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This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg)Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
Energy scenario and perspectives in SAARCcountries : case study of Bangladesh
Rafidul Islam Khan
1988
Rafidul Islam Khan. (1988). Energy scenario and perspectives in SAARC countries ‑ casestudy of Bangladesh. In Economic perspectives of SAARC : Dacca, Bangladesh, 19‑24November 1988. Singapore: Asian Mass Communication Research and Information Centre.
https://hdl.handle.net/10356/90759
Downloaded on 23 Dec 2021 14:43:45 SGT
Energy Scenario And Perspectives In SAARC Countries Case Study Of Bangladesh
By
Rafidul Islam Khan
Paper No.12
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SEMINAR ON ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES OF SAARC DHAKA, NOVEMBER 19-21]., 1988
SPONSORED BY PRESS INSTITUTE OF BANGLADESH
\ND .-XIAN MASS COMMUNICATION RESEARCH AND INFORMATION CENTRE. SINGAPORE
•17
ENERGY SCENARIO AND PERESPECTIVES IN SAARS COUNTRIES - A CASE STUDY OF
BANGLADESH
BY RAFIDUL ISLAM KHAN
JOINT CHIEF PLANNING COMMISSION
THE 21 NOVEMBER, 1988 DHAKA,BANGLADESH
TL\3 v i e v s e x p r e s s e d i n t h i s p a p e r a r e t h o s e of t h e a u t h o r , a n d do n o t n e c e s s a r i l y r e f l e c t t h e v i e w s of P l a n n i n g Commiss ion .
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60NTENTS
INTRODUCTION
1, ENERGY SCENARIO IN BANGLADESH
1.1 General
1.2 Commercial Energy Si tuat ion
1.3 T rad i t i ona l Energy Si tua t ion
2 , ENERGY INSTITUTIONS IN BANGLADESH
3 , ENERGY RESOURCES IN BANGLADESH
3.1 Commercial Energy Resources
3.2 T r a d i t i o n a l Energy Resources
3 . 3 N o n - C o n v e n t i o n a l / A l t e r n a t i v e E n e r g y
R e s o u r c e s
2+c ENERGY DEMAND SUPPLY SITUATION IN 2000 AD,
ij.,1 C o m m e r c i a l E n e r g y Demand S i t u a t i o n
it-c.2 C o m m e r c i a l Ene rgy Supp ly S i t u a t i o n
I(-.3 T r a d i t i o n a l Ene rgy Demand-Supply S i t u a t i o n
? e ENERGY POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY
5o1 G e n e r a l 5<»2 E n e r g y P o l i c y and Development S t r a t e g y
>c SUCCESS AND FAILURE IN ENERGY SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
6.1 Success
6 . 2 F a i l u r e
\, SOME ASPECTS OF ENERGY SITUATION IN SAARC COUNTRIES
, 1 7 .1 G e n e r a l 7.2 Uncommon Aspects
7.3 Common Aspects
r REGIONAL CO-OPERATION
c ROLE OF JOURNALISTS
„ CONCLUSIONS
, REFERENCES
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LIST OF TABLES
Relationship between p r-capita commercial energy consumption and per-capita GDP of a few selected countries for the year 1986
Primary commercial energy consumption pattern in Bangladesh, 197^-75 to 1987-88
Estimated traditional energy consumption in"Bangladesh in 1987-88
Commercial energy consumption pattern (fuel-wise and sector-wise) in Bangladesh in 1987-83
Energy Import cost as percentage of march-andide export earnings
Commercial energy resources in SAARC countries
A few energy and energy-related parameters in SAARC countries
Dependence on domestic commercial energy, non-commercial energy and imported energy (in percentage) in SAARC countries
Share of various type of commercial energy in the consumption of commercial energy * i:Z x in South Asia
Commercial energy intensity and oil intensity in a few selected countries for the year 1983 using index of 1970-100
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Energy is a vital input for socio-economic development of
a countryt It is a principal production factor in industry, agri-in domestic sector for
culture and services. It serves as a key consumer good/cooking
and lighting and influences the external sector by its importance
as an export-import commodity. The economic growth and balanced
socio-economic development are, therefore, closely related to the
quantum of energy consumption in a country. The more or less dire-
cc relationship between per capita GNP of a country end its per-
capita commercial energy consumption is a testimony to the above
statement (Table-l). The importance of energy as a factor of deve
lopment is further evidenced when we see how the 'Oil Crises' of
1970s paralyzed the economic activities of the oil-importing coun
tries leading to large scale inflation, recession, unemployment
and trade ,' ap, although oil constitutes only one of the major
sources of energy supplies.
