Encyclopedia

agriculture, public health and education which falls under the State/Concurrent List of the Constitution.

Allaudin Khalji – 1296-1316, killed his uncle Jallaludin; His first conquest was of the rich kingdom Gujarat, conquest is notable for two reasons - first, he married the Raja's wife, Kamla Devi; and secondly, there only he acquired Malik Kafur, a eunuch, who later on rose to become a great military general. Malik defeated Yadavas of Devagiri (king was Ram Chandra Deva), Kakatiya king Pratap Rudra Deva I of Warangal, Hoysalas of Dwarsamudra (king was Vira Ballala III) and Pandyas of Madurai (king was Maravarman Kulasekhara). Also built Hauz Khas, Mahal Hazaar Satoon and Jamait Khana Mosque in Delhi, Siri Fort Adopted the title Sikandar-i-Sani. Though Alauddin was illiterate, he was a patron of learning and art. There were many great poets in his court. Both Amir Khusro and Mir Hasan Dehlvi enjoyed his patronage. Khalijis’ rose after Balban (40 years rule) death;

Alipore bomb case following Muzzafarpur bombing; Amir Khusro - His famous works include Tuhfa-tus-Sighr (his first divan), Wastul-Hayat (his second divan), Ghurratul-Kamaal, Baqia-Naqia, Nihayatul-Kamaal, Qiran-us- Sa'dain, Miftah-ul-Futooh (in praise of the victories of Jalauddin Khalji), Ishqia / Mathnavi Duval Rani-Khizr Khan (a tragic love poem about Gujarat's princess Duval and Alauddin's son Khizr Khan), Mathnaui Noh Sepehr (Khusrau's perceptions of India and its culture), Tughlaq Nama (Book of the Tughlaqs), Khamsa-e-Nizami (five classical romances: Hasht-Bahisht, MatlaulAnwai, Sheerin-Khusrau, Majnun-Laila and Aaina-Sikandari, Ejaaz-e-Khusrovi, Khazain-ut-Futooh, Afzal-ul-Fawaid (utterances of Nizamuddin Auliya), Khaliq-e-Bari, Jawahar-e- Khusrovi. One of his famous Persian couplet goes like this:

"Agar firdaus bar roo-e zameen ast,Hameen ast-o hameen ast-o hameen ast."If there is paradise on face of the earth,

It is this, it is this, it is this (India)

Ammonia - A pungent gas compounded of nitrogen and hydrogen (NH3); toxic.

Angina - A heart condition marked by paroxysms of chest pain due to reduced oxygen to the heart.

Anglo-Afghan Wars: War One (1838–1842)Anglo-Afghan Wars: War Two (1878–1880)Anglo-Afghan Wars: War Three (May–August 1919)

Anorexia - A prolonged disorder of eating due to loss of appetite.

Anorexia nervosa - (psychiatry) a psychological disorder characterized by somatic delusions that you are too fat despite being emaciated.

APMC Act –

Arab-Israeli War/ Yom Kippur War - Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in October 1973 (on Yom Kippur); Israel counterattacked and drove the Syrians back and crossed the Suez Canal into Egypt.

Arab-Israeli war - Tension between Arabs and Israeli erupted into a brief war in June 1967; Israel emerged as a major power in the Middle East.

Arab League - An international organization of independent Arab states formed in 1945 to promote cultural and economic and military and political and social cooperation.

Arachnid - Air-breathing arthropods characterized by simple eyes and four pairs of legs: Scorpion, Spider

Arthropod - Invertebrate having jointed limbs and a segmented body with an exoskeleton made of chitin: crustaceans (shrimp, Crab), centipedes,

Bass Strait – channel separates Melbourne, Victoria state and Tasmania

BENTINCK, LORD WILLIAM, governor of Madras (1803–1808) and governor-general of India (1828–1835). he was recalled in 1808 after what London authorities deemed a mishandling of a rebellion by Indian soldiers in the company’s army. In 1828, however, he was appointed as governor-general. During his administration, financial retrenchment in the military and civil service moved India toward a modern government, as did judicial reforms that made it possible for more Indians to serve as magistrates and judges. He regarded it as a “monstrous absurdity” that only Europeans could hold high office in British India. The two most celebrated acts of his administration were also the most controversial: the abolition of the practice of widows burning themselves to death on their husbands’ funeral pyres (known to Europeans as sati, and regarded by them as a mark of Indian barbarity); and the introduction of English as the medium of higher education.

