Eng irlmay9.2012

Engineering Success Through Sustainability

John Harrington

May 9, 2011

Today is about..

• Understanding Sustainability • Discussing the key issues • A framework to structure your approach• What it means for your and your business• Getting started - 4 steps, 3 questions, 7 derailers• Examples of best practice / products• Leadership

Engineering graduates are ideally perceived to have technical expertise …. and who, as change-agents, provide the creativity and impetus to shape industry and public-services for a successful and sustainable future.

Professional Progression Programme 2011 – 2013 PARTICIPANT GUIDANCE DOCUMENT

• Overview of sustainability • Define in technical, measurable terms• Describe a framework and why it’s useful • Outline first order principles of sustainability • Review key tools • Explore business case • Illustrate why engineers well placed to lead • Interactive participation and practical exercises• Explore link between sustainability and innovation

Objectives…

Introductions…

Name Job Title Why you’re here

Benefits of Sustainability: Competitive Advantage, Innovation and new sources of income

Mainstream Renewable, Siemens, Nokia, Toyota, Tesco, McDonalds, Diageo, Intel, Adidas

RealEyes Sustainability Ltd.• Help organisations benefit from sustainability

• Training, Auditing, Facilitation, Consultancy

• The Real voyage of discovery lies not in finding new

lands, but in seeing with fresh Eyes. Marcel Proust

The Natural Step (TNS)

Not for profit organisation established in 1988 by oncologist Karl Henrik Robert

Now global with partners in 30 countries

Nike, Ikea, Panasonic, ICI, Interface, Scandic Hotels

100’s municipalities in Sweden, US, Japan, Italy, France, Canada, and Ireland

To develop and share a common framework which centres on easily understood, scientifically based principles that can service as a compass to guide society toward a sustainable future

Leading Companies

What is Sustainability ?

Success

Strategic

Action

Tools

Engineering…

• The application of science and mathematics by which the properties of matter and the sources of energy in nature are made useful to people

• www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/engineering

• Scale?• Time period ?

Sustainable Development

• .. development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

• Meet human needs within environmental limits

The concepts and principles of sustainable development place a burden on the engineer, a burden to change the

way we do business

Jose Medem Sanjuan, president of WFEO World Federation of Engineering

Organisations

Business as Usual Model

Raw Materials

6% Product

94% Waste

80% of products discarded after a single use

Therefore, 99% of the original materials used in the production of, or contained in, the goods made in the US become waste within 6 weeks

Source: NAE / Factor 4

Take, Make, Waste

Sustainability is…

Think about…• Key issues - for your business and you personally • Risks and opportunities• Hard and soft stuff

Slide 24

Slide 25

Fourth Assessment Report……. a summary

CO2 levels at their highest for 650,000 years.

Climate change “unequivocally” happening, and 90% certain that it’s due to man-made emissions.

“Best guess” indicates global temperature will rise by 1.8°c to 4°c by 2100. Worst case “up to 6.4°c”.

Policy responses geared to hold temperature increase below 2°c.

450 ppm CO2 emerging as new consensus figure.386.80 ppm in September 2010

10-15 years to put in place serious measures to start reducing emissions of CO2.

Stern Review

Slide 63

Nine Fundamental Human Needs

Energy Use in Ireland

• Fossil Fuel accounted for 96% of all energy use in Ireland in 2007

• 60 million barrels of oil equivalent

• We import almost 90% of our primary energy demands

• €6B on energy imports

Slide 33

Sunday April 11 2010

US military warns oil output may dip causing massive shortages by 2015

Slide 1

The TimesMarch 7, 2008

‘Rush for biofuels threatens starvation on aglobal scale’

In 2007 1/3 of US corn acreage was earmarkedfor bioethanol

Slide 36

Resource scarcity

Slide 38

One kg of grain-fed beef needs at least 23,000 litres of water

Undervalued Biodiversity

Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal

Slide 42

Percent Increase in Nitrogen Flows in Rivers

Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

Hurricane Katrina

•$110 Billion •15 million people affected in 7 states•1,836 people killed• Category 4 and 5 hurricanes have almost doubled in the last 30 years•Key natural defences destroyed - mangroves

8,194,797 Tons of toxic chemicals released by

• 310 Kg of toxic chemicals released every second

• 10 million tons released into our environment each year

• Of these, over 2 million tons are recognized carcinogens

• 65 Kg or carcinogens each second

Source: pan-uk.org

Slide 46

Harvest peak

Pre-peak

Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and Sea Around Us project

Fisheries peaking

Why Sustainability ?

