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Energy and

Society

Physics 20051 Society Technology and Values 20304

Professor Ani Aprahamian

Announcements:Lecture

HomeworkResearch Projects

Website for lectures and Notes

http://isnap.nd.edu/html/academics_lecture.html

http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6228923n&tag=related;photovideo

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Energy and SocietyPhysics 20051 and Science Technology Values 20304

Projects:

•Moral and Ethical Issues of ConsumptionSam Carlson (Theology, Politics)Alyssa Dammann (SCPP)Michael Schulz (Business)•National Security of garnering the necessary energy resources (fossil fuels, other)David Acton (Business)Andrew McDonough (political science)Linh Ngoc Hoang (SCPP)•Political and Geopolitical Instabilities associated with Energy requirementsClimate change impacts: What are they? What are the potential outcomes?Gabriel DeVela (Science)Mary Hendrie (govt. action,policy, Chinese)Matt Povlock (Business)•Science for a Secure and Sustainable Energy FutureWhat technologies and scientific discoveries await us? What do they cost?Mary Crofton (Business)Colleen Dawes (ENG)Eric Secviar (PLS)•Reducing Greenhouse Gases, Is it possible? ConservationMeredith Durant (marketing)David Smolens (Business/economics)Jonathan Zurcher (SCPP, STV)•Cooling the Earth?Nick Mancinelli (Physics)Caroline Lennon (Sociology)Wes McGinnis (Business)•Efficiency: Electricity Transmission and Distribution? The GRIDJeffrey Steimle (Bio)Courtney Villa (History)Anne DeMott (AL)•Efficiency: Appliances, Automobiles, ArchitectureRoberto Sagramoso Haley (Mgmt. Business)Mary Crofton (Business)Andrew Ea (SCPP)

Homework: Chapter 1 problems due Thursday Sept. 2Chapter 2 problems due Thursday Sept. 9Chapter 3 problems due Thursday Sept. 16Chapter 4 problems due Tuesday Sept. 21Tuesday September 21: Exam PreparationExamination in class Thursday September 23

Research Projects: Would like to see a written outline by the group two weeks in advance of presentation date.

Each person prepares his/her presentation …

Each person evaluated by class…should avoid overlap

Each student expected to participate, ask questions, discuss

Paper written together….

Energy from The Fossil Fuels: Chapter 2

Goethe: “Energy will do anything that can be done in the world”

World

Nuclear power

6%Hydropower, geothermal,

solar, wind

7%

Natural

Gas

12%

Biomass

11%

Oil

32%

Coal

21%

How long will they last?Why are we using so much oil?

Year

Oil e

qu

ivale

nt

(millio

ns o

f m

etr

ic t

on

s)

Oil

Coal

Natural gas

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

3,500

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0

Global consumption of fossil fuels

Use of oil continues to climb by 1% per year because:low price (bolstered by huge government subsidies)ease of use as a motor vehicle fuel

~2% increase/yr(cleanest and leastclimate disturbingfuel)

Although low prices have stimulated economic growth, they have discouraged:

1) improvements in energy efficiency

2) increased use of renewableenergy resources

De

cre

asin

g c

ost o

f e

xtr

actio

n

Existence

Decreasing certainty Known

Other

resources

Reserves

Undiscovered Identified

No

t e

co

no

mic

al

Eco

no

mic

al

Reserves and Resources; Definitions:

Proven reserves: reasonably certain of being produced from known reservoirs under existing economictechnological conditions.

Indicated reserves: can be recovered from knownfields using improved recoverytechniques

Inferred reserves: deposits expected in identifiedfields but not yet measured.

Reserves: Resources well known through geologic explorations and are recoverable at current prices and current technology

We know that the world’s supplies are eventually expected todecline gradually when:

affordable supplies of oil decrease as demand exceeds production and prices increases of

other energy resources become economicallyacceptable.

Oil

How big are the world’s oil supplies? How long will they last?

There are many theories but nobody knows for sure.

Behavioristic approach: history of oil production extrapolated into future to estimate amount left.

Important questions:

Answer:

How can we find out?

Everything depends onSupply and Demand

Hubbert predicted in 1956 that US oil productionwould peak between 1966 and 1971. It peaked in1970.

By the year 2050 the production of oil fromworld resources willbe at 10% of present level

Opponents: we do not knowyet how technology will advance and how much oil is not discovered yet.

Behavioristic approach

C.A. Hall and C.J ClevelandHow many barrels of oil is needed to produce a newbarrel of oil?

When it cost 1 barrel of oil to find a new barrel of oilthe oil production has to stop. This should happen ~ 2011.

New discoveries?Most petroleum geologist are not optimistic.

Technical advancements?