Bhojpuri is a common language in states of Maharaja Bhoj; esp. in Bhojpur Ditrict (Head Quarter in Arrah) and surroundings. It has own script known as Kaithi;

Bhudan Pochampally – a village, near Hyderabad, known for silk handloom sarees; Vinobha Bhave started Bhudan Movement from here.

Bolivians who could not afford 400 per cent price hikes de-privatized their water company, or when Argentina's outraged populace got rid of an entire political class, threw out the IMF and defaulted.

BRICS Report, Delhi Declaration;

1) BRICS nations account for a fourth of global GDP and represent over 40 per cent of the total global population

2) None of BRICS is OECD member as yet ; instead what they have is “enhanced engagement” with the OECD

3) Russia and China started bilateral currency trading from 2011

British theory of “comparative advantage”—that is, that a country should produce what it can more cheaply than another

Budget – The excess of Government’s revenue expenditure over revenue receipts constitutesrevenue deficit of Government. The difference between the total expenditure of Government by wayof revenue, capital and loans net of repayments on the one hand and revenue receipts of Governmentand capital receipts which are not in the nature of borrowing but which finally accrue to Governmenton the other, constitutes gross fiscal deficit. Gross primary deficit is measured by gross fiscal deficitreduced by gross interest payments. In the Budget documents ‘gross fiscal deficit’ and ‘gross primarydeficit’ have been referred to in abbreviated form ‘fiscal deficit’ and ‘primary deficit’, respectively.

With effect from Financial Year 2007-08, the Performance Budget and the Outcome Budget hithertopresented to Parliament separately by Ministries/Departments, are merged and presented as a singledocument titled “Outcome Budget” by each Ministry/Department in respect of all Demands/Appropriations controlled by them, except those exempted from this requirement. Outcome Budgetbroadly indicates physical dimensions of the financial budget of a Ministry/Department, indicatingactual physical performance in the preceding year (2010-2011), performance in the first nine months(up to December) of the current year (2011-2012) and the targeted performance during the ensuingyear (2012-2013).

budget reduces the withholding tax on interest payments on external commercial borrowings from 20 to five per cent for three years for several important sectors. The security transaction tax has been reduced. Restrictions on Venture Capital Funds have been removed, tax on Indian companies repatriating dividends from foreign subsidiaries has been halved and the cascading effect of the dividend distribution tax has been removed. Likewise, many other measures like enhancement of investment linked deduction of capital expenditure etc. have been introduced.

Social Sector The Employees Provident Fund interest rate has been reduced from 9.5 to 8.25 per cent.

The total fiscal deficit now stands at Rs.5,21,980 crore or 5.9 per cent of GDP. The budget documents show that in the same year, the total tax revenue foregone (i.e., voluntarily not collected by the government) amounts to Rs.5,29,432 crore.

The interest rate of four per cent recommended by the National Commission for Farmers has been retained for those who are able to repay the loans promptly.

Nutrient-based subsidy will be effective only if farmers are provided with soil health cards that contain information on the macro and micronutrient status of soils. Among the earlier initiatives whose gains are to be consolidated, is the initiative to bring the green revolution to Eastern India. This has resulted in an additional paddy production of seven million tonnes during kharif 2011. Encouraged by this result, the Finance Minister has increased the allocation for this scheme to Rs.1,000 crore from last year's Rs.400 crore. Similarly, the 60,000 pulses villages project is to continue since it has already resulted in raising pulses production to nearly 18 million tonnes.

Also provision has been made for increasing the grain storage capacity by two million tonnes through the construction of modern silos.

The fiscal deficit in the current year was widely expected to exceed the budget estimate of 4.6 per cent of GDP. In the event, it is higher by a good 1.3 per cent, at 5.9 per cent. Off-hand, I am unable to think of any other year in which the disparity between achievement and intent was so wide. What is even more remarkable is that a fiscal deficit for FY13 at 5.1 per cent of GDP is called a return to fiscal consolidation, when it is higher by half a per cent of GDP than what was budgeted for the current year. The failure to meet targets is blamed on reduced tax collections owing to slowing real growth, and on the rise in the global price of oil from $ 90 a barrel as projected at the start of FY12, to $ 115 a barrel.

On the rising petroleum subsidy bill, all we have is a promise in paragraph 22 that Central subsidies will be restricted in FY13 to 2 per cent of GDP, which is still a whopping Rs 2 lakh crore.

