E ball

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER

1.2 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS

1.3 COMPUTER GENERATIONS

CHAPTER 2: THE MEANING OF E-BALL TECHNOLOGY

2.1 DEFINING E-BALL TECHNOLOGY

2.2 FEATURES OF E-BALL

A) PROCESSOR

B) HARD DRIVE

C) RAM

D) SOUND & GRAPHIC CARD

CHAPTER 3: VIRTUAL KEYBOARD

3.1 VIRTUAL KEYBOARD

3.2 COMPONENTS

3.3 ADVANTAGES &DISADVANTAGES

CHAPTER 4: PROJECTOR USED IN E-BALL

4.1 LCD PROJECTORS

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4.2 DLP PROJECTORS

4.3 COMPARISON AND CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 5: WORKING OF E-BALL

5.1 WORKING

5.2 IF THERE IS NO WALL

5.3 SCENARIO IN USE

5.4 ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES

CHAPTER 6: IMPACT, CONCLUSION, AND REFERENCES

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

The word “computer” comes from the word “compute”, which means, “to calculate”.

Hence, people usually consider a computer to be a calculating device that can perform

arithmetic operations at high speed.

In fact, the original objective for inventing a computer was to create a fast calculating

machine. However, more than 80% of work done by computers today is non-

mathematical or non- numerical nature. Hence, to define a computer merely as a

calculating device is to ignore over 80% of its functions. More accurately, we can define

a computer as a device that operates upon data. Data can be anything like bio-data of

applicants when computer is used for short listing candidates for recruiting; marks

obtained by students in various subjects when used for preparing result; details (name,

age, sex, etc.) of passengers when used for making airlines or railways reservations; or

number of different parameters when used for solving scientific research problems, etc.

Hence, data comes in various shapes and sizes depending upon the type of computer

application. A computer can store, process, and retrieve data as and when desired. The

fact that computers process data is so fundamental that many people have started

calling it as data processor.

The name data processor is more inclusive because modern computers not only

compute in a usual sense but also perform other functions with data that flows to and

from them. The activity of processing data using computer is called data processing.

Data processing consists of three sub-activities: capturing input data, manipulating the

data, and managing output results. Data is basically a raw material used as input to data

processing and information is processed data obtained as output of data processing.

1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS

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Increasing popularity of computers has proved that it is very powerful and useful tool.

The power and usefulness of this popular tool are mainly due to its following

characteristics

A) AUTOMATIC

An automatic machine works by itself without human intervention. Computers are

automatic machines because once started on a job, they carry out the job until it is

finished. However, computers being machines cannot start themselves and cannot go

out and find problems and solutions. We need to instruct a computer using coded

instructions that specify how it will do a particular job.

B) SPEED

A computer is a very fast device. It can perform in a few seconds, the amount of work

that a human being can do in an entire year. While talking about speed of a computer we

do not talk in terms of seconds or milliseconds but in terms of microseconds,

nanoseconds and even picoseconds. A powerful computer is capable of performing

several billion simple arithmetic operations per second.

C) ACCURACY

In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate. Accuracy of a computer is

consistently high and the degree of its accuracy depends upon its design. A computer

performs every calculation with the same accuracy.

D) VERSATILITY

Versatility is one of the most wonderful things about computer. One moment it is

preparing result of an examination, next moment it is busy preparing electricity bills etc.

In brief, a computer is capable of performing almost any task, if the task can be reduced

to a finite series of logical steps.

E) DILIGENCE

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Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of

concentration. It can continuously work for hours without creating any error and

without grumbling. Hence, computer score over human beings in doing routing type

jobs that require great accuracy.

1.2 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS

A) 1623: Mechanical calculator Wilhelm Schickard invented first known mechanical

calculator, capable of simple arithmetic. Similar mechanical adding machine made in

1640’s by Blaise Pascal.

B) 1673: More advanced mechanical calculator.1673byGerman mathematician

Gottfried Leibniz Capable of multiplication and division purely mechanical with no

source of power.

C) 1823: Charles Babbage begins work on Difference Engine. He designed, but it was

completed by a Swedish inventor in 1854. Image of the Difference Engine from Niagara

College

D) 1833: Charles Babbage begins Analytical Engine Never completed. Important

concept: a general-purpose machine capable of performing difference functions based

on programming.

