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CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER
1.2 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS
1.3 COMPUTER GENERATIONS
CHAPTER 2: THE MEANING OF E-BALL TECHNOLOGY
2.1 DEFINING E-BALL TECHNOLOGY
2.2 FEATURES OF E-BALL
A) PROCESSOR
B) HARD DRIVE
C) RAM
D) SOUND & GRAPHIC CARD
CHAPTER 3: VIRTUAL KEYBOARD
3.1 VIRTUAL KEYBOARD
3.2 COMPONENTS
3.3 ADVANTAGES &DISADVANTAGES
CHAPTER 4: PROJECTOR USED IN E-BALL
4.1 LCD PROJECTORS
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4.2 DLP PROJECTORS
4.3 COMPARISON AND CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 5: WORKING OF E-BALL
5.1 WORKING
5.2 IF THERE IS NO WALL
5.3 SCENARIO IN USE
5.4 ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES
CHAPTER 6: IMPACT, CONCLUSION, AND REFERENCES
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
The word “computer” comes from the word “compute”, which means, “to calculate”.
Hence, people usually consider a computer to be a calculating device that can perform
arithmetic operations at high speed.
In fact, the original objective for inventing a computer was to create a fast calculating
machine. However, more than 80% of work done by computers today is non-
mathematical or non- numerical nature. Hence, to define a computer merely as a
calculating device is to ignore over 80% of its functions. More accurately, we can define
a computer as a device that operates upon data. Data can be anything like bio-data of
applicants when computer is used for short listing candidates for recruiting; marks
obtained by students in various subjects when used for preparing result; details (name,
age, sex, etc.) of passengers when used for making airlines or railways reservations; or
number of different parameters when used for solving scientific research problems, etc.
Hence, data comes in various shapes and sizes depending upon the type of computer
application. A computer can store, process, and retrieve data as and when desired. The
fact that computers process data is so fundamental that many people have started
calling it as data processor.
The name data processor is more inclusive because modern computers not only
compute in a usual sense but also perform other functions with data that flows to and
from them. The activity of processing data using computer is called data processing.
Data processing consists of three sub-activities: capturing input data, manipulating the
data, and managing output results. Data is basically a raw material used as input to data
processing and information is processed data obtained as output of data processing.
1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS
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Increasing popularity of computers has proved that it is very powerful and useful tool.
The power and usefulness of this popular tool are mainly due to its following
characteristics
A) AUTOMATIC
An automatic machine works by itself without human intervention. Computers are
automatic machines because once started on a job, they carry out the job until it is
finished. However, computers being machines cannot start themselves and cannot go
out and find problems and solutions. We need to instruct a computer using coded
instructions that specify how it will do a particular job.
B) SPEED
A computer is a very fast device. It can perform in a few seconds, the amount of work
that a human being can do in an entire year. While talking about speed of a computer we
do not talk in terms of seconds or milliseconds but in terms of microseconds,
nanoseconds and even picoseconds. A powerful computer is capable of performing
several billion simple arithmetic operations per second.
C) ACCURACY
In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate. Accuracy of a computer is
consistently high and the degree of its accuracy depends upon its design. A computer
performs every calculation with the same accuracy.
D) VERSATILITY
Versatility is one of the most wonderful things about computer. One moment it is
preparing result of an examination, next moment it is busy preparing electricity bills etc.
In brief, a computer is capable of performing almost any task, if the task can be reduced
to a finite series of logical steps.
E) DILIGENCE
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Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of
concentration. It can continuously work for hours without creating any error and
without grumbling. Hence, computer score over human beings in doing routing type
jobs that require great accuracy.
1.2 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS
A) 1623: Mechanical calculator Wilhelm Schickard invented first known mechanical
calculator, capable of simple arithmetic. Similar mechanical adding machine made in
1640’s by Blaise Pascal.
B) 1673: More advanced mechanical calculator.1673byGerman mathematician
Gottfried Leibniz Capable of multiplication and division purely mechanical with no
source of power.
C) 1823: Charles Babbage begins work on Difference Engine. He designed, but it was
completed by a Swedish inventor in 1854. Image of the Difference Engine from Niagara
College
D) 1833: Charles Babbage begins Analytical Engine Never completed. Important
concept: a general-purpose machine capable of performing difference functions based
on programming.
E) 1834: Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace impressed with the concept of the Analytical Engine
at a dinner pArty. Daughter of poet Lord Byran Created plans for how the machine could
calculate Bernoulli numbers. This is regarded as the first “computer program," and she
is the first "programmer."The Department of Defense named a language “Ada” in her
honor in 1979.
F) 1890:Punched cards used by Herman Hollerith to automate Census Concept of
programming the machine to perform different tasks with punched cards was from
Babbage. Punch cards based on Josph Marie Jacquard’s device to automate weaving
looms. Hollerith founded a company that became International Business Machines
(IBM) to market the technology.
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G) 1946: ENIAC completed Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. By Presper
Eckert and John Mauchly 18,000 vacuum tubes, occupied a 30 by 50 foot room
Programming by plugging wires into a patch panel. Very difficult to do, because this
style programming requires intimate knowledge of the computer
1.3 COMPUTER GENERATIONS
The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different
generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a
major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers
operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful, more efficient and
reliable devices.