“Sustainability is the singlebiggest business opportunity

ofthe 21st century”.

Lee Scott – CEO Walmart

Change in Organisational Value Drivers

IntangiblesNon-financialsBrand image/ReputationStake holder relationships(investors, media, public, customers, banks, govern-ments, insurers, scientistsemployees)

TangiblesFinancials

1981 2007

80% 20%

20% 80%

Arthur D. Little, The Business Case for Corporate Citizenship , 2002

CEO Study

• 93% of CEOs believe that sustainability issues will be critical to the future success of their business.

• 88% of CEOs believe that they should be integrating sustainability through their supply chain.

5. Purpose/Passion Values-driven founder / CEO

4. Integrated Strategy Enhanced business value

3. Beyond Compliance Eco-efficiencies PR crisis / Opportunity Regulatory threat

2. Compliance Regulatory enforcement

1. Pre-Compliance

Sustainability Continuum

Source: Adapted from Bob Willard’s Sustainability Advantage

Sustainability = Profitability• Potential profit increases from integrated

sustainability strategies:• Large organisations potential for +38%

increase• Small to medium organisation +66%

increase

– source Bob Willard, The Business case for sustainability, 2008)

Margin

Revenue Growth

Pricing Power• Reputation• Value for money• Trust, quality, respect • Credibility

• Operational efficiencies• Efficient use of resources• Supply chain optimisation

• Employee engagement• First choice for top talent• Employee productivity• Low rates of attrition

Sustainable Organisation Benefits

• Customer loyalty• Lower churn• Attract new customers

• Easier to enter new markets• More sources of funding

Cost Savings

Attract and Retain Talent

New Market Entry

Market Share

Source: Business Case for Sustainability, Boston Consulting Group

Exposure

Source: MIT Sloan Management Review ‘The Business of Sustainability, findings and insights from the first annual business of sustainability survey and global thought leaders report’ 2009

Strategies, Policies and Plans

• National Climate Change Strategy, 2007-2012 • National Energy Efficiency Plan 2009 - improve energy

efficiency by 33%• National Heritage Plan - 2002• National Biodiversity Plan - 2002• EU voluntary target of 50% GPP

• National Action Plan on Green Public Procurement • Framework for Climate Change bill - 80% reduction in net

emissions on 1990 levels, 3% per annum until 2020

• Carbon Tax • Smarter Travel - A Sustainable Transport Future - A new

transport policy for Ireland 2009 - 2020

Which Tool?Which Tool?

Sustainable Procurement

Changing Consumer Trends

1996 - 2006:• 70-80% of consumers

said they were are switching to “green” companies, but only 10% actually did

2006: • 20% buy green

(Sustainable brand study by egg, March 07)

2008: • 33% buy green

(Globescan and McKinsey Study, 2008)

“For years, the statistics have registered an increasingly strong

economic growth asvictory over shortage, until it emerged that this growth was destroying more than it was

Nicolas Sarkozy, 14/9/09

Economic Growth

EnergyClimate Change

Loss of Biodiversity

Waste

Toxicity

Water Scarcity

Poverty

Obesity

Food Security Flooding

Conclusions so far

Sustainability is.. • complex• good for business• not where we are now• requires a different approach

Sustainability is not about addressing climate change, water shortage, energy transport or any other single issue. It's about solving these challenges using an integrated approach from strategy development to

technical consulting to project implementation - Lee McIntire, Chairman and CEO, CH2M HILL

Integrated Approach

Systems Decline

Declining resources & life supporting systems

Increasing population & resource consumption

Time

Threats Increasing Costs Forests Agriculture Fisheries Ground water Climate Metals POP’s Eutrophy Hormones Social trap Segregation Corruption Epidemias Poverty

Some Basic Science

• Matter is constant - closed system to matter

• Matter and energy can neither be created nor destroyed

• Everything breaks down / disperses - Law of entropy

• Open system to energy

• Photosynthesis pays the bills

12

3

4

In a sustainable society, nature is not subject to systematically increasing of..

