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1 Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction Introduction to embedded Systems
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Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction 1 Introduction to embedded Systems.

Dec 19, 2015

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Page 1: Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction 1 Introduction to embedded Systems.

1

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction

Introduction to embedded Systems

Page 2: Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction 1 Introduction to embedded Systems.

2Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis

Outline

• Embedded systems overview– What are they?

• Design challenge – optimizing design metrics• Technologies

– Processor technologies

– IC technologies

– Design technologies

Page 3: Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction 1 Introduction to embedded Systems.

3Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis

Embedded systems overview

• Computing systems are everywhere• Most of us think of “desktop” computers

– PC’s

– Laptops

– Mainframes

– Servers

• But there’s another type of computing system– Far more common...

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4Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis

Embedded systems overview

• Embedded computing systems– Computing systems embedded within

electronic devices

– Hard to define. Nearly any computing system other than a desktop computer

– Billions of units produced yearly, versus millions of desktop units

– Perhaps 50 per household and per automobile

Computers are in here...

and here...

and even here...

Lots more of these, though they cost a lot

less each.

Page 5: Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction 1 Introduction to embedded Systems.

5Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis

A “short list” of embedded systems

And the list goes on and on

Anti-lock brakesAuto-focus camerasAutomatic teller machinesAutomatic toll systemsAutomatic transmissionAvionic systemsBattery chargersCamcordersCell phonesCell-phone base stationsCordless phonesCruise controlCurbside check-in systemsDigital camerasDisk drivesElectronic card readersElectronic instrumentsElectronic toys/gamesFactory controlFax machinesFingerprint identifiersHome security systemsLife-support systemsMedical testing systems

ModemsMPEG decodersNetwork cardsNetwork switches/routersOn-board navigationPagersPhotocopiersPoint-of-sale systemsPortable video gamesPrintersSatellite phonesScannersSmart ovens/dishwashersSpeech recognizersStereo systemsTeleconferencing systemsTelevisionsTemperature controllersTheft tracking systemsTV set-top boxesVCR’s, DVD playersVideo game consolesVideo phonesWashers and dryers

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6Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis

2.08.02 CS4272 Lecture1 14

Automotive Electronics.• More than 30% of the car is now in electronics.

• 90% of innovations will be based on electronics.

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7Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis

Automotive embedded systems

• Today’s high-end automobile may have 100 microprocessors:– 4-bit microcontroller checks seat belt;

– microcontrollers run dashboard devices;

– 16/32-bit microprocessor controls engine.

Page 8: Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction 1 Introduction to embedded Systems.

8Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis

BMW 850i brake and stability control system

• Anti-lock brake system (ABS): pumps brakes to reduce skidding.

• Automatic stability control (ASC+T): controls engine to improve stability.

• ABS and ASC+T communicate.– ABS was introduced first---needed to interface to existing

ABS module.

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9Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis

BMW 850i, cont’d.

brake

sensor

brake

sensor

brake

sensor

brake

sensor

ABShydraulic

pump

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10Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis

Some common characteristics of embedded systems

• Single-functioned– Executes a single program, repeatedly

• Tightly-constrained– Low cost, low power, small, fast, etc.

• Reactive and real-time– Continually reacts to changes in the system’s environment

– Must compute certain results in real-time without delay

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11Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis

• Supported by a wide array of processors• Cost sensitive• Uses real-time operating systems(RTOS)• Must operate under extreme environmental conditions• Fewer system resources• Object code stored in ROM• Software failure is much more severe

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12Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis

Cost Sensitivity

• Usually embedded systems are manufactured in bulk

• Limited functionality(Size,Power,price)

• Powerful embedded processors

• Above requirements are found in cellular phones(DSP processors)

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13Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis

Extreme Environmental conditions

• Runs everywhere anytime under any condition• It is not good practice to consider following aspects

during testing or packaging:• Heat budget• Slow down the clock• Change code(Optimize)

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14Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis

Real-Time constraints

Time sensitive constraints(Soft real-time)• Due to some technical limitations task will take

longer time than the design goal. Instead of printing three pages per minute, two pages are printed.

Time critical(Hard real-time) Time critical task should take place within a time

frame, available between monitored or measured events. If the task is not completed before the next event arrives, the function controlled by that task fails.