On infrastructure, the multi-headed hydra which obstructs real growth in India, there is a whole section of 26 paragraphs which seeks to remove key constraints in a number of areas, such as viability gap funding for public private partnership projects, supply of coal and other fuels for power generation, operation of tolled roads, and the high operating costs of airlines.

Large-Cardamom plantations, tribes of Northern Sikkim (Sherpa, Lepcha, Bhutia), sep, 2011, earthquake;

Cartilage - Tough elastic tissue; mostly converted to bone in adults/ gristle.

agriculture, public health and education which falls under the State/Concurrent List of the Constitution.

CORNWALLIS, LORD, governor-general of India (1786–1793 and 1805). Cornwallis acted to Europeanize the company’s administration which his friend an predecessor found difficult, with limited powers to his hand. Cornwallis directed the company to provide its agents with a salary generous enough to discourage private trade, which would be strictly forbidden. These agents would also be given commissions on the revenues they collected, and their judicial and executive functions were to be separated as a further check against corrupt practices. Cornwallis’s most controversial measure was the Permanent Settlement of the land revenues of Bengal. This step conferred British rights of land ownership on local zamindars, mere tax-gathers. Cornwallis then turned his attention to ensuring the efficiency of Bengal’s judicial system. He largely built upon the hierarchy of civil and criminal courts established by Hastings, but swept away the last

vestiges of Indian control over criminal jurisdiction. Cornwallis earned his marquisate, not for these internalreforms, but for his success in following up Hastings’s efforts to diplomatically isolate and cripple Mysore, the company’s chief remaining rival in the South. Cornwallis personally led the combined forces of the company, several Maratha leaders, and the nizam of Hyderabad against Tipu Sultan in the Third Mysore War (1790–1792), which compelled Tipu to cede half of his territory. This ultimately proved fatal to hislater efforts to drive the British from India. Cornwallis resigned his office in 1793, but in 1805, at the age of sixty-six, he was returned to India to calm the waters roiled by the expansionist policy of Lord Wellesley.He died shortly after his arrival and was buried at Ghazipur.

CAD – Balance of Trade + Balance of Services + Unilateral Capital Transfers

Chromohphere - common among art. 5, 6, 7, 8. 9. 60,324, 366, 367, 392 and 393

Cotton imports Indaia?

D

Dentine - A calcareous material harder and denser than bone that comprises the bulk of a tooth;

Dolomite - A kind of sedimentary rock resembling marble or limestone but rich in magnesium carbonate; A light coloured mineral consisting of calcium magnesium carbonate; a source of magnesium; used as a ceramic and as fertilizer

Eclectic;

ES - Considerable achievements under the NFSM havebeen recorded during the course of implementationof the programme such as new farm practices,distribution of seeds of high yielding varieties of rice,wheat, pulses, and hybrid rice, and treating areawith soil ameliorants to restore soil fertility for higherproductivity.

The Economic Survey (2011-12) has pointed out that though the contribution of agriculture and allied sectors has come down to 13.9 per cent of GDP at 2004-05 prices as compared to 14.5 per cent last year, agriculture continues to be the primary employment providing sector in rural India.

As per the NSSO report, for every 1,000 people employed, over 750 persons are employed in the agriculture sector both in rural and urban areas.

Already steps have been taken to extend support to women farmers through the Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana.

Endangered Red Panda, Sikkim;

Endometrium - (pregnancy) the mucous membrane that lines the uterus; thickens under hormonal control and (if pregnancy does not occur) is shed in menstruation; if pregnancy does occur it is shed along with the placenta at parturition.

Epiglottis - A flap of cartilage that covers the windpipe while swallowing.

Epiphytic plant - Plant that derives moisture and nutrients from the air and rain; usually grows on another plant but not parasitic on it;

EU - An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members; European Economic Community (EEC), formed by six countries in 1958. The Maastricht Treaty established the European Union under its current name in 1993. Within the Schengen Area (which includes EU and non-EU states) passport controls have been abolished. A monetary union, the eurozone, was established in 1999 and, as of January 2012, is composed of 17 member states. Permanent diplomatic missions have been established around the world and the EU is represented at the United Nations, the WTO, the G8 and the G-20.

Falkland Is. –

Fertilizer Subsidy - The need of the hour is for a clear link between the retail price of assorted petroleum products and the global price of oil, through an announced, and analytically defended, pattern of subsidies. This has already been successfully done for non-urea fertilizers, although we continue to hold down the price of urea, with terrible consequences for soil fertility.