E) 1834: Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace impressed with the concept of the Analytical Engine

at a dinner pArty. Daughter of poet Lord Byran Created plans for how the machine could

calculate Bernoulli numbers. This is regarded as the first “computer program," and she

is the first "programmer."The Department of Defense named a language “Ada” in her

honor in 1979.

F) 1890:Punched cards used by Herman Hollerith to automate Census Concept of

programming the machine to perform different tasks with punched cards was from

Babbage. Punch cards based on Josph Marie Jacquard’s device to automate weaving

looms. Hollerith founded a company that became International Business Machines

(IBM) to market the technology.

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G) 1946: ENIAC completed Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. By Presper

Eckert and John Mauchly 18,000 vacuum tubes, occupied a 30 by 50 foot room

Programming by plugging wires into a patch panel. Very difficult to do, because this

style programming requires intimate knowledge of the computer

1.3 COMPUTER GENERATIONS

The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different

generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a

major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers

operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful, more efficient and

reliable devices.

First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes

The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory,

and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate

and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was

often the cause of malfunctions.

First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming

language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve

one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output

was displayed on printouts.

The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices.

The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S.

Census Bureau in 1951. Figure (a) shows first generation computer.

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FIGURE (a) FIGURE (b)

Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers.

The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until

the late 1950s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers

to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their

first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat

that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum

tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts

for output. Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language

to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions

in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time,

such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers

that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to

magnetic core technology. The first computers of this generation were developed for

the atomic energy industry. Figure (b) shows second generation computer

Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits

The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of

computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called

semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

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Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation

computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system,

which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central

program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to

a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors Figure

(c) shows second generation computer.

Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of

integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation

filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip,

developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer—from the central

processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip. In 1981 IBM

introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the

Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into

many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.

As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form

networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet Fourth generation

computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. Figure

(d) shows second generation computer

FIGURE (c) FIGURE (d)

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Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in

development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are

being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to

make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and

nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of

fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input

and are capable of learning and self-organization. Figure (e) shows second generation

computer

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FIGURE (e)

CHAPTER 2: THE MEANING OF E-BALL TECHNOLOGY

2.1 DEFINING E-BALL TECHNOLOGY

Aren’t you tired of your PC? By his ugly shape and the way that it looks? Well, this is

exactly what designer Apostol Tnokovski was feeling when he decided to create the

smallest PC ever made.

Apostol Tnokovski introduced a new pc that is E-Ball Concept pc. The E-Ball concept pc

is a sphere shaped pc which is the smallest design among all the laptops and

desktops. This computer has all the feature like a traditional computer, elements like

keyboard, mouse, dvd, large screen display etc

E-Ball is designed to be placed on two stands , opens by simultaneously pressing and

holding the two buttons located on each side. E Ball concept pc don't have any external

display unit.

It has a button when you press this button a projector will pop and it focus the computer

screen on the wall which can be adjusted with navigation keys. This concept PC will

measure 160mm in diameter and it was designed for Microsoft Windows OS.

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For the moment there is no word on pricing or when it’s going to be available, however,

I am sure that everybody would like to see a small spherical PC like this E-BALL shape is

spherical because in Tnokovski’s opinion this is the best shape in nature and it draws

everybody’s attention.

E-Ball will feature a dual core processor, 250-500GB HDD, 2GB of RAM, integrated

graphic card and sound card, 2 x 50W speakers, HD-DVD recorder, wireless optical

mouse and laser keyboard, LAN and WLAN card, modem, Web cam and integrated LCD

projector.