Bangladesh, a country of about 110 million people thruscing
over an area of Ilili,000 Sq„ Km., is striving hard for the last
or° decade snd a half to improve its socio-economic condition,
7uL one of the major constraints that stood in its way was ina
dequate supply of commercial energy resources. The'Oil Crises'
of 1970s aggravated the situation. The disastrous effect of oil
nhocks on the economy was, however, averted by two appropriate
: nd timely government policy, namely, substitution of imported
rii by the indigenous natural f as and subsidizing oil prices in
Sorr.estjc market. The situation has, however, been improved by
tow due to declining oil prices in the international market since
I 983 and containing the quantum of oil import through increased
pse of indigenous natural gas. The share of natural gas in the
~otal commercial energy consumption increases from about 25% in
97I4--75 to over 60% in 1987-88.
Even with a commercial energy growth rate of about Q% in tie
; he last decade, the per capita commercial energy consumption is
I till very low to t.h° r.rd~r of ^0 Kg. of oil equivalent (KgOE) 21 th^ vop-" --"7 -PM. ' ^
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(ii)
The situation in respect of non-commercial/traditional
energy resources is no better than that of commercial energy.
Its per-capita availability richer decreases these years du to
population boom, on one hand, and shrinkages of forest area/re
sources on the other hand. The highly inefficient energy con *•
version technology for bio-mas^ adds to the situation.
Realizing the importance of energy in development, govern
ment of Bangladesh has attached high priority for the augmenta
tion end development of energy resources of the country includ
ing their efficient use. The allocation for energy development
has been raised in successive plan period, and is about 23% of
the total public sector outlay in Third Five Year Plan(1985-90).
The energy situation of other SAARC countries except India
is no better than that of Bangladesh. All are energy importing
countries to a varying degree. Some of these countries use over
95% traditional energy resources in total energy consumption
and some of them import 100% of their commercial energy resou
rces „ The present resources base for commercial energy is also
very -T .^ in many of these countries, although some of them
have good potentials/prospects
In this paper, I have attempted to discuss the energy si
tuation in Bangladesh, its present consumption status, resources
base, future perspectives, energy policy and development strategy
-and the success and failure in the energy area. I have also tou
ched upon the broad energy situation in SAARC countries and
rhigh-lighted the areas of co-operation and collaboration among
"them. I also underscored the role of journalist in solving
Eeriergy problems of their respective country as well as fostering
rco-operation among the SAARC countries. A conclusion has been
prawn at the end.
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1_ ENERGY SCENARIO IN BANGLADESH
1.1 General :
The economy of Bangladesh is characterized by a very low
energy use. The per-capita energy consumption hardly exceeds
i65 Kg. of oil equivalent (Kg OE) in the year 1987-88. About
30% of this energy is derived frcm commercial ccui-.J c-nd the
rest from traditional sources. According to World Bank Develop
ment Report of 1988, the per-capita commercial enc/gy consump
tion of the country was \\S KgOE, only 1l|.% of the average cons
umption of 36 low-income countries of the World (Table 1). The
•Oil Crises' of 1970s severely affected the economy of the cou
ntry and its balance of payment situation. The import bill for
oil as a percentage of merchandise export earring rose frcm 10%
in, 1972-73 to 87% in 1981-82. This however has dropped to 25%
in 1987-88 due to fall in oil price in international market
since 1983 and containing the quantum of oil importe The con
sumption oi energy in its primary form dominates the energy sce
nario, with domestic sector consuming as much as 70% of the total
fenergy. The energy system of the country is divided into two se
parate markets by the as yet unbridged Jamuna riverc The East
Zone is relatively energy rich, whereas, the Western Zone with
similar population has no developed resources of significance.
Lhile the dt-;a base and the institutional structure for dealing
«-rith commercial energy is quite developed and organized, these
L.re yet very weak for tradition: 1 energy resources. The very lov/
.evel of the energy consumption along with the greater share of
raditional :nergy indicates a highly under-developed tradition-
1 economy of the country,.
i?.„- Commer'ial Energy Situation :
i) The pe T capita primary commercial energy consumption in
1937-81) in about 50 KgOE. About 63% of this energy is
supplied by indigenous natural gas, 32% from imported
oil an«. the rest from hydel power and imported coal
(Table ';). The average growth rate of commercial energy
I is aboi ! 8% in the last decade.-The sector-wise commercial
energy .consumption pattern is shown in Table -• l\.c
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. 2
ii) The consumption of natural gas in the year 1987-88 is
about l\. Billion Cubic metre which is equivalent to 3.k
million tons of oil.
iii) The import of crude oil and oil-products in 1987-88. is
about, 1.8 million tons, i nd this takes a^ay about 25>% of
the export earning. The POL consumption in 1987-88 is
about 1.7 million tons of which the share of diesel and
kerosine is "r'ver 60%.
iv) The per capita scondary energy i.e. electricity genera
tion is also very low to the tune of 60 KWh in 1987-88.
