will continue in much of but, unless we act quickly, old ways will continue in much of Africa (e.g., Nigeria 2006, Burkina Faso 2006) Africa (e.g., Nigeria 2006, Burkina Faso 2006) and sub-regions of Asia (Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam)and sub-regions of Asia (Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam)

UN-Statistics Division, Principles and UN-Statistics Division, Principles and Recommendations, 1958-2007, laid the foundation;Recommendations, 1958-2007, laid the foundation;

yet our analysis of 765 census forms showsyet our analysis of 765 census forms shows

• Homemakers: Homemakers: must answer 16b must answer 16b (“did you work at all (“did you work at all for pay or profit”, for pay or profit”, work for family work for family farm, business, farm, business, receive pay in kind)receive pay in kind)•If yes, continue If yes, continue with economic with economic modulemodule

Gambia 2003—Gambia 2003—captures captures bothboth primary and primary and

secondary activitysecondary activity

Question 1:Question 1:

Last week (Name):Last week (Name):

Did you work? Did you work? 27.5%27.5%

Had work? Had work? 0.40.4

Look for work? Look for work? 0.30.3

Are you a Are you a student?student?

housewife?housewife?

retired?retired?

permanently permanently incapacitated?incapacitated?

Did you not work?Did you not work?

Mexico 2000 census--two questions on Economic Mexico 2000 census--two questions on Economic Activity: Activity:

1: “Last week, did (NAME)...?” 1: “Last week, did (NAME)...?” 2: “Besides (...), did (NAME)...?”2: “Besides (...), did (NAME)...?”

Question 1: Question 1: female female %%

Last week (Name):Last week (Name):

Did you work? Did you work? 27.5%27.5%

Had work? Had work? 0.40.4

Looked? Looked? 0.30.3Q. 1&2: combined Q. 1&2: combined student/wrkd student/wrkd 0.50.5 housewife/wr housewife/wr 3.73.7 retired/wrkd retired/wrkd 0.00.0 other/wrkd? other/wrkd? 0.40.4 no reply/wrkd? no reply/wrkd? 0.00.0

Question 2:Question 2:

Did you help in a Did you help in a family family business?business?

Sell some Sell some product?product?

Make some Make some product to sell?product to sell?

Help on a farm or Help on a farm or with livestock?with livestock?

Or in exchange Or in exchange for pay did you for pay did you do some other do some other activity?activity?

Yemen 2004Yemen 2004one question, 2 one question, 2

categories: categories: 1: “Working” 1: “Working” 2: “Working 2: “Working housewife”housewife”

South Africa 2001—captures all with short list:South Africa 2001—captures all with short list:“any work for pay (in cash or kind), profit or family gain “any work for pay (in cash or kind), profit or family gain

for one hour or more?” (avoids “homemaker end”)for one hour or more?” (avoids “homemaker end”)

•17: if Homemaker, 17: if Homemaker, skip: “end interview”.skip: “end interview”.•Solution:Solution:

–17b: list secondary 17b: list secondary activities (recall Mexico activities (recall Mexico 2000 example) 2000 example) –If response is “no” on If response is “no” on 17a and 17b, then end 17a and 17b, then end interview; otherwise interview; otherwise record answers for record answers for 17b, 18 and 1917b, 18 and 19

The problem:The problem:Nigeria 2006—skips Nigeria 2006—skips

secondary activitysecondary activity

Gender bias in the wording of Gender bias in the wording of Census Questions on Economic Census Questions on Economic

Activity (2000phcr)Activity (2000phcr)

NoneNoneSomeSomeSubstantialSubstantialAll, if homemakerAll, if homemakerNo census/ques/formNo census/ques/form

A ll O th e rs

1 .0 0 to 2 .0 02 .0 0 to 3 .0 03 .0 0 to 4 .0 04 .0 0 to 5 .0 05 .0 0 to 6 .0 06 .0 0 to 6 .0 0N o D a taA ll O th e rs

Africa, 1995-2007—3 of 4 miss most or allAfrica, 1995-2007—3 of 4 miss most or allgender bias in economic activity question(s): 35 censusesgender bias in economic activity question(s): 35 censuses

3 capture some (all??) secondary economic activity:3 capture some (all??) secondary economic activity:Cote d’Ivoire 1998, Ghana 2000, Mali 1998Cote d’Ivoire 1998, Ghana 2000, Mali 1998