First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory,
and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate
and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was
often the cause of malfunctions.
First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming
language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve
one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output
was displayed on printouts.
The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices.
The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S.
Census Bureau in 1951. Figure (a) shows first generation computer.
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FIGURE (a) FIGURE (b)
Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers.
The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until
the late 1950s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers
to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their
first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat
that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum
tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts
for output. Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language
to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions
in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time,
such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers
that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to
magnetic core technology. The first computers of this generation were developed for
the atomic energy industry. Figure (b) shows second generation computer
Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of
computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called
semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
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Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation
computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system,
which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central
program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to
a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors Figure
(c) shows second generation computer.
Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of
integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation
filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip,
developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer—from the central
processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip. In 1981 IBM
introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the
Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into
many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.
As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form
networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet Fourth generation
computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. Figure
(d) shows second generation computer
FIGURE (c) FIGURE (d)
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Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in
development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are
being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to
make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and
nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of
fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input
and are capable of learning and self-organization. Figure (e) shows second generation
computer
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FIGURE (e)
CHAPTER 2: THE MEANING OF E-BALL TECHNOLOGY
2.1 DEFINING E-BALL TECHNOLOGY
Aren’t you tired of your PC? By his ugly shape and the way that it looks? Well, this is
exactly what designer Apostol Tnokovski was feeling when he decided to create the
smallest PC ever made.
Apostol Tnokovski introduced a new pc that is E-Ball Concept pc. The E-Ball concept pc
is a sphere shaped pc which is the smallest design among all the laptops and
desktops. This computer has all the feature like a traditional computer, elements like
keyboard, mouse, dvd, large screen display etc
E-Ball is designed to be placed on two stands , opens by simultaneously pressing and
holding the two buttons located on each side. E Ball concept pc don't have any external
display unit.
It has a button when you press this button a projector will pop and it focus the computer
screen on the wall which can be adjusted with navigation keys. This concept PC will
measure 160mm in diameter and it was designed for Microsoft Windows OS.
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For the moment there is no word on pricing or when it’s going to be available, however,
I am sure that everybody would like to see a small spherical PC like this E-BALL shape is
spherical because in Tnokovski’s opinion this is the best shape in nature and it draws
everybody’s attention.
E-Ball will feature a dual core processor, 250-500GB HDD, 2GB of RAM, integrated
graphic card and sound card, 2 x 50W speakers, HD-DVD recorder, wireless optical
mouse and laser keyboard, LAN and WLAN card, modem, Web cam and integrated LCD
projector.
FIGURE (F)
2.2 FEATURES OF E-BALL
→ I-TECH VIRTUAL KEYBOARD
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→ DUAL CORE PROCESSOR
→ 2GB – RAM
→ 350-500 GB HARDDRIVE
→ INTEGRATED GRAPHICS AND SOUND CARD
→ SPEAKERS
→ WIRELESS OPTICAL MOUSE
→ LAN AND WLAN CARD
→ LCD PROJECTOR
→ PAPER HOLDER
→ MODEM
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FIGURE (G)
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FIGURE (H)
A) PROCESSOR
Intel Core is a brand name used for various mid-range to high-end consumer and
business microprocessor made by Intel. The current lineup of Core processors includes
the latest following processors:
Intel Core i7 Intel Core i5
Intel Core i3 Intel Core
Intel Core Intel Core 2 Duo
Intel Core 2 Solo Intel Core 2 Quad
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The e-ball pc basically uses Intel core 2 Duo processor. Figure shown below shows the
Intel core 2 duo process
FIGURE (I)
B) RAM
RAM stands for Random Access memory. It gets the word “random” because
information can be accessed in non-sequential order. Though the data itself is stored
tighter, it could be anywhere in the “container” or amount of RAM available. RAM is
measure in “bits”, and 8 bits equal to 1 byte. A kilobyte is equal to 1024 bits , and
megabyte is equal to 1024 kilobyte. The E-BALL pc uses 2gb of RAM.
RAM
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1) SRAM don’t require external refresh circuitry
2) SRAM is faster than DRAM.
3) SRAM is more power-efficient when idle.
4) SRAM is several times more expensive than DRAM
C) HARD DRIVE
1) Hard drive is basically a secondary storage device. It is non-volatile in nature. It
consists of metal platter coated with oxide that can be magnetized to represents data.
We can directly access the data from hard drive. The e-ball pc basically consists 350-500
GB of hard drive
D) GRAPHIC & SOUND CARD
A video card, display card, graphics card, or graphics adapter is an expansion card
which generates output images to a display. Most video cards offer various functions
such as accelerated rendering of 3D scenes and 2D graphics , MPEG-2/MPEG-4 decoding,
TV output, or the ability to connect multiple monitors (multi -monitor ). Other modern
high performance video cards are used for more graphically demanding purposes, such
as PC games. Video hardware is often integrated into the motherboard, however all
modern motherboards provide expansion ports to which a video card can be attached.
In this configuration it is sometimes referred to as a video controller or graphics A video