Other predictions

How about:

Oil prices?On the average ~ 35-45% of oil is taken from oil deposits. The remaining heavy crude oil is toodifficult and to expensive to recover. With oil prices going up it may become economical to remove ~ 25 %of the remaining deposits.

Estimates?Identified global reserves should last about 20-40years. Undiscovered oil that is thought to exist may add another 20-40 years (probably at higher prices).

60

50

30

20

10

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year

40

2020

History Projections

0

History Projections

Netimport

US imports ~50% of the oil it uses:23% from Persian Golf:

(14% SA, 7% Iraq, 3% Kuwait)15% from Canada12% from Mexico13% from Venezuela

7% from Nigeria

Why?

Monthly Oil Imports Barrels of Oil Imported by the U.S.362 million in June 2010

% Imported from Foreign Countries62%in June 2010

Money Sent Overseas$27.3 Billion in June 2010

http://www.pickensplan.com/oilimports/

US has only 2% of the world’s oil reserves

World Reserves of Oil

World Oil Use

but it uses about 26% of the oil extracted worldwide each year.

Who has oil?

Passenger vehicles consume about 80%of our imports.

Substitution isdifficult

Where does this oil go?

Who has the world’s oil supplies?

Country Production Estimated proven reserves Number of( x 10 3 bbl/day) ( x 10 6 bbl) producing wells

Former USSR 11,500 57,000 145,000U.S 7,200 26,177 603,000Saudi Arabia 6,215 257,504 858Iran 3,120 92,850 361China 2,755 24,000 43,700Mexico 2,633 51,983 4,740Venezuela 2,118 59,040 12,752Iraq 2,083 100,000 820United Kingdom 1,860 3,825 762Nigeria 1,808 17,100 1,432

US is the second largest oil producer.# of wells in US is very large comparing to Saudi Arabia.(oil fields in US are very mature and production is very small)

In the United States, most of the oil production (roughly 70%) is concentrated today inonly five states.

energy

TEXAS

LOUISIANA

MISSISSIPPI

ALABAMA GEORGIA

FLORIDA

GULF OF MEXICOActive drilling sites

Offshore drilling for oil accounts for about 26% of US oil production. About 93% of this oil comes from the Gulf of Mexico.

International transport of oil is a big business;Potential increase of environmental problems.

Example:Exxon Valdez spill, on Good Friday in 1989near Prince William Sound. A quarter of a million barrelsof oil spilled.

Example:Oil Spill in the Gulf 20104.9 million barrels of oil spilled

What is petroleum?

A mixture of: crude oil, natural gas, and heavyasphaltic semisolids.

Complex mixture of hydrocarbons (compounds containing only) hydrogen and carbon.

Originates from the decay of organic materials(plants and marine life)

Typical petroleum trap

Mined coal

Pipeline

Pump

Oil well

Gas well

Oil storage

CoalOil and Natural Gas Geothermal Energy

Hot water

storageContour

strip mining

PipelineDrilling

tower

Magma

Hot rock

Natural gas

Oil

Impervious rock

Water Water

Oil drilling

platform

on legs

Floating oil drilling

platform

Valves

Underground

coal mineWater is heated

and brought up

as dry steam or

wet steam

Water

penetrates

down

through

the

rock

Area strip

mining

Geothermal

power plant

Coal seam

.

The principal products of an oil refinery:

gasoline (fuel for spark-ignition engines)

diesel fuel (fuel for compression-ignition enginesalso called diesel engines)

kerosene (fuel for jet engines)

fuel oils (fuel for industrial and residential furnaces)

Diesel oil

Asphalt

Greaseand wax

Naphtha

Heating oil

Aviation fuel

Gasoline (45%

of refinery

output)

Gases

Furnace

Heated

crude oil

Refining process

A very small remaining fractionis used to produce chemicals, which are the basis for the socalled petrochemical industry; (pharmaceuticals, cosmetics,plastics, detergents, textiles etc.)

Distillationcolumn.

Low land use

Easily transported

within and

between countries

High net

energy yield

Low cost (with

huge subsidies)

Advantages

Air pollution

when burned

Artificially low

price encourages

waste and

discourages

search for

alternatives

Need to find

substitute within

50 years

Disadvantages

Natural Gas

What is natural gas?It is a mixture of light hydrocarbons

(~ 85% methane and ~ 15% ethane), some propane,butane and highly toxic hydrogen sulfide.

It is formed from decayed organic material.Associated gas lies above most reservoirs of crude oil.Non-associated gas is found by itself in other

underground sources (usually more costly to recover) .

Why is the gas consumption growing?

Relatively clean

Relatively cheap

Relatively easy to transport through pipelines

Natural gas can be converted to liquid( LNG; liquefied natural gas) at very low temperatures (-300F). Then it can be shipped over long distances. It takes up only 1/600 of the volume of room temperature gas. Libya, Algeria, Nigeria, Venezuela are possible sources of natural gas that way.

