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Rajan Sudesh Ratna Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation Division, UNESCAP [email protected]
49

Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Oct 22, 2019

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Page 1: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Rajan Sudesh Ratna Economic Affairs Officer

Trade, Investment and Innovation Division, UNESCAP

[email protected]

Page 2: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Structure Multilateralism vrs. Regionalism

Legal framework

Replacement of tariff protection

Rules of origin and the cost of

compliance

Effects of overlapping FTAs

Effects to business sector

The loss of tariff revenue and adjustment

costs

Page 3: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico
Page 4: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

The Conceptual Basis Broad Trends

Growth in Number of RTAs

Intra-Regional Trade of Major RTAs

Types of RTAs

RTAs: Economics of their own

RTAs: Self-propelling force

Regional Cooperation and Multilateralism

Level Playing Field vs. Efficiency Concerns

Trade-Development Relationship ○ Two-way Causality

○ Trade Creation and Diversion

○ Distribution of Trade Gains

○ Rules of Origin

Trade-Investment Linkages

Static and Dynamic Gains

Need for Safeguards

Page 5: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Regional Trading Arrangements : Economic rationale

A desire to obtain more secure, quick and preferential access to major markets.

The pressures of globalisation, forcing firms and countries to seek efficiency through larger markets, increased competition, and access to foreign technologies and investment.

Material management Cheaper imports – domestic prices in control

Better quality products at competitive price

Investments flow – JVs

Coverage of Services

Mutual recognition of standards & laboratories

Trade facilitation, Harmonisation of Customs procedures etc.

Rajan Ratna 5

Page 6: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Other Reasons Governments’ desire to maintain sovereignty by pooling

it with others in areas of economic management where most nation-states are too small to act alone.

Governments’ wish to bind themselves to better policies and to signal such bindings to domestic and foreign investors.

A desire to jog the multilateral system into faster and deeper action in selected areas by showing that the GATT/WTO was not the only game in town and by creating more powerful blocs that would operate within the GATT/WTO system.

A desire to help neighbouring countries stabilizes and prospers, both for altruistic reasons and to avoid spillovers of unrest and population growth.

The fear of being left out while the rest of the world swept into regionalism, either because this would be actually harmful to the excluded countries or just because “if everyone else is doing it, shouldn’t we?

Rajan Ratna 6

Page 7: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

BASIC GATT PRINCIPLES

MFN (Most Favoured Nation

Treatment)

TRADE TO BE REGULATED BY

CUSTOMS DUTY ONLY

DUTIES TO BE BOUND

NATIONAL TREATMENT

Rajan Ratna 7

Page 8: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

MFN

Non – discriminating clause

All WTO members to be treated at par

for:

Export control/policy

Import control/policy

If give any preference to non-WTO

member – it should be extended

automatically and unconditionally to

all members of WTO.

Rajan Ratna 8

Page 9: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

GATT RULES

Permitted under Article XXIV of GATT 1994.

Exception to MFN treatment within the Rules subject to fulfillment of conditions:

items on which there is substantial trade to be covered

the phase out of duties should be within a reasonable length of time

it should not have trade distorting effect to non-RTA Parties.

Enabling Clause Decision – flexibility.

Rajan Ratna 9

Page 10: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

WTO RULES

The text of Article XXIV became part of

WTO Agreement.

During Uruguay Round an understanding

was reached on duties & other

regulations of commerce, reasonable

length of time, and procedure for RTA

notification to WTO.

Services: Article V of GATS allows for

Economic Integration.

Rajan Ratna 10

Page 11: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Services in RTAs Article V of GATS

substantial sectoral coverage (12 sectors – 155 subsectors);

Elimination of existing discriminatory measures, and/or prohibition of new or more discriminatory measures either at the entry into force or on the basis of reasonable time-frame.

Flexibility for developing countries

Facilitate trade between parties and to to raise the overall level of barriers to trade in services within the respective sectors or sub-sectors compared to the level applicable prior to such an agreement.

Rajan Ratna 11

Page 12: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

SAT - Test

Para 8(a) of Article XXIV of GATT.

Trade value?

Tariff lines?

Both?

Being discussed and debated in WTO but

no clarity – no decision – neither in

Uruguay Round nor in Doha Round.

Rajan Ratna 12

Page 13: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Reasonable Length

The reasonable length of time [para 5

(c)] should exceed 10 years only in

exceptional cases.

In cases where members believe that

10 years is insufficient, they shall

provide a full explanation to the

Commission for Trade in Goods of

the need for a longer period.