17 skip all female economic activity, if homemaker:17 skip all female economic activity, if homemaker:Algeria, Burkina Faso, Botswana, Cape Verde, Gabon, Algeria, Burkina Faso, Botswana, Cape Verde, Gabon,

Guinea (Conakry), Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritania, Guinea (Conakry), Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania,

Uganda, Zambia, ZimbabweUganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe

9 miss most female economic activity for lack of probes:9 miss most female economic activity for lack of probes:Benin, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Guinea, Morocco, Seychelles, Benin, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Guinea, Morocco, Seychelles,

Sierra Leone, Swaziland, TunisiaSierra Leone, Swaziland, Tunisia

6 6 best practices: Gambia 2003, Mauritius 2000, Mozambique 1997, best practices: Gambia 2003, Mauritius 2000, Mozambique 1997, Namibia 2000, South Africa 2001, Sudan 2008Namibia 2000, South Africa 2001, Sudan 2008

Asia-Oceania, 1995-2007—half less than are bestAsia-Oceania, 1995-2007—half less than are bestgender bias in economic activity question(s): 43 censusesgender bias in economic activity question(s): 43 censuses

8 capture some (all??) secondary economic activity:8 capture some (all??) secondary economic activity:China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore,

Taiwan, TurkeyTaiwan, Turkey

14 skip all female economic activity, if homemaker:14 skip all female economic activity, if homemaker:Bahrain, Bhutan, Indonesia, Iraq, Kuwait, Laos, Mongolia, Oman, Bahrain, Bhutan, Indonesia, Iraq, Kuwait, Laos, Mongolia, Oman,

Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Timor Leste, VietnamPhilippines, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Timor Leste, Vietnam

1 misses much female economic activity for lack of probes:1 misses much female economic activity for lack of probes:ArmeniaArmenia

21 best practices21 best practices: Australia, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Fiji, Georgia, : Australia, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Fiji, Georgia, Hong Kong, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea-RO, Malaysia, Hong Kong, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Korea-RO, Malaysia,

Maldives, New Zeland, Palestine, PNG, Sri Lanka, Syria, Maldives, New Zeland, Palestine, PNG, Sri Lanka, Syria, Turkmenistan, YemenTurkmenistan, Yemen

Europe, 1995-2007—half less than bestEurope, 1995-2007—half less than bestgender bias in economic activity question(s): 31 censusesgender bias in economic activity question(s): 31 censuses

5 capture some (all??) secondary economic activity:5 capture some (all??) secondary economic activity:Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Spain, United KingdomEstonia, Greece, Hungary, Spain, United Kingdom

7 skip all female economic activity, if homemaker:7 skip all female economic activity, if homemaker:Bosnia & Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania,

Romania, Serbia, Slovenia Romania, Serbia, Slovenia

4 miss much female economic activity for lack of probes:4 miss much female economic activity for lack of probes:Albania, Belarus, Ireland, MoldovaAlbania, Belarus, Ireland, Moldova

15 best practices15 best practices: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, : Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, France, Italy, Macedonia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, France, Italy, Macedonia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,

Russia, Switzerland, Ukraine Russia, Switzerland, Ukraine

Americas, 1995-2007—only 6 less than bestAmericas, 1995-2007—only 6 less than bestgender bias in economic activity question(s): 29 censusesgender bias in economic activity question(s): 29 censuses

0 capture some (all??) secondary economic activity:0 capture some (all??) secondary economic activity:

4 skip all female economic activity, if homemaker:4 skip all female economic activity, if homemaker:Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Trinidad and TobagoChile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Trinidad and Tobago

2 miss much female economic activity for lack of probes:2 miss much female economic activity for lack of probes:Panama, PeruPanama, Peru

23 best practices23 best practices: Argentina, Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, : Argentina, Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Canada, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador,

Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Suriname, USA, Uruguay, VenezuelaParaguay, Puerto Rico, Suriname, USA, Uruguay, Venezuela

UNSD, Handbook on Social and Economic UNSD, Handbook on Social and Economic Charactertistics (Nov. 2007, p. 45): list of economic Charactertistics (Nov. 2007, p. 45): list of economic

and non-economic activitiesand non-economic activities

Continued on next slideContinued on next slide

Handbook, 2007, p. 45:Handbook, 2007, p. 45:economic activitieseconomic activities

(continued)(continued)

