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Installation of passive Kerpen Connecting Hardware
• Test Parameter• Test Parameter• Standards• Practise• Practise
Dieter TerweiDTH-NetworksApril 2009
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians
Definition of structured cablingDefinition of structured cablingStructured Cabling is defined as building or campus telecommunications cabling infrastructure that consists of a numberof standardized smaller elements, called subsystems used for different services such as voice, video and data. Structuredcablings are part of the technical infrastructure of premises. It is subdivided into primary, secondary and tertiary cabling. Itprovides future-oriented, application independent network infrastructure. It is intended to avoid expensive faultyinstallations and extensions. In addition to that it makes installations of network components easier. Unstructured cablingsystems mostly justify the requirements of a specific application. In case of conversion to a new technology generation itwill lead to a cost explosion of unexpected size. If a new technology is implemented, detailed knowledge about transmissionmedia and transmission standard is essential. A structured cabling system is based upon a universal structure that willcomply with future transmission requirements, that provides sufficient headroom and can be used independently from theapplication So normally a network is used for data communication and telephone (voice)application. So normally a network is used for data communication and telephone (voice).
Primary CablingPrimary or campus cabling is enterprise wide site cabling to connect the individual buildings on a campus. The maximumrange can be 1,5 km according to cabling standards. The primary area comprises the campus distributors and buildingg , g g p y p p gdistributors and the cables (primary cables) between. Great distances, high data rates as well as a small number ofinterconnections are the main characteristics of primary cabling systems. Optical fiber is extremely useful as transmissionmedia because of its small attenuation, its high bandwidth (therefore saving lots of copper cable) und its EMCcharacteristics and the only choice in primary network cabling systems. Length up to 2km incl. Secondary and Tertiarycabling
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 2
Secondary CablingThe term secondary cabling describes the vertical floor cabling also denotedas building backbone. The secondary area comprises the floor distributors(Switches) and the cables from the building distributor (Equipment Room) tothe floor distributor Used cables according EN 50173 1: Twisted pair andthe floor distributor. Used cables according EN-50173-1: Twisted pair andFiber. Length up to 500m incl. Tertiary cabling.
Tertiary CablingThe third level (Tertiary cabling) ofcabling infrastructure is the horizontalcabling also called floor cabling. Tertiarycabling connects the wall outlets atcabling connects the wall outlets atworkplaces on a floor to the patch panel inthe Floor distributor. Used cable types:predominately twisted pair and sometimesfiber cables (Fiber to the office - FTTO orFiber to the desk - FTTD). Length 100mi l k d d t h d
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incl. work area cords and patch cords.
Networking elements Distribution CabinetsDistribution cabinets are used asfloor,- building,- and campusdistributor Cabinets The patch
Patch panelA patch panel or distribution panel is part of a complex cable
f b ld ll h l d distributor Cabinets. The patchpanels, systems like switches andhubs or telephone equipment arenormally 19” wide.
infrastructure in buildings. Normally these panels are used todistribute network,- telephone,- or optical fiber cables. It suppliesa number of ports (jacks) that connect patch cords to switches,telephone systems or analog devices. At the rear these jacks areconnected to the horizontal cables in order to create links e. g. togthe appropriate wall outlets. The ports are presented as RJ45-jacks if twisted pair cables installed. Panels provide no“intelligence”, they work purely passive. Mostly they will beinstalled in wiring closets such as network cabinets in order tomanage all cables in a centralized location This increases claritymanage all cables in a centralized location. This increases clarityin complex installations and eases maintenance.
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Hubs, SwitchesA switch is a networking device that performs transparent bridging(connection of multiple network segments with forwarding based on MACaddresses) at up to the speed of the hardware. Common hardwareincludes switches, which connect at 10, 100, 1000 or 10.000 megabits, , , gper second (Mbit/s), at half or full duplex mode. Half duplex means thatthe device can only send or receive any given time, whereas full duplexcan send and receive at the same time. The use of specially designedexpansion also makes it possible to have large numbers of connectionsutilizing different mediums of networking, including Ethernet, FiberChannel, ATM, etc.
Twisted pair data cableTwisted pair cabling is a form of wiring in which two
d t t i t d t th f th f
Twisted pair patch cordA patch cord is the flexible connectionconductors are twisted together for the purposes of
canceling out electromagnetic interference (EMI) fromexternal sources and crosstalk from neighboring wires.Twisting wires decreases interference because the loop areabetween the wires (which determines the magnetic coupling
A patch cord is the flexible connectionbetween patch panels and switches orhubs respectively between wall outlets andNetwork interface card of a works station.They are used in different network typeslike Ethernet or ATM etc They are( g p g
into the signal) is reduced. Often the two wires carry equaland opposite signals (differential mode) which are combinedby subtraction at the destination. The noise from the twowires cancel out each other in this subtraction because thetwo wires have been exposed to similar EMI
like Ethernet or ATM etc. They arestandardized according IEC 61935-2respectively TIA/EIA 568-B.1, TIA/EIA568-B.2-1 and TIA/EIA 568-B.2-10.
two wires have been exposed to similar EMI.The twist rate (usually defined in twists per meter) makesup part of the specification for a given type of cable. Thegreater the number of twists, the greater the attenuation ofcrosstalk.
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 5
Performing cable tests in structured networks
Dynamic parameter/Test parameter for certification
frequency dependent)• Wire map• Length• Delay• Delay Skew
Correct wire map12 12
y• Loop Resistance
1. Wire mapThis test is to ensure that the twoends have been terminated pin for
36 36
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78 78ends have been terminated pin forpin so that the wiring showsconsistency at both ends. The wiremap also checks for continuity,shorts, crossed pairs, reversedpairs and split pairs. This test is the
78 78
Shield Shield
Wiring error short between wire and shieldbasic verification of every link.Failing this test will spoil almostevery other parameter andtherefore is the most importantmeasurement. 90% of all cablefault derive from wiring
Wiring error - short between wire and shield
12 12
36 36fault derive from wiringmismatches, especially shortsbetween wires and shield aretreacherous, mostly caused byextremely fine braid wires ofshielded cables and they arealmost invisible
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LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians
almost invisible. Shield Shield
Wi i d i 3 6Wiring error - reversed pair 3,612 12
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45 45
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Shield ShieldShield Shield
Wiring error - split pair 1-2 / 3-612 12
36 36
45 45
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Shield Shield
Split pairs are undetectable with a simple continuity tester. This is because pinby pin seem to be correct. A balanced line operation requires that the signal istransmitted over a pair of wires that are twisted together. Suffering from a “splitpair” the signal will be split between two different pairs
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 7
pair” the signal will be split between two different pairs.
Wi i d i / TIA 568A TIA 568BWiring error - crossed pair / TIA 568A - TIA 568B12 12
36 36Here both conductors of onepair are incorrectly exchangedf d t f th i
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for conductors of another pairat one end of a cable resultinginto cross-over configuration.
Shield Shield
2.) LengthAnother important measurement in structured cabling networks is the test of the link length This is aAnother important measurement in structured cabling networks is the test of the link length. This is astandard feature provides by all standard handheld test sets an a basic requirement of all cablingstandards. Length tests are informative measurement only. Standards do not require any length limits.These length tests are used to calculate the costs of the installed cable for the customer. It isnecessary to set up the instrument with the correct NVP (nominal velocity of propagation).