• Concentrations of substances extracted from the earth’s crust

• Degradation by physical means

And in that society..

• People are not subject to conditions that undermine their capacity to meet their needs

4

1

3

• Concentrations of substances produced by society

2

“Success is a science, if you have the conditions you get the results”

Oscar Wilde

ABC Ltd will....

The build-up of materials extracted from the earths crust including fossil fuels, heavy metals and associated wastes

The build-up of synthetic substances produced by society (flame redardants, biophenols, fertilisers etc.

ABC Ltd will....

ABC Ltd will....

ABC Ltd will....

These principles are..

• Necessary • Sufficient (to cover all aspects of success), • General (to make sense for all stakeholders),• Concrete (to guide problem solving and actions),• Non-overlapping (to enable comprehension as well

as development of indicators for monitoring).

Success

Strategic

Action

Tools

Getting Practical

Assess Current Realities

Develop Strategies

Build Case(s) for Change

Mobilize Commitment

Embed and Align

Wake Up and Decide

Inspire Shared Vision(s)

Get Credible, Stay Credible

Meet Them Where They Are

Practice “Planful Opportunism”

Influence the Influencers

Dialogue

Collaborate, Educate, Network

Piggyback Existing Initiatives

•Buy-in, Awareness

•Snr Commitment

•Training

•Green Team

•Events

•Tours

•Support

•Sustainability Analysis

•Practice and performance

•Business Case

Practice versus Performance

WORLD CLASSWORLD CLASS

CONTENDERSCONTENDERS

PROMISINGPROMISINGCOULD DO BETTERCOULD DO BETTER

VULNERABLEVULNERABLE

Practice Index

30 40 50 70 80 90 10020

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Per

form

ance

Inde

x

20 60

100

Untapped potential

En routeWon’t go

the distance

Risk and opportunity

Practice and Performance

Text

•Sustainable Org.

•Visioning Workshop

•Innovations / investments / actions

•Combine with culture, values etc.

•Action planning

•Prioritisation

•3 strategic Q’s

•Right direction ?

•Flexible?

•Return on investment ?

Declining resources & life supporting systems

Increasing population & resource consumption

Step in right direction?

Is it a flexible platform?

Return on investment?

Which Tool?Which Tool?

Practice versus Performance

WORLD CLASSWORLD CLASS

CONTENDERSCONTENDERS

PROMISINGPROMISINGCOULD DO BETTERCOULD DO BETTER

VULNERABLEVULNERABLE

Practice Index

30 40 50 70 80 90 10020

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Per

form

ance

Inde

x

20 60

100

Untapped potential

En routeWon’t go

the distance

Risk and opportunity

Practice and Performance

Text

4 Steps to Sustainability• 4 steps that automate systems thinking and

‘backcasting’• Move away from ‘fixing’ problems and

lunging from one crisis to another to the next

• Establish a sustainability gap• Develop actions that bridge the gap • Set up creative tension between future

success and where we are today• More creative, collaborative and innovative

Case Studies

• $1.3billion turnover, Fortune 1000 company.

• Worlds largest producer of contract commercial carpets.

• Sold in over 100 countries with factories in 29 locations globally (inc NI, Thailand, China and Australia)

• Manufactures and sell more the 40% of the carpet tiles used worldwide in commercial buildings

• Employs more then 7,400 people worldwide,

• Fortune magazine rated it one of top 100 employers and one of the 10 most admired companies

• Vision: To be the first company that, by its deeds, shows the entire industrial world what sustainability is in all its dimensions: People, process, product, place and profits — by 2020 — and in doing so we will become restorative through the power of influence

• Strategy: Mission Zero - Our promise to eliminate any negative impact our company may have on the environment by the year 2020

Blekinge Inst. of Tech.

SE-371 79 Karlskrona

+46 455 38 50 00

www.bth.se/eng

Interface

“As we climb mount Sustainability, with the fourTNS system conditions at the top, we are doingbetter than ever on bottom line business. This isnot at the cost of social or ecological systems, butat the cost of our competitors who still havenʼt gotit”.

Portland US, October 2007, Ray Andersson, President, Founder and CEO, Interface. Inc.

