Electric and Hybrids Vehicles in Public Transportation Systems Benedito Oliveira Sep. 2013.

Electric and Hybrids Vehicles in Public Transportation Systems

Benedito Oliveira

Sep. 2013

Volvo Buses

Discuss the basics of Electric and Hybrid Buses in the application for public transport system.

In this presentation electrification is considered as the use of Electrical Energy as Traction force. The source of electrical energy is the Traction Battery and the way to charge it can be from the vehicle itself (Hybrid) and or from the Grid (Plugin Hybrid, Electrical Vehicle).

Objective

Volvo BusesBenedito Oliveira

Why Electromobility?

Hybrid and Electrical Powertrain concepts

Application

Volvo Hybrid B215RH

Agenda

17-Jun-13

Volvo Buses

Way to electro mobility

City requests:• Silent• Fuel and energy efficient• Low or zero emissions• Sustainable energy sources

Volvo Buses

Why Electro mobility?

The main driver for electro mobility is “Energy Efficiency” Linked to energy efficiency is:

Low to no tailpipe emissions Low interior and exterior noise Low CO2 emissions Low LCC

Diesel 10 Km 48 Kwh

Hybrid 14.2 Km

Plug-in Hybrid 25 Km

Full electric (Normal bus) 34 Km

Full electric (Light bus) 44 Km

Drive distance with same available energy

*

*

* Technical limitations -Range -Charge Frequency -Charging time

Volvo Buses

The Conventional Drivetrain

Advantage:-High range

Drawbacks:- Low average efficiency, 10..20 %- No regenerative braking

Diesel EngineAMT

gearbox D

< 30 % ave98 %

D

EnergyStorage

+ -

El.mach

PowerElectronics

95 %

95 %

98 %

90x90 %

Idea to solution:- An electric vehicle

Volvo Buses

Energy use in city bus cycle

7

Volvo Buses

The Electric Vehicle

D

EnergyStorage

+ -

El.mach

PowerElectronics

95 %

95 %

98 %

90x90 %

D

EnergyStorage

+ -

El.mach

PowerElectronics

95 %

95 %

98 %

Advantage:- High average efficiency- Regenerative braking at Traction motor power - Packaging

Drawbacks:- Low range- High cost / kW tractive power

Volvo Buses

“Hybrid drives are drives that have at least two different primer movers and energy accumulators”

Neumeyer, H. – Automotive transmissions

The Hybrid Vehicle

”PlugIn”-Charging

Volvo Buses

Regenerative Braking

The battery is loaded using the Electrical Motor operating as generator (engine brake).

Diesel Engine Efficiency

Diesel engine is switched off in idle (traffic light, bus stops). The diesel engine will only operate when it is more efficient.

The Hybrid Vehicle

Volvo Buses

Advantage:- High range

Drawbacks:- Low ICE drive efficiency- High drive system cost / kW- All installed power NOT available on the wheels

Diesel Engine El.mach

PowerElectronics

>30%

95 %

95 %

D

EnergyStorage

+ -

El.mach

PowerElectronics

95 %

95 %

98 %

The Series Hybrid Vehicle

Idea to solution:- Connect ICE to wheels mechanically – The Parallell Hybrid

Volvo Buses

D

EnergyStorage

+ -

El.mach

Diesel Engine

PowerElectronics

Gearbox

The Parallell Hybrid Vehicle

Advantage:-High ICE drive efficiency due to hybrid control- ICE downsizing- Low system cost / kW tractive power- High commonality with non-hybrid drive train- Redundancy if electric drive malfunction

Drawbacks:- Lower max regenerative braking due to lower EM rating than series

Volvo Buses

T

rpm

Enhanced Performance with Parallel Drive

Diesel

Both Together D

EnergyStorage

+ -

El.mach

Diesel Engine

PowerElectronics

Gearbox

Electric Drive

Volvo Buses

How can Hybrid Vehicle help to improved efficiency and fuel consumption?(Volvo Hybrid)

14

FU

EL

SA

VIN

G

Volvo Buses

7700 Diesel: 8.5 l/h7700 Hybrid: 6.0 l/hSaving: 2.5 l/h

7700 Diesel: 13.7 l/h7700 Hybrid: 9.6 l/hSaving: 4.1 l/h

Diesel

Hybrid

~ 35%

Volvo BusesBenedito Oliveira

– Hybrid· (++) Flexibility in application, no need of specific infraestructure. Except for plug-in

hybrids.· (+) Drive range:

» Full Hybrid: 35% more than a normal diesel bus

» Plug-in Hybrid: 60% more than a normall diesel bus· (+) Noise: Smaller ICE, Start-stop functionality· (-) Weight: Need for Battery, Electrical motor, Control System

– Electric· (++) Zero emission· (++) Noise free· (--) Weight: Need for more battery than a hybrid vehicle, control system and bigger

Electric Motor.· (--) Need for infraestruture, charging stations· (-) Drive range, need to recharge or have the grid.

What are the major benefits and contraints in application?

17-Jun-13

Volvo Buses

Optimised public transports by 2020-Daily travel

Critical time ~60 minutes30-90 km/h Bus40-250 km/h Train-600 km/h Air

TrainExpress bus

+bio fuel

BRTHybrid bus

FeederHybrid bus+ plug-in Down town

Hybrid busFully electric

School busFully electric

Volvo Buses

Summary

Future technology parallel development

– Hybrid bus + Plug-in hybrids

– Diesel

– Fully electrical buses

Drivers

– Noise

– Energy efficiency

– Synergies with cars and trucks

– Environmental impact less than Euro VI already today

– Less dependency on oil

– Low infra structure requirement

Volvo Buses

The path towards Green Efficiency

2010 Future

City

Bu

s M

ark

et

Hybrid

DieselHybridPlug-in

Fully electric

Volvo Buses

Volvo Hybrid - Curitiba

Volvo Buses

VOLVO B215RH

Li-ion ESS

Electrical Motor

Volvo I-Shift Transmission

Volvo Engine 5L D5F 215HP

Electrical power steering

* ESS Energy Storage System, incl Battery and control system

Volvo Buses

Parallel integrated design

BatteryLi-ion

120 KW

I-Shift gear box 12 gears

Electrical machine generator/motor

800 Nm, 120 kW / 160 Hp

D5 Engine800 Nm, 160 kW

/215 Hp

Power electronicsAC/DC converter

Volvo Buses

Characteristic· Highly Efficient Diesel Engine

combined with Electrical Motor· Together or separate Traction· Diesel and Electrical coordinated to

improve performance and decrease environmental impact

T

rpm

Concept Volvo Hybrid

Operation modes· 0 – 20km/h: Eletric · Após 20 km/h: Hybrid · Diesel engine off during stops