FIGURE (F)

2.2 FEATURES OF E-BALL

→ I-TECH VIRTUAL KEYBOARD

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→ DUAL CORE PROCESSOR

→ 2GB – RAM

→ 350-500 GB HARDDRIVE

→ INTEGRATED GRAPHICS AND SOUND CARD

→ SPEAKERS

→ WIRELESS OPTICAL MOUSE

→ LAN AND WLAN CARD

→ LCD PROJECTOR

→ PAPER HOLDER

→ MODEM

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FIGURE (G)

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FIGURE (H)

A) PROCESSOR

Intel Core is a brand name used for various mid-range to high-end consumer and

business microprocessor made by Intel. The current lineup of Core processors includes

the latest following processors:

Intel Core i7 Intel Core i5

Intel Core i3 Intel Core

Intel Core Intel Core 2 Duo

Intel Core 2 Solo Intel Core 2 Quad

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The e-ball pc basically uses Intel core 2 Duo processor. Figure shown below shows the

Intel core 2 duo process

FIGURE (I)

B) RAM

RAM stands for Random Access memory. It gets the word “random” because

information can be accessed in non-sequential order. Though the data itself is stored

tighter, it could be anywhere in the “container” or amount of RAM available. RAM is

measure in “bits”, and 8 bits equal to 1 byte. A kilobyte is equal to 1024 bits , and

megabyte is equal to 1024 kilobyte. The E-BALL pc uses 2gb of RAM.

RAM

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1) SRAM don’t require external refresh circuitry

2) SRAM is faster than DRAM.

3) SRAM is more power-efficient when idle.

4) SRAM is several times more expensive than DRAM

C) HARD DRIVE

1) Hard drive is basically a secondary storage device. It is non-volatile in nature. It

consists of metal platter coated with oxide that can be magnetized to represents data.

We can directly access the data from hard drive. The e-ball pc basically consists 350-500

GB of hard drive

D) GRAPHIC & SOUND CARD

A video card, display card, graphics card, or graphics adapter is an expansion card 

which generates output images to a display. Most video cards offer various functions

such as accelerated rendering of 3D scenes and 2D graphics , MPEG-2/MPEG-4 decoding,

TV output, or the ability to connect multiple monitors (multi -monitor ). Other modern

high performance video cards are used for more graphically demanding purposes, such

as PC games. Video hardware is often integrated into the motherboard, however all

modern motherboards provide expansion ports to which a video card can be attached.

In this configuration it is sometimes referred to as a video controller or graphics A video

SRAM DRAM

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card, display card, graphics card, or graphics adapter is an expansion card controller

FIGURE (J)

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FIGURE (K)

CHAPTER 3: VIRTUAL KEYBOARD

3.1 VIRTUAL KEYBOARD

Virtual Keyboard is just another example of today’s computer trend of ‘smaller and

faster’. It uses sensor technology and artificial intelligence to let users work on any

surface as if it were a keyboard.

Virtual Keyboard is a small Java application that lets you easily create multilingual text

content on almost any existing platform and output it directly to web pages. Virtual

Keyboard, being a small, handy, well-designed and easy to use application, turns into a

perfect solution for cross platform multilingual text input.

The main features are: platform-independent multilingual support for keyboard text

input, built-in language layouts and settings, copy/paste etc. operations support just as

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in a regular text editor, already existing system language settings remain intact, easy

and user-friendly interface and design, and small file size.

FIGURE (L)

The Virtual Keyboard uses light to project a full-sized computer keyboard onto almost

any surface, and disappears when not in use. Used with Smart Phones and PDAs, the

VKey (TM) provides a practical way to do email, word processing and spreadsheet

tasks, allowing the user to leave the laptop computer at home.

VKey technology has many applications in various high-tech and industrial Sectors.

These include data entry and control panel applications in hazardous and harsh

environments and medical markets.

Projection key boards or virtual key boards claim to provide the convenience of

compactness with the advantages of a full-blown QWERTY keyboard. An interesting use

of such keyboards would be in sterile environments where silence or low noise is

essential like operation theaters. The advantage of such a system is that you do not need

a surface for typing, you can even type in plain air. The company's Virtual Keyboard is

designed for anyone who's become frustrated with trying to put information into a

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handheld but doesn't want to carry a notebook computer around. There is also the

provision for a pause function to avoid translating extraneous hand movements

function, so that users can stop to eat, drink etc …

3.2 COMPONENTS

This system comprises of three modules,

1. The sensor module,

2. IR-light source

3. The pattern projector

1) SENSOR MODULE

The Sensor Module serves as the eyes of the Keyboard Perception technology. The

Sensor Module operates by locating the user's fingers in 3-D space and tracking the

intended keystrokes, or mouse movements. Mouse tracking and keystroke information

is processed and can then be output to the host device via a USB or other interface.