• This parameter indicates the relationship of signal speed in the cable compared to the speed of light.• It is indicated in % of speed of light and typically ranges from 0,65 to 0,81.• According Cable standards the NVP always refers to the shortest pair in the cable and is indicated as
the cable length.Lengthg
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 8
[ ]mCNVPtL **2
=L = Length of Cablet = Signal Delay in nano secondsNVP = Nominal Velocity of PropagationC = Speed of Light
Errors in Length Measurement
NVP is set to high in the instrument: The Cabkle Length is to longNVP is set to low in the instrument : The Cable length is to short
3.Delay / 4. Delay Skew92ns
90ns
94ns
12 12
36 36
45 45
96ns
45 45
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Signal delay is the time the signal needs to travel from one end of the link to the other. This time is measuredin nano seconds [ns] and is dependent from:• Twist length of pairs• Insulation material (Teflon or Polyethylene)• Different dyes used in insulation materials lead to different dielectric constants and result in differentpropagation speeds
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 9
Delay skew is the difference between the fastest and slowest running time of pairs in a data cable. It is also indicated innanoseconds [ns]. In practical use delay skew errors are extremely rare.
5. DC-Loop ResistanceDC Loop Resistance is the total resistance through two conductors looped at one end of the link. Thisis usually a function of the conductor diameter and varies only with distance. This measurement issometimes done to ensure there are no gross misconnections which can add significant resistance tothe link. It is measured in Ohms [Ω]. From a signal perspective, attenuation is now a more usefulmeasurement, and DC resistance has become less important. But with VoIP becoming popular whichprovides power over the cable it will gain significance.
• Attenuation• NEXT - Near End Cross Talk• PSNEXT - Power Sum Near End Cross Talk
ACR / ACR N Att ti t C T lk R ti N E d• ACR / ACR-N - Attenuation to Cross Talk Ratio Near End• Return Loss• ELFEXT / ARC-F - Equal Level Far End Cross Talk / Attenuation to Cross Talk Ratio Far End• PSELFEXT / PSASCR-F - Equal Level Power Sum Far End Cross Talk / Attenuation to Cross Talk Ratio Far End
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 10
6. Attenuation
Attenuation of a data cable describes the relation of signalstrength at the end of the link to the signal strength at the
Electrical signals sent over a link loose part oftheir strength during their propagation over theg g g
beginning of the link.g g p p g
cable. The reason is the electrical resistance ofthe cable. The Attenuation is length dependentand frequency dependent – the longer the linkand the higher the frequency, the higher the linkattenuation. This value is indicated in dB (withnegative sign) and results from the logarithmicrelation of transmitted to received power.Attenuation is measured on each pair individually.
P [ ]dBPPnAttenuatioFE
NElog10∗=
Ratio (Signal power) Decibel (dB)
1/1 0dB
2/1 3dB
5/1 7dB
10/1 10dB
20/1 13dB
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 11
12 12
36 36
Signals arrive attenuated at the far end of the linkToo long horizontal cables result inattenuation problems. Hightemperatures increase this effect.Attenuation errors appear rarely.
36 36
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Temperature guidelines in EN-50173-1recommend:Link length consideration due tooperation temperatures above 20 °Care recommended. It will affect cablelength by 0,2 % per °C using shieldedcables and 0,4% using unshieldedcables within 20 °C to 40 °C ( 0,6%per °C within > 40 °C to 60 °C).
7. NEXT – Near End Cross TalkNEXT is undesired capacitive, inductive,or conductive coupling from one circuitor channel, to another. In cabling itdescribes the coupling effects in a
12 12
describes the coupling effects in atwisted pair cable or a component (jack)from one wire pair to another. Twistedpair cables are designed to minimizecrosstalk effects, but a certain amount ofLongitudinal Conversion Loss (LCL)
36 36
45 45
remains. This effect is much stronger inRJ45 jacks. The parallel conductorsinside the jack create a huge amount ofcrosstalk compared to a shielded cable.Note, the signal in the transmitting pairtravels the opposite direction of the
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 12
78 78 travels the opposite direction of thesignal in the receiving pair.
That is the reason why jacks and plugs pick up the largest amount of NEXT occurring in a link. Therefore greatest care istaken by the manufacturers of connecting hardware to find the best product design to compensate for NEXT.
Performing a certification measurement a field tester will show 6 pair combinations. If for instance pair 4-5, 7-8 is
• NEXT predominantly appears in connecting hardware components (plugs and jacks)• NEXT is the 2nd frequent problem after wire map errors• NEXT occurs when a signal on one pair is picked up by adjacent pairs in the cable
tested it is not necessary to check for 7-8, 4-5 because an identical NEXT result would be shown. Standards requireNEXT measurements from both ends of the link, so 12 test results are achieved.
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 13
• NEXT occurs when a signal on one pair is picked up by adjacent pairs in the cable
Correction of NEXT defects
C f l i i f bl iNEXT of a link tested with LAN-Analyzer
• Careful wiring of cable pairs• Maintaining the twist as much aspossible
• Maintaining the pair shield up tothe point of connection
Fluke DTX-1800
If, after all these measures do notprove to be sufficient, it isnecessary to verify the quality ofthe cable or whether the cablehas been selected correctly inhas been selected correctly interms of standard requirements e.g. 100MHz cable according EN-502288-3-1 instead of 300MHzcable according EN-502288-5-1.
if th t t thor if the components meet theappropriate requirements e. g. EN60603-7-4 (Category 6 UTP)respectively IEC or EN 60603-7-5(Category 6 STP).( g y )
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 14
Attenuation ~ 30dB
NEXT / Short Link Problem - Link Length 90m
Transmitter &Receiver
Transmitter &Receiver
1V 0,031V
Transmitter &Receiver
Transmitter &Receiver
NEXT ~ 40dB NEXT ~ 40dBTransmitter &Receiver
Transmitter &Receiver
NEXT 40dB NEXT 40dB
Transmitter &Receiver
Transmitter &Receiver
0,00031V0,00001V0 01V Attenuation ~ 30dB+ 0,01V =
0,01001V =39,99dB, this is a difference of 1/100dB = irrelevant
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 15
NEXT / Sh t Li k P bl Li k L th 9Attenuation ~ 3dB
1V 0 7V
NEXT / Short Link Problem – Link Length 9m
Transmitter &Receiver
Transmitter &Receiver
1V 0,7V
Transmitter &Receiver
Transmitter &
Transmitter &Receiver
Transmitter &
NEXT ~ 40dB NEXT ~ 40dBTransmitter &Receiver
Transmitter &Receiver
Transmitter &Receiver
Transmitter &ReceiverReceiver Receiver
Attenuation ~ 3dB0,007V0,005V
+ 0,010V =0,015V = 36,5dB, this is a difference of 3,5dB
Short link problems only occur installing short cables links. NEXT at the near end is superimposed by theNEXT from the far end, which in these cases is not very far away. Even though the signal travels twice thecable length only a very small amount of attenuation reduces NEXT from the remote end in this short link.So NEXT from the remote end widely maintains its strength and therefore almost doubles the amount of
0,015V 36,5dB, this is a difference of 3,5dB
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 16
So, NEXT from the remote end widely maintains its strength and therefore almost doubles the amount ofNEXT at the local end. Installing long cables links cause a strong reduction of remote NEXT because it travelsa relatively long distance and therefore is almost completely eliminated.
