Embedded Systems Introduction

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION

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OUT LINE

• Embedded Systems.

• Real time Systems.

• Operating Systems.

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Embedded System

• An embedded system is combination of

computer hardware and software which is

dedicated to particular application or product.

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• Embedded system is embedded as asubsystem in a larger system which may ormay not be a computer system.

“Embedded Systems are the electronics systems that contain a microprocessor or a Mu,but we do not think as computers-the computer is hidden or embedded in the systems.”

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Some Interesting Examples of Embedded systems:

Product: Sonicare

Elite toothbrush.

Microprocessor:8-bit

Has a Programmable

Speed Control ,Timer

&charge gauge.

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Product: vendo vue40vending machine

Microprocessor: Two16-bir Hitachi H8/300H Processors

A robot hand dispenses items

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Product: NASA's Twin Mars Rovers.

Microprocessor: Radiation Hardened 20Mhz Power Pc.

Commercial Real-Time OS

Software and OS was developed during Flight To mars and Downloaded using a Radio link.

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Product:Rsdiant systems Point-of-sale(POS)Terminal

Microprocessor: Intel X86 Celeron

Os:windows XP Embedded

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Product: Dresser Wayne Ovation iX Gas Pump.

Microprocessor: Marvel Xscale (ARM)

Os: Windows CE

Display video ads & is networked to gas station's back office computer systemes.also has remote maintenance features.

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Product: Bernina Artista 200 Sewing Machine

Microprocessor: Marvel Strong (ARM)

Os:windows CE

Can Download New images from the internet and sew them.

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It’s Different• Single –functioned

-Executes a Signal Program ,Repeatedly

• Tightly-Constrained-Low Cost,Memory,etc..-small Size(bytes)

• Low Power-Battery Power Devices-Increases systems cost in wall powered devices

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• Dedicated Systems

-Predefined functionality

-Programmability rarely used

• Reactive

-Continually reacts to change in the system’s

Environment.

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It’s Different

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What is a Real-Time Systems?

• A System is called real-time:

-whenever we need to quantitatively express in order to describe its behavior.

- After temperature exceeds 500 degrees coolant

shower must start within 100m sec.

• characteristics:-Every real-time task is associated with some time constraints, Deadline.

-Logical correctness of results and time at which they are produced.

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Types Of Real-Time Systems

• A tasks have deadlines associated with them.

• A classification based on consequence of a failure:

-Hard real-time systems.

-Soft real-time systems.

-Firm real-time systems.

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Hard Real-Time systems

• If a deadline is not met:-The systems is said to have failed.

• Many hard real-time system are safety-critical-Failure can cause severe damage(loss of life)-No fail-safe state.- Safety though increased reliability

• Examples:-Atomic Reactor Control-Aircraft control-Medical Equipments

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Firm real-time systems

• It define is missed occasionally

-systems dose not fail

-result produced by task after deadline are rejected.

- “Late answer are wrong answer.”

Examples:

-video played on computer.

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Soft Real-time systems

• The usefulness of a result degrades after its deadline, thereby degrading the system's quality of service.

• Soft real-time systems are typically used where there is some issue of concurrent access and the need to keep a number of connected systems up to date with changing situations.

Examples:- software that maintains and updates the flight plans

for commercial airliners.

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Introduction to Embedded System I/O Architectures

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Other Classification of ES

• Small Scale Embedded Systems.

– Use single 8 bit or 16 bit microcontroller

– Little hardware and software complexity

– Embedded software IDE is specific to processor

– Software has to fit in given memory

– Power consumption is limited

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Medium scale embedded system

– Single or few 16 bit, 32 bit microprocessor

– DSP or ARM is used

– Both hardware and software complexities

– C,C++, Visual C++, Java is popular for prog.

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Large scale embedded system

– Enormous hardware and software complexities

– Several processors/controllers are used

– FPGA, DSP, DSC, IP core on VLSI chip, ASIC is

used

– Hardware software or operating systems co-design is required

– Some critical functions are implemented in the

hardware (instead of software) to achieve speed

– Development tools available are costly

– Needs team work for development

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Operating Systems For Embedded

• Many of the components of the embedded systems are integrated on to a single chip. This concept is known as System on Chip (SOC) design.

Examples : 8051 projects, PIC uc based projects.

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List of OS for Embedded Systems• Symbian OS• iOS (a subset of Mac OS X)• Embedded Linux

– Maemo based on Debian deployed on Nokia's Nokia 770, N800 and N810 Internet Tablets.– MeeGo merger of M– oblin and Maemo– webOS from Palm, Inc., later Hewlett-Packard via acquisition, and most recently at LG Electronics through

acquisition from Hewlett-Packard[4]

– OpenZaurus– Ångström distribution– Familiar Linux– Android

• Inferno (distributed OS originally from Bell Labs)• PenPoint OS• PEN/GEOS on HP OmniGo 100 and 120• PVOS• Palm OS from Palm, Inc; now spun off as PalmSource• Windows CE, from Microsoft

– Pocket PC from Microsoft, a variant of Windows CE.– Windows Mobile from Microsoft, a variant of Windows CE.– Windows Phone from Microsoft,

• DIP DOS on Atari Portfolio• MS-DOS on Poqet PC, HP 95LX, HP 100LX, HP 200LX, HP 1000CX, HP OmniGo 700LX• Newton OS on Apple Newton Messagepad• Magic Cap• NetBSD• Plan 9 from Bell Labs

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Why an OS at all?

• Same reasons why we need one for a traditional computer.

• Not all services are needed for any device.

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Large variety of requirements and environments:

•Critical applications with high functionality (medical application, space shuttle,..)

•Critical applications with small functionality (ABS, pace marker…)

•Not very critical applications with varying functionality (PDA,Phone,Smart Cardmicrowave often, …)

Why is a desktop OS not suited?

• Monolithic kernel is too feature reach.

• Monolithic kernel is not modular, fault-tolerant, configurable, modifiable, … .

• Takes too much space.

• Not power optimized.

• Not designed for mission-critical applications.

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• Windows XP Embedded.

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Windows 7 Embedded

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QNX 4 RIOS

• The QNX 4 RTOS is developed by QNX Software Systems Ltd.

for the applications in consumer electronics, telecommunications, automotive systems, medical instrumentation which need high reliability,

superior performance, sophisticated functionality, and massive scalability.

• PlatformsIntel 8088, x86, MIPS, PowerPC, SH-4,ARM, StrongARM, Xscale

• A number of design innovations were developed for QNX 4 RTOS to deliver the full performance of the hardware.

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QNX 4 RIOS

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Embedded Linux• Linux has become popular on embedded devices—especially

consumer gadgets, telecom routers and switches, Internet appliances and automotive applications.

• It is easy to slim down the operating environment by removing

utility programs, tools, and other system services that are not needed in an embedded environment.

• It is more encouraging that the Linux code is widely available

portable to any processor.

• Linux doesn't require the user to pay license fees or royalties—

particularly important to developers of consumer

electronics, who have narrow margins.

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Embedded Linux

Windows CE

• Windows CE is first introduced in the Handheld PC (H/PC) set of products in November 1996.

• Microsoft Windows CE (now officially known as Windows Embedded Compact and previously also known as Windows Embedded CE

• Several advantages for Windows CE includes a subset of the Win32, low overhead device driver model and built-in power management.

• The application of Windows CE includes consumer electronics like

handheld PC, Auto PC, video game player and digital camera, and industrial products like barcode reader and programmable logic controllers.

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Windows CE

Programming language in embedded

• Assembly.

• Embedded C.

• Embedded Bascom

• Java

• Embedded Pascal

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