Rajan Ratna 13

Page 14: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

RTAs notification When entering an RTA containing provisions on goods, a

WTO Member should invoke one of the following provisions,

and comply with the relevant conditions:

14

Categories

RTA parties

Developed

only Developing only

Developing &

developed

Trade in

goods GATT XXIV

GATT XXIV

Enabling Clause GATT XXIV

Trade in

services GATS V GATS V GATS V

EIA/CECA/

EPAs

GATT XXIV

&

GATS V

GATT

XXIV/Enabling

Clause

&

GATS V

GATT XXIV

&

GATS V

Page 15: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Doha Round - Rules negotiations

RTA transparency part of Doha Round

negotiations.

A decision was taken on 14th December

2006 on Transparency mechanism for RTAs

which was adopted by the General Council.

It involved issues relating to:

Early announcement

Notification

Procedures to enhance transparency, etc.

Rajan Ratna 15

Page 16: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Transparency mechanism

Improves existing RTA transparency provisions

Outlines specific guidelines for the provision of RTA data

Charges the Secretariat with the preparation of a factual

presentation of all RTAs notified to the WTO

Requires the establishment of a public database on RTAs

(paragraph 21).

16

GATT Art. XXIV GATS Art. V Enabling Clause – Para.

2(c)

Transparency Mechanism for RTAs

General Council’s Decision of 14 December 2006 (WT/L/671)

(Provisional application pending conclusion of the Doha Round)

Page 17: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Types of trade agreements

Preferential Trade

Agreements

• Partial preferences to trading partners

Free Trade Area

• Elimination of all tariffs, quantitative restrictions and NTBs

Customs Unions

• Common level of trade barriers vis-à-vis non-members

Common Market

• Free movement of factors of productions

Economic Union

• Integration of national economic policies; currency union

“shallow” integration “deep” integration

Page 18: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Goods – other elements

Anti Dumping

Safeguard

Global

Bilateral

Duty drawback

Rules of Origin

Export taxes/licenses

Import licenses

Rajan Ratna 18

Page 19: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Issues covered

Goods Services Non-Tariff Barriers

Investment

Competition Labour Mobility Environment Labour

standards

Government Procurement

E-commerce Intellectual

Property Rights Dispute

Settlement

Customs cooperation/

Trade Facilitation

MRAs Technical

Assistance Areas of

cooperation

Page 20: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Asia-Pacific RTAs

As of July 2016, there were 260 RTAs in

Asia-Pacific region which are either in

force, signed or being negotiated.

Globally 267 “physical” RTAs in force,

and 169 (63%) are from AP

12 - signed but not implemented

78 - under different stages of

negotiations.

Page 21: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Areas of liberalization pursued by Asia-

Pacific PTAs

Page 22: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico
Page 23: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Discussion Point: What is the

difference between WTO

negotiations and RTA

negotiations

Page 24: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Comparison WTO RTA

Tariff – bound

Services

Trade Defence Measures

Subsidies

Agriculture

Disputes

S&D

Technical assistance

AfT

Trade Facilitation

Government Procurement

Investments

Competition Policy

Tariff – applied

Services

Trade Defence Measures – Only Preferential SG

Subsidies - no

Agriculture – DS and EC no

Disputes

Investments

Trade Facilitation

S&D

Technical Assistance

MRAs

Environment

Labour

Singapore Issues

Page 25: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Tariff effect

Page 26: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico
Page 27: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Rules of Origin

Rules of origin are criteria used to determine the “nationality” of a product i.e. where the product was ‘made’.

A product’s raw materials or components might come from a number of countries, but customs officials must determine the product’s origin to decide how to treat it, including what tariff to charge, as the product enters their jurisdiction.

Issue of origin is also important in determining the anti-dumping or safeguard duties, regulate quotas and capturing trade statistics.

Since the preferential treatment provided for in a FTA is normally granted only to products originating from members to that FTA, rules of origin are therefore an important part of any FTA.

Rajan Sudesh Ratna 27

Page 28: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

28

Case study – overlapping RoO

INDIA SRI LANKA

APTA – 45%

SAFTA – CTH + 40%

BILATERAL – CTH + 35%

SAFTA – CTH + 35%

• Sri Lankan exporter enjoys benefits of harmonization for exports to India under the bilateral agreement as well as SAFTA as the RoO is same. Have disadvantage for exporting under APTA. • India exporter has to meet different RoO to export to Sri Lanka under all the agreements, i.e. APTA, SAFTA and bilateral. • Due to different thresholds in value added, its sourcing opportunities and strategic investment decisions could be affected.