Firewall Fund - stabilization measures

Floating National Park -

FR (’16 – reservation)

The G-20 nations are conditioning additional money for the International Monetary Fund on the European Union first increasing its financial stabilisation funds to ease concerns about the Euro zone debt crisis

Gangetic river dolphin (Platanista gangetica)

Ghaghara - Karnali or Ghaghara is a perennial trans-boundary river originating on the Tibetan Plateau near Lake Mansarovar; joins the Sarda River at Brahmaghat in India. It carries more water than the Ganges before its confluence. Another important tributary of Ghaghara in India is the Sarayu river, famous for the location of Ayodhya.

Glottis - The vocal apparatus of the larynx; the true vocal folds and the space between them where the voice tone is generated.

GOI Acts by British - succession of measures passed by the British Parliament between 1773 and 1935 to regulate the government of India. The first several acts—passed in 1773, 1780, 1784, 1786, 1793, and 1830—were generally known as East India Company acts. Subsequent measures—chiefly in 1833, 1853, 1858, 1919, and 1935—were entitled Government of India acts. The act of 1773, also known as the Regulating Act, set up a governor-general of Fort William in Bengal with supervisory powers over Madras and Bombay. Pitt's India Act (1784), named for the British prime minister William Pitt the Younger, established the dual system of control by the British government and the East India Company, by which the company retained control of commerce and day-to-day administration but important political matters were reserved to a secret committee of three directors in direct touch with the British government; this system lasted until 1858.The act of 1813 broke the company's trade monopoly and allowed missionaries to enter British India. The act of 1833 ended the company's trade, and that of 1853 ended the company's patronage. The act of 1858 transferred most of the company's powers to the crown. The acts of 1919 and 1935 were comprehensive enactments, the former giving legal expression to the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms and the latter to the results of constitutional discussions in 1930–33.

Geo-textiles in the North Eastern Region.Gulf War/ Iran Iraq war - A dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran broke out into open fighting in 1980 and continued until 1988, when they accepted a UN cease-fire resolution.

Gulf war/ Persian Gulf War - A war fought between Iraq and a coalition led by the United States that freed Kuwait from Iraqi invaders; 1990-1991.

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Haber process catalyzes ammonia production from atmospheric nitrogen, and industrially-produced hydrogen.

Harsha of Kannauj, warre against SAnsak of Gaur though never defeated, was sent back, fighting Chalukya – Pulakesin II, to north of Narmada; Huen Tsang visit tells about Harsha as Mahayana Buddhist; Harsha estd first diplomatic relation with China; A patron of men of learning, Harṣa sponsored the chronicler Bāna and Mayūra, a lyric poet. Himself a poet, Harṣa composed three Sanskrit works: Nāgānanda, Ratnāvalī, and Priyadarśikā. Harṣa is known mainly through the works of Bāṇa, whose

Harṣacarita (“Deeds of Harṣa”) describes Harṣa's early career, and of the Chinese pilgrim Hsüan-tsang, who became a personal friend of the king, though his opinions are questionable because of his strong Buddhist ties with Harṣa.

Hermaphroditic, (i.e., functional reproductive organs of both sexes occur in the same individual).

Hyra – genus of invertebrate freshwater animals of the class Hydrozoa Eggs and sperm appear in separate swellings (gonads) in the outer body layer, and individuals are usually hermaphroditic, (i.e., functional reproductive organs of both sexes occur in the same individual). Gametes are released from the body, and fertilization takes place in the water. Vegetative reproduction by budding is also common. Finger-shaped outpushings of the wall develop mouth and tentacles and finally nip off at the base, forming separate new individuals. Locomotion is by creeping on the adhesive base, or by looping; i.e., tentacles attach to the substrate, the base releases, and the whole body somersaults, enabling the base to attach in a new position.The genus is represented by 20 to 30 species, which differ chiefly in colour, tentacle length and number, and gonad position and size. All Hydra species feed on other small invertebrate animals such as crustaceans.

Hydrazine - A colourless fuming corrosive liquid; a powerful reducing agent; used chiefly in rocket fuels.

Ikatt – dyeing technique.IMF - India Human Development Report of 2011 stated the proportion of child workers between 6 to 14 year has fallen from 6.2 per cent in 1994 to 2 per cent in 2010.Islamabad - Islamabad is located in the Pothohar Plateau in the north of the country, within the Islamabad Capital Territory. The region has historically been a part of the crossroads of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with Margalla pass acting as the gateway between the two regions.[6] The city was built during the 1960s to replace Karachi as Pakistan's capital.

