EFFECTS OF HERBS ON DEWORMING LAMBS & KID GOATS 2007 Helen A. Swartz, Michael Martin & Arlene Stewart Helen A. Swartz, Michael Martin & Arlene Stewart.

EFFECTS OF HERBS ON EFFECTS OF HERBS ON DEWORMING LAMBS & DEWORMING LAMBS &

KID GOATSKID GOATS20072007

Helen A. Swartz, Michael Martin & Helen A. Swartz, Michael Martin & Arlene StewartArlene Stewart

Lincoln University-9-08Lincoln University-9-08

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

The number one problem in the The number one problem in the sheep and goat industry in the hot sheep and goat industry in the hot summer months is stomach summer months is stomach barberpole worms (barberpole worms (Haemonchus Haemonchus contortus)contortus)

Two breeds of sheep and one breed Two breeds of sheep and one breed of goat (Boer cross) were used in this of goat (Boer cross) were used in this studystudy

KATAHDIN, DORSET & BOER KATAHDIN, DORSET & BOER GOATSGOATS

Katahdin hair sheep in Missouri are the Katahdin hair sheep in Missouri are the largest number in the national registrylargest number in the national registry

Dorset sheep are popular with sheep Dorset sheep are popular with sheep producers as they breed out of season and producers as they breed out of season and will lamb in the fall & the springwill lamb in the fall & the spring

Boer meat goats were introduced into the Boer meat goats were introduced into the US in 1993 and little research has been US in 1993 and little research has been reported to datereported to date

KATAHDIN LAMBS-KATAHDIN LAMBS-Little data on hair sheep lambs on Little data on hair sheep lambs on

dewormers & herbsdewormers & herbs

DORSET LAMBSDORSET LAMBS

Data collected on lambs using herbsData collected on lambs using herbs

BOER GOATBOER GOATKid goats fed herbs as dewormerKid goats fed herbs as dewormer

SHEEP & GOAT LOSSESSHEEP & GOAT LOSSES

1) There are only three families of 1) There are only three families of dewormers on the market even dewormers on the market even though they may have many though they may have many different trade namesdifferent trade names

2) When the worms become resistant 2) When the worms become resistant to a dewormer, it is no longer to a dewormer, it is no longer effective in killing the stomach effective in killing the stomach wormsworms

BACKGROUNDBACKGROUNDMissouri is reported ranking 9Missouri is reported ranking 9thth place place

in the US in sheep productionin the US in sheep production

The number of meat goats is growing each The number of meat goats is growing each year in Missouri year in Missouri

The number of dairy goats is increasing as The number of dairy goats is increasing as Amish & Mennonites are selling goat milk Amish & Mennonites are selling goat milk in Arkansas & Wisconsinin Arkansas & Wisconsin

BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND

Chemical dewormers are the Chemical dewormers are the conventional approach to dewormingconventional approach to deworming

sheep & goatssheep & goats Reports in the literature have shown Reports in the literature have shown

resistance of stomach worms for resistance of stomach worms for several years using the chemical several years using the chemical dewormers in sheep & goats (Kohler dewormers in sheep & goats (Kohler & Herzberg, 2005)& Herzberg, 2005)

STUDIES IN AFRICASTUDIES IN AFRICA

1) Wormwood (1) Wormwood (Artemesia spArtemesia sp.) is used by .) is used by humans in Africa to control stomach humans in Africa to control stomach worms (list research found)worms (list research found)

2) A study was found in Africa deworming 2) A study was found in Africa deworming Nubian dairy goats with wormwood Nubian dairy goats with wormwood ((Artemesia herba albaArtemesia herba alba) where wormwood ) where wormwood was found effective in killing the stomach was found effective in killing the stomach worms in goatworms in goat

(Idris, et al. (1982)(Idris, et al. (1982)

METHODS & MATERIALSMETHODS & MATERIALS

There were 16 Katahdin hair sheep There were 16 Katahdin hair sheep lambs divided into three groups lambs divided into three groups Group 1-Received Ivomec commercialGroup 1-Received Ivomec commercial

dewormer (avermectin)dewormer (avermectin)Group 2-Received herbs (Wormwood, Group 2-Received herbs (Wormwood, ( (Artemesia absinthium), 40.5%, fennel, Artemesia absinthium), 40.5%, fennel, gentian, psyllium and quassia (equally gentian, psyllium and quassia (equally divided)divided)Group 3—Control group received no Group 3—Control group received no treatment treatment

METHODS & MATERIALS-METHODS & MATERIALS-cont.cont.

