Economic Traits of Poultry

WELCOME TO THE WELCOME TO THE PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION

PresentersPresenters

Santosh Dhakal (25)Santosh Lamichhane (26)

Shailesh Gurung (27)Subash Acharya (28)

Suraj Subedi (29)Utsav Prakash Tiwari (30)

Yanamani Nepal (31)

TRAITS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE INTRAITS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE IN POULTRYPOULTRY

AND ITS IMPLICATION IN AND ITS IMPLICATION IN GENETIC IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMMEGENETIC IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME

Look at the history of poultry development Past and Present

Is it a MIRACLE?????????????????Probably not. Its due to genetic improvements

– the judicious use of selection and mating techniques.

What What about about the the

future???????future???????It depends upon you and me.It depends upon you and me.

Economic traitsEconomic traits

Economic traits are those which have Economic traits are those which have monetary value in the livestock and monetary value in the livestock and poultry production. Most of the economic poultry production. Most of the economic traits are governed by many pairs of traits are governed by many pairs of genes so known as quantitative traits or genes so known as quantitative traits or polygenic traits.polygenic traits.

Quantitative traits have much Quantitative traits have much more environmental influencemore environmental influence..

In future certainly emphasis will be given to the welfare of poultry as well as poultry product consumers.

Traits for pedigree selection in Traits for pedigree selection in broilersbroilers Growth Rate

Feed Conversion Livability Ascites Resistance Heat Resistance Eviscerated Yield Part and Meat Yield Carcass Fat Leg and Skeletal Strength Breast Conformation Degree of Feathering Feather and Skin Color

Traits Traits hh22 levellevelGrowth and body Growth and body compositioncompositionBody weight at 6 wkBody weight at 6 wk 0.490.49 HighHighWt gain from 4-6 wkWt gain from 4-6 wk 0.300.30 MediumMediumPectoralis major m/s wt.Pectoralis major m/s wt. 0.380.38 HighHighBreast m/s yieldBreast m/s yield 0.300.30 MediumMediumAbdominal fatAbdominal fat 0.480.48 HighHighMuscle characteristicsMuscle characteristicsFiber cross sectionFiber cross section 0.410.41 HighHighLactateLactate 0.270.27 MediumMediumpH at 15 min. post pH at 15 min. post mortemmortem

0.300.30 MediumMedium

Glycolytic potentialGlycolytic potential 0.430.43 HighHigh

Heritability of Economic traits of Broiler

TraitsTraits hh22 LevelLevelUltimate pHUltimate pH 0.340.34 HighHighMeat quality traitsMeat quality traitsLightnessLightness 0.350.35 HighHighRednessRedness 0.250.25 MediumMediumYellownessYellowness 0.310.31 HighHighDrip lossDrip loss 0.260.26 MediumMediumThawing-cooking lossThawing-cooking loss 0.350.35 HighHighSheer forceSheer force 0.340.34 HighHigh

Economic traits of layersEconomic traits of layersThe trait egg production is polygenic The trait egg production is polygenic

in nature. It is a low heritable trait, in nature. It is a low heritable trait, while egg weight is moderately while egg weight is moderately heritable and influenced by the heritable and influenced by the environment in which they were environment in which they were grown. The components of egg grown. The components of egg production are as follows.production are as follows.

Age at Sexual Maturity:Age at Sexual Maturity: It is the age of the bird at which it lays the first egg. It is the age of the bird at which it lays the first egg.

Early maturing hens lay more number of eggs, but Early maturing hens lay more number of eggs, but smaller in size compared to late maturing ones. In smaller in size compared to late maturing ones. In order to prevent this problem lighting and feeding order to prevent this problem lighting and feeding are monitored during growing period to delay sexual are monitored during growing period to delay sexual maturity. Age at sexual maturity is determined by maturity. Age at sexual maturity is determined by both autosomal and sex linked genes. Sexual both autosomal and sex linked genes. Sexual maturity of the pullets is highly correlated with the maturity of the pullets is highly correlated with the sexual maturity of dams. Males and females differ in sexual maturity of dams. Males and females differ in transmitting the trait to their daughters. Hence transmitting the trait to their daughters. Hence males selected for breeding purposes should be the males selected for breeding purposes should be the progeny from early maturing females. progeny from early maturing females.

Rate of Lay:Rate of Lay: Rate of lay is defined as the number of eggs Rate of lay is defined as the number of eggs

produced in a given period of time. If the bird produced in a given period of time. If the bird lays more eggs in a given time higher is its lays more eggs in a given time higher is its rate of lay. Clutch size determines the rate of rate of lay. Clutch size determines the rate of lay. If the bird lays more number of eggs per lay. If the bird lays more number of eggs per clutch it is usually a better layer than the bird clutch it is usually a better layer than the bird which lays fewer numbers of eggs. It is a which lays fewer numbers of eggs. It is a lowly heritable trait. Family selection for this lowly heritable trait. Family selection for this trait can bring about improvement. trait can bring about improvement.