March 2012

Stewarts Care Palmerstown Campus, Dublin 20

15-Year Energy Services Contract with Dalkia

March 2012

Who are StewartsCharitable Foundation140 year tradition in the provision of care for people with intellectual disabilityThey work in the community and on their own sites Services provided regardless of age, religion, socio-economic background and encompassing every degree of intellectual disabilityThey have facilities such as equestrian centres, leisure centres, educational centres and medical centres for use by our clients

March 2012

Who are DalkiaDalkia’s Business: Producing energy efficiency

53,457 employees in 42 countries, 71% outside of FranceRevenue: €8.6 billion119,600 energy facilities managed114.7 TWh energy managed capacityReduction of 7.1 million metric tones of CO2 in 2010

March 2012

Initial contextInefficient energy plantHigh energy costsHigh dependency on oilHigh maintenance costs

March 2012

Results: Energy Costs

GGBS - Environmental Savings

• GGBS / OPC - 970 kg / 60 kg Co2 tonne

• 1000 m3 of concrete - (50/50 OPC/GGBS)• 1425 kg’s of cement

• 577.1 tonnes of Co2 saved (185.3 cars, 181 years of electricity in average home)

• 1781 kg’s of Sox, 2493 kg’s of (NOx) saved• 1781kg’s of CO, 310kg’s fine particulate matter (PM10) saved

• 40% reduction in embodied energy (50/50 - GGBS/OPC)• No limestone / shale required (1.6 tonne per tonne of OPC)http://

www.ecocem.ie/index.php?p=environmental&q=calculator

BubbleDeck

• 1kg of recycled plastic replaces 100kg of concrete

• Fewer building elements compared to steel frame and metal decking

• Cost saving between 2.5% to 10% of total construction costs

• Combination GGBS / Bubbledeck - 70% reduction in CO2

SolarPrint

• DSSC is a third generation photovoltaic (PV) technology

• Ability to harness diffuse light

• Higher power output over the course of an average day

• Lower cost (under high volume manufacturing)

• Printable on metal or plastic

• Different colours and opacities

• Collaboration with Fiat (CRF)

• Smart sunroof integrating DSSC technology

Accoya

• Made from cheap pine

• Properties that match tropical hardwood

• Treated with acetic anhydride, from acetic acid (vinegar, in dilute form)

• Vastly reduces woods ability to absorb water

• No toxic preservatives

• No maintenance

• Designed to last over 60 years in wet environment

• Source: http://www.accoya.com/accoya.html

Walmart Save People Money So They can Live Better

Vision:

– To be supplied 100% by renewable energy;

– To create zero waste;

– To sell products that sustain people and the environment

Strategy:

– Wamart Suppliers Sustainability Index

– Employee Personal Sustainability Project (PSP)

– From “Always Lower Prices” to “Save Money. Live better”

Walmart Save People Money So They can Live Better

• 7,873 stores: Biggest US consumer of electricity; Target to reduce GHGs by 20% by 2012

• Invest $500M annually in efficient energy; 30% less energy; then 100% renewable energy.

• Waste: Reduce waste by 25% in 3 years, then 0. • 7,200 trucks: Increase fuel efficiency by 25% in 3 years; double it in

10 years; save $300M/yr. • 2.1M “associates:” Largest employer in the world - Personal

Sustainability Plan• 200M shoppers/week - influence

Walmart Save People Money So They can Live Better

• 100,000 suppliers: • Reduce packaging by 5% by 2013; $3.4M savings in 5 years • Goal to remove non-renewable energy from all its product. • Partnership with the Carbon Discloser Project to measure and improve energy use

and emissions of the entire supply chain• Working with suppliers to develop a worldwide sustainability index. • 100,000 global suppliers complete a survey of 15 questions to evaluate their

sustainability

WhistlerVision:

To be the premier mountain resort community in North America as we move towards a sustainable future

Strategy: Whistler 2020 - moving toward a sustainable future

Canadian leader in community planning

2.3 million visitors annually

10,000 population, 60,000 at full capacity

# 1 North American Ski Resort 15 years

# 1 Mountain Bike Park

10% of BC’s tourism economy

About Whistler

Why Whistler 2020?

• RAMPANT TO MANAGED GROWTH

• MOVE TO EMBRACE STEWARDSHIP

• INCREASING COMPETITION

• PREPARE FOR DOWN CYCLE

• BUILD COMMUNITY

• MANAGE COMING PRESSURES (OLYMPICS!)