Continued from previous slideContinued from previous slide

–3 Worst practice (if main activity = homemaker, skip): 3 Worst practice (if main activity = homemaker, skip): Botswana 2001, Malawi 1998, Zambia 2000.Botswana 2001, Malawi 1998, Zambia 2000.–13 Best practice (record activity, even for 13 Best practice (record activity, even for homemakers): Namibia 2001, South Africa 2001, Sri homemakers): Namibia 2001, South Africa 2001, Sri Lanka 2001 (weeks worked per year for 6 types of Lanka 2001 (weeks worked per year for 6 types of activity, including homemaking), Argentina 2001, activity, including homemaking), Argentina 2001, Bahamas 2000, Belize 2000, Jamaica 2001, Mexico 2000, Bahamas 2000, Belize 2000, Jamaica 2001, Mexico 2000, Australia 2006, Japan 2000, Canada 2006, France 1999, Australia 2006, Japan 2000, Canada 2006, France 1999, and Italy 2001and Italy 2001–There is no guidance as to the character of these There is no guidance as to the character of these examples—instead only layout (landscape/portrait) and examples—instead only layout (landscape/portrait) and # of questions asked. # of questions asked.

A critique of examples from Handbook A critique of examples from Handbook (pp. 310-340). (pp. 310-340).

Suggested “best practice” on economic activity proposed Suggested “best practice” on economic activity proposed for Africa Addendum to UNSD P&R 2010, Option 1:for Africa Addendum to UNSD P&R 2010, Option 1:

Question X (mark one):Question X (mark one):

Last 7 days, did (Name) do Last 7 days, did (Name) do any work for PAY (in cash any work for PAY (in cash or in kind), PROFIT or or in kind), PROFIT or FAMILY Gain, for one FAMILY Gain, for one hour or more?:hour or more?:

1.1. Yes, formal (non-farm)Yes, formal (non-farm)

2.2. Yes, informal (non-farm)Yes, informal (non-farm)

3.3. Yes, farming/ranchingYes, farming/ranching

4.4. Yes, has work, but was Yes, has work, but was temporarily absenttemporarily absent

5.5. No, did not work.No, did not work.

If No, skip to next module.If No, skip to next module.

Suggested “best practice” on economic Suggested “best practice” on economic activityactivity proposed for Africa Addendum to UNSD Africa Addendum to UNSD

P&R 2010. P&R 2010. Option 2: Branch only after 2Option 2: Branch only after 2ndnd (probing) (probing)

questionquestionX: “Last [period], did (NAME)...?” X: “Last [period], did (NAME)...?” X+1: “Besides (...), did (NAME)...?”X+1: “Besides (...), did (NAME)...?”

Question X (check one):Question X (check one):

Last week, did (Name):Last week, did (Name):

1. Work? >>Q Z.1. Work? >>Q Z.

2. Have work? >>Q Z. 2. Have work? >>Q Z.

3. Look for work? >>Q Z.3. Look for work? >>Q Z.

4. Go to school?4. Go to school?

5. Perform household 5. Perform household tasks?tasks?

6. Do other things? 6. Do other things?

Question X+1 (check one), Question X+1 (check one), Besides (…), did (Name):Besides (…), did (Name):

1. Help in a family business?1. Help in a family business?

2. Sell some product?2. Sell some product?

3. Make some product to 3. Make some product to sell?sell?

4. Help on a farm or with 4. Help on a farm or with livestock?livestock?

5. Do some other activity in 5. Do some other activity in exchange for pay?exchange for pay?

6. None of above >>skip to 6. None of above >>skip to next modulenext module

Suggested “best practice” on economic Suggested “best practice” on economic activityactivity proposed for Africa Addendum to UNSD Africa Addendum to UNSD

P&R 2010: P&R 2010: 3. Add no question—only a few additional 3. Add no question—only a few additional

wordswordsand do not skip!”and do not skip!”

Question X (check one):Question X (check one):

1. Worked for pay/profit/family gain. 1. Worked for pay/profit/family gain.

2. Had work, but didn’t work. 2. Had work, but didn’t work.

3. Looked for work? 3. Looked for work?

4. Went to school; didn’t work at all.4. Went to school; didn’t work at all.

5. Performed household tasks; didn’t work at all.5. Performed household tasks; didn’t work at all.

6. None of the above. 6. None of the above.

http://International.ipums.orghttp://International.ipums.org

Thank youThank youhttp://international.ipums.org

additional information at:additional information at:umn.edu/~rmccaa/IPUMSIumn.edu/~rmccaa/IPUMSI

* * * * * ** * * * * *Contact: Contact: [email protected]@umn.edu