There were 9 Dorset lambs dividedThere were 9 Dorset lambs divided

into three groupsinto three groups

Group 1-Received IvomecGroup 1-Received Ivomec

Group 2-Received herbs fed in the Group 2-Received herbs fed in the

feed once a weekfeed once a week

Group 3-Control group received no Group 3-Control group received no

treatmenttreatment

METHODS & MATERIALS-cont.METHODS & MATERIALS-cont.

There were 16 Boer goat kids dividedThere were 16 Boer goat kids divided

into three groupsinto three groups

Group 1 -Received Ivomec-commercialGroup 1 -Received Ivomec-commercial

dewormerdewormer

Group 2 –Received herbal treatment Group 2 –Received herbal treatment

Group 3-Control group received noGroup 3-Control group received no

treatmenttreatment


All lambs & kids were fed the same All lambs & kids were fed the same ration of grain, soybean meal, ration of grain, soybean meal, vitamins & minerals to meet the NRC vitamins & minerals to meet the NRC requirementsrequirements

During the day, the lambs and kids During the day, the lambs and kids grazed the pastures of fescue cool grazed the pastures of fescue cool season grassseason grass


Blood was drawn for measuring packed Blood was drawn for measuring packed cell volume (hematocrits)cell volume (hematocrits)

in all individuals with the three in all individuals with the three groups every 30 daysgroups every 30 days

Fecal samples were collected at the Fecal samples were collected at the same time and processed to same time and processed to determine the number of eggs determine the number of eggs produced by the barberpole wormsproduced by the barberpole worms


Blood samples were spun down to determine Blood samples were spun down to determine the percentage of red blood cells in each the percentage of red blood cells in each animal-hematocritanimal-hematocrit

Fecal eggs counts-Modified McMaster Fecal eggs counts-Modified McMaster method method

1)1) Collected feces with disposable glovesCollected feces with disposable gloves2)2) Mixed 3 grams of feces in 15 ml of Mixed 3 grams of feces in 15 ml of

saturated salt watersaturated salt water3)3) Mixed with 10 ml. of flotation solution Mixed with 10 ml. of flotation solution 4)4) Counted all eggs in two chambers Counted all eggs in two chambers


RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONFecal Eggs Per Gram-IvomecFecal Eggs Per Gram-Ivomec

ivomec epg lambs/kids

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

June July August September October

samples

ep

g

katahdins

dorsets

boers

RESULTS & DISCUSSION-IvomecRESULTS & DISCUSSION-Ivomec

The highest peak in the fecal egg The highest peak in the fecal egg count in the Katahdin was in Augustcount in the Katahdin was in August

The highest peak in the fecal egg The highest peak in the fecal egg count in the Dorset was in count in the Dorset was in SeptemberSeptember

The highest peak in the fecal egg The highest peak in the fecal egg count in the Boer goat was in Augustcount in the Boer goat was in August

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fecal Eggs Count Per Gram- HerbsFecal Eggs Count Per Gram- Herbs

herbal lambs/kids epg

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800


samples

ep

g

katahdins

dorsets

boers

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION-RESULTS AND DISCUSSION-HerbsHerbs


The highest peak in the fecal egg The highest peak in the fecal egg count in the Dorset was in Augustcount in the Dorset was in August

The highest peak in the fecal egg The highest peak in the fecal egg count in the Boer goat was in Augustcount in the Boer goat was in August

The barberpole stomach worm is a The barberpole stomach worm is a hot weather worm that kills sheep hot weather worm that kills sheep and goatsand goats

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION-RESULTS AND DISCUSSION-FecalFecal Eggs PerEggs Per Gram-ControlGram-Control GroupGroup

controls lambs/kids epg

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500


samples

ep

g

katahdins

dorsets

boers

RESULTS AND DISCUSSON-RESULTS AND DISCUSSON-Control GroupsControl Groups


The highest peak in the fecal egg The highest peak in the fecal egg count in the Dorset was in count in the Dorset was in SeptemberSeptember

The highest peak in the fecal egg The highest peak in the fecal egg count in the Boer goat was in Julycount in the Boer goat was in July

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION-RESULTS AND DISCUSSION-fecal egg count numberfecal egg count number