The total generation capacity is 1600 MW in 1987-88 of
which only 20% is located in the Western Zone, The power
plants in the Eastern Zone is based on natural gas (exc
ept small hydro-power) and those in the Western Zone is
based on imported oil. The share of electricity in the
total commercial energy is about 30%.
v) An East-West Electric Interconnector to transfer gas-
base i electricity from the East Zone to the West Zone has
been in operation since ',982. The present transmission
line of 132 KV is being upgraded to 230 KV line so as to
enable transfer of about 500 MW of electricity.
vi) The operational efficiency of the power system is not
satisfactory with a high system loss of about 35>-^0%.
It is assumed that 50% of this loss is due to pilferage
or thoft.
vii) The country has only one refinary at Chittagong, with
a designed capacity of 1.5 million tons. However, its
production pattern compared with product demand has con
sistently shown a shortage of mid-distillate (Kerosine/
diese ) and surplus of naptha and fuel oil.
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viii) The price of commercial energy is reviewed and fixed by
the government taking into consideration of both commer
cial and social aspects. Differential pricing system for
different categories of consumers and for different fuels
is in practice. At present the prices of natural gas and
electricity are lower than their economic prices, whereas
prices for oil products are higher than their border pri»,
ces.
ix) As on June 30, 1988 a total of 3,35,000 gas connections
and 13,61].,000 electricity connections were given to the
consumers.
1.3 Traditional Energy Situation :
i) Abou: 70% of the total energy is supplied from traditional
energy resources, and 85% of the population living in
rural, areas are more or less entirely dependent on it.
Only a small amount of Kerosine is used by them for lig
hting. Table-3 shows the consumption and composition of
traditional energy supplies in 1987-88,
ii) As mo.it part (about 70%) of the traditional energy reso
urces are by-product of agricultural development rather
than that of energy planning, their supply is always vul
nerable to natural calamities like flood and drought, &
hence rery uncertain.
ii) The growth rate of traditional energy supplies is more
or lee s stagnant. The forest area which cover about 1l+%
of the landmass is shrinking due to population boom. The
felling rate of trees execeeds their regeneration rate.
This has resulted ecological imbalance in some part of
the cc?.ntry.
Liv) The pi .'sent energy conversion technologies particularly
the cc;king stove, are highly inefficient resulting in
under- tilization of the scarce resources.
b
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and completion a number of feasibility and other studies for
assessment and efficient development of energy resources.
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5.2 Energy Policy and Development Strategy :
The short and long-term energy policy and stretegy of the
government are as follows :
i) To make available increased quantum of energy particularly
the commercial energy at a reasonable cost to the people.
ii) To reduce dependence on imported oil through increased
development of indigenous natural gas.
iii) To intensify exploration activities for the augmentation
of hydrocarbon as well as solid energy minerals, and in
volve private sector/multinational oil companies through
production sharing contract (PSC).
iv) To aacimise the use of natural gas for power generation
and develop power system according to least cost expan
sion programmes.
v)To rec.ove regional imbalances in energy consumption by
transfering low-cost gas-based electricity of the East
Zone to the West Zone through Electrical Inter-connectors
as well as taking gas through pipeline.
vi) To ensure efficient use of natural gas and electricity and
reduce system loss in Power.
vii) To intei sify extension of power supply to rural areas.
viii) T0 gradually raise the gas price and power tariff to their
economi^ price level for their efficient and economic use and
and for generation of sufficient revenue for re-investment
keeping in mind the social considerations.
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ix) To augment the bio-mass resources through social fores
try and other afforestation programme.
x) To develop appropriate cost-effective technology for
efficient uses of bio-mass, harnessing new renewable
energy resources and alternative energy resources.
xi) To reorganize and strengthen existing energy related
organizations for proper planning, timely execution and
efficient operation and maintenance of projects.
xii) To develop appropriate manpower through proper education
and training and reduce dependence on expatriate experts
and consultants.
xiii) "o undertake prompt measures for the development of
Barapukuria coal and study the feasibility of develop
ing peat domestic and industrial uses.
