Dual credit psychology notes chapter 9 - learning(shortened for slide share)

• 1. Unit 4 Learning and Cognitive Processes Chapter 9 Learning: Principles and Applications Chapter 10 Memory and Thought Chapter 11 Thinking and LanguageChapter 12 Motivation and Emotion

2. 3 schools of thought regardinglearning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Social Learning Some think it is all one way In reality, the vast majority of learning involveselements of all 3 types 3. Classical Conditioning Learning process inwhich associations are made between a natural stimulus and a neutral stimulus 4. Concepts in Classical Conditioning Neutral Stimulus a stimulus that does not initially elicitany part of the unconditioned response Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) an event that elicits acertain predictable response typically without previoustraining Unconditioned Response (UCR) an organismsautomatic (e.g. Natural) reaction to a stimulus Conditioned Stimulus (CS) A once-neutral event thatelicits a given response after a period of training inwhich it has been paired with an unconditionedstimulus Conditioned Response (CR) the learned reaction to aconditioned stimulus 5. Acquisition the learning of a conditioned response 6. Generalization responding to arange of similarstimuli (in asimilar manner) 7. Discrimination developing theability to responddifferently to similar but distinct stimuli 8. Extinction thegradual loss of a conditionedresponseSpontaneous Recovery thereappearing of a conditioned response when the CS ispresented again 9. Classical Conditioning Applied toHuman Behavior 10. Taste Aversions aclassically conditioneddislike of certain foods 11. Pavlovs Bar 1min30sec 12. Operant Conditioning Learning in which a certainaction is reinforced orpunished, resulting incorresponding increases ordecreases in occurrence 13. Operant Conditioning 14. Operant Conditioning 15. Reinforcement something thatfollows a response which increases the chance that the response will repeat 16. Skinner Box 17. Primary Reinforcer in and of itself reinforcingSecondary Reinforcer can be used to geta primary reinforcer 18. Schedules of Reinforcement page 254 VariableRatio FixedRatio VariableInterval FixedInterval 19. Shaping desired behavior is molded by firstrewarding anything that is similar, then requiring closerapproximations to the desired behavior beforereceiving a reward Chaining tying parts of learning together into aresponse chain to get to the desired end-point 20. Aversive Control measures ofconditioning which are perceived as undesirable by the organism 21. Negative Reinforcement vs.Punishment they are not the samehttp://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-scientific- fundamentalist/201001/common-misconceptions-about-science-vi- negative-reinforcem 22. Punishment Pro and Con 23. Social Learning process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others 24. Cognitive Learning form of alteringbehavior that involves mental processesand may result from observation orimitation 25. Latent Learning/Cognitive Maps http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/goal-posts/200907/planters-peanuts-pellets-food-playing-time-and-passion 26. Learned Helplessness 27. Modeling - learning byimitatingothers; copyingbehavior 28. Modeling Love and Logic 2min 29. Behavior ModificationSystematicapplication oflearning principlesto change peoplesactions and feelings 30. Behavior modification program 1min 31. Token Economies conditioningprocess which uses tokens (valueless objects) which can be exchanged for valuable rewards 32. Self-Control conditioning can beused to regulate your own behavior e.g. 1 page, 1 video game level, etc