Drugs. Vocabulary Serotonin = Feel good brain hormone, happiness Dopamine = Reward (pleasure) brain hormone Norepinephrine = Stress hormone for increased.

Drugs

VocabularySerotonin = Feel good brain hormone, happinessDopamine = Reward (pleasure) brain hormoneNorepinephrine = Stress hormone for increased

concentration and fight or flight, increases blood pressure

Adrenaline = Hormone that stimulates heart

Lethal Dose = LD50The dose at which 50% of the mice tested died

Half Life = How long it takes for the body to get rid of half of the drug

Drugs given to kids

Ibuprofen (Advil)Administered: Pill by mouthEffects: In approximately 20 minHalf Life in body: 4-6 hoursPhysiology: Blocks enzymes in bloodPositive side effects: Reduces swelling

(inflammation) and blood clotting, pain relief

Negative side effects: Nausea, bleeding in the digestive system and heart attacks (high dose or long term use)

Lethal Dose: 636 mg/kg or 34980 mgTypical Pill is 200-400 mg (almost 6,000 pills)

Addiction: Minimal if anyMedicinal uses: Reduces swellingOther: May help with acne

Acetaminophen (Tylenol)Administered: Pill by mouthEffects: Relieves pain in 10-60minHalf-Life in Body: 2-4 hoursPhysiology: Blocks receptors on neuronsPositive side effects: Relieves pain and

reduces feverNegative side effects: Liver damage

Lethal Dose: ~1000 mg/kgTypical pill is 1000 mg (about 68 pills)

Addiction: PsychologicalMedicinal uses: Pain & feverOther: Many drugs combine Acetaminophen

with other substances (Excedrin, Tylenol PM, etc.)

CaffeineAdministered: Eaten or drunkEffects in: 15 minutesHalf-Life in Body: 4-6 hoursPhysiology: Smooth muscle relaxerPositive side effects: Feeling of alertness

(increase in oxygen to the brain)Negative side effects: Racing heart, shaking,

poor sleep, brain loses ability to regulate its oxygen (headaches and poor coordination), dehydration (increase in urine production)

Lethal Dose: 10 grams (80 cups of coffee)Addiction: Physical and mentalMedicinal uses: Migraines, short term

compensation for sleepFun Link:

http://www.energyfiend.com/death-by-caffeine

Other: Added to amphetamines, LSD, cocaine and heroin to augment their psychoactive effects.

Ritalin (Methylphenidate)Administered: Pill by mouthEffects: within an hourHalf-Life in Body: 2 - 2.5 hours

Often pills will release slowly over timePhysiology: increases the levels of

dopamine and norepinephrinePositive side effects: Increased

wakefulness and ability to focusNegative side effects: Trouble sleeping,

irritable, dry mouth, dizziness/nausea

Lethal Dose: ~190 mg/kgTypical pill is 90 mg (about 140 pills)

Addiction: Physical and mentalMedicinal uses: Attention Deficit

Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) & NarcolepsyFun Video:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Nr3DSaFFQM&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BW-WMfUMx3E

Other: Milder but similar to cocaine and meth (has been used to help addicts)

Reflection:

What is the most common drug (in this category) have you taken? Why have you taken it?

Misused legal substances

Nitrous Oxide (Whip Its, laughing gas)

Administered: InhaledEffects in: A few secondsHalf-Life in Body: 5 minutesPhysiology: Deprives brain of oxygen, releases

dopamine in the brain, blocks some receptors in brain

Positive side effects: Laughter, euphoria, mild pain relief

Negative side effects: Slowed brain function, loss of consciousness, brain damage (NOTE: Just as helium makes the voice sound high, N2O makes it sound low)

Lethal Dose: Difficult to determine, but the brain will suffer permanent damage if it does not get enough oxygen for as short as a few minutes

Addiction: PossibleMedicinal uses: Used as tranquilizer for

dental proceduresVideos:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGx47R0hSNc&feature=related

Volatile InhalantsAdministered: Breathed inEffects in: A few secondsHalf-Life in Body: 72 hours (varies)Physiology: Varies, disrupts transmitters &

channels in the bodyPositive side effects: Alcohol-like

intoxication, euphoria, hallucinationsNegative side effects: Hypoxia (lack of

oxygen to brain, lightheadedness, brain cell death), pneumonia (liquid in lungs), cardiac failure, or aspiration of vomit

Lethal Dose: Depends on substance and how it’s administered

Addiction: Mental (behavior/habit)Medicinal uses: None… What, are you crazy!?Other: WTF?!?

