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Energy from Waste As An Energy and Environmental Management System
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Energy from Waste As An Energy and Environmental Management System.

Mar 27, 2015

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Page 1: Energy from Waste As An Energy and Environmental Management System.

Energy from WasteAs An

Energy and Environmental Management System

Page 2: Energy from Waste As An Energy and Environmental Management System.

2

Reduce GHGs,PM 2.5 and airtoxics.

Solid WasteDisposal

RenewableEnergy

EfW

Energy – from – Waste IS Sustainable Development

Modern Energy - from - Waste (EfW) Provides Three Functions:

Page 3: Energy from Waste As An Energy and Environmental Management System.

3

Presentation Outline

International Activity Increased use of Energy-from-Waste Regulations that are driving this behavior

Pennsylvania’s Solid Waste Balance Solid waste management and renewable energy Greenhouse gas reduction Other sustainable attributes

Message EfW is growing in Europe, Asia and the USA The European Union Landfill Directive is smart “pollution prevention”

policy – by avoiding landfilling of MSW - they are avoiding GHG and air toxic emissions while maximizing energy recovery.

Lifecycle analysis is recommended for sustainability analysis

Page 4: Energy from Waste As An Energy and Environmental Management System.

4

I. International – The use of EfW is increasing due to focus on energy and climate change.

Location Existing Facilities New Facilities(a)

RFPs/Expansions (b)

Plans(c)

Europe 388 (2003) 44 56 ---

USA 89 (2006) --- 3/5

China 67 (2005) TBD --- 400

(a)In construction or operation.

(b)USA expansions include Florida (Lee and Hillsborough), Minnesota (PERM, Olmstead, Poke Douglas). Others are also in motion.

(c) The 67 facilities manage 1.5 % of MSW. The 400 larger facilities are to manage 30 % of MSW by 2030.

Page 5: Energy from Waste As An Energy and Environmental Management System.

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I. International – The European Thematic Strategy

Four Priorities Climate Change Biodiversity Health Resource Use

Seven Strategies Air Quality Marine Environment Sustainable use of resources Waste prevention and

recycling Pesticides Soil Quality Urban Environment

The European Commission and European Union have adopted an integrated program for a healthy local and international environment

Page 6: Energy from Waste As An Energy and Environmental Management System.

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I. International Activity – Specific EU Legislation“EfW and Landfills are subject to stringent regulations”

EfW (2000/76/EC) Creates emission limits and operating standards for

energy-from-waste facilities These standards can be credited for large reductions in

emissions from EfW facilitiesLandfills (99/31/EC) EU Landfill Directive requires a reduction in

landfilling of biodegradable waste Specific goal is to reduce emissions (CH4) that

contribute to greenhouse effect and to reduce impact on human health

Page 7: Energy from Waste As An Energy and Environmental Management System.

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I. International – Worldwide Experience“EfW is compatible with Recycling”

Energy-from-Waste is used extensively worldwide 780 EfW facilities; 140 million tons per year (TPY)

U.S

.

De

nm

ark

Sw

ed

en

Ge

rma

ny

Av

era

ge

Ita

ly

U.K

.

Ire

lan

d

Ja

pa

n

Ta

iwa

n

Sin

ga

po

re

Ch

ina

U.S.89 EfW facilities 29 million TPY

Western Europe388 EfW facilities

62 million TPY

Asia301 EfW facilities

48 million TPY

EfW

Recycling/Composting

Landfill

Page 8: Energy from Waste As An Energy and Environmental Management System.

8

I. The EU Integrated System is in Lancaster County

Recyclables186,400 tons

37%

Waste-to-EnergyFacility266,200

52%

Frey Farm Landfill57,000

11%

Refuse

Recycled

Page 9: Energy from Waste As An Energy and Environmental Management System.

9

I. Lancaster County’s Integrated System “Evidence that WTE and Recycling are Compatible”

14

25

29

35

39

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

'91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06

WTE has supported recycling efforts, not competed with them.

Ferrous recovery contributes 3% to the overall County

recycling rate.

% M

ater

ials

Rec

ycle

d

WTE began operating

Page 10: Energy from Waste As An Energy and Environmental Management System.

10

II. Pennsylvania’s MSW Balance –“2005 data shows that 88.3 % of non-recycled MSW is landfilled with 38.5 % being from out-of-state”

Management

Option

Million Tons MSW

Percent

Landfill 21.6 88.3

EfW 2.9 11.7

Total 24.5 100

Origin Million Tons MSW

Percent

In-State 15.1 61.5

Out-of-State

9.4 38.5

Total 24.5 100

• Does not identify waste shipped out of state

• NJ is about 55 % and NY is 40 % of out-of state waste

• 22 of 45 landfills have LFGTE

Page 11: Energy from Waste As An Energy and Environmental Management System.