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6. SUCCESS AND FALLURE IN ENERGY SECTOR
6.1 Success :
i) Substitution of Imported Oil : Through increased use of
natural gas, it has been possible to contain the oil im
port at the level of around 1.6 million tons during last
decade. The share if natural gas in the total commercial
energy mix increased from about 25% in 1971+-75 to 63% in
1987-88, while that of oil dropped from 56% to 31% in the
same period.
ii) Rural Electrification Programme : The rural electrifica
tion programme has, by this time, been able to make some
dent; in the development of rural areas not only in terms
of industrial and agricultural development but also in
improving the quality of life of rural people through
hou-e electrification. Till June 1988, a total of 3,32,000
consumers have been provided with electricity.
iii) Pricing Policy of Commercial Energy : The pricing policy
so far pursued in respect of oil, gas and electricity,
although slightly deviated from the standard practice of
fixing price at their economic level, can be considered
adequate as it saved the country from economic disaster
and r.'elped in boosting up economic activities,
iv) Removal of Regional Disparity- By constructing 132 KV East
v/est Interconnector (it is now being upgraded to 230 KV
line) it has been possible to transfer about 1700 Gwh of
gas-based electricity from the eastern ona to meet the during 19o3-oo
energy deficit of the western zone/. This has enabled some
improvement in regional disparity and hence economic deve-
lopme , t.
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Increase in Per-capita Consumption of Commercial Energy:
Inspite of the fact that the per-capita consumption of
commercial energy consumption is very low even today,
yet due to attachment of high priority by the govern
ment, it has been possible to raise the level of con
sumption from about 25 KgOE in 1971]--75 is about 50 KgOE
in 1987-88. This is a commendable achievement in the
preval.ing-. socio-economic conditions.
Failure :
Development of Rural Energy Due to low emphasis in this
area both in terms of resource allocation and institu
tional development very little progress has been made in
a lgmenting traditional energy resources and in develop
ing and diffusing efficient energy conversion technolo
gies.
Reduction of Power System Loss - Inspite of some <?fi~
OILS, the power system loss particularly that is due
to theft or pilferage could not be reduced to the desi
red extent. The total system loss even today is about
35-40%.
Imbalanced Development within the Power and Natural Gas
Gas System - Severe imbalances exist between the gene
ration of electricity and its transmission and distri
bution due to lack of integrated development programme.
So c.lso the case with gas sector where production capa
city is sometimes much higher than the transmission and
distribution capacity. Besides, lack of proper grid sys
tem ''interconnections among different gas produc.-;;-
fie .ds; surplus capacity remains in "some fields, i-. en
def oit in supply exists in others. Again when there is
suri .us capacity in gas sector, power and industrial
sec. >r fail to utilize it and vice-versa.
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) Disparity in Intra-sectoral Investment - . When big
thrust is given for the exploration and development of
hydro-carbon (oil/gas) resources, there is little empha
sis as well/allocation for the exploration and develop
ment of solid energy rineral resources like coal and
peat.
) Conservation and Environmental Protection - Although
these aspects are often talked about, there is little
supporting action programme to implement the policy de
cision and project in these areas.
) Manpower Development - The present education and trai
ning system and facilities of the country have not yet
I een properly attuned to cater to the need of the
energy sector manpower in respect of level, category &
number. Foreign education and training also have not
boen very effective as these are not programmed on the
basis of requirement but on opportunities and fund avai
lability.
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: 17
7. SOME ASPECTS OF ENERGY SITUATION IN SAARC COUNTRIES
7.1 General :
Non-availability of adequate and up-to-date data and in
formation on energy situation of the SAARC countries other than
Bangladesh, it was not possible to depict the energy picture of
these countries in desired form. However, with the little infor
mation available to the author, an attempt has been made to dis
cuss a few aspects below. I am sure, this would enable the par
ticipants at least to have some qualitative idea on energy in
these countries. It is observed that inspite of wide variation
in respect of size and population, geographic location, energy
resource base, level and structure of energy consumption, there
are many aspects which are common in these countries. The com
mercial anergy resources base of. the SAARC countries is shown
in Table - 6.
7.2 Un common Aspects in the Energy Area :
. i) Commercial Energy Resources Base : There is a signifi
cant variation in commercial energy resources base of
these countries. While India has a sizeable reserves of
all kind of resources, Maldives has virtually none (Table-6),
ii) Sources of Energy Supply : While 95>% of the total energy
con.'; jmed in Nepal and Bhutan is derived from traditional
resources, for Pakistan it is only 30% (Table - 7)«
iii) Comnercial Energy Consumption : The per capita commer
cial energy consumption in Nepal is only 23 KgOE in 1986,
while-in India and Pakistan this quantum is over 200 KgOE
(Tali.e - 1).
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iv) Sources of Commercial Energy : While natural gas is
the principal sources of commercial energy in Bangla
desh and Pakistan, in India it is cc^l and in Srilanka
it is oil (Table - 9).
v) Share of Imported Energy in the Total Commercial Energy:
While this is only about 11+.% in India, for Maldives it
is 100% percent (Table - 7).
vi) Forest Area : Forest area as a percentage of total are,a
of the country varies from 5% in Pakistan to 30% in Nepal
(Table - 7) !