4dB exemption clause
Standards bodies implementedexemption clauses. In this casett ti i ll th tattenuation is so small, that
high values of NEXT do notaffect transmission to much,because reduced attenuationcompensates for these high
8. PSNEXT (Power Sum NEXT)
During a cable test procedure the field tester collects the values forNEXT values. So ACR(Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio)is maintained.
If the indicated NEXT value is
NEXT and calculates PSNEXT. One pair receives crosstalksimultaneously from the other 3 pairs. In a four pair transmission like1000Base T and 10GBase-T every single pair receives crosstalk for the3 remaining pairs.
If the indicated NEXT value islocated at a frequency pointwhere the value for attenuationis not higher than 4dB, thenthe exemption clause becomeseffective The test report willeffective. The test report willshow "i“ for "informativemeasurement only“. Then theparameter NEXT is classified as"passed“.
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NEXT according ISO/IEC 11801 2nd edition
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9. ACR / ACR-N Attenuation to Cross Talk Ratio
ACR / ACR-N is the relation between attenuation and Crosstalk (NEXT), a combinedvariable. The value is computed: ACR = NEXT – Attenuation transmitting pairp g p
Hub/SwitchWorkstation Hub/Switch
NE
NEXX
TXT
AttenuationACR-N
ACR / ACR-N like NEXT is displayed in following pair combinations:NE 1,2 - 3,6 NE 1,2 - 4,5 NE 1,2 - 7,8 NE 3,6 - 4,5 NE 3,6 - 7,8 NE 4,5 - 7,8FE 1,2 - 3,6 FE 1,2 - 4,5 FE 1,2 - 7,8 FE 3,6 - 4,5 / FE 3,6 - 7,8 FE 4,5 - 7,8
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10. ELFEXT Far End Cross Talk / ACR-F Attenuation to Cross Talk Ratio Far End
ELFEXT / ACR-F = FEXT - Attenuation
ELFEXT / ACR-F is derived from FEXT (Far End Cross Talk). In NEXT the signal direction and disturbed signaldirection are opposite of each other whereas FEXT signals travel in the same direction. In order to get to ELFEXT /ACR-F (Equal Level Far End Cross Talk or Attenuation to Cross Talk Ratio Far End) it is necessary to subtract Aaattenuation of the receiving pair.
Basically FEXT is similar to NEXT, but for itself FEXT does not exhibit an essential information, because due to cablelength this value is extremely dependent on cable attenuation. Yet, In order to obtain a quality statement of the linkattenuation is subtracted from FEXT. So uneven attenuations via ELFEXT / ACR-F point out poor cable quality. Inaddition to that a quality statement of installed passive components is achieved applying ELFEXT / ACR-Fmeasurements that alone using NEXT could not be resolved.
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 20
Note: Connecting hardware components may pass NEXT requirements but may fail ELFEXT / ACR-F.
Grafical Relationship between Attenuation, NEXT and ELFEXT / ACR-F
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 21
FEXT
12 1212 12
36 36
45 45
78 78
ELFEXT / ACR-F
ELFEXT / ACR-F becomes a critical parameter with increasing cable length, especially when UTP cables areused. So in installations with long UTP cables ELFEXT / ACR-F may become an issue. ELFEXT / ACR-F is alsodependent from the pair assignment e. g. 1,2—3,6 show different ELFEXT / ACR-F compared to 3,6—1,2,b f diff i i tt ti S i t t l 24 ELFEXT / ACR F t t lt bt i d hbecause of differences in pair attenuation. So in total 24 ELFEXT / ACR-F test results are obtained eachtest: NE 1,2 - 3,6 and NE 3,6 - 1,2 / NE 1,2 - 4,5 and NE 4,5 - 1,2 etc.
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 22
ELFEXT / ACR-F12 12
Attenuation
36 36
45 45
11 PSELFEXT Power Sum Equal Level Far End Cross Talk
78 78FEXT
11. PSELFEXT Power Sum Equal Level Far End Cross Talk
12 12
36 36
45 45
ll d h / l d f l d d b l h
78 78
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 23
As well as NEXT and ACR the parameter ELFEXT / ACR-F is evaluated for accumulated disturbances. Also here 4test results are obtained, one result per pair. Test results are calculated using values derived from former singletests for ELFEXT / ACR-F.
12. Return LossIn telecommunication, Return Loss isthe ratio of the amplitude of thereflected signal to the amplitude of
12 12
36 36the incident signal. The return lossvalue describes the reduction in theamplitude of the reflected energy, ascompared to the forward energy. Forexample, if a device has 15dB ofreturn loss, the reflected energy from
45 45
return loss, the reflected energy fromthat device is always 15dB lower thanthe energy presented. Reflections aregenerated by impedance mismatchesof passive components andinconstancies of impedance along a
bl Th d b
78 78
Characteristic Impedance of a Twisted Pair Cablecable. They are caused byinaccurateness in the manufacturingprocess (Tolerances, differentdielectric constants in the course ofinsulation). These irregularities in thecable construction might be small,g ,but cause reflections.
Idealized progression ofh t i ti i d Itcharacteristic impedance. It
becomes obvious that ReturnLoss problems in the lowfrequency range are caused bythe specific impedance
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 24
p pproperties of the cable.
If certification tests showReturn Loss errors, then 3possible major causes can befound:
i l L 1.) Cable imperfections: The cabledoes not have the requiredcharacteristic impedance. This isclearly recognizable if test valuesexceed the limit line for ReturnLoss in the lower frequency range
Typical Return Loss behavior of a cable link.
Loss in the lower frequency rangeup to 20MHz. Deviations of morethan 7Ω lead to Return Lossfaults.
2.) The components (Plugs, jacks)are not properly tuned to 100Ω.These faults are commonly seen athigher frequencies >20MHz.
3.) Return Loss faults that arecaused by badly done workcaused by badly done workwiring up the components showsimilar effects. If wires areincorrectly contacted, hightransfer resistances come up, thatresult in Return Loss faults.Thi b b i b
Typical Return Loss of a cable link with slight mismatch in characteristic impedanceThis becomes obvious by
comparing the pair loopresistance value with thecorresponding values of the otherpairs. It will show a definitehigher value.
impedance.
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 25
g
Graphical Link Return Lossprotocol indicating a badlycontacted pair resulting inhigh DC Loop Resistancesubsequently leading tounexceptionally poor ReturnLoss behaviour on pair 3,6.
Digital Signal Degradation
Signal Degradation due to Return Loss
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 26
Signal Degradation due to Return Loss
Signal Degradation due to Attenuation
Certification Tests Permanent-LinkIn order to measure standard compliant not only testing of the parameters is required, also the correct setting of theinstrument (field tester) is an essential condition. First of all the instrument is set up for the required Link Class andthen for the correct Link Configuration.
1. What Link Performance does the cabling system supply?100MHZ EN50173-1 or ISO-11801 Class D (TIA Cat5e – USA)250MHz EN50173-1 or ISO-11801 Class E (TIA Cat6 – USA)500MHz ISO-IEC Class EA (TIA Cat6A – USA)600MHz EN50173-1 or ISO-11801 Class F1000MHz ISO-IEC Class FA
What Link Configuration must be selected? 1. Certification tests in installed networks - Set to Permanent-Link2. Trouble Shooting of faulty transmission links - Set to Channel
Begin of Permanent-Link
Permanent Link excludes
90m
Permanent Link excludesthe test adapter duringMeasurement! Test starts atthe RJ-45 plugs of the testadapters.(Test is performed includingRJ 45 l )
FTC2m
RJ-45 plugs)
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 27
End of Permanent Link
According to standards, test leads must not be longer than 2x 5cm. This demand can be conformed using the test equipments adapter set. The 2m lead length is electronically compensated for length.