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II. Pennsylvania’s MSW Balance and Energy WTE generates clean renewable energy and promotes independence from fossil fuels

• Increased EfW and decreased landfilling generates significant extra renewable energy

• Each Ton of MSW managed by EfW avoids 1 barrel of oil or 0.25 ton of coal on an electrical energy generating basis

EfW generates more power than any landfill option by processing each tonin about 1-hour using controlled combustion. The anaerobic breakdown ofMSW in a landfill is not controlled and occurs in a 50 to 100 year period.

490

60

550

150

700

220

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Landfill Gas WTETechnology Option

Net E

lectri

cal O

utpu

t (kw

-hr/t

on M

SW)

Page 12: Energy from Waste As An Energy and Environmental Management System.

12

II. Pennsylvania’s MSW Balance and Energy Renewable energy from EfW reduces fossil fuel use

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Coal Oil Barrels 650 MW Coal Pow er Plant

Energy or Power Equivalent of 10.5 million tons of MSW Managed by EfW

Co

al (m

illio

n t

on

s),

Oil (

millio

n b

arr

els

), P

ow

er

Pla

nt

(1 U

nit

)

Page 13: Energy from Waste As An Energy and Environmental Management System.

13

II. Pennsylvania’s MSW Balance and GHG’s “ Pennsylvania’s MSW mass balance is yielding positive CO2 emissions”

Option Million tons MSW

Ton CO2E / ton MSW Million tons CO2E/Year

EfW 3.0 - 0.78 - 2.34

Landfill 21.5 + 0.62 + 13.39

Total 24.5 --- + 11.05

Basis of calculations

• The ~ 3 million tons of MSW going to EfW is not going to a landfill in PA with energy generation – avoids ~ 2.34 Million tons CO2E (conservative, assumes all landfills have LFGTE)

• Remaining 21.5 million tons of MSW is going to landfills - all with LFG collection - 50 % with LFGTE and 50 % with flares. No vents only.

• EPA Lo of 100 M3 CH4 per megagram MSW and 45 % LFG % based on a lifecycle analysis.

Page 14: Energy from Waste As An Energy and Environmental Management System.

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II. Pennsylvania’s MSW Balance and GHG’s “ Increased Use of EfW will reduce GHG emissions”

Estimated breakeven point is about 10.5 million tons going to EfW and 13.5 million tons going to landfills

11.05

6.85

2.65

-1.55

-5.75

-8.00

-6.00

-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

3.0 Mtons 6.0 Mtons 9.0 Mtons 12.0 Mtons 15.0 Mtons

Mllion Tons of MSW Managed by EfW

Net

GH

G R

esu

lt a

s M

illio

n T

on

s C

O2E

Estimated breakeven point of ~ 10.5 million tons of MSW to EfW is about 44 % of the MSW being disposed of according to 2005 MSW inventory.

Page 15: Energy from Waste As An Energy and Environmental Management System.

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II. Background on GHG Emission Factors“ Each ton of MSW managed by modern EfW avoids about 0.78 Tons of CO2when using conservative assumptions (45 % LFG collection with LFGTE)”

    45 % LFG Collection

Lifecycle Parameter EfW Landfill EfW vs. LFGTE

Nonbiogenic 0.38 0.00 0.38

Avoided Fossil Fuel CO2 -0.56 -0.16 -0.40

Avoided Methane -0.70 0.00 -0.70

Avoided Ferrous CO2 -0.06 0.00 -0.06

Long Haul Mobile Source 0.00 0.00 0.00

Process Total -0.94 -0.16 -0.78

Emission factors as Ton CO2E per Ton MSW for EfW and LFGTE

Avoided CO2E with a landfill with flare is 0.94 ton CO2E/Ton MSW

Page 16: Energy from Waste As An Energy and Environmental Management System.

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II. Background on GHG Emission Factors“Avoided fossil fuel CO2 information for Pennsylvania”

FossilFuel

CO2 factor Energy Factors CO2 Factor

PowerSupply(EIA)

Lb CO2 per

Value Units Value Thermal %

(lb CO2/MW

As % Fossil

Coal 1000 lb 2161 Btu/lb 10402 32 2214 88.5

Oil 1000 lb 3139 Btu/lb 18300 32 1828 3.6

Gas 1000 lb 137 Btu/scf 1022 32 1425 7.9

• The weighted average for avoided CO2 from fossil fuel combustion for electric power is: 2137 lbs CO2 / MW.