7.3 Common Aspects in the Energy Area :
i) Low level of per-capita commercial energy consumption
comparing to many other low-income countries (Table-1).
ii) All the SAARC countries are energy importing (Table-8),
iii) Except Pakistan, traditional energy dominates the energy
sc^naries of these countries (Table-7)
iv) Greater majority of the population, more or less enti
rely, depends on traditional energy resources.
v) House-hold sector consumes greater share of the total
energy.
vi) Tho commercial energy intensity of these countries are
higher than other countries (Table-10).
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vii) The potential commercial energy resources of these
countries are yet to be explored and assessed.
viii) All the countries suffer from capital resource cons
traints for accelerated development of energy resources.
ix) The Energy Policy of these countries are, more or less,
of similar nature, and aimed at :
(a) augmentation of commercial energy resources base
through accelerated exploration for hydro-carbons
and involvement of multinational oil companies in
the activities.
(b) reduce dependence on imported energy by maximising
the use of indigenous resources.
(c) increase efficiency of the energy systems and
develop and diffuse efficient traditional energy
conversion technologies.
.l) harness renewable and non-conventional sources of
energy such as solar, wind mini-hydro etc. through
extensive R & D programme. ,
(e) conservation and environmental protection inclu
ding ecological balance.
(J) Supply increased quantum of commercial energy to
invigorate development activities.
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I
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8, REGIONAL CO-OPERATION
I strongly feel that regional co-operation among the
SAARC countries for the development of the energy sector
should be no more a desire but a must for common benefit. From
history we have learnt that no country can prosper alone lea
ving her neighbours behind. That's why regional co-operation
and development concepts have found a high order of momentum
in the past few decades all over the World. Realizing this
truth, the SAARC has already been formed. It is now time to
develop and implement action-oriented programme for common
benefit. Co-operation in the energy sector may play the pion
eering role in this direction. The SAARC countries can estab
lish co-operation and collaboration- in the following three
broad areas :
(a) Soft-ware Area :
i) Develop an exchange programme for higher educa
tion and training,
i) Exchange and disseminate, concerned data, informa
tion, publications^ research findings etc*
iii) Hold seminar, workshop and conference in a planned
way on general as well as specific topic of common
interest to exchnage ideas, views and share exper
iences
' /) Organize visits to different relevant research
institutions to have ideas not only on research
programme but also the institutional development,
management, co-ordination etc.
r) Transform one or two research centre in each
country as a H Centre of Excellence " in some • c
specified field for common purpose.
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(t>) Joint Venture Areas :
i)Undertake joint research programme in common
areas of interest particularly in developing non-
conventional form of energy.
ii)Undertake joint exploration program for hydro
carbon particularly in areas where geological
boundary transcends geographical/political boun
dary.
iii)Form a common pool of knowledge and expertise to
undertake feasibility or other studies in any
country as and when needed.
iv)Develop energy resources of a country for meeting
the regional demand where over such opportunities
lie- .
v)Build some industrial plants in suitable country/
location for catering the need of hard-ware requi
rements i.e. machinery and equipment, gas pipe and
processing stant etc, which does not become feasi
ble for meeting only self-demand. ,
(c) Trade/Commerce :
Development a system for procuring or supplying
goor.;. and services on and related to energy by one coun-at
try _:rom and tc tr- mother/ concessional prices and easy
tenrr> v/hereaver possible .
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22
9. ROLE OF JOURNALISTS IN SAARC COUNTRIES
Journalists, whom I consider as a catalyst for develop
ment, can play rather should play a vital role in the solution
of energy problems of their respective countries as well as in
fostering and promoting regional co-operation for common bene
fit. Through scientific, analytical and logical presentation
of facts and ideas, they can convince the people and the gov
ernment about the right and realintfjc course of actions to be
pursued in respect of energy sector development and in over
coming problems and conflicts.
Journalists Can :
i) Create awareness in the people about the energy problems
ai d prospects of the country as well as regional and glo
be 1 energy situation*
ii) Apprise people of the merit of conservation of energy
re sources and how it pays to the individuals and the
country.
iii) Crexte awarness in the people about the consequences of
deforestation and afforestation and how these affect and
can affact their lives and living.
iv) Mot., vate people in the use of new technologies and app-
liar ;es for the efficient use of bio-mass and explain
the? how these will curtail their expenditure and improve
the. c quality of life.
v) Help government in arriving at right policy decisions by
pro^ 'Cting public views/demand .