How about an overseas transport?

What are the uses of natural gas?

Natural gas can be used to produce electricity.

More efficient than burning coal, oil,or using nuclear power.

Produce much less CO2 and smog causingnitrogen oxides

Gas-fired electrical- generating units canbe small (apartments or office building)

Who has the world’s natural gas supplies?

Russia and Kazakhstan 42% of world’s reservesIran 15%Qatar 5%Saudi Arabia 4%US, Nigeria and Venezuela 3%(each)

.

Advantages Disadvantages

Good fuel for

fuel cells and

gas turbines

Easily transported

by pipeline

Less air pollution

than other

fossil fuels

Low cost (with

huge subsidies)

High net energy

yield

Ample supplies

(125 ? years)

Sometimes

burned off and

wasted at wells

because of low

price

Shipped across

ocean as highly

explosive LNG

Releases CO2

when burned

Nonrenewable

resource

Coal

Where are the largest supplies?

US has about ¼ of total reserves.

World recoverable reserves of coal

Twice as much of our energy consumptioncomes from oil as from coal.

Why?

Transportation

US oil consumption

90% of coal used today is used to produce electricity.52% of U.S electricity comes from coal.

Coal contribution to total energy consumption ~ 18%

Increasing moisture content

Increasing heat and carbon content

Peat

(not a coal)

Lignite

(brown coal)

Bituminous Coal

(soft coal)

Anthracite

(hard coal)

Heat

Pressure Pressure Pressure

Heat Heat

Partially decayed

plant matter in swamps

and bogs; low heat

content

Low heat content;

low sulfur content;

limited supplies in

most areas

Extensively used

as a fuel because

of its high heat content

and large supplies;

normally has a

high sulfur content

Highly desirable fuel

because of its high

heat content and

low sulfur content;

supplies are limited

in most areas

Increasing heat and carbon content

What is coal?

Subbituminous:Low sulfur contentLow mining cost

Rank Carbon % Energy content (Btu/lb)Lignite 30 5000- 7000Subbituminous 40 8000- 10000Biumonous 50-70 11,000- 15,000Anthracite 90 14,000

Mined coal

Pipeline

Pump

Oil well

Gas well

Oil storage

CoalOil and Natural Gas Geothermal Energy

Hot water

storageContour

strip mining

PipelineDrilling

tower

Magma

Hot rock

Natural gas

Oil

Impervious rock

Water Water

Oil drilling

platform

on legs

Floating oil drilling

platform

Valves

Underground

coal mineWater is heated

and brought up

as dry steam or

wet steam

Water

penetrates

down

through

the

rock

Area strip

mining

Geothermal

power plant

Coal seam

Contour Strip Mining

About 60% of the coal produced today is by strip mining

Dragline used in strip mine

Strip mining:Relatively cheepSafeHigh output

Environmental problems:Disturbance to the landUpset local water supply and drainage systemsAcid (H2SO4)

Underground Coal Mine

Room-and-pillar

Advantages Disadvantages

Low cost (with

huge subsidies)

High net energy

yield

Ample supplies

(225–900 years)

severe threat to

human health

severe land

disturbance, air

and water pollution

Very high

environmental

impact:

Mining and

combustion

technology

well-developed

Air pollution can

be reduced with

improved

technology (but

adds to cost)

Each year in US air pollutants fromcoal burning:

kill 65,000 – 200,000 peoplecauses ~ 50,000 cases of respiratory

diseaseresults in several billion $ of property

damage

Fossil Fuels we discussed…..

Petroleum/Oil

Natural Gas

Coal

Shale

Tar sand

What is the order of CO2 emissions?

Future sources of oil

Oil shale

Oil shale is an organic solid combustible compound called kerogen trapped in a rock. Heating the rock produces shale oil.

Bad news:Most deposits are of such a low grade that it takes moreenergy and money to mine and convert the kerogen to crude oil than the resulting fuel is worth.

Good news:Estimated potential global supplies are about 240 times larger than estimated global supplies of conventional oil.

Tar sand (or oil sand)It is a mixture of clay, sand, water and a combustible organic material called bitumen (a thick and heavyoil with a high sulfur content).

Raw coal or Biomass

Pulverizer

Air or

oxygen

Steam

Pulverized coal

Slag removal

Recycle unreacted

carbon (char)

Raw gases Clean

methane

gas

Recover

sulfur

Methane

(natural gas)

2C

Coal

+ O2 2CO

CO + 3H2 CH4 + H2O

Remove dust,

tar, water, sulfur

Coal gasification

Synthetic natural gas (SNG)

OilCRS offers a more accurate reflection of America's substantial oil resources. While America is often depicted as possessing just 2 or 3 percent of the world's oil-a figure which narrowly relies on America's proven reserves of just 21 billion barrels-CRS has compiled US government estimates which show that America is endowed with 167 billion barrels of recoverable oil. This is the equivalent of replacing America's current imports from OPEC for more than 75 years.