Inferior/ Superior Planets classification based upon orbit position around sun wrt Earth.

International Women's Day

Inflation Indices:

WPI, Base year 2004-05 from Sep 2010; gives a 65 per cent weight to manufactured goods. The food and manufactured food products account for only 24.3 per cent of WPI. WPI constituents: 1) Primary Articles (20.12%) 2) Fuel and Power 14.91% 3) Manufactured Products - 64.97%

1) CPI numbers are released monthly 2) WPI numbers are released in two phases 3) WPI manufactured items index is released monthly with a month lag4) WPI (primary articles and fuel group) numbers are relase weekly for their sensitivity with a fortnightly lag

CPI by CSO, MoSPI;

CPI - 1) The Central Statistics Office (CSO), under Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation 2) CSO releasing new Consumer Price Indices (CPI) Rural, Urban,and Combined on base 2010=100 for all-India and States/UTs 3) New CPI indices for rural, urban and combined every month with effect from January, 2011.

In contrast to WPI, the CPI has a 46.2 per cent weight in food and food products, while manufactured products account for a much lower weight. This makes CPI indices more susceptible to the volatility in the food prices — in 2009, for example, when the food prices spiked on the back of bad monsoon and shortage of foodgrains. CPI-IW then witnessed double digit inflation for the entire year ended July 2010. The WPI remained rather muted in this period, going into double digits only from March 2010. The CPI- AL, which has the highest weight to food products rose as high as 17.6 per cent during this time.

In order to give a better picture of the price movements a new CPI index with base year 2010 was introduced in February 2011.

CPI-IW data is provided by the Labour Ministry.

The Central Statistics Office (CSO) of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI) released thenew series of the IIP with 2004-5 as its new base on 10 June 2011, replacing the IIP series with 1993-4 as

base. Index of Eight core Industries - Base 2004-05 2) Eight Core Industries have a combined weight of 37.90 in IIP, released by CSO 3) Eight core Industries: Coal, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Petroleum Refineries, Fertilizers, Steel (Alloy + Non Alloy), Cement, and Electricity

IUCN, Red Data Book – categories of Threat;

Veteran banker K.V. Kamath has been appointed as the Chairman of Infosys and S.D. Shibulal has been elevated as the CEO and MD.

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan – Badshah Khan/ Frontier Gandhi/ Khudai Kidmatgar - His nonviolent struggle for Pakhtun and Indian Independence brought him bitter prison terms in 1919, 1922 to 1924, 1930 to 1931, 1931 to 1934, 1934 to 1935, and 1942 to 1945. In 1928 he launched the journal Pakthun and the following year his “Red Shirt” Khudai Khidmatgar (Serving Volunteers of God) movement, which included a political dimension. Though most Khudai Khidmatgars were Muslims, theorganization included Hindus, Sikhs, Christians, andParsis. In 1934 the presidencyof the All-India Congress was offered to GhaffarKhan, who claimed inadequacy and declined the honor,wary perhaps of being drawn too deeply into non-Pakhtun affairs.After elections for provincial power held in 1937 andagain in 1946, the Khudai Khidmatgars, who had mergedinto the Indian National Congress, formed ministries inthe NWFP, headed by Ghaffar Khan’s older brother,Dr. Khan Sahib, as Abdul Jabbar was then called.Visiting India in 1969, the centenary ofGandhi’s birth, he spoke candidly about the vulnerabilityof India’s Muslim minority and what he saw as India’srejection of nonviolence. In 1987 India honored himwith its highest award, the Bharat Ratna.which included a political dimension.

Larynx - A cartilaginous structure at the top of the trachea; contains elastic vocal cords that are the source of the vocal tone in speech/ voice box.Luteal phase - The second half of the menstrual cycle after ovulation; the corpus luteum secretes progesterone which prepares the endometrium for the implantation of an embryo; if fertilization does not occur then menstrual flow begins

Macroeconomic –

Managing growth and price stability are the major challenges of macroeconomic policymaking. Macroeconomic Policy require prudential limits on deficits and debts; Price stability is a major objective of macroeconomic policy

Malaria and rise in temperature, global warming; India is predicted to have increased susceptibility to vector-borne diseases such as malaria which is also projected to move to higher latitudes and altitudes.

Mutation - (biology) an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration/ mutant/ variant; (genetics) any event that changes genetic structure; any alteration in the inherited nucleic acid sequence of the genotype of an organism/ chromosomal mutation/ genetic mutation; A change or alteration in form or qualities.