Electronic Perception Technology:

Electronic perception technology enables ordinary electronic devices to “see” the world

around them so they can perceive and interact with it. Now everyday electronic devices

in a variety of markets can perceive users actions, gaining functionality and ease of use.

The tiny electronic perception chips and embedded software work by developing a 3D

“distance map” to nearby objects in real-time. This information is factored through an

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on-chip processor running imaging software that translates the image into defined

events before sending it off-chip for application-specific processing. It’s an action that is

continually repeated, generating over 30 frames of 3D information per second.

FIGURE (M)

Electronic perception technology has a fundamental advantage over classical image

processing that struggles to construct three-dimensional representations using complex

mathematics and images from multiple cameras or points of view. This single chip

“contour mapping” approach results in a high reduction of complexity, making it

possible to embed the application independent processing software directly into the

chips themselves – so they may be used in the most modestly-priced, and even pocket-

sized electronic devices.

2) IR-LIGHT SOURCE

The Infrared Light Source emits a beam of infrared light. This light beam I designed to

overlap the area on which the keyboard pattern projector or printed image resides. This

is done so as to illuminate the users fingers by the infra-red light beam. This helps in

recognizing the hand movements and the pressing of keys. The light beam facilitates in

scanning the image. Accordingly the information is passed on to the sensor module

which decodes the information.

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An invisible infra-red beam is projected above the virtual keyboard. Finger makes

keystroke on virtual keyboard. This breaks infrared beam and infrared light is reflected

back to projector. Reflected infrared beam passes through infrared filter to camera. The

camera photographs angle of incoming infrared light. The Sensor chip in the sensor

module determines where the infrared beam was broken, detected co-ordinates

determine actions or characters to be generated.

FIGURE (N)

3) THE PATTERN PROJECTOR

The Pattern Projector or optional printed image presents the image of the keyboard or

mouse zone of the system. This image can be projected on any flat surface.

The projected image is that of a standard qwerty-keyboard, with all the keys and control

functions as in the keyboard.

The Projector features a wide-angle lens so that a large pattern can be projected from

relatively low elevations. A printed image, with replaceable templates allows system

flexibility, permitting most any kind of keyboard configuration for greater functionality.

In some types of virtual keyboards, a second infra-red beam is not necessary.

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Here the projector itself takes the inputs, providing dual functionality. A sensor or

camera in the projector picks up the finger movements, and passes the information on

to the sensor modules.

FIGURE (O)

3.3(a) ADVANTAGES

1. Portability

2. Accuracy

3. Speed of text entry

4. Lack of need for flat or large typing surface

5. Ability to minimize the risk for repetitive strain injuries

6. Flexibility

7. Keyboard layouts can be changed by software allowing for foreign or Alternative

keyboard layouts

3.3(b) DISADVANTAGES

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1. Virtual keyboard is hard to get used to. Since it involves typing in thin air, it requires a

little practice. Only people who are good at typing can use a virtual keyboard efficiently.

2. It is very costly ranging from 150 to 200 dollars.

3. The room in which the projected keyboard is used should not be very bright so that

the keyboard is properly visible.

APPLICATIONS

1. High-tech and industrial Sectors

2. Used with Smart phones, PDAs, email, word processing and spreadsheet tasks

3. Operation Theatres

4. As computer/PDA input

5. Gaming control

6. TV remote control

CHAPTER 4: PROJECTOR USED IN E-BALL

4.1 LCD PROJECTORS

LCD projectors are systems that display or project information or video onto a

surface. LCD stands for liquid crystal display, the technology used to project images.

They are the technological descendants of overhead and slide projectors, older systems

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which serve the same purpose. They are most commonly used for displaying images in

presentations or lectures, but are also used in home theaters.

Video signals are comprised of three colors: red, green, and blue. LCD projectors contain

a separate glass panel for each. Each panel consists of two plates of glass with a layer of

liquid crystal between them. When a charge is applied, the crystals open to allow light

through or close to block it. This opening and closing of pixels is what forms the image.