Natural GasFurther, CRS notes the 2009 assessment from the Potential Gas Committee, which estimates America's future supply of natural gas is 2,047 TCF-an increase of more than 25 percent just since the Committee's 2006 estimate. At today's rate of use, roughly 90 percent of which is produced domestically, this is enough natural gas to meet American demand for nearly 90 years.

CoalThe report also shows that America is number one in coal resources, accounting for more than 28 percent of the world's coal. Russia, China, and India are in a distant 2

nd, 3

rd, and 5

th, respectively.

CRS: AMERICA'S COMBINED ENERGY RESOURCES LARGEST ON EARTHInhofe, Murkowski Release Memo Showing U.S. Is World Leader in Conventional Fuels

October 23, 2009

You are in:Reports > Congressional Research Service Reports (CRS) and Issue Briefs > -- By Topic > Energy

http://fpc.state.gov/c20420.htm

-01/19/10 Displacing Coal with Generation from Existing Natural Gas-Fired Power Plants

-06/28/10 The 2010 Oil Spill: Criminal Liability Under Wildlife Laws [162 Kb]

-01/05/09 Biofuels Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs

Over 300 reports on Energy…2005-2010…….

Example:

Bacterial colony starts growing in a jar at about 11:00 am. The size of the doubles each minute, and the jar is full at 12:00 noon. AT what time was the jar 1/8 full?

Example: The Energy Content of the recoverable conventional fossil fuels

Remaining in the US are in the ratio of approximately ---------/-----------/-------------For petroleum/natural gas/coal

Energy Conversions:Petroleum 6.12 x109 Joules/barrel 5.80 x106 Btu/barrelNatural Gas 1.09x109 Joules/1000 cubic feet 1.03x106 Btu/1000cubic feetCoal 2.81x1010 Joules/1 ton 2.66x107 Btu/ton

Recoverable amount of petroleum in US (Table 2.9)Oil…. 134 billion barrelsNatural Gas……. 871 trillion cubic feetCoal…………… 275x109 ton

Billion = 109

Trillion = 1012

Oil: 134 x109 barrels (5.8x106 Btu/barrel)= 7.85 x 1017 BtuNatural Gas: 871x1012 cubic feet (1.03x103Btu/cubic feet)= 8.97 x1017 BtuCoal: 275x109 ton ( 2.66x107 Btu/ton)=7.31 x 1018 Btu

Ratio is approximate 1: 1.1: 9

Example: If your home requires 1 million Btu of heat energy from the furnace on a cold winter day, what is the cost in dollars to heat the house with natural gas, Assuming a 60% furnace efficiency.

IN order to have 1 million to heat the house..you need to burn

1 million Btu 60%? 100%

1.6 million Btu

Natural Gas…………..1.03x106 Btu/1000cubic feet

Pg. 43 price of natural gas $13.28 dollars/1000ft3

2008 12.24 12.58 13.13 14.49 16.31 18.82 20.68 20.08 18.36 15.49 13.82 12.84

2009 12.39 12.15 11.83 11.56 12.50 13.83 14.83 15.14 14.34 11.62 11.25 10.31

2010 10.48 10.58 10.86 11.78 12.73 14.24

1.6 million Btu/(1.03 million Btu/1000 ft3)=1.55 (1000ft3)

1.55 x $13.28= $20.58

How are we going to do this?

Part I: InstructorEnergy Fundamentals Fossil Fuels Renewable Energy Resources

(Wind, Solar, Geothermal, BioMass) Nuclear Energy Energy Conservation Transportation Architecture (Residential and Industrial), Global Effects

Energy and Society

How are we going to do this?

Part II: Class

Energy and Society

1. Moral and Ethical Issues of Consumption2. National Security of garnering the necessary energy resources (fossil fuels, other)3. Political and Geopolitical Instabilities associated with Energy requirements4. Financial Considerations of energy transitions (wood to fossil fuels to other resources)5. Science for a Secure and Sustainable Energy Future6. How to address the challenges of Energy in the US?

• Energy Independence. • Environmental Sustainability. • Economic Opportunity.

7. Reducing Greenhouse Gases, Is it possible?8. Cooling the Earth?9. Efficiency: Electricity Transmission and Distribution? The GRID10. Efficiency: Appliances, Automobiles, Architecture11. Alternative Energy Resources (risks, benefits, costs)