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ix) Apprise people of th^ merit of some government deci
sion which may be disadvantageous to them for short
period but will be beneficial in the long run.
vii) Apprise the educationists and researchers about the
real need/problem of the country and the people so that
they can plan their education and R & D programme acc
ordingly «
viii) Project areas for regional co-operation and how this
can serve the common cause.
In order to perform the above responsibilities, the
concerned journalists must :
(a) acquire adequate knowledge and correct informa
tion on technical, administrative, geo-political
aspects in respect of energy arena.
•'b) maintain professional ethics.
( ) provide correct and comprehensive informations
to avoid confusions, contradictions and conflicts.
(i) go beyond self-interest and political bias.
( ) consider human as a race.
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10. CONCLUSIONS
10.1 From the foregoing discussion it appears that inspite of
greater thrust for the development of energy resources by the
government of Bangladesh, the present situation is not a happy
one. The per-capita energy consumption particularly the commer
cial energy consumption is yet very low. Greater majority of
the population still more or less entirely depend on traditi
onal energy resources whose per capita supply is declining with
every passing year. The resources base for the commercial enrgy
is inadequate both in terms of type of fuel and their quantum
to meet the energy need. The country still wholly depends on
imported oil to meet its requirement. The efficiency of opera
tion if the commercial energy systems particularly the power
system is low, the conversion technology for bio-mass is highly
in-effi:ient, the measures for energy conservation and environ
mental [rotection are minimum. There is also shortage of trai
ned manpower and logistics for effective planning, proper des
igning, efficient execution and proper operation and maintenan
ce of energy programmes and projects.
10.2 In the above circumstances all out effort should be made
to augment the energy resources ; supply adequate commercial
energy to both urban and rural people, maximise the use 'of ex
isting resources; increase efficiency of energy conversion te
chnologies ; harness alternative energy resources; diversify
energy structure and reduce energy intensity; adopt appropriate
energy pr: cing policy ; reduce wastage through conservation;
protect ecological balance and develop appropriate manpower.
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10.3 The energy situation of other SAARC countries except
India and partly Pakistan is no better than that of Bangla
desh. The problems of these countries are of similar nature
to those of Bangladesh except very in degrees. The measures to
be adopted by these countries would be more or less in line
to those discussed in above paragraph for Bangladesh.
10.1+ Fostering greater co-operation and collaboration among
the SAARC countries in the development of energy resources
would not only benefit each country in terms of energy situa
tion but also strengthen the bond of friendship and fellow-
feeling which are absolutely necessary for peaceful co-exis
tence. The journalists of these countries, I hope and believe,
would do their best to accelerate this co-operation efforts
and to develop respective country's energy resources for the
welfare of the people.
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Tab le -1
R e l a t i o n s h i p between P e n - c a p i t a Commercial L'nergy Consumption _and P e r - c a p i t a _GITP of a f evj S e l e c t ed _C quntrJL.es .f QJ. A he. Year .1.9.86,
Name J>± t h e Count ry {Per c a p i t a ComfneVcial "~T -p„v p 0 , ^ - + 0 tEnergy Consumption (. in Kg ^ p | o f O i l E q u i v a l e n t ) j ( j n u s & )
_ j .
Nepal 23 150
Bangladesh 46 160
India , 208 290
P a k i s t a n 205 350
S r i l a n k a 139 400
Average cf 36 Low-Income 314 270 Coun t r i e s
China 532 300
I n d o n e s i a 213 490
T h a i l a n d 325 810
Malays i a "62 1,830
Korean Rep, 1,408 2 ,370 •
Saudi Arab ia 3,336 6 ,950
U.K. 3,802 8,870
Japan 3,186 12,840
Canada 8,945 14,120
USA 7,193 17,480
Source : TorId Development R e p o r t , 1988.
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T a b l e - 5
Energy Import Cost As P e r c e n t a g e of Merchandise __ _5xp.or_t. Ea rn ings _ _ _ _
Year jEnergy "import -"cost j ToTaXITalfchand"ise jEnergy Cost a s " ! in m i l l i o n US <•> j ExDor t ( In m i l l i o n ! a P e r c e n t a g e of i j US*&) {Export
1972-73
1973-74
1974-75
1975-76
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
3 4 . 3
91 .1
166.9
145.2
153.1
182.8
189.0
395.3
519.3
574.3
456.0 La
361.O La
378.0 La
342.0 La
354 .2
369.7
344.1
371.9
404 .6 *
489 .8
609 .7
7 2 2 . 3
710 .7
627.0
686.0
780.0
940 .0
845 .0
9 .7
24 .7
48 .5
39.0
3 7 . 8
3 7 . 3
31.0
54 .7
73 .1
91 .1
66 .5
4 6 . 3
40 .2
' 40 .5 :
Source: Planning Commission. La does not include cost of coal :.mport.