Whistlers Path toward an ICSP ‘97-’04

Accountability &Transparency

Whistler Sustainable Procurement Guidelines

30 LEED PROJECTS

Awards

Design Brief

Description: A reputable runner company is thinking of setting up a manufacturing base in Ireland. They’ve expressed a desire to be the most sustainable running shoe company in the world. They want to be completely transparent about how they work so they’ve asked you to identify the sustainability issues/risks associated with setting up and producing their product

Scope: Consider the full life cycle of the runner including suppliers, transport, energy, water and human needs

Current Reality for Running Shoe CompanyKey Sustainability Aspects

Inputs What we depend on

Outputs What we deliver

Waste What’s left over

LandOfficesFactory

Transport Chemicals

WaterBuilding Materials

OperationsPeople SkillsEnergy

landfill waste, recyclables, organic waste, liquid waste, electronic waste, chemical

waste, emissions, wasted ideas

ProductsServices

EmploymentTaxes

InnovationCommunity

Support

Compare against 4 principles

Systematically reduce dependence on mined materials - fossil fuels, heavy metals esp, those rare in nature.

Systematically reduce dependence on man-made substances, particulalry the toxic and persistent ones

Systematically reduce activities that damage nature physically

Help people meet their needs

A Vision for a Sustainable Running Company

Headlines Describe what has been achieved

Characteristics Innovations

Eco cement Community Designed

Local materials SuperBike racks

No waste in constructionInnovative maintenance contracts

Supplier commitmentSpace for solar panel hook upLong term funding instruments

input on design

What date / publication?

Warm and comfortable Zero anti-social

Service HubSolar Powered Award winning

SecureFully integratedEdible landscape

Great place to work

3 minute presentation

• Describe future success for your service

• Use headlines, characteristics and innovations

• Present 5 key actions to move toward vision

• Refer to problems / Challenges along the way

Stern Review Report (Oct 2006)

Former World Bank chief economist, Nicholas Stern Quantified warnings in the 1997

Economists’ Statement on Climate Change

Warnings from Economists

1. Cost of climate change mitigation:1% of annual global GDP by 2050 if we act now; 5-20% if we act later

2. Benefits of $2.5T if we act now; global depression if we do nothing

3. Must stabilize GHGs: Use carbon taxes and / or a cap-and-trade system; deploy low-carbon technologies;80-90% below 1990 levels by 2050 in developed countries

“Every $1B capital investment in energy and efficiency would create approximately 9,500 building-retrofit jobs. Such an investment

would also create 1,200 jobs from building and installing solar photovoltaic panels and about 900 wind-energy jobs”

"In the jobs-creation sweepstakes, retrofitting buildings runs away with it. That's about 10-to-1

over any other investment."

~ Lester Brown, Earth Policy Institute founder (Nov 08) ~

http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/09/green_recovery.html

Green Retrofits Job Creation

EU Pollution RegulationsRestriction on Hazardous Substances (RoHS)

Lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, flame retardants; in force July 2006

Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)Take-back & disassembly of products & components;

in force January 2007;

End of Life Vehicles Directive (ELVD)Car manufacturers pay for scrapping all models and makes

80% recycled now, 85% by 2015

Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)

burden of proof on manufacturers to prove chemicals are safe; in force April 2007

UK Retailers Going Green• Tesco: UK’s biggest retailer; 10-point

Community Plan (May 06); £100M ‘revolution in green consumption’ fund; carbon footprint labeling; cut 50% of energy / sq ft by 2010; reduce CO2 / case by 30% by 2009

• Marks & Spencer: UK’s 3rd biggest retailer; £200m over 5 yrs on 100-point 'eco-plan' to cut waste, sell fair trade, energy from composting unsold food, biodegradable packaging, labeling food sources; carbon neutral stores; reduced energy / sq ft by 30%

• ASDA: Cut packaging by 10% by 2007; no packaging on fresh produce; 0 waste to landfill by 2010; 1,000 organic lines (June 07 vs. 325 in 2005)

Solar Power

Solar thermal collectors -

water

Solar wall collectors -

air

Parabolic collectors –

steam

Solar Photovoltaic (PV) panels - electricity

Nike’s “Nike Considered Design”