The link between patch panel and wall outlet is determined to be the Permanent Link, being the immovable part of the installed link.p
The standard recommendation for max. link length is 90m, but can be longer, if the test parameter (Delay, Skew and Attenuation) are within limits.
The field tester displays the tested length as real cable length, if the value for NVP is set correctly.
Channel Certification
Begin of Channel5m
90m
5m
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 28
End of Channel
Performing a channel test, the entire linklength is tested, including the patch cablesfrom the patch panel to the switch port andthe patch cable between the NIC (NetworkInterface Card) and the wall outlet
Standards and Standard BodiesThe appropriate standards describe the requirements for cablinginstallations, cable and connecting hardware properties as well asrequirement for certification testing In addition to that requirementsInterface Card) and the wall outlet.
The length result is equivalent to thePermanent Link length plus the length of thepatch cords. In practical certification testssometimes the installed link is tested against
requirement for certification testing. In addition to that requirementsof fiber optic installations are equally described.
Standards are initialized on national and international levels,processed and than ratified. The guidelines defined by the standardb di d t tit t l ll bi di i t b t thsometimes the installed link is tested against
the Channel limits. It is recommended todeploy high quality test patch leads. If thecable length measurements is calculated fromchannel test results, it is important tosubtract the patch lead length from the
bodies do not constitute legally binding requirements, but they serveas connecting link between law and technology. They become civiljurisdiction, if contracts include these standard guidelines, eventhough they themselves are regarded to be recommendations onlythat are voluntary applied by the installer.
subtract the patch lead length from theChannel length.
The limit lines for Channel tests are easier toachieve than the limits for the appropriatePermanent Link.
Standard bodies are eager in harmonizing their publications onnational and international level.
According to standard requirements the lastplug at the end of the Cannel (the one that isconnected to the NIC or switch) does notbelong to the Channel.
Standardization National European International
GeneralPurpose DIN CEN ISO
Certification tests for 10GBase-T according 802.3an or ISO/IEC Class EA require Channel configuration.
ElectricalEngineering
DKE insideDIN and VDE
CENELECETSI
ISO/IEC
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 29
Application StandardsBesides the standard bodies, that create the standards for customerpremise cablings other standard committees set the standards for thepremise cablings other standard committees set the standards for thetransmission technologies using these cabling structures, like IEEE802.3 or the ATM forum. (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
Standard committees for Ethernet IEEE 802.3(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
Standard committee for ATM
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 30
Classification according Cabling Standards, Data Rates and Copper (Twisted Pair) based Transmission Standards
100KHz Category 1 Class A PBXITU-T X.21ITU-T V.11
Analog telephone system, Audio, Doorbell wiring, etc. unsuitable for digital transmission
1MHz Category 2 Class B 1 MBit/s ISDN, 1Base5 nach IEEE 802.3e16MHz Category 3 Class C 4/16 MBit/s
10 MBit/s100 MBit/s100 MBit/s100 MBit/s
25 92 MBit/
Token Ting nach IEEE 802.5Ethernet nach IEEE 802.3(i), 10Base-TEthernet nach IEEE 802.3u, 100Base-T4IEEE 802.12, 100BaseVGAnyLANEthernet nach IEEE 802.3y, 100Base-T2ATM LAN 25 9225,92 MBit/s
51,84 MBit/sATM-LAN 25,92ATM-LAN 51,84
20MHz Category 4 20 MBit/s 20 Mbit Token Ring100MHz Category 5e Class D 100 MBit/s
US Standards ANSI TIA/EIA-568-B.1 and ANSI TIA/EIA-568-B.2-1 are the leading cabling standards that influenceother national and international standards, even thoughthey are independent from EIA/TIA.In EIA/TIA compared to other national and internationalcabling standards you find of various sections summarizedANSI TIA/EIA 568-B.2-10 (CAT6A)
(American National Standards Institute) Telecommunications Industry Association/
Electronic Industries Alliance)Commercial building telecommunications cabling standard
cabling standards you find of various sections summarizedinto one Edition. That means not only the cabling standarditself, but also cable standards and standards describingconnectivity requirements. Category 7 is not existing inEIA/TIA-568-B.2-1.
CAT 1: 100 KHz: Currently unrecognized by TIA/EIA CAT 1: 100 KHz: Currently unrecognized by TIA/EIA. Previously used for POTS (Plain Old Telecommunication Systems), Voice and doorbell wiring.
Cat 2: 1 MHz: Currently unrecognized by TIA/EIA. Suitable to run ISDN.
Cat 3: 16 MHz: Currently standardized, used for data networks utilizing 10 Mbit/s Ethernet networks and 4 Mbit/s Token Ring Networks
Cat 4: 20 MHz: Currently unrecognized by TIA/EIA
TIA is based in WashingtonDC and EIA in ArlingtonVirginia. EIA/TIA serves
Cat 4: 20 MHz: Currently unrecognized by TIA/EIA. Frequently used on 16 Mbit/s token ring networks.
Cat 5: 100 MHz: Currently unrecognized by TIA/EIA. Used on 100 Mbit/s Ethernet networks. unsuitable for 1000BASE-T Gigabit Ethernet.Virginia. EIA/TIA serves
mainly in the USA. Thisdocument specifies datacables of category 3, 4and 5, not only forinstallation and backbonecables but also for work
Cat 5e: 100 MHz: Currently standardized, used for Gigabit Ethernet networks.
Cat 6: 250 MHz: Currently standardized, used to run Giga ATM (1,2Gbit/s). No Ethernet application is specified
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 33
cables, but also for workarea and patch cables.
g ( , / ) pp pto be used with Category 6.
Cat 6A: 500 MHz: Specification for 10 Gbit/s applications.
ISO/IEC 11801 CENELECISO/IEC 11801Organisation Internationale de Normalisation
International Organisation for Standardization
CENELECEuropean Committee for Electrotechnical
StandardizationInternational Organisation for Standardization -International Electrotechnical Commission
StandardizationComité Européen de Normalisation
Electrotechnique
Standard: Information technology – Generic cabling for customer premises
Standard: Information technology Generic cabling premises
Working Group: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 25/WG 3(Joint Technical Committee 1, Sub Committee 25, Work Group 3) World wide standard, Ratification in 2002. The ISO is based in Geneva. Ratification of new Class 6A and Class 7A is planned for
systems
Working group:TC215 WG3EN50173-1European wide valid Standard, Ratification in 2002. TheCenelec is based in Brussels Ratification of new Class 6A
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 34
A A2008.
Cenelec is based in Brussels. Ratification of new Class 6Aand Class 7A is planned for 2008.
DIN-EN 50173-1(Deutsches Institut für Normung eV)
(German Institute for standardization)
(Customer premises cabling for information technology) published by the GKE
Deutsche Kommission Elektrotechnik ElektronikInformationstechnik im DIN und VDE
German Commission for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies of DIN and VDE
(Verband der Elektrotechnik Elektronik Informationstechnik eV)
Working Group is the GUK 715.3 -ith esponsibilit fo C stome
The general basis of applicableStandards is the ISO/IEC 11801with responsibility for Customer
premises cabling for informationtechnology in Frankfurt am Main.The VDE is also based in Frankfurtam Main. The German Institute forStandardization "DIN“ is domiciled
Standards is the ISO/IEC 118012nd Edition, that substantially isequivalent to EN50173-1 that inhis German translation has beenratified in November 2002. .Ratification of new Class 6A and
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 35
Standardization DIN is domiciledin Berlin.