• A modern EFW facility generates 0.55 MW/ton which is equivalent to an avoided factor of 0.59 Ton CO2E per ton MSW.

Page 17: Energy from Waste As An Energy and Environmental Management System.

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II. Background on Emission Factors“Avoided methane information for Pennsylvania”

Parameter Value Units

EPA Inventory Lo 100 M3 CH4 per Megagram MSW

CH4 content 55 % volume

CH4 Potential 1.4 Ton CO2E per ton MSW

CH4 Recovery via LFG 45 % of total CH4 generated

CH4 Oxidation 15 % of uncollected CH4

Emission Factor-Flare 0.70 Ton CO2E per ton MSW

Avoided Fossil CO2 (a) 0.15 Ton CO2E per ton MSW

Emission Factor - LFGTE 0.54 Ton CO2E per ton MSW

Average Flare/ICE 0.62 Ton CO2E per ton MSW

(a) Based on same avoided fossil factor as EfW and use of an internal combustion engine for electrical energy production.

Page 18: Energy from Waste As An Energy and Environmental Management System.

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III. Environmental Aspects of WTE Nationwide WTE facility emissions have been dramatically reduced

Dioxin (g/yr, TEQ)CadmiumLeadMercuryPMHClSO2

Pollutant Total Emissions2000 Actual Percent Reduction

1990 to 200012.0 g/yr

0.333 tons/yr4.76 tons/yr2.20 tons/yr797 tons/yr

2,672 tons/yr4,076 tons/yr

99+93

90.995.189.894.386.7

Source: Environmental Protection Agency, 2002

Page 19: Energy from Waste As An Energy and Environmental Management System.

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III. Environmental Aspects of WTE - DioxinWTE emissions now represent less than 1% of known dioxin inventory

7915

1100

120

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

1987 1995 2000

Reporting Year

Gra

ms o

r P

CD

D/F

as T

EQ

per

year

Year Total Sites # with data % of total1987 113 11 101995 130 27 212000 89 89 100

Page 20: Energy from Waste As An Energy and Environmental Management System.

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IV. Environmental Aspects of WTE - MercuryWTE now represents less than 3% of U.S. man-made mercury emissions

USA MWC Mercury Emissions 1990-2000

05000

100001500020000250003000035000400004500050000

1990 1993 1996 1999 2000

Year

Emis

sion

s (k

g/ye

ar)

Page 21: Energy from Waste As An Energy and Environmental Management System.

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III. Environmental Aspects of WTE - GHGsWTE reduces PM 2.5 Precursors and Air Toxics

Fine Particulate EfW avoids SO2 and NOX emissions from fossil fuel

combustion – these are precursors to ambient ammonium sulfate and nitrate, respectively.

Landfill Emissions Avoids a variety of air toxics from landfills including ;

- 46 constituents in EPAs AP42 - 25 of which are air toxics- nonmethane organic compounds (NMOC)- methane – a potent greenhouse gas (23 time more potent that CO2)

Page 22: Energy from Waste As An Energy and Environmental Management System.

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III. Environmental Aspects of WTE – Land UseWTE reduces waste volume by 90% and reduces biological byproducts including LFG, organic leachate and pathogens.

Land Use

•10 cubic yards of MSW is reduced by 90 % to 1 cubic yard, thereby maximizing land committed to a landfill.

•An EfW facility uses significantly less land than a landfill over any time period. As an example – the EfW industry saves 25,000 acre-feet per year when comparing landfill area required for MSW versus combined ash.

Combined Ash Disposal

• Stable and inert due to low pozzolanic properties & low carbon content.

• RCRA nonhazardous with very low metals leaching from landfills.

• Can be reused as landfill cover and other potential civil applications.

Page 23: Energy from Waste As An Energy and Environmental Management System.

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IV. Conclusion“EfW promotes a sustainable environment thru maximum recovery of electrical power and maximum avoidance of GHGs”

Reduced use of landfilling reduces GHG emissions The EU Landfill Directive GROCC Lifecycle analysis using EPA’s model

Energy-from-Waste maximizes renewable energy Avoids dependence on fossil fuels Promotes energy independence

Energy-from-waste provides clean energy Controlled combustion and air pollution control processes Highly regulated industry with testing, continuous monitoring and

reporting