More efficient design patterns use less material, easier to recycle, adhesives made from water

instead of toxic chemicals, and sustainable materials like cork and organic cotton

e.g Air Jordan XX3 (unveiled Jan 08)

Made from recycled plastic and scrap materials with no toxic adhesives (more stitching)

Nike press release, Oct 2008

TargetsAll footwear by 2011, all apparel by 2015, and all equipment and backpacks by 2020

This will reduce waste in Nike’s supply chain by 17% and increase use of environmentally preferred materials by 20%

ConsideredPegasus

ConsideredAir Jordan XX3

True Dialogue

Asking

ClarifyingInterviewing

Telling

AssertingExplaining

Observing

BystandingSensing

DIALOGUE

Exploring eachother’s assumptions to generate meaning

A d

v o

c a

c y

I n q u i r y Low High

Low

High

Based on Peter M. Senge et al., The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook, Doubleday, 1994

Practice “Planful Opportunism”

Alan AtKisson, The ISIS Agreement, Earthscan, 2008, pp. 213-214

"Luck is a matter of preparation meeting opportunity.”

― Oprah Winfrey

Assess Current Realities

Develop Strategies

Build Case(s) for Change

Mobilize Commitment

Embed and Align

Wake Up and Decide

Inspire Shared Vision(s)

Get Credible, Stay Credible

Meet Them Where They Are

Practice “Planful Opportunism”

Influence the Influencers

Dialogue

Collaborate, Educate, Network

Piggyback Existing Initiatives

355

Go Slow to Go Fast

Fast, Significant Decision

Leader’sIdea

Leader’sDecision

Sell / Communicate

Others’Buy-In

Dialogue / Engagement

Collective Decision and Buy-In

Faster Buy-In

XX X

XX

Leader’sIdea

Fisher’s Personal Transition Curve

Graphic by J.M. Fisher, Preston, Lancashire, England; www.businessballs.com

Anxiety

Can I cope ?

Happiness

At last something’s

going to change !

Fear

What impact will

this have?How will it affect me?

Threat

This is bigger than I thought!

Guilt

Did I really do

that

Depression

Who am I?

Gradual Acceptance

I can see myself in the future

Moving Forward

This can work and

be good

Hostility

I’ll make this work if it kills

me!!

© J M Fisher

Denial

Change? What Change?

Disillusionment

I’m off!! … this

isn’t for me!

Sustainability “Pincer Strategy”

Besieged by important stakeholders

Besieged by their kids

9 AM – 5 PM“CEO”

24/7“Daddy” / “Mommy”

7 Worries

1. UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: 15 of 24 ecosystems (60%) are being degraded or used unsustainably; GEO-4

2. Climate crisis: Urgency; IPCC Report re dire consequences

3. BRIC growth: Brazil, Russia, India & China; pollution & GHGs

4. Energy crisis: Transformation to renewable sources; disconnecting GDP growth from energy growth; peak oil?

5. Growing chasm between the rich & poor: Developed vs. developing counties; In developed countries

6. Population Explosion: Level off at 9B+? Why?

7. Need for holistic solutions: Strength of national / international governments? Political courage?

10 Signs of Hope1. Investor Activism: Carbon Disclosure Project; US Investor

Network on Climate Risk (INCR); Bank of America, Citigroup, JP Morgan Chase, Goldman Sachs; Equator Principles

2. Economist Warnings: Stern Review; urge cap-and-trade

3. Public Awakening: Hurricane Katrina; “An Inconvenient Truth” and the “Goracle Factor;” “carbon neutral” word of the year in 2006; mainstream press coverage

4. Values-driven consumers: “green is the new black;” LOHAS ($209B U.S. market); organics; hybrids; thrift vs. consumption

5. High Energy Prices: Eco-efficiency savings; explosion of renewable energy; clean tech magnet for venture capital

cont’d …

10 Signs of Hope

6. Clean Tech Explosion: Venture capital focus on wind, solar, biofuels, hydrogen; battery breakthoughs; CCS for coal

7. Carbon Trading Carrot: EU; US states; Corporate pressure

8. EU Market Leadership: WEEE, REACH, RoHS, EUP, Climate Change Policy; UK / London GHG reduction goals

9. Corporate Leadership in the supply chain: Wal-Mart, GE, DuPont …

10.Nature’s Resilience