AClass 7A is planned for 2008.
SummaryInternational
ISO/IEC 11801
IEEE 802.3
Europe USA
EN50173
TIA/EIA 568 A
Great Britain
BS-EN50173 Standards for active
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 36
Passive Cabling StandardsStandards for active transmission systems
Cable Standards: Classification of cables according IEC:
IEC 61156-1: Multicore and symmetrical pair/quadcables for digital communications –Generic specification P t 1 1 C bilit A l
IEC 61156-5: Multicore and symmetrical pair/quad cables for digitalcommunications – Symmetrical pair/quad cables withtransmission characteristics up to 1000 MHz -
i l fl i i S i l ifi iPart 1-1: Capability Approval –Generic Specification
IEC 61156-2: Multicore and symmetrical pair/quad cables for digital communications upto 100MHz - Horizontal floor wiring –
co u ca o s Sy e ca pa /quad ca estransmission characteristics up to 1000 MHz – Workarea wiring – Sectional specificationPart 6-1: Blank detail specificationPart 6-2: Capability Approval – Sectional specification
IEC 61156 7: Multicore and symmetrical pair/quad cables for digitalIEC 61156-3: Multicore and symmetrical pair/quadcables for digital communications –Work area wiring - SectionalspecificationPart 3-1: Blank detail specificationPart 3-2: Capability Approval –
IEC 61156-7: Multicore and symmetrical pair/quad cables for digitalcommunications – Symmetrical pair cables with trans-mission characteristics up to 1200 MHz – Sectionalspecification for digital and analog communicationcablesPart 7-1: Blank detail specification for digital and
Sectional specification
IEC 61156-4: Multicore and symmetrical pair/quadcables for digital communications –Riser cables – Sectional specificationPart 4-1: Blank detail specification
analog communication cablesPart 7-2: Capability Approval
Part 5 - 7 specify higher grade Category 5e, 6, 6A, 7, 7A installation-and backbone cables as well as work area and patch cables.
Part 1-1 to 4-2 specify data cables of category 3, 4 and 5, not only for installation cables and backbone cables but also for work area and patch cables
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 37
cables, but also for work area and patch cables.
Cable Standards: Classification of cables according Cenelec
EN 50288-1: Multi-element metallic cables used in analogue and digital communication and control Part 1: Generic specification
EN 50288-2-1: Multi-element metallic cables used in analogue and digital communication and control - Part 2-1: Sectional specification for screened cables characterised up to 100 MHz - Horizontal and building backbone cables
EN 50288-2-2: Multi-element metallic cables used in analogue and digital communication and control - Part 2-2: Sectionalspecification for screened cables characterized up to 100 MHz - Work area and Patch cord cables
EN 50288-3-1: Multi-element metallic cables used in analogue and digital communication and control - Part 3-1: Sectionalspecification for unscreened cables characterised up to 100 MHz - Horizontal and building backbone cables
EN 50288-3-2: Multi-element metallic cables used in analogue and digital communication and control - Part 3-2: Sectionalspecification for unscreened cables characterised up to 100 MHz - Work area and patch cord cables
EN 50288-5-1: Multi-element metallic cables used in analogue and digital communication and control - Part 5-1: Sectionalspecification for screened cables characterized up to 250 MHz - Horizontal and building backbone cablesspecification for screened cables characterized up to 250 MHz Horizontal and building backbone cables
EN 50288-5-2: Multi-element metallic cables used in analogue and digital communication and control - Part 5-2: Sectionalspecification for screened cables characterized up to 250 MHz - Work area and patch cord cables
EN 50288-6-1: Multi-element metallic cables used in analogue and digital communication and control - Part 6-1: Sectionalifi ti f d bl h t i d t 250 MH H i t l d b ildi b kb blspecification for unscreened cables characterised up to 250 MHz Horizontal and building backbone cables
EN 50288-6-2: Multi-element metallic cables used in analogue and digital communication and control - Part 6-2: Sectionalspecification for unscreened cables characterised up to 250 MHz Work area and patch cord cables
EN 50288-10-1: Multi-element metallic cables used in analogue and digital communication and control - Part 10-1: Sectionalg gspecification for cables characterised up to 500 MHz - Horizontal and building backbone cables
EN 50288-4-1: Multi-element metallic cables used in analogue and digital communication and control - Part 4-1: Sectionalspecification for screened cables characterised up to 600 MHz - Horizontal and building backbone cables
EN 50288-4-2: Multi-element metallic cables used in analogue and digital communication and control - Part 4-2: Sectional
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 38
EN 50288-4-2: Multi-element metallic cables used in analogue and digital communication and control - Part 4-2: Sectionalspecification for screened cables characterised up to 600 MHz - Work area and patch cord cables
Standards interferenceThere are cable requirements specified up to 100MHz in different standards using the terms
Category 5 and Category 5e
The cabling standards ISO/IEC11801:2002 as well as EN50173-1:2007 specify a Category 5Components, whose values are more sophisticated than the ones in the previous Category 5 (2000) orCategory 5e of the American standard ANSI/TIA/EIA 568B. Also the cable standard IEC 61156-5 usesthe term Category 5e, but it uses different requirements. The most sophisticated requirements arespecified in Category 5 from EN50173-1:2007. Due to this reason it is furthermore necessary to make
h t ifi ti t d d t d diti d t i l i ith N ith th l ttsure what specifications, standard terms and edition a product is complying with. Neither the letter"e" itself is unambiguously nor it guarantees that the requirements of EN50173-1 are met. If EN-50173-1 and the cited cable standards (Series EN 50288 2nd edition) are applied, false interpretationsare excluded.
Cl ifi ti f P t h bl di IECClassification of Patch cables according IEC
IEC 61935-2 - 2003: Generic cabling systems - Specification for the testing of balanced communicationcabling in accordance with EN 50173. Part 2: Patch cords and work area cords.
This standard provides methods to ensure compatibility of modular plug cords to be used in cablingaccording to ISO/IEC 11801 and also provides test methods and associated requirements todemonstrate the performance and reliability of these cords during their operational lifetime.
By the way: Imagine, a sports cars tires are of shopping cars style. That would save a lot of money. Butit is obvious that a cars tires must fit the engines power and suspension. This is virtually self-evident,or? But nevertheless many installers rely upon the very first patch cords – and this, after they havefamiliarized themselves with different possibilities of cabling systems, performed extensive tests andfinally selected the optimum solutions. Time to reconsideration has come.
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 39
finally selected the optimum solutions. Time to reconsideration has come.
Classification of connecting hardware according IEC, Cenelec und DKE
IEC 60603-7-2: Connectors for electronic equipment -Detail specification for 8-way, unshielded, free andfixed connectors, for data transmission withfrequencies up to 100 MHz.
IEC-PAS 60603-7-3: Connectors for electronic equipment -Detail specification for 8-way, screened, free andfixed connectors, for data transmissions withfrequencies up to 100 MHz.
IEC 60603-7-4: Connectors for electronic equipment -IEC 60603 7 4: Connectors for electronic equipment Detail specification for 8-way, unshielded, free andfixed connectors, for data transmissions withfrequencies up to 250 MHz.
