Effect of Sport Nutrition Education in High School Students from Low-Income Communities Jeffrey C. Little Jeffrey C. Little, MS, RD Stella L. Volpe Stella.

Effect of Sport Nutrition Education in High School Students from Low-Income

Communities

Jeffrey C. Little, MS, RD

Stella L. Volpe, PhD, RD, FACSMDepartment of Nutrition

Outline

Introduction Literature Review Statement of the Problem Significance of the Study Purpose of the Study

Outline

Study Design Statistical Analyses Results Conclusion Future Research Implications

Adolescent Nutrition

Nutritional requirements during adolescence

Changes in eating habits during adolescence

(Mitchell, Nutrition Across the Life Span, Philadelphia, PA. W.B. Saunders, 1997)

Adolescent Nutrition

Factors effecting adolescent food choices Perceived body image Social & cultural differences Eating under time constraints Lack of family guidance Peer pressure Mass media Nutrition education

(Mitchell, Nutrition Across the Life Span, Philadelphia, PA. W.B. Saunders, 1997)

Nutrition Knowledge Douglas & Douglas, 1984

940 high school student-athletes in Connecticut 48-question survey

Mean score 26.4 (55%)

Emphasized the need for further nutrition

education in adolescents

(JADA, 84(10): 1198-1202, 1984)

Nutrition Knowledge

Skinner & Woodburn, 1984 1,193 high school adolescents in Oregon

Mean correct score of 39.4% Reported a general lack of nutrition

knowledge in these students

(JOSH, 54: 71-74, 1984)

Nutrition Knowledge

Perry-Hunnicut & Newman, 1993 3,632 8th and 10th grade high school students

throughout the United States National Adolescent Student Health Survey

13-item questionnaire Mean score of 6.1 and 6.5 for males and females,

respectively High school students do not posses

appropriate nutrition knowledge

Nutrition Status in Communities of Low-Income

Dietary Quality Healthy Eating Index (HEI)

10 Components of a healthy diet Positive relationship with level of education

and income African-Americans score lowest

(Family Economics & Nutrition Review, 12(2): 39-43, 1999)

Nutrition Status in Communities of Low-Income

Food Insufficiency NHANES III (1988 – 1994)

Insufficiency prevalence rate of 4.1% Poverty status

In 1994, 38 million Americans at or below the poverty level

(Alaimo et al., AJPH, 88(3): 419-426, 1998)

Nutrition Status in Communities of Low-Income

Educational Differences Disproportionate balance of educational

resources Budget restraints Lower enrollment rates Increased drop out rates

Nutrition Intervention in Communities of Low-Income

Hartman et al. (1997) Intervention study on 134 low-literacy, adult

participants (EFNEP) in Twin Cities Low-fat eating patterns Pre- and Post-test questionnaire 10 educational sessions

Results indicate the effectiveness of producing statistically significant, intervention-related behavior changes in low-income adults

Nutrition Knowledge of Adolescents in Communities of Low-Income

Thakur & D’Amico (1999) 20-question survey to 292 high school

students in 3 separate Philadelphia schools Schools 1 and 2 lower to middle SES School 3 predominately middle SES

Examined nutrition knowledge, food preferences, and food-related behaviors towards obesity

Nutrition Knowledge of Adolescents in Communities of Low-Income

Results indicated an overall poor level of nutrition knowledge

Significant differences by SES in Identifying energy requirements Identifying high-fat foods Recommended servings for fruit and

vegetables

(Family Medicine, 31: 122-127, 1999)

Nutrition Knowledge of Adolescents in Communities of Low-Income

Beech et al., 1999 22-question nutrition knowledge survey in

the New Orleans area 2,213 high school students

Mean overall correct score was 39%

Significant ethnic differences (p < 0.001) Overall low scores consistent with

previous studies indicating a general lack of nutrition knowledge among adolescents

(JOAH, 24: 244-250, 1999)

Sport Supplements

Popular within society Billion dollar industry

Use among adolescents is increasing Few studies conducted regarding

knowledge of sport supplements among adolescents

(Levin, AOIM, 131(3): 161-164, 1999)

Adolescent Supplement Knowledge

Krowchuck et al., 1989 Survey of 295 high school student-

athletes in the greater Cleveland area use and attitudes towards nutrition

supplements Students require appropriate

information on the efficacy and risks involved with sport supplements

(Sports Medicine, 143: 486-489, 1989)

Adolescent Supplement Knowledge

Massad et al., 1995 Supplement knowledge in Indiana high school

students (n = 507) Mean score out of 21

13.3 (62.5%) for males (n = 302) 14.2 (67.1%) for females (n = 205)

Low scores indicate a need for additional sport supplement education in high school students

(IJSN, 5: 232-245, 1995)

Nutrition and Supplement Knowledge of Adolescents in Low-income Communities

Adolescents in low-income communities receive less educational resources and

support limited assessment of nutrition

knowledge no research conducted on sport

supplement knowledge

(Armstrong & Welsman, Young People & Physical Activity, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1997)

Statement of the Problem

Adolescents who are not properly educated in nutrition will make less healthy choices and their diets may be compromised

In doing so, they may begin to form poor eating habits which can result in chronic disease when they become adults

Statement of the Problem

Sport supplement knowledge of adolescents is insufficient and education is limited to higher income communities

Statement of the Problem

Adolescents who are limited in their basic nutrition knowledge do not possess the ability to decipher which supplements are appropriate to consume, which may be potentially harmful, and which can be easily attained through their diet

Significance of the Study

Only study to date that has assessed the use of sport supplements in a low-income community

First study to assess sport supplement knowledge after educational intervention

Significance of the Study

Will provide these adolescents who may be susceptible to inappropriate outside sources of nutrition and sport supplement information, with the most up-to-date information on the efficacy and risks associated with the use of sport supplements

Significance of the Study

Provide adolescents from a low-income community with necessary information to enhance their growth and development through proper nutrition

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of a sport nutrition education curricula on the sport nutrition knowledge of high school students in a low-income community

Study Design

Included 50 subjects from a high school in a low-income community North Star Academy (NSA) 50% of entire student body enrolled in

National School Lunch Program Students were assigned to either

experimental or control group According to NSA class schedule Investigator attempted an even distribution

Methodology

Week OnePre-Test

Questionnaire

Week Two

Session 1

Week Three

Session 2

Week Four

Session 3

Week Five

Session 4

Week Six

Session 5

Week SevenPost-Test

Questionnaire

Methodology

Questionnaire Validated by Massad and Shier (1993)

Internal consistency r = 0.78 Permission for use granted by Massad et

al. (1995) Updated with 7 additional questions by

present investigator

Methodology

5 Educational lessons Carbohydrates, Fats, & Proteins Vitamins, Minerals & Water Protein Supplements & Creatine

Monohydrate Fat-Burning Supplements Steroid-Alternative Supplements

Statistical Analyses

Post-hoc power estimationPower Sample Size*

86% 30

94% 40

98% 50

*Actual sample size was 39

Statistical Analyses

Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance SPSS version 10.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL p-value was set a priori at 0.05 Any questions where > 80% of the

students scored correctly at pre-test were not included in analyses

Statistical Analyses

Two-tailed paired T-test Chi-square analyses

Mean differences pre- to pos-test Gender High school class level