These devices use dichroic mirrors to split the light from the input source into red,

green, and blue components. Each then passes through the corresponding panel, where

pixels form an image. The three colors are then recombined in a prism before being

projected through a lens. LCD projectors use separate panels for each color because it

results in better color saturating than using a single panel for all three.

LCD projectors employ a three-panel LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) system, referred to

as 3LCD. LCD projectors crisply reproduce bright, naturally colored images that are easy

on the eyes. LCD projectors are also capable of detailed shadow reproduction that is

ideal for demanding business and home theater applications.

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FIGURE (P)

The white light from the projector lamp is split into red, green, and blue components

using two dichroic mirrors, special mirrors that only transmit light of a specified

wavelength. Each red, green and blue beam then passes through a dedicated LCD

panel made up of thousands of miniscule pixels. An electrical current turns the panel's

pixels on or off to create the grayscale equivalent of that color channel. The three

colors are then recombined in a prism and projected through the projector lens and

onto the screen.

By using a combination of three LCDs to produce a final image, LCD projectors are

capable of billions of colors and smooth grayscale gradations. The resolution of the

image is determined by the number of pixels in the LCD panels used. Currently LCD

panels offer resolutions as high as true HD (1920 x 1080) for home theater

applications. New panels promise resolutions as high as 4K (3840 x 2160).

LCDs are not just found in projectors. They are found in many of the electronics you

use everyday, from a cell phone to an MP3 player to your digital alarm clock. LCDs are

very common because they offer distinct advantages: they are thinner, lighter, and

draw less power than many competing display technologies. A reliable, sophisticated

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technology with universal appeal, 3LCD is the world's most popular projection

technology, delivering high quality images for the most demanding business and

consumer audiences.

ADVANTAGES

1) LCD is generally more light efficient than DLP.

2) LCD projectors can project bright, vivid images with a low output lamp.

3) 1000 lumen LCD is more preffered than 1200 lumen DLP.

4) LCD trends to produce a sharper image

5) More accurate color.

6) Sharper image.

7) LCD also delivers a somewhat sharper image than DLP at any given resolution.

8) Another benefit of LCD is that it is more light-efficient.

9) One benefit of LCD is that it controls red, green, and blue independently through

DISADVANTAGED

1) More bulky as there are more internal components.

2) Dead pixels.

3) DLC panel can fail.

4) Screen door effect.

5) Contrast.

6) Portability.

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7) Image degradation.

8) LCD competes extremely well when high light output is required.

4.2 DLP PROJECTORS

DLP stands for Digital Light Processing.

A video projection technology, developed by Texas Instruments, that utilizes a chip,

referred to as a DMD (Digital Micro mirror Device). In essence, every pixel on a DMD

chip is a reflective mirror.

The video image is displayed on the DMD chip. The micro mirrors on the chip

(remember: each micro mirror represents one pixel) then tilt very rapidly as the image

changes.

This process produces the grayscale foundation for the image. Then, color is added as

light passes through a high-speed color wheel and is reflected off of the micro mirrors

on the DLP chip as they rapidly tilt towards or away from the light source. The degree of

tilt of each micro mirror coupled with the rapidly spinning color wheel determines the

color structure of the projected image. As the amplified light bounces off the micro

mirrors, it is sent through the lens and can be projected on a large screen.

Another way that DLP is implemented is to utilize a separate DLP chip for each primary

color. Light from a single source is passed through a prism, which creates separate red,

green, and blue light sources, then reflected on each of the chips designated for each

primary color, and from there, projected onto a screen. This application very expensive,

in comparison to the color wheel method, and is used only in higher-end consumer and

commercial DLP projectors.

This technology is used in both rear-projection televisions and in separate video

projector, screen applications.

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FIGURE (Q)

ADVANTAGES

1) Portability.

2) Higher contrast.

3) Reduced pixilation.

4) Reliability.

5) Sealed optics this makes it better for use in dusty environment.

6) Less screen door effects.

7) Since the DLP light engine consists of a single chip rather than three LCD panels, DLP

projectors tend to be more compact.

8) Another DLP advantage is that it can produce smooth, high contrast video.