DIN-IEC 60603-7-41: Connectors for electronic equipment -Detail specification for 8 way unshielded free andDetail specification for 8-way, unshielded, free andfixed connectors, for data transmissions withfrequencies up to 500 MHz.
IEC 60603-7-5: Connectors for electronic equipment -Detail specification for 8-way, shielded, free andfixed connectors, for data transmissions withfrequencies up to 250 MHz.
DIN-IEC 60603-7-51: Connectors for electronic equipment -Detail specification for 8-way, shielded, free andfi d t f d t t i i ithfixed connectors, for data transmissions withfrequencies up to 500 MHz.
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 40
Classification of connecting hardware according IEC, Cenelec und DKE
IEC 60603-7-7: Connectors for electronic equipment –Detail specification for 8-way, shielded, free and fixed connectors,for data transmission with frequencies up to 600 MHz(Category 7, backward compatible with GG-45).
DIN-IEC 60603-7-71: Connectors for electronic equipment –Detail specification for 8-way, shielded, free and fixed connectors,for data transmission with frequencies up to 1000 MHz(Category 7A, GG-45).
for 8-way, shielded free and fixed connectors fordata transmissions with frequencies up to 1000 MHz (GG-45).
GG-45 in GG-45 Mode acc. Cat7, 7A.Pins 36,45 (RJ-45) are connected toearth Pins 36 45 (GG 45) are inearth. Pins 36,45 (GG-45) are inoperation.
GG-45 in RJ-45 Mode acc. Cat6, 6A. Pins 36,45 (RJ-45) are connected with 45,78 (GG-45).
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 41
Classification of connecting hardware according IEC, Cenelec und DKE
IEC 61076-3-104: Connectors for electronic equipment –Detail specification for 8-way, shielded free and fixed connectors for datatransmissions with frequencies up to 1000 MHz (Vario Keystone / Tera).
Other category 7, 7A compatible connecting hardware
Kerpen connector EC-7 performance meets highest requirements up to 1200MHz.
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 42
Cabling Standards
Connecting cable and hardware a result in a cable link, whose qualityis determined applying cable standards like: ISO/IEC-11801
EN 50173-1DIN-EN 50173-1
The performance of cable links is divided into classes:
Class C up to 16 MHzClass D up to 100 MHzClass E up to 250 MHzClass EA up to 500 MHz DraftClass F up to 600 MHzClass FA up to 1000 MHz DraftClass FA up to 1000 MHz Draft
Only in the USA cable links are classified into "Categories“ up to 250MHz Cat.6 (500MHz Cat.6A)
(DIN) EN 50288-1(DIN) EN 50288-2-1(DIN) EN 50288-2-2(DIN) EN 50288-3-1(DIN) EN 50288-3-2
(DIN) EN 50288-1(DIN) EN 50288-2-1(DIN) EN 50288-2-2(DIN) EN 50288-3-1(DIN) EN 50288-3-2
Cable Standards
Connecting Hardware Standards
Patch Cord Standard
T d V ifi i P d
Cable Standards
Connecting Hardware Standards
Patch Cord Standard
T d V ifi i P d
(DIN) EN 50288 3 2(DIN) EN 50288-5-1(DIN) EN 50288-5-2(DIN) EN 50288-6-1(DIN) EN 50288-6-2(DIN) EN 50288 4 1
(DIN) EN 50288 3 2(DIN) EN 50288-5-1(DIN) EN 50288-5-2(DIN) EN 50288-6-1(DIN) EN 50288-6-2(DIN) EN 50288 4 1
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 45
Test – and Verification ProcedureDe-Embedded Testing
Test – and Verification ProcedureDe-Embedded Testing
(DIN) EN 50288-4-1(DIN) EN 50288-4-2(DIN) EN 50288-4-1(DIN) EN 50288-4-2
Summary and Accuracy
Category 5 Cable (100MHz)+ Category 5 Connecting Hardware (100)MHz= Class D Cabling (100MHz)
Category 6 Cable (250MHz)+ Category 6 Connecting Hardware (250MHz)= Class E Cabling (250MHz)
Category 6A Cable (500MHz)+ Category 6A Connecting Hardware (500MHz)= Class EA Cabling(500MHz)
Category 7 Cable (600MHz)+ Category 7 Connecting Hardware (600MHz)= Class F Cabling (600MHz)
Category 7A Cable (1000MHz)+ Category 7A Connecting Hardware (1000MHz)= Class FA Cabling (1000MHz)
IEC 61935-1:A12002: Specification for testing of balanced cablings:
Installed cablings and accuracy requirements for field tester.
Level IIe: Accuracy specification for Class D tester up to 100MHzLevel III: Accuracy specification for Class E tester up to 250MHzLevel IIIe: Accuracy specification for Class EA tester up to 500MHzLevel IV: Accuracy specification for Class F tester up to 600MHzLevel Ve: Accuracy specification for Class F tester up to 1GHz
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 46
Level Ve: Accuracy specification for Class FA tester up to 1GHz
Additional StandardsTIA TSB-155 10GBase-T over installed Cat 6
Supplies additional Guidelines for 4-Pair 100 OhmSupplies additional Guidelines for 4 Pair 100 OhmCategory 6 Cabling for 10G-Base-T Applicationsup to 55m of Cable. This standard contains link-specifications and test procedures for alien crosstalk.
ISO/IEC TR 24750 10GBase-T over installed Class E+FCENELEC EN 50173-99-1 10GBase-T over installed Class E+F
IEEE 802 3 10GB T C C bli A li ti t d dIEEE 802.3an 10GBase-T Copper Cabling Application standardCabling Test Parameters for Channel Performance only
Over the years Ethernet proved to be a robust protocol with increasing performance whosenumber of applications permanently increased IEEE 802 3an 10GBase T is ratified andnumber of applications permanently increased. IEEE 802-3an 10GBase-T is ratified and40GBase-T as well as 100GBase-T are being considered to be the next steps in thisevolution. Ethernet in the foreseeable future will definitely maintain its leading position inthe world of networking.Ethernet everywhereEthernet everywhere2005 Ethernet became 30 years. Since its beginning as 3 Mbit/s bus technology Ethernetdeveloped to the omnipresent topology for private networking and accounts for 80 to 90%for all company networks being the worlds widespread networking technology. Almost all
d h
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 47
internet connections start or end use Ethernet.
S t d bli d l f 10Gbit/ Eth tSupported cabling models for 10Gbit/sec EthernetExisting Cabling installation according IEEE802.3an
Channel Model Cable Length1 Class F 100m 2 Class EA UTP 55m 3 Class EA shielded 100m 3 Class EA shielded 100m 4 Class EA UTP, ANEXT-optimized 55m – 100m
• Channel Model 1, provides best performance for 10Gbit/sec Ethernet, p p /• Channel Model 2, applicable for already installed UTP-Cablings with 55m length limit• Channel Model 3, shielded S/F-TP and PIMF cable links innately are 10GBE suitable
Class E parameter are extrapolated up to 500 MHz• Channel model 4, requires ANEXT verification
Future Cablings according IEEE802.3anChannel Model Cable Length1 Class F 100m 1 Class F 100m 3 Class E shielded 100m 1 and 3 Class EA shielded 100m
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 48
Biggest Problem: 10GBE using UTP
The solution to this problem among others is found incable design:g
• Greater diameter of the cable or• Cable laying establishing spacing in between cables• or so called chaotic laying
Di it l Si l P i (DSP)Di it l Si l P i (DSP)
Ordinary laying for shielded cables
Digital Signal Processing (DSP)Digital Signal Processing (DSP)Active Echo-, NEXT– and FEXT Cancellationimprove transmission quality, so that inspite of high cable attenuations a secure
49
shielded cables
Chaotic laying for unshielded cables
spite of high cable attenuations a securetransmission is guaranteed.
