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Earth’s Structure, Earthquakes and Volcanoes Review
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Page 1: Earth’s Structure, Earthquakes and Volcanoes Review.

Earth’s Structure,Earthquakes and Volcanoes

Review

Page 2: Earth’s Structure, Earthquakes and Volcanoes Review.

What does the surface of the Earth look like?

• The outermost layer of the earth is called the crust.

• · The mantle is the layer of the earth that lies just beneath the crust, it is the thickest.

• · The crust and the top of the mantle form the lithosphere.

• · The lithosphere is broken into many large pieces of earth, or lithospheric plates, that are always moving.

• · Lithospheric plates = Tectonic plates

Page 3: Earth’s Structure, Earthquakes and Volcanoes Review.
Page 4: Earth’s Structure, Earthquakes and Volcanoes Review.

Layers of the Earth

• Crust, Mantle, Outer core, Inner core

• The Earth’s inner core is mad up of dense, solid metal.

• The Earth’s lithosphere is the part of the earth that contains plates.

• The Mantle is the thickest of the Earth’s layers.

Page 5: Earth’s Structure, Earthquakes and Volcanoes Review.

Earthquakes - Seismic Waves

• Seismic waves known as S and P waves

• P Waves are known as Primary waves

• S Waves are known as Secondary Waves

• Both waves leave at the same time, but P waves arrive first.

Page 6: Earth’s Structure, Earthquakes and Volcanoes Review.

P Waves

• Primary

• Push and pull

• Compressional waves

• Travels fast

• Wave travels parallel to the direction of the wave

• Can travel through water

Page 7: Earth’s Structure, Earthquakes and Volcanoes Review.

S Waves

• Known as secondary waves

• side to side

• transverse waves

• travels slow

• wave travels perpendicular to the direction of the wave

• Cannot travel through water

Page 8: Earth’s Structure, Earthquakes and Volcanoes Review.

Rating System

• Richter Scale – measures total energy released

• Mercalli Scale - measures damage

Page 9: Earth’s Structure, Earthquakes and Volcanoes Review.

Epicenter and Focus

• The point beneath the earth’s surface where rock breaks and triggers an earthquake is called the FOCUS.

• The point on the Earth’s surface that is directly above the focus is called the EPICENTER.

Page 10: Earth’s Structure, Earthquakes and Volcanoes Review.

Force causes Stress

• Stress occurs when force acts on rock to change its shape or volume.

Page 11: Earth’s Structure, Earthquakes and Volcanoes Review.

Body and Surface Waves

• Body Waves – Occur inside the earth and are known as Primary and Secondary waves (S and P)

• Surface Waves - Occur on the surface. Two types - Love and Rayleigh

Page 12: Earth’s Structure, Earthquakes and Volcanoes Review.

Aftershock

• An aftershock can cause damage weeks or months after a large earthquake

Page 13: Earth’s Structure, Earthquakes and Volcanoes Review.

Volcanoes

• Most volcanoes are found along mid-ocean ridges and where a plate is subducted.

Oceanic to Oceanic

and Oceanic to Continental

Page 14: Earth’s Structure, Earthquakes and Volcanoes Review.

Detection

• When geologists detect many small earthquakes in the area near a volcano, the volcano is most likely about to erupt.

Page 15: Earth’s Structure, Earthquakes and Volcanoes Review.

Magma and Lava

• Magma is molten material inside the volcano.

• Lava is molten material found outside the volcano.

Page 16: Earth’s Structure, Earthquakes and Volcanoes Review.

Types of Volcanoes

Page 17: Earth’s Structure, Earthquakes and Volcanoes Review.

Volcano Formation

• Cinder Volcano – are formed by lava fragments called cinders are blown from a single vent and accumulate around the volcano.

• Composite Volcano – are formed by alternating layers of lava and rock fragments. This is the reason they are called composite.

• Shield Volcano – are built by many layers of runny lava flows. Lava spills out of a central vent or group of vents. A broad shaped, gently sloping cone is formed.

Page 18: Earth’s Structure, Earthquakes and Volcanoes Review.

Plate Boundaries

• Diverging Plate Boundaries – Plates that move or pull apart from one another.

HINT: divide

• Converging Plate Boundaries – Plates that collide such as oceanic to oceanic or oceanic to continental. Where the heavier or more dense plates slides under the other plate.

HINT: Come together

Page 19: Earth’s Structure, Earthquakes and Volcanoes Review.

Additional Info

• Caldera is a huge hole left by the collapse of a volcanic mountain.

• Volcanic ash is made up of fine, rocky particles as small as a speck of dust, but can be very hazardous.

• Lava Flows are the main hazard from a quiet volcanic eruption.

Page 20: Earth’s Structure, Earthquakes and Volcanoes Review.

Earth’s Interior

• Oceanic Crust – The outermost layer of Earth’s lithosphere that is found under the ocean. The oceanic crust is made of Basalt.

• Continental Crust – The outermost layer of the Earth’s surface found on land. The continental crust is thicker and made up of granite.

• Lithosphere – The layer of the earth that is made up of part crust and part mantle.

Page 21: Earth’s Structure, Earthquakes and Volcanoes Review.

Good LuckKiddos!!