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DISADVANTAGES

1) Rainbow effect

2) Light leakage.

3) High cost.

4.3 COMPARISON AND CONCLUSION

1: Pixelization (fill factor)

DLP = Seam-less , Film-like.

LCD = Grainy, Pixellated.

2: Contrast Ratio

DLP = Simple optics, easier light management

LCD = Complex optics, more difficult light management

3: Video Quality

DLP = Fast switching, minimal lag

LCD = Slow switching, significant lag

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4: Sharpness

DLP =No misalignment

LCD =Misalignment likely over time

5: Color Quality

DLP = Can match any LCD color gamut

LCD = Can’t match any DLP color gamut

R, G, B, bandwidth is depend on each color because of non – sequential system.

6: Smallest & Brightest

DLP = Simple optical system, good reflectivity.

LCD = Complex optical system

7: Repeatable performance

DLP = Digital, precise control, constant performance over time.

LCD = Analog, variable, affected by temperature, vibration, heat, humidity,

deterioration over time.

8: Reliable

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DLP = Reflects heat

LCD = Absorbs heat, performance degrads

While both technologies have produced improvements in contrast in the past year, and

Sanyo's new PLV-70 is rated at 900:1. Meanwhile, the latest DLP products geared

Toward home theater are rated has high as 1800:1. However, one should not place too

much emphasis on the specs. In reality, though the difference between projectors rated

at 400:1 vs. 800:1 is quite noticeable, the difference is not so dramatic between

products rated at 900:1 vs. 1800:1. Once you get to contrast ranges of 900:1 or higher,

blacks appear as solid black and shadow details resolve quite nicely. Increased contrast

can yield relatively subtle improvements, but there are other factors which contribute

to image quality that become equally if not more important. Reduced pixelation is

another benefit of DLP. LCDs were always known for their visible pixel structure, often

referred to as the screen door effect because it appears as though the picture is being

viewed through a screen door.

Historically, LCD technology has had a hard time being taken seriously among many

home theater enthusiasts (quite understandably) because of this flaw in the image. DLP

technology went a long way toward eliminating the screen door effect. In SVGA

(800x600) resolution, DLP projectors have either a muted pixel structure or an invisible

pixel structure depending upon the size of the projected image relative to the viewing

distance (the larger the image the more visible the pixels). Conversely,

SVGA-resolution LCD projectors uniformly have a clearly visible pixel grid at just about

any screen image size. For this reason, we don't recommend SVGA-resolution LCD

projectors for home theater use except for those on the most limited of budgets. Three

developments have served to close the gap between DLP and LCD in the area of pixel

visibility. First was the step up to XGA resolution (1,024x768). This higher resolution

uses 64% more pixels to paint the image on the screen, as compared to an SVGA-

resolution projector. The inter-pixel gaps are reduced in XGA resolution, so pixels are

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denser and less visible. In XGA resolution, DLP projectors have an invisible pixel grid on

any typical home theater screen no matter how big. LCD projectors with standard XGA

panels still have a visible, but much reduced screen door effect. Second, the inter-pixel

gaps on all LCD machines, no matter what resolution, are reduced compared to what

they use to be. So even the inexpensive SVGA-resolution LCD projectors have less screen

door effect than they used to.

The third development in LCDs was the use of Micro-Lens Array (MLA) to boost the

efficiency of light transmission through XGA-resolution LCD panels. Some XGA-class

LCD projectors have this feature, but most do not. For those that do, MLA has the happy

side effect of reducing pixel visibility a little bit as compared to an XGA LCD projector

without MLA. On some projectors with this feature, placing the focus just a slight hair off

perfect, a practice The Current State of the Art DLP maintains its lead in contrast

performance, while LCD projector makers have continued to emphasize latent

advantages in color fidelity and image sharpness for data display. DLP color has

improved of late, and color accuracy on the latest models is much better than it used to

be. Both LCD and DLP are evolving rapidly to the benefit of the consumer. The race for

miniaturization has produced smaller yet more powerful projectors than we might have

even imagined possible just a couple of years ago. Light output per pound has increased

dramatically. And video quality on the best LCD and DLP projectors now surpasses that

available in a commercial movie theater.