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T a b l e - 6
Cornier cjLal Ener_gy__R_e sources , in. .SAARC C o u n t r i e s
Country i t i r t
Coal lOil (Natural|Hydel (Uranium Year of (Billion'(Million! Gas JPov.er |(M¥) fAssess-Tons) ! Tons) (TCP) {(iiW) Jment
Bangladesh'
India b
Pakistan
Srilanka c
Nepal
Bhutan
Maldives
1.0
24.8
0.15
-
-
-
-
1.5
522
17.7
*~
-
-
-
12
16.
16
-
-
-
-
7
400 •(4,000 GFh)
45,242 8,000 •(396,000 GWh)
2,000
3,500
•(80,000 GWh) -
20,000
- -
1987
1984
1985
1987
-
1987
-
Source: a) Planning Commission, Govt, of Bangladesh.
b) UEDP ESCAP - Structural Change and Energy Policy, Page-119 and 151, May, 1987.
Ci- Hossain M. Mosharraf, Hydro Carbon Exploration and Development and SAARC, Page-18 and 38, BOGliC, Dhaka.
• The bracketted figure are taken from UN/ESCAP report on Trans-Country Power Exchange and Development(Page 105) published in May, 1987.
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Tab le -7
A Saw ENERGY,. AND EimiGY-R^LATED PARAMOURS IN SAARC CQUIII'RIES
-,rriv. Country{Bhutan JNepal{Bangladesh{India I Parameter
AreaOOOO Sc . Km)
Population in 1986(million)a
47
F o r e s t Area % of t o t a l Area (1985)
as
Per caoita comm- „ ercial"energy consumption in K^ OE in 1986 a. Share of non- -commercial energy as a % of t o t a l e n e r g y ( l 9 8 5 ) c
Imported energy as a % of t o t a l commercial energy ( I98 '3 )b .
Major commercial -energy r e s o u r c e s (1983) Energy Impor t b i l l as a % of merchandise expo r t b i l l ( I 9 8 6 ) a .
147
17
30
23
95
70
O i l
- 25
144
103
14
i 46
75
46
17*
P a k i s t a n j S r i l a n k a { M o l d i v e
3 ,287 796
781 99
23
208 205
55 30
13.5 34 .3
19 23
6 5 . 6
16
24
139
69
84.5
N a t u r a l Coal N a t u r a l O i l Gas Gas
23
Source a, b, c,
0 .15
105
55
100
O i l
World Development Repor t , 1988.* UNDP c: BSCAP - S t r u c t u r a l Change and Energy P o l i c y , May, 19* CFOGRii, Commonwealth Regiona l C o n s u l t a t i v e Group on Energy Ik-oort of t h e 4 th mee t i ng , Me lbourne , Augus t , 1985.
d. SAARC - Seminar on De l ive ry Systems of Improved Stoves for Rura l U s e s , Dhaka, 19-21 J u n e , 1988 .
* This f i g u r e does not t a l l y wi th t n a t of P l a n n i n g Commissio;
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T a b l e - 8
D e p e n d e n c e on d o m e s t i c c o m m e r c i a l e n e r g y , n o n -coramei,cia_l en> Lrgy An_Q-_i-"ili-J.0-r "ted AA'-*-^X_P^^A't_fiilc s_).
1973 f . ~1983~
, Impor t ed ?Dome s t i c , N o n - } j s
1
D o m e s t i c jNon— j -UUJJUX i t u i j j u i u t u b i u ,I\IUIJ — C o m m e r c i a l ' C o m m e r c i a l { JCommerc ia l jCommor- ; t ;
j j j j c i a l j ^
Bangladesh * 17.5 56.2
India 28.0 70.2
26.3
1.8
27.1
37.8
50 22.9
56.3 5.9
Nepal 1.5 74.9 3.9 1.8 94 4.2
Pakistan 34.5 47.8 18.1 44.4 31.8 23.2
Srilanka 5.3 56.8 37.9 5.0 67.8 22.4
Source: U1TD? and E3CAP Paper on Structural Change and Energy Policy, Pago 31, May, 1987.
* The share between commercial and non-commercial energy .shown in the table differs from that of BEPP, Planning Commission Govt, of Bangladesh, August, 1987.
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:
Tab
led
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Cojmiercial Energy . I n t e n s i t y and Oil I n t e n s i t y in a few Selectod Countr ies , for the Year 1983 using Index of 1973 = 100
Country . {Cosimeicial Energy | Oil I n t e n s i t y
Bangladesh 103.5 89.2
India 116.3 111.0
Nopal 127.0 143.6
Pakistan 124.5 119.6
Srilank:- 80.8 119.2
Thailand 81.5 69.7
Korea Rep. 95.6 90.6
J.,pan 71.1 57.7
U.K. 75.2 58.6
U.S.A. 82.1 74.0
Source: UIDP/ESCAP - Structural Change and Energy Policy, ?aae-33. May, 1987.