Coal India Limited correct 1) Shri N C Jha Chairman received the MoU Excellence Award from DPE, MoHI & PE 2) Shri N C Jha, Chairman, Coal India

Limited was honoured with the coveted “Eminent Engineering Personality” award by Institution of Engineers (India) 3) Coal India joins 30-Stock SENSEX 4) Coal India Limited a 'Maha Ratna', becomes only the 5th PSU in the country, of a total of 217 Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs), to have been conferred with this status. 5) Ms. Zohra Chatterjee, CMDNTB – Non-Tariff BarrierNutrient feed ratio for India;

Ocean Currents - Orient Green commissions wind farm in Tirupur

Leading renewable energy power company Orient Green Power Company (OGPL) has commissioned a 18.7 MW wind farm project at Gudimangalam in Tiruppur district of Tamil Nadu.Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

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“Over 3 billion people — in China, India, Indonesia and other developing countries — are achieving in a generation what it took the West a century or more to achieve. This alone stands as the most significant economic event in history,” the WTO chief has said.

Peugeot to set up Rs 4,000-crore facility in GujaratMaking its re-entry into India, French auto major PSA Peugeot Citroen (PPC) on Thursday signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Gujarat Government to set up an integrated manufacturing...Pharynx - The passage to the stomach and lungs; in the front part of the neck below the chin and above the collarbone/ throat.Plassey/ Battle of Plassey - The victory in 1757 by the British under Clive over Siraj-ud-daula that established British supremacy over Bengal; a pitched battle.Potassium hydroxide is highly corrosive.Potassium nitrate - (KNO3) used especially as a fertilizer and explosive. It occurs as a mineral niter and is a natural solid source of nitrogen. Its common names include saltpetre (saltpeter in American English), from medieval Latin sal petræ: "stone salt" or possibly "Salt of Petra" and nitrate of potash. Potassium nitrate can be found in some toothpastes for sensitive teeth. Potassium nitrate in some toothpastes has shown to relieve asthmatic symptoms in some people. It was used in centuries past to treat asthma as well as arthritis. Potassium nitrate successfully combats high blood pressure and was once used as a hypotensive.

Railway Modernisation Committee headed by Mr Sam Pitroda;

Leading global consumer goods firm Reckitt Benckiser Group plc. has appointed India-born Rakesh Kapoor as its global CEO.

RC Bhargava, Chairman, with Shinzo Nakanishi, MD & CEO, Maruti Suzuki India, plans a manufacturing plant, third, in Gujarat.

Reducing agent - A substance capable of bringing about the reduction of another substance as it itself is oxidized; used in photography to lessen the density of a negative or print by oxidizing some of the loose silver.

2011 - marks the 10th anniversary of the historic Russian-Chinese friendship treaty that declared strategic relations between the two Asian giants. China has become Russia's biggest trade partner this year. Delhi and Moscow have long been struggling to diversify their commercial exchanges into high-tech areas, but their trade remains dominated by minerals and agricultural products.

Rhizome - A horizontal plant stem with shoots above and roots below serving as a reproductive structure;

SCB –

special purpose vehicle (SPV) -

Singareni Collaries - SCCL is a government-owned coal mining company in AP, Godavari basin.

“subsidiary alliances –

SLR – Statutory Liquid Ratio

Subsistence agriculture, Sikkim not commercial agriculture; Sun to enter Red-Gaint phase ;: 1) The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer 2) 2011 Pulitzer prize 3) Indian-American physician Siddhartha Mukherjee's book

Tandem – Russia ruling tandem; PM becomes Presient;

Tata BP commissions solar plant Tata BP Solar India, a joint venture of Tata Power and BP Solar, has commissioned one MW solar power plant under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) in Mayiladuthurai in Tami Nadu.

Trachea - Membranous tube with cartilaginous rings that conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi/ windpipe.

Tracheophyte - Green plant having a vascular system: ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms;

World War I - A war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918.

Unqualified to be President. if,

US led Climate and Clean Air Coalition of six nations - correct 1) target non-Co2 pollutants, including methane, hydrofluorocarbons and black carbon 2) these three pollutants are responsible for more than one-third of the problem of global warming 3) UNEP will be responsible for implementing this campaign. 4) The other countries in this coalition include Bangladesh, Canada, Mexico, Ghana and Sweden.

World Environment Day; The host for World Environment Day, 5 June 2012, will be the ____