When it comes to home theater, DLP has continued to make competitive advances in

color, contrast, and image stability that have served to establish DLP as the preferred

technology for video. But the fact is that both DLP and LCD continue to improve, and

both are capable of delivering higher quality video for home theater than they ever

were before. Which technology is the best? When comparing DLP to LCD in a home

theater environment DLP is the winner. Better blacks and the removal of the screen

door effect making the DLP an obvious choice.

CHAPTER 5: WORKING OF E-BALL

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5.1 WORKING

E Ball concept pc don't have any external display unit, It has a button when you press

this button a projector will pop and it focus the computer screen on the wall which can

be adjusted with navigation keys.

If there is no wall then it has a paper sheet holder that divides into three pieces like an

umbrella just after popping up, and it will show desktop on the paper sheet. Also, the E-

Ball PC supports a paper holder and the paper sheet on the holder could act like a

screen where you can watch movies or something.

This concept PC will measure 160mm in diameter and it was designed for Microsoft

Windows OS, sorry about the others. For the moment there is no word on pricing or

when it’s going to be available, however, I am sure that everybody would like to see a

small spherical PC like this one.

E-Ball concept pc has a laser keyboard that is fully a concept keyboard that is visible

when the pc is in working. The keyboard is not physical - it is interpreted by lasers that

appear after you press the respective button. It recognizes your fingers with the help of

an IR sensor when you are typing at a particular place, while the mouse is a pop out wonder

making this an unique piece of technology.

The software interface of E-Ball concept pc is highly stylized with icons that can be

remembered easily that support all type of windows operating system. E-Ball concept

pc work very easy while you are making video presentations, listening music watching

large screen movies, and chatting on the net.

As year passes, the computer size is becoming smaller. This ball is known as E-Ball and

its design is given by Apostol Tnokovski. He was trying to create the smallest PC in the

world when he came across this idea.

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It is shaped like a sphere because in Tnokovski’s opinion this is the best shape in nature

and it draws everybody’s attention. You'll see the pop-out laser mouse, a pico projector

inside that illuminates either the wall or a sheet of paper for a screen, and that laser

keyboard that would almost certainly be a clumsy input device. Fix that, and find a

motherboard that’ll fit inside this palm-sized baby, and Apostol might be onto

something here.

E-Ball will feature a dual core processor, 250-500GB HDD, 2GB of RAM, integrated

graphic card and sound card, 2 x 50W speakers, HD-DVD recorder, wireless optical

mouse and laser keyboard, LAN and WLAN card, modem, Web cam and integrated LCD

projector.

FIGURE (R)

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FIGURE (S)

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5.2 IF THERE IS NO WALL

1) When we are working in an open place we can make use of a paper sheet as a screen.

2) Paper sheet holder is placed at the back panel of this computer.

3) The holder can be opened by pressing it in the lower part

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FIGURE (T)

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5.3 SCENARIO IN USE

FIGURE (U)

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5.4(A) ADVANTAGES

1) E-BALL is portable.

2) E-BALL has large memory.

3) E-BALL is useful for making video presentation.

4) E-BALL support user defined keyboard layouts.

5) E-BALL is efficient.

6) E-BALL is very easy to use

7) E-BALL is more secure than other computer.

5.4(B) DISADVANTAGES

1) Normal operating systems cannot work in these computers.

2) Cost of E-BALL is very high.

3) It is difficult to understand if any problems occur in hardware part.

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CHAPTER 6: IMPACT, CONCLUSION, AND REFERENCE

CONCLUSION

1) As the year passes, the computer size is becoming smaller.

2) Today’s technology is at its peak point beyond what we could ever imagine.

3) New inventions and innovations are emerging on daily basis.

4) Our imaginations have dressed into reality and today it has become possible to have

a whole computer in our pocket all the time.

5) At last this ball technology has taken the computer technology to new horizons

REFERENCES

http://www.google.co.in/EBALL

http://www.electronics.howstuffworks.com

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ht1. http://www.newscom.com/cgi-bin/prnh

www.canesta.com. www.procams.org

www.billbuxton.com/3state.html

www.smarttech.com

www.3m.com/us/office/meeting/product_catalog/wd.jhtmltp://www.google.com

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