Page 29: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico
Page 30: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Source: WTO Secretariat

Page 31: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1973

1976

1977

1981

1983

1989

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

Developing-Developing Developing-Developed Developed-Developed

Cumulative number of PTAs (notified and non-notified to WTO) put into

force by Asia-Pacific economies, by level of development of parties, 1971-

July 2016

Source: ESCAP APTIAD Brief, August 2016 , calculation based on APTIAD data

Page 32: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

TPP

SAFTA/SATIS

EU

Jordan

US

Bloc-to-bloc or bloc-to-country Country-to-country Under negotiation, awaiting ratification

Taiwan POC

Macao, China

Bangladesh

Egypt

* Not all members shown / The following plurilateral PTAs are not represented: GSTP, D-8 PTA and PTN (in force) and TPS/OIC (under negotiation)

Georgia

Hong Kong, China

PICTA*

IsraelMauritius

Serbia

MERCOSURArgentina-Brazil–

Paraguay-Uruguay

Trans-Pacific SEP

CIS 1994

CISFTA

ECO

PNG Fiji

MSG*

Morocco

Mongolia

APTA

China

SACUBotswana

Lesotho

Namibia

South Africa

Swaziland

Ecuador

SPARTECA*/

PACER Plus*

Turkey

Pakistan

Maldives

Afghanistan

Sri LankaNepal

India

BIMSTECIran, IR

Rep. Korea

Bhutan

Colombia

Canada

Japan

PeruMexicoChile

Australia New

Zealand

ASEAN

ECONOMIC

COMMUNITY

CEZ

Ukraine

Moldova

GUAM

Customs

Union

Armenia

Belarus

Turkmenistan Azerbaijan

Panama

Costa RicaCentral America*

GCC*Bahrain

Other

Turkey’s

PTAs:

• Albania

• Bosnia-

Herzegovina

• FYROM

• Montenegro

• Palestine

• Syria**

• Tunisia

** Suspended

Other Turkey’s

negotiations

or PTAs

awaiting

ratification:

• Cameroon

• Dem. Rep.

of Congo

• Faroe

Islands

• Ghana

• Kosovo

• Lebanon

• Libya

• Seychelles

EAEU

Russian Fed.Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan

Tajikistan

Uzbekistan

EFTA*

Switzerland

Norway

Iceland

RCEP

Negotiations

Japan-

China-Rep.

Korea

Page 33: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico
Page 34: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico
Page 35: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico
Page 36: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Effects to business sector

Gains Market access

Cheaper raw materials

Create employments

Globally competitive

Part of regional or global supply chains

Losses Competition

Employment loss

Displacement of industry

Integration Investment flows

MRAs

Page 37: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Effects (2) Four main effects

Trade creation: Import from partner what was

previously produced at home

Trade diversion: Import from partner what was

previously imported from 3rd country

Preference erosion: Loss of a preference when a

previous partner forms FTA with a 3rd country

Trade reversion: Import from new partner what

had been diverted to a partner in prior FTA

(Deardorff, 2014)

Page 38: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Effects (3)

Overlapping and uncoordinated rules

The complex rules and variable tariffs

increase transaction costs

Deter the use of FTA preference ,

particularly by small- and medium-sized

enterprises (SMEs)

One way to solve the problem is having

an over-arching set of free-trade

principles.

Page 39: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Source: EIU Report “FTAS: fantastic, fine or futile?

Page 40: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Source: EIU Report “FTAS: fantastic, fine or futile?

Page 41: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Source: EIU Report “FTAS: fantastic, fine or futile?

Page 42: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico
Page 43: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico
Page 44: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico
Page 45: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

How to minimize the cost?

Revenue cost

Adjustment cost

Page 46: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Mitigating revenue costs

Revenue loss an unavoidable effect of cutting tariffs An economic model should help estimate the scale

Falling average MFN duties have already reduced the impact What is the tariff share of total revenue collected?

Mitigation may not be necessary but… Progressive implementation will discount revenue losses

Alternative revenue sources should be considered in the context of the overall PTA strategy

○ Moving from a production to consumption tax base

○ Restructuring and re-balancing existing excise, stamp-duties

Page 47: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Minimizing trade adjustment costs

Economic specialization is not a “free lunch” Employment and investment returns industries whose

assistance is cut as part of the PTA (a tariff, a services barrier) may fall

Freeing these resources for other more valuable uses

To help firms, households minimize the impact Involve stakeholders early in a transparent process with

clearly defined goals and scope (sector coverage)

○ Investors, workers who anticipate changes will adapt more quickly and at least cost

Provide for and publish progressive liberalization schedules

Use temporary safeguards

○ In combination with adjustment, retraining assistance

Page 48: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

Selected sources

ESCAP: • APTIAD Brief, August 2016 •Asia-Pacific Trade and Investment Report http://www.unescap.org/resources/asia-pacific-trade-and-investment-report-2015-supporting-participation-value-chains • Asia-Pacific Trade and Investment Preferential Agreements Database – APTIAD: www.unescap.org/tid/uptiad http://artnet.unescap.org/databases.html#second

WTO: • WTO RTA database https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/region_e/region_e.htm

Page 49: Economic Affairs Officer Trade, Investment and Innovation ... · Maldives Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka India Iran, IR BIMSTEC Rep . Korea Bhutan Colombia Canada Japan Peru Chile Mexico

THANK YOU