Broodiness:Broodiness: Two dominant comple mentary autosomal genes A Two dominant comple mentary autosomal genes A

and C are responsible for broodiness. This and C are responsible for broodiness. This behavior is seen in heavy breeds like Asiatic behavior is seen in heavy breeds like Asiatic class. While Mediterranean breeds like Leghorn class. While Mediterranean breeds like Leghorn and Ancona are non broody. American class and and Ancona are non broody. American class and English class are usually intermediate in English class are usually intermediate in broodiness. The most effective way in reducing broodiness. The most effective way in reducing broodiness in a strain is, to avoid breeding of broodiness in a strain is, to avoid breeding of daughters and/or sisters of brooding hen, even daughters and/or sisters of brooding hen, even though they are the progeny of non broody dams. though they are the progeny of non broody dams. The sires whose dams or sisters show broodiness The sires whose dams or sisters show broodiness should also be avoided. should also be avoided.

Persistency:Persistency: It is the measure of the length of lying It is the measure of the length of lying

cycle. This factor is associated with cycle. This factor is associated with egg production. The laying cycle of a egg production. The laying cycle of a hen is terminated by molting. The hen is terminated by molting. The longer the laying cycle before the hen longer the laying cycle before the hen enters her molting period, the better enters her molting period, the better she is for egg production. The laying she is for egg production. The laying cycle should be about 300 days. cycle should be about 300 days.

Pauses:Pauses: Pause is defined as the time between Pause is defined as the time between

two clutches in which the hen is out of two clutches in which the hen is out of production. If the pause is more than production. If the pause is more than 3 to 4 days, then the hen is 3 to 4 days, then the hen is considered as a low producer. Pause considered as a low producer. Pause may be due to environmental and may be due to environmental and genetic factors. In winter months it is genetic factors. In winter months it is more common, and it is called as the more common, and it is called as the winter pause. winter pause.

Other than the components of egg production, Other than the components of egg production,

the associated economic traits related to egg the associated economic traits related to egg production are ; production are ;

Egg Weight: Egg Weight: This is a highly heritable trait. It can be improved This is a highly heritable trait. It can be improved

by selec tion. Birds which mature early tend to lay by selec tion. Birds which mature early tend to lay smaller eggs than those that mature late. The smaller eggs than those that mature late. The mature egg weight in layers should be mature egg weight in layers should be approximately 55-58 gms. Egg weight is influenced approximately 55-58 gms. Egg weight is influenced by breed, nutrition, season and disease condition. by breed, nutrition, season and disease condition. It is also influenced by the type of housingIt is also influenced by the type of housing..

Egg Quality:Egg Quality: The quality of egg is measured by 1) The quality of egg is measured by 1)

Haugh Unit Score; 2) Albu min Index; Haugh Unit Score; 2) Albu min Index; 3) Yolk Index; 4) Shell Thick ness, and 3) Yolk Index; 4) Shell Thick ness, and 5) Presence or absence of blood and 5) Presence or absence of blood and meat spots. These traits are low to meat spots. These traits are low to moderately heritable. It can be moderately heritable. It can be improved by using various selection improved by using various selection methods. methods.

Shell Color:Shell Color: White and brown are most White and brown are most

commonly preferred egg colors. Shell commonly preferred egg colors. Shell color is not having any nutritive color is not having any nutritive value. It is characteristic of breed. value. It is characteristic of breed. Indigenous chickens lay tinted eggs Indigenous chickens lay tinted eggs and they are preferred in the market and they are preferred in the market because of aesthetic value. because of aesthetic value.

Shell Texture:Shell Texture: The soundness of an egg is judged The soundness of an egg is judged

from its texture. This is important from its texture. This is important from a commercial point of view, from a commercial point of view, because eggs are transported for because eggs are transported for marketing purpose. This trait is marketing purpose. This trait is influenced by genetic, nutritional and influenced by genetic, nutritional and environmental factors. environmental factors.

Body Size:Body Size: Optimum body size of a hen at laying Optimum body size of a hen at laying

is an important factor to be is an important factor to be considered for satisfactory egg size considered for satisfactory egg size and persistency. Hence body weights and persistency. Hence body weights at maturity. 20 weeks and 40 weeks at maturity. 20 weeks and 40 weeks are monitored to maintain good egg are monitored to maintain good egg production and egg weight. production and egg weight.

Feed Efficiency:Feed Efficiency: It is measured as amount of feed consumed It is measured as amount of feed consumed

in Kg/dozen of eggs or as amount of feed in Kg/dozen of eggs or as amount of feed consumed in Kg/ Kg of egg mass. Small consumed in Kg/ Kg of egg mass. Small sized layers with high production are more sized layers with high production are more efficient than those heavy layers with high efficient than those heavy layers with high production. So this trait may be included in production. So this trait may be included in selection to develop feed efficient stocks, selection to develop feed efficient stocks, economical in production than normal sized economical in production than normal sized ones in pure line stocks. ones in pure line stocks.