Explenation:Cabling Return Loss is a measurabletransfer function that is taken intoaccount by the DSP Once known RL canaccount by the DSP. Once known, RL canbe compensated mathematically.
Remark: ANEXT cannot be "learned“ and therefore
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians
cannot be cancelled out.
Alien Crosstalk
6 disturbing Cables
1 Victim Cable
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 50
Alien Crosstalk – UTP
Cat 6 UTP-Cable do not fulfill alien crosstalk requirements
Improvement of UTP Cablings:• Length reduction of transmission link• Length reduction of transmission link• Reduction of connectors• Improvement of patch cords• Separation of data cables• Separation of connectors
if CA > 90-20 log(f) for Klasse EA and F > 50dB up to 100MHz
and
if CA > 15-20 log(f) for Klasse FA > 65dB up to 100MHz
then alien crosstalk requirement are fulfilled per design
This applies for shielded systems only
Definition: Relationship between the transmitted power through the conductors and the maximum radiated peak through the conductors and the maximum radiated peak power, conducted and generated by common mode currents.
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians
10GBE i 4 i b l d bl10GBE using 4-pair balanced cables
10 Gbit/s Ethernet IEEE 802.3an using 4x2,5Gbit/s over 100m, 4-pair balanced cables.Full duplex, simultaneous transmission andreceiving, Transmission channel with500MHz Bandwidth, DSQ-128 Transmissionencoding (Subspecies of PAM16)
Standard comparison
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De-embedded Testing, Cat-6
The topic "De-embedded Testing“ always cause head aces. In the following the attempt is made tolight up the darkness of this test procedure.
De-embedded Testing is described according to standard TIA/EIA 568-B.2-1, TIA/EIA 568-B.2-10and EC 60603-7-4 as well as IEC 60603-7-5. Target is, all connecting hardware components thatand EC 60603 7 4 as well as IEC 60603 7 5. Target is, all connecting hardware components thatmeets standard requirements, can manufacturer independently implemented, so that cablingsinstalled accordingly pass certification tests. Then in network operation with high performanceapplications no transmission problems should arise (Interoperability).
Plug 1 Plug 2 Plug 2 Plug 1
Jack A
Performance according Class EPermanent-Link Requirement fulfilled
Jack B Jack A Jack B
Performance according Class EPermanent – Link Requirementnot fulfilled
Performance according Class EPermanent – Link Requirementnot fulfilledq
Before present hardware standards became effective, link requirements were satisfied if the entirelink (Plug, jack and cable) passed the certification test. Therefore it became necessary to tune jacksand plugs to each other in order to achieve link performance. So a huge variety of differentlydesigned (Manufacturer specific) category 6 jacks and plugs were on the marked so that not everydesigned (Manufacturer specific) category 6 jacks and plugs were on the marked so that not everycategory 6 jack could be connected to every category 6 plug. So in order to overcome this problem“De-embedded” testing was invented.Since the TIA/EIA 568-B.2-10 had been released in March 2008 for 500MHz cabling systems thesame “De-embedded” testing philosophy is maintained. The component requirements however are
ot th t t o th t ISO Li k Cl E e fo e i teed
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 55
not that strong, that ISO Link Class EA performance is guaranteed.
)The Measurement Procedure (NEXT)First of all a NEXT-Measurement is performed using an unshielded Stewart plugterminated with 100 Ohm resistors. After completing the tests the resistors will bed t h ddetached.
Now a reference jack is connected to the formerly tested plug and another NEXT testis performed. The former NEXT result is subtracted from the NEXT result of theconnected components. So the NEXT value for the reference jack is gained and adefined reference jack is available provided it fulfilled the test criteriadefined reference jack is available - provided it fulfilled the test criteria.
In the following step 12 test plugs are selected out of a large number ofcommercially available plugs that precisely meet specific NEXT requirements.Therefore they are tested between 10 and 250MHz connected to the reference jack.In addition to that Return Loss requirements need to be fulfilled Following Plugs andIn addition to that Return Loss requirements need to be fulfilled. Following Plugs andtest combinations are required:
Pair 3,6—4,5 Low < 36,4-20log(f/100)Pair 3,6—4,5 Mid = (37 +/- 0,2) -20log(f/100)Pair 3,6—4,5 High < 37,6-20log(f/100)Pair 1,2—3,6 Low < 46,5-20log(f/100)Pair 1,2—3,6 High < 49,5-20log(f/100)Pair 3,6—7,8 Low < 46,5-20log(f/100)Pair 3,6—7,8 High < 49,5-20log(f/100)Pair 1,2—4,5 Low < 57-20log(f/100)P i 1 2 4 5 Hi h < 70 20l (f/100)Pair 1,2—4,5 High < 70-20log(f/100)Pair 4,5—7,8 Low < 57-20log(f/100)Pair 4,5—7,8 High < 70-20log(f/100)Pair 1,2—7,8 Low < 60-20log(f/100)
These values are gained using the test pyramid.
Using the selected test plugs connecting hardware of differentmanufacturers cat be certified to be category 6 compliant. In casea jack meets the requirements applying these test plugs, it willreceive the certificate Category 6 compliant according TIA/EIA-
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 56
In addition to that in a similar way 6 test plugsrespectively test combinations are found forFEXT.
568-B.2-1 respectively IEC-60603-7-4 or 5. If it meets therequirement of the TIA/EIA 568-B.2-10 standard it will beCategory 6A compliant.
Wi i S hWiring SchemesTIA-568A TIA-568B
Both Wirings are allowed. No alternative provides better or worse performance than the other. Guidelines inthe installation manuals apply usually to both schemes.
EIA T568A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Crossover Wiring
EIA T568B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 57
Pin-Out for different Services
Telephone analogA B
Data Cables in modern Communications
TP-PMDR1‘ R3‘L1‘ L3‘
C2‘ G2‘
Wire 1Tx+ Tx- Rx+ Rx-
G1‘C1‘
Wire 1
Wire 2ISDN
2a 1a 1b 2b
R2‘ R4‘L2‘ L4‘C3‘ G3‘
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
In order to meet the requirements of modern networks, it isnecessary to install specific types in a prescribed way. Thath t l b A f bli
Tx+ Tx- R+ Rx-
Ethernet 10/100BaseT has not always been so. A few years ago a cablinginfrastructure was adapted to the required service. Settingup an Ethernet network 50 Ohms coaxial cables wereinstalled. In contrast to that Token Ring networks wereinstalled using IBM Type 1 150 Ohms cables. This was quiteoften the reason for different cables in one premise
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 58
often the reason for different cables in one premise.
D t C bl i d C i tiOther types of cablings, like broadband or 3270 have their special relevance, that makes it difficult applyingmodern electronic transmission equipment. Nevertheless also a 100 Ohms twisted pair cabling designed forlow data rates belong to the residual waste that does not allow for undisturbed use of up to date transmission
Data Cables in modern Communications
low data rates belong to the residual waste, that does not allow for undisturbed use of up to date transmissiontechnology.Data cables had been improved a lot over the last years. While formerly mainly coax cables were used todaypredominately balanced cables are the matter of interest.A cable is a device that is intended to transmit data It is made up of one ore more conductors that areA cable is a device that is intended to transmit data. It is made up of one ore more conductors, that areseparated from each other by an insulation material. A cable sheath keeps everything together. Depending onthe arrangement coaxial or balanced cables are defined. A coaxial cable is consisting of a center conductorsurrounded by an insulating material and a concentric outer conductor and optional protective covering, all ofcircular cross-section.