Katahdin-IvomecKatahdin-Ivomec

animal # breed treatment fec1 fec2 fec 3 fec4 fec5

6026 1 1 0 0 400 100 100

6103 1 1 0 1100 3100 0 50

6058 1 1 1000 300 1100 650 100

6090 1 1 0 450 5050 50 550

250 462.5 2412.5 200 200


Katahdin-HerbKatahdin-Herbanimal # breed treatment

June July

August Sept Oct

6003 1 2 0 600 800 250 400

6023 1 2 0 650 3100 450 1000

6034 1 2 100 250 1100 300 100

6035 1 2 0 600 1300 0 550

6050 1 2 50 100 2800 500 0

6064 1 2 300 50 650 150 700

6100 1 2 50 1400 400 0 250

71.43 521.43 1450 235.71 428.57


Katahdin-ControlKatahdin-Control


6014 1 3 200 2550 2300 3200 350

6030 1 3 0 300 300 200 1000

6049 1 3 100 2400 2850 150 1050

6065 1 3 1250 2150 1550 50 400

6043 1 3 50 1100 1850

320 1700 1770 900 700


Dorset-IvomecDorset-Ivomec


6009 2 1 700 500 1850 2650 0

6031 2 1 300 1300 0 2300 300

6040 2 1 0 500 750 3550 350

333.33 766.67 866.67 2833.33 216.67


Dorset-HerbDorset-Herb


6010 2 2 200 1800 1150 400 250

6021 2 2 100 1950 2350 2550 200

6051 2 2 150 950 1300 100 50

150 1566.67 1600 1016.67 166.67


Dorset-ControlDorset-Control


6052 2 3 0 2200 1500 4100 550

6048 2 3 350 900 500 2950 300

6101 2 3 550 5200 1500 2100 1250

300 2766.67 1166.67 3050 700


Boer goat-IvomecBoer goat-Ivomecanimal # breed treatment fec1 fec2 fec 3 fec4 fec5

7607 3 1 0 350 0 200 850

7613 3 1 0 400 600 800 350

7626 3 1 0 500 800 450 350

7639 3 1 0 1600 2300 750 400

7660 3 1 0 350 250 0 350

7696 3 1 0 1000 600 500 100

0 700 758.33 450 400


Boer goat-HerbBoer goat-Herbanimal # breed treatment fec1 fec2 fec 3 fec4 fec5

7608 3 2 0 950 0 50 3100

7631 3 2 0 1100 50 0 500

7633 3 2 0 600 1400 350 450

7640 3 2 0 800 650 450 1650

7649 3 2 100 200 750 50 450

7612 3 2 0 800 2100

16.67 741.67 825 180 1230


Boer goat-ControlBoer goat-Control


7617 3 3 0 800 1100 700 1500

7627 3 3 0 1200 100 250 450

7629 3 3 50 100 250 100 600

7638 3 3 50 2900 200 1050 1150

25 1250 412.5 525 925

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONRed blood cell count-HematocritsRed blood cell count-Hematocrits

Barberpole worms (Barberpole worms (Haemonchus Haemonchus contortus)contortus) in sheep and goats are in sheep and goats are blood sucking worms that cause blood sucking worms that cause severe anemia and deathsevere anemia and death

Hematocrits measure the percentage Hematocrits measure the percentage of red blood cells in sheep and goats of red blood cells in sheep and goats as an indicator of the number of as an indicator of the number of barberpole wormsbarberpole worms

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONRed Blood Cell Count-hematocritsRed Blood Cell Count-hematocrits

ivomec

2829303132333435

time

hct

%

katahdins

dorsets

boers

HematocritsHematocrits

herbs

28

30

32

34

36

38

time

hct

%

katahdins

dorsets

boers

HematocritsHematocrits

controls

28

30

32

34

36

38

time

hct

%

kahadin

dorsets

boers

HEMATOCRITSHEMATOCRITS

All three breed groups, Katahdin, All three breed groups, Katahdin, Dorset and Boer goats had red blood Dorset and Boer goats had red blood cell counts above the threatening cell counts above the threatening level of anemia regardless of count level of anemia regardless of count

All breeds were above 25% RBCs All breeds were above 25% RBCs throughout the experiment with the throughout the experiment with the lower counts found in the hotter lower counts found in the hotter monthsmonths

STATISTICAL DATASTATISTICAL DATA The data was subjected to analysis of The data was subjected to analysis of

variance (ANOVA) for comparisons of variance (ANOVA) for comparisons of ivomec, herbal, and control groups ivomec, herbal, and control groups treatments between the three breeds in treatments between the three breeds in fecal egg count, 3 X 3 factorialfecal egg count, 3 X 3 factorial

Results of treatment differences in FEC Results of treatment differences in FEC statistically reported (P<.0001)statistically reported (P<.0001)

The lowest counts in FEC was found in the The lowest counts in FEC was found in the Boer goats Boer goats