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B r i e f B i o - d a t a of R a f i d u l I s l am Khan J o i n t Chief , P l a n n i n g Commission.
Name : R a f i a u l I s l am Khan
Date of B i r t h : 22nd J a n u a r y , 1941 .
P l ace of B i r t h : Manikganj , Bang ladesh
E d u c a t i o n a l Q u a l i f i c a t i o n s : (a) M.Sc. i n Geology i n 1963 from U n i v e r s i t y of Dhaka.
(b) M.Sc. i n Hydrogeology i n 1968, U n i v e r s i t y of London, U.K.
P r o f e s s i o n a l C a r e e r :
1963-1965 - Served G e o l o g i c a l Survey of P a k i s t a n ,
Q u e t t a , as A s s t t . G e o p h y s i c i s t and
conducted v a r i o u s g e o p h y s i c a l i n v e s t i
g a t i o n s i n d i f f e r e n t p a r t s of t he then
P a k i s t a n .
1965-1977 - Served Bangladesh Atomic Engergy Commission
as S c i e n t i f i c O f f i c e r / S e n i o r S c i e n t i f i c
O f f i c e r and c a r r i e d out r e s e a r c h e s on t h e
a p p l i c a t i o n s of n u c l e a r t e c h n i q u e s f o r
s o l v i n g h y d r o l o g i c a l / h y d r o g e o l o g i c a l
problems of B a n g l a d e s h .
1 9 7 8 - t o d a t e - S e r v i n g P l a n n i n g Commission, Government of
Bang ladesh as J o i n t Chie f s i n c e J a n u a r y 1978.
Engaged i n Sc ience and Technology P l a n n i n g
d u r i n g 1978-83, and Energy ( O i l , Gas andt
M i n e r a l Resources a s w e l l a s New and Renewable
Energy) P l a n n i n g d u r i n g 1983-88 f o r t h e s o c i o
economic development of t h e coun t ry* S e r v i n g
a l s o a s D i r e c t o r of a p r o j e c t which p repa red
Energy Mas te r P l a n ( 1988-2000) f o r B a n g l a d e s h .
C o n f e r e n c e / s e m i n a r a t t e n d e d .
P a r t i c i p a t e d i n many n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n f e r e n c e / seminar /workshop i n U.K. , S u i t z e r l a n d , Canada, I n d i a , T h a i l a n d , New Zea land e t c . on Energy P l a n n i n g & management and Sc i ence and Technology Development .
P u b l i c a t i o n s
have about 15 r e s e a r c h and o t h e r p u b l i c a t i o n s on Geology, wa te r r e s o u r c e s , energy development e t c .
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p 35 :
REFERENCES
1. United Nations, New York
2. 2
3. World Bank, Washington B.C.
5. UNDP and ESCAP
7. 6. CHOGRM-,. Commonwealth Regional Consultative Group on Energy
10. Plann'ng Commission Govt, of Bangladesh,
11. "
12. "
13.
A. Minist .j of P e t r o l e u m & Mine::al Resources Govt, of Bangladesh
15. Science. & Technology D i v i s i o n , Govt, of Bangladesh.
16. Khan, R . I .
>, Hossain,M. Mosharraf
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: UNCTAD Report on "Technology for Energy Sector Development in Developing Countries. No. UNCTAD/TT/83, 1986.
: The Energy Sector in Developing Countries?. Paul. Bundick, July, 1983.
: IDA Energy Assessment liission Report,1981.
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: Trsn s-Country Power Exchange and Development, May, 1987.
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: Technical Workshop and Fifth Meeting. New Delhi, India, 8-14 November, 1986.
: Revised Second Five Year Plan (1980-85), December, 1982.
: Third Five Year Plan (1985-90), December, 1985.
: Final Report of the Bangladesh Energy Planning Project, August, 1987.
: Mid-term Plan Review of Power and Oil & Gas Sub-Sectors. September, 1988.
: National Energy Policy September, 1980.
: Report on the SAARC Seminar on Delivery System of Improved stoves for Rural Uses, Dhaka, June, 1988.
: Energy Situation in Bangladesh vis-a-vis Energy Policy. A paper presented to the 12th Annual conference of the Bangladesh Association for Advancement of Science January 13, 1987.
: Hydrocarbon Exploration cs Development and SAARC. BOGMC, Dhaka, January, 1988.
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