Fertility and Hatchability:Fertility and Hatchability: Fertility and hatchability are low heritable traits, but Fertility and hatchability are low heritable traits, but

can be improved by appropriate breeding methods. can be improved by appropriate breeding methods. These traits can be improved by test mating the males These traits can be improved by test mating the males before using them for breeding purpose. Fertility is before using them for breeding purpose. Fertility is defined as the percentage of eggs that are fertile out of defined as the percentage of eggs that are fertile out of total number of eggs set. Hatchability is defined in total number of eggs set. Hatchability is defined in percentage that is total number of chicks obtained from percentage that is total number of chicks obtained from the fertile eggs set and also expressed in percentage the fertile eggs set and also expressed in percentage that is total number of chicks obtained from the total that is total number of chicks obtained from the total number of eggs set. Factors influencing fertility and number of eggs set. Factors influencing fertility and hatchability are breed, strain, family and individuals hatchability are breed, strain, family and individuals within a family. Inbreeding decreases, while out within a family. Inbreeding decreases, while out breeding increases these traits. Age of the bird, breeding increases these traits. Age of the bird, nutrition, disease, management and environmental nutrition, disease, management and environmental factors affect both fertility and hatchability factors affect both fertility and hatchability

TraitsTraits Heritability Heritability %%

LevelLevel

Egg weightEgg weight 5555 HighHighAdult body weightAdult body weight 5555 HighHigh8-week broiler weight8-week broiler weight 4545 HighHighEgg shapeEgg shape 4040 HighHighBreast fleshingBreast fleshing 3030 MediuMediu

mmEgg productionEgg production 2525 MediuMediu

mmAge at sexual maturityAge at sexual maturity 2525 MediuMediu

mmBody depthBody depth 2525 MediuMediu

mm

Heritability of Economic traits of Layers

TraitsTraits Heritability %Heritability % LevelLevelShell Shell thicknessthickness

2525 MediumMedium

FertilityFertility 2525 MediumMediumAlbumen Albumen qualityquality

4040 HighHigh

Keel lengthKeel length 1515 LowLowHatchability Hatchability of fertile eggsof fertile eggs

1515 LowLow

Blood spotsBlood spots 1010 LowLowAdult livabilityAdult livability 55 LowLowChick Chick livabilitylivability

55 LowLow

Breeding approachBreeding approachIt is necessary to fix superior genes in It is necessary to fix superior genes in inbred inbred lines (for additive gene action) lines (for additive gene action) and and then cross them to get combinations of then cross them to get combinations of genes ( for non-additivity) that will give genes ( for non-additivity) that will give hybrid hybrid vigor or heterosis. vigor or heterosis.

Most of economic traits of poultry are low Most of economic traits of poultry are low to medium in heritability. So, to medium in heritability. So, improvement is achieved by pure line improvement is achieved by pure line selection and then crossbreeding of the selection and then crossbreeding of the inbred line.inbred line.Remember, recurrent and reciprocal Remember, recurrent and reciprocal recurrent selection approach.recurrent selection approach.

Some polygenic trait is limited to only one Some polygenic trait is limited to only one sex e.g. roosters do not lay eggs. For sex e.g. roosters do not lay eggs. For such traits selection of males is done on such traits selection of males is done on the basis of performance of close female the basis of performance of close female relatives.relatives.

Breed A X Breed BBreed A X Breed Bsuperior growth rate Inferior growth ratesuperior growth rate Inferior growth rateInferior carcass quality Superior carcass Inferior carcass quality Superior carcass qualityquality ABAB AB X A ( Back cross) AB X BAB X A ( Back cross) AB X B

Continuous selection Continuous Continuous selection Continuous selection selection And inbreeding And inbreeding And inbreeding And inbreeding

Inbred line 1 Inbred line 1 XX Inbred line 2 Inbred line 2 ( Cross breeding)( Cross breeding)

Commercial chickenCommercial chicken

Economics traits of indigenous Economics traits of indigenous breedbreed

Disease resistantDisease resistantBroodinessBroodinessMothering abilityMothering abilityHatchabilityHatchabilityHardinessHardinessAdaptability to local climateAdaptability to local climateMeat qualityMeat quality

For indigenous breed SakiniFor indigenous breed Sakini1.1. Under scavenging system it produced Under scavenging system it produced

60 eggs/hen/year. However great 60 eggs/hen/year. However great variation was existing among the variation was existing among the individuals indicating chance of individuals indicating chance of selection and mating of best to best selection and mating of best to best for genetic improvements.for genetic improvements.

2.2. Under semi-intensive management Under semi-intensive management system NH X Sakini was found better system NH X Sakini was found better in terms of productivity.in terms of productivity.

3.3. Under intensive system it was very Under intensive system it was very poor in performance compared to NH.poor in performance compared to NH.

Thank you

for

your

patience.