STATISTICAL DATA-cont.STATISTICAL DATA-cont. Statistical differences were reported in Statistical differences were reported in

breed x month (P<.0002) in the fecal egg breed x month (P<.0002) in the fecal egg counts comparing the three breedscounts comparing the three breeds

Statistical differences were reported in Statistical differences were reported in fecal egg counts in months throughout the fecal egg counts in months throughout the treatments (P<.0001)treatments (P<.0001)

Statistical differences were reported in FEC Statistical differences were reported in FEC in breed differences (P<.005)in breed differences (P<.005)

STATISTICAL DATASTATISTICAL DATAHematocrits-RBCHematocrits-RBC

The data was subjected to analysis of The data was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) for comparisons of variance (ANOVA) for comparisons of herbal, ivomec and control groups herbal, ivomec and control groups treatments between the three breeds in treatments between the three breeds in hematocrits-RBChematocrits-RBC

Results of breed differences in RBC Results of breed differences in RBC statistically reported (P<.0001)statistically reported (P<.0001)

The lowest percentage in RBC was found The lowest percentage in RBC was found in the Boer goats which may be a breed in the Boer goats which may be a breed differencedifference

STATISTICAL DATA-cont.STATISTICAL DATA-cont.Hematocrits-RBCHematocrits-RBC

Statistical differences were reported in Statistical differences were reported in breed x month (P<.001) in the RBC breed x month (P<.001) in the RBC percentage comparing the three breedspercentage comparing the three breeds

Statistical differences were reported in Statistical differences were reported in RBC percentage in months throughout the RBC percentage in months throughout the treatments (P<.0003)treatments (P<.0003)

Statistical differences were reported in Statistical differences were reported in RBC in breed differences (P<.0004)RBC in breed differences (P<.0004)

SUMMARYSUMMARY

Results were found in fecal egg counts in Results were found in fecal egg counts in months with the highest in July and August months with the highest in July and August (P<.0001), breed (P<.005), treatment (P<.0001), breed (P<.005), treatment (P<.004) and breed x month (P<.0002)(P<.004) and breed x month (P<.0002)

Results in RBC’s were the lowest in August Results in RBC’s were the lowest in August of breed (P<.0004), month (P<.0003) and of breed (P<.0004), month (P<.0003) and breed x month of (P<.001)breed x month of (P<.001)

SUMMARYSUMMARY

This data is preliminary and shows that This data is preliminary and shows that the barberpole worm is a hot weather the barberpole worm is a hot weather worm capable of killing lambs and kids worm capable of killing lambs and kids from sucking blood in the abomasum (true from sucking blood in the abomasum (true stomach) stomach)

More research needs to be conducted with More research needs to be conducted with a larger sample size prior to publishing in a larger sample size prior to publishing in a refereed journal, however the data a refereed journal, however the data follows adults in the three breedsfollows adults in the three breeds

REFERENCESREFERENCES Artho, R., Schnyder, M., Kohler, P.R. and Hertzberg, H. (2006) Artho, R., Schnyder, M., Kohler, P.R. and Hertzberg, H. (2006)

Avermectin-resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of Boer goats Avermectin-resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of Boer goats and Dorper sheep in Switzerland. and Dorper sheep in Switzerland. Veterinary Parasitology (Veterinary Parasitology (In In Press)Press)

Idris, U.M E1 A.A, Adam, S.E.I. and G. Tartour (1982) Anthelmintic Idris, U.M E1 A.A, Adam, S.E.I. and G. Tartour (1982) Anthelmintic efficacy of Artemisia herba-alba against Haemonchus contortus efficacy of Artemisia herba-alba against Haemonchus contortus infection in goats. infection in goats. National Institute of Animal Health Quarterly, National Institute of Animal Health Quarterly, Japan, Japan, 22(3); 138-14322(3); 138-143

Iqbal, Z., Lateef, M., Asraf, M. and A. Jabbar (2004) Anthelmintic Iqbal, Z., Lateef, M., Asraf, M. and A. Jabbar (2004) Anthelmintic activity of activity of Artemisia brevifolia Artemisia brevifolia in sheep, in sheep, Journal of Journal of Ethnopharmacology Ethnopharmacology 93(2-3): 265-26893(2-3): 265-268

EFFECTS OF HERBS ON DEWORMING LAMBS & KID GOATS 2007 Helen A. Swartz, Michael Martin & Arlene Stewart Helen A. Swartz, Michael Martin & Arlene Stewart.

Documents

dewormer slide

treatment treatment

groups group

study slide

divided group

katahdin hair sheep

sheep production

control group