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15Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis

An embedded system example -- a digital camera

Microcontroller

CCD preprocessor Pixel coprocessorA2D

D2A

JPEG codec

DMA controller

Memory controller ISA bus interface UART LCD ctrl

Display ctrl

Multiplier/Accum

Digital camera chip

lens

CCD

• Single-functioned -- always a digital camera• Tightly-constrained -- Low cost, low power, small, fast• Reactive and real-time -- only to a small extent

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16Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis

Design challenge – optimizing design metrics

• Obvious design goal:– Construct an implementation with desired functionality

• Key design challenge:– Simultaneously optimize numerous design metrics

• Design metric– A measurable feature of a system’s implementation

– Optimizing design metrics is a key challenge

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17Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis

Design challenge – optimizing design metrics

• Common metrics– Unit cost: the monetary cost of manufacturing each copy of the system,

excluding NRE cost

– NRE cost (Non-Recurring Engineering cost): The one-time monetary cost of designing the system

– Size: the physical space required by the system

– Performance: the execution time or throughput of the system

– Power: the amount of power consumed by the system

– Flexibility: the ability to change the functionality of the system without incurring heavy NRE cost

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18Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis

Design challenge – optimizing design metrics

• Common metrics (continued)– Time-to-prototype: the time needed to build a working version of the

system

– Time-to-market: the time required to develop a system to the point that it can be released and sold to customers

– Maintainability: the ability to modify the system after its initial release

– Correctness, safety, many more

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19Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis

Microprocessor varieties

• Microcontroller: includes I/O devices, on-board memory.

• Digital signal processor (DSP): microprocessor optimized for digital signal processing.

• Typical embedded word sizes: 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit.

Page 20: Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction 1 Introduction to embedded Systems.

20Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis

Application examples

• Simple control: front panel of microwave oven, etc.• Canon EOS 3 has three microprocessors.

– 32-bit RISC CPU runs autofocus and eye control systems.

• Analog TV: channel selection, etc.• Digital TV: programmable CPUs + hardwired logic.

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21Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis

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Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction

In the 21st Century, internet-enabled appliances will dominate the technology space - paving the way for electronic maintenance.

and beyond

Technology Overview

Decade Predominant Technology

’60s Mainframes

’70s Mini Computers

’80s Personal Computers

’90s Internet for people

2000 Internet for Devices

Source: IDC

e-VendingVending

Managementfrom the Desktop

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23Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis

We provide real-time interactivity between man and machines over the Net

Devices World Sdn BhdYour Embedded Internet Partner

Recognizing the potential of the Embedded Internet Space, we have pioneered a cutting edge e-Maintenance application complete with hardware and software solution.

DevicesWorld.net

An integrated e-Maintenance portal with comprehensive software solutions for various industries.

Internet Access Devices

A comprehensive range of hardware to Internet-enable your legacy appliances. You have a choice of wired or wireless Internet connectivity.

e-VendingVending

Managementfrom the Desktop

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24Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis

Internet

Stock Level Report

Machine Status Report

Dispatch Activity Log

Vending Activity Log

DevicesWorld.net Server

Operator’s Office

Internet

Automatic Alerts !

Pager

Phone

Email

e-VendingVending

Managementfrom the Desktop

InternetGateway

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25Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis

Cold Drink Vendor Snack Food Vendor Hot Drink Vendor

InternetGateway SlaveSlave

Internet

Tel

ep

ho

ne

Lin

e

GSM

One Gateway

16 Machines 1000m Apart

DevicesWorld.net

e-VendingVending

Managementfrom the Desktop

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26Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis

InternetGateway

Built-in Modem

5 Digital Inputs

5 Analogue Inputs

2 Digital Outputs

SlavePlug & Play

5 Digital Inputs

5 Analogue Inputs

2 Digital Outputs

Hardware Featurese-Vending

Event - driven Dialup

Automatic Health Check

On Demand Connection

Password Protection

Automatic Configuration

Local Data Logging

Data Encryption

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27Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis

Summary

• Embedded systems are everywhere

• Key challenge: optimization of design metrics– Design metrics compete with one another

• A unified view of hardware and software is necessary to improve productivity

• Three key technologies– Processor: general-purpose, application-specific, single-purpose

– IC: Full-custom, semi-custom, PLD

– Design: Compilation/synthesis, libraries/IP, test/verification