Twisted Pair CableA Twisted-Pair-Cable is a cable containing multiple pairs of copper wire in a pair wise construction whoseelectro-magnetic properties are balanced. That means it is symmetrical. A symmetric pair is made up of twowires that are twisted together creating a relative immunity against electro magnetic fields if operated ind ff l l d b l d bl l k l bl h k l fdifferential signal mode. In contrast to unbalanced cables like coaxial cables they work potential referencefree. The advantage is, that this stranding cancels out interference of disturbing signals, because any noisewill be picked up on both conductors by the same amount.
There are shielded STP and unshielded UTP types around. High performance cables are of SFTP-Type. Theyp g p yppairs are enclosed in a sheath of aluminum foil and the whole construction is surrounded by a shieldedbraiding. It's used in wiring systems in buildings or other environments where heavy noise adjacent to thewire might cause interference. The foil provides insulation against high frequencies whereas the braid isblocking off low frequencies.
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 59
D t C bl i d C i tiIn networks the conductors of a pair carry opposite signals, that means they have inverse polarity. Soideally signal voltages in the wires add up to zero volts. This property is called common mode rejection.The parameter is defined by the cable standards and is called LCL => Longitudinal Conversion Loss.
Data Cables in modern Communications
The parameter is defined by the cable standards and is called LCL > Longitudinal Conversion Loss.
Data transmission that does not create a potential difference to the ground reference level carry adifferential wave. In contrast to coax cables these balanced cables do not use the ground reference levelwhile transmitting data. This makes symmetrical (balanced) cables immune against electro-magneticradiation from the environment. A uniform symmetrical construction with little tolerances in impedance,inductance and capacitance guarantees for homogeneity alongside the cable.Stranding of Twisted Pair CablesTwo wires are twisted to a pair and four pairs are stranded to make a cable. Because the mutual impact ofthe stranded pairs due to their electro-magnetic fields is proportional to the area between the conductors,pairs are stranded with different twist lengths. This prevents parallel progression of the twisted pairs. Fourdifferent stranding factors are realized in one cable (Staggered Twisting). The wires occupy differentpositions relative to each other in the cables. This applies in particular to UTP cables.
Field distribution in STP Cablei UTP C blin UTP Cable
E = electrical fieldH = magnetic field
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 60
Cl ifi ti f T i t d P i C blClassification of Twisted Pair Cables
ISO/IEC FormerDesignation
F / UTP FTP Shielded pair stranded data cable with overall braid
SF / UTP S- FTP Pair foil shielded, pair strandeddata cable with overall braid.
S / UTP S - UTP Pair stranded data cable with overall braid
S / FTP S - FTP Pair stranded data cable with pair foil shield and overall braid
U / UTP UTP Pair stranded unshielded Data cable.
S / FTQ S FTQ Quad cable overall braid and foil shield for the quad (Four S / FTQ S - FTQ Quad cable overall braid and foil shield for the quad (Four wire stranding).
PiMF = Pairs in Metal Foil
* Braid provides low frequency protection* Foils provides high frequency protection
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 61
P ti f hi ldProperties of shieldsProperties Foil laminated
Polyester Copper Braid Combination of both
Combination of both, double realisation
Capacitive or electrical influence through low
frequency signalsvery good good excellent excellent
Capacitive or electrical influence through high good good very good excellentinfluence through high
frequency signalsgood good very good excellent
Inductive or magnetic influence through low
frequency signalssufficient sufficient good very good
Inductive or magnetic influence through high
frequency signalsfair fair very good excellent
Electro-magnetic influence fair fair good excellentElectro-magnetic influence fair fair good excellent
Flexibility very good very good good good
Weight very low very low medium very good
Costs very small Very small medium very high
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Twisted Pair Cables
F/UTP
Foil/Unshielded Twisted PairOverall foil shield, no pairshield
Screened Foil UnshieldedTwisted PairOverall braid and foil shield, no pair shield
S / FTP
Screened Foil Twisted PairOverall braid shield and foiled pair shield
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians
Twisted Pair Cables
U / UTPUnshielded Twisted Pair no overall shieldno overall shield,no pair shield
S / FTQ Quad
Screened Foil Quad PairOverall braid and foil per quad strandingq g
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 65
Consolidation Point and Cross ConnectAccording TIA/EIA 568-B.2-1, ISO/IEC-11801 and (DIN) EN-50173-1 it is possible to implement additional interconnection within a link (Consolidation Point and Cross connect).
Implementing a structure like that is useful in areas in which a room or office must be subdivided into sections. Here itmakes sense to locate the Consolidation Points on false floors. From there CP-cables can be installed using theflexibility of Consolidation Points to support the wall outlets or floor boxes. This reduces costly cable laying labor.flexibility of Consolidation Points to support the wall outlets or floor boxes. This reduces costly cable laying labor.
Consolidation Points are stationary Points in a floor wiring. They are used frequently in open office cablings andconstitute a core element of stationary cabling systems, that serve as a link to the telecommunication outlet. Theyserve as additional link between patch panel and wall- or floor box outlet and offer a greater flexibility in theadministration of floor wirings by the administrator. Between telecommunication outlet and floor distributor only oneCP is allowed It consists of passive connecting hardware only Using CPs to interconnect two floor distributors is notCP is allowed. It consists of passive connecting hardware only. Using CPs to interconnect two floor distributors is notallowed.
In case a Consolidation Point system is used following recommendation should be regarded:• Every work group is supported by at least one CP.• One CP serves 12 work stations (one work station should have access to at least two ports) TIA/EIA 568-B 2-1• One CP serves 12 work stations (one work station should have access to at least two ports) TIA/EIA 568-B.2-1.
ISO/IEC-11801 and (DIN) EN-50173-1 and do not allow cable sharing.• The CP should be positioned in invariable locations like under floor systems or false ceilings.• The cable length between Floor distributor and CP must be at least 15m.• The CP is part of the documentation.
A certification test of a horizontal wiring containing a Consolidation Point is done applying Permanent Link test limits. According to Standards it is a 3 Connector Permanent Link.
Cross Connect: This is an additional connection at the floor distributor. Normally it serves the purpose to inhibitpatching from system hardware to the floor distributor. Access only by the network admin. Therefore another cabinetcontaining patch panel is erected The Cross Connect cables are patch cords with RJ45 plugs on the one end and acontaining patch panel is erected. The Cross Connect cables are patch cords with RJ45 plugs on the one end and aRJ45 jack on the other. They connect the administrators cabinet with the users cabinet.
A certification test of a horizontal wiring containing a Cross Connect is done applying Channel testlimits. According to standards it is a 3 Connector Channel. A combination of a link containing both aConsolidation Point and a Cross connect is a 4 Connector Channel according standard definition.
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 66
Note: Testers do not have specific 3 or 4 connector test limits. Tests are performed applying the normal2 connector Channel or Permanent Link limits.
Consolidation Point
Cross-Connect
LEONI KERPEN Training Booklet for Technicians 67
C C t d C lid ti P i tCross-Connect and Consolidation Point