Toluene (spray paints, rubber cement, gasoline)Chlorinated hydrocarbons (dry-cleaning chemicals, correction fluids)Hexane (glues, gasoline)Benzene (gasoline)Methylene chloride (varnish removers, paint thinners)Butane (cigarette lighter refills, air fresheners)Nitrous oxide (whipped cream dispensers, gas cylinders)Ketones (nail polish remover)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2sopbjMY540&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZFcRCDnJy8

Anabolic SteroidsAdministered: Pills, injected, skin patchHalf-Life in Body: A few daysPhysiology: Mimic male testosteronePositive side effects: Increased muscle

building and sex driveNegative side effects: Increased hair

growth (male pattern), deepening voice, reduced production of sex hormones by the body, liver damage, aggression/violence, psychosis

Lethal Dose: Unclear, but it’s really hard to do

Addiction: Physical and mental (possible suicide)

Medicinal uses: Growth in children and bone marrow growth

Salvia divinorumAdministered: Eaten or smokedEffects in: 2 to 20 minHalf-Life in Body: (Effects last about 30 min)Physiology: Interacts with receptors in the

brainPositive side effects: Extreme hallucinations,

melding with other objects (“one with the universe”)

Negative side effects: Extreme hallucinations (distressful or anxiety producing), dangerously unaware of surroundings

Lethal Dose: Not known (no reported cases)Addiction: Unlikely, but unknownMedicinal uses: Possible drug therapy

addiction, possible treatment for Alzheimer's, depression, schizophrenia, chronic pain and even AIDS or HIV

Videos: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ur2_tuWv1Bw&feature=related and

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=onNyXDj8lnk (blocked) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMqBaHi72Ys&feature=related

DXM (active ingredient in Nyquil)

Administered: Drunk, swallowedEffects in: Approximately 15-30 minutesHalf-Life in Body: 1.5-4 hoursPhysiology: Interacts with serotonin

receptorsPositive side effects: Alcohol-like

intoxication, euphoria, hallucinationsNegative side effects: Hallucinations,

decreased thinking, slowed breathing, opiod-like addiction

Lethal Dose: 70 times the small dose taken for cough medicine… moderate risk for people who drink it!Lethal dose around 50 mg/kg, some people take 15-

20 mg/kgAddiction: PossibleMedicinal uses: Suppresses cough, mild pain

reliefCaution: Compounds in grapefruit juice interact

with this compound with toxic effectsVideos: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3moS1pdfvh8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6c6e9V0kQX8&NR=1&feature=fvwp

Pentobarbital (Vallium, Xantax, sleeping pills)Sedative

Effects similar to Rohypol, GHB, Ketamine and PCP

Usually much lower doses (10 times less strong)

GHB Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJyVzbbr8F8&feature=related

Reflection:

Many of the drugs in this category are accessible, but this doesn’t mean they are “safe.” Why not?

Somewhat Controlled Drugs

Nicotine (Tobacco)Administered: Cigarettes, “Clove” cigarettes,

chewing tobacco, gumEffects: 7 seconds to reach brainHalf-Life in Body: 2 hoursPhysiology: Releases sugar from liver, affects

hormones (including serotonin, dopamine, nonepinephrine and adrenaline)

Positive side effects: Relaxation, sharpness , calmness, alertness, decreases appetite while increasing how quickly food is burned

Negative side effects: Cancer, increased cholesterol, heart attacks, birth defects or premature births

Lethal Dose: 40-60 mg (adult)Average cigarette gives 1-3 mg (10 pieces of

4mg nicotine gum)Addiction: Intense physical and mentalUses: InsecticideOther: Makes you smell bad and give you

yellow teeth… second hand smoke is very bad

Death (Overdose)

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Alcohol (Ethanol)Administered: DrunkEffects: Depends on food (15+ minutes)Lasts: Peaks 45 minPhysiology: Decreases nervous system and

relaxes blood vessels (dilate/expand)Positive side effects: Decreased heart attacks,

low inhibitionsNegative side effects: Regretful activities, poor

coordination, sexual dysfunction, dementia and memory loss, vomiting, liver damage, cannot absorb nutrients in food, headache

Lethal Dose: Blood Alcohol Content 0.45Intoxication at 0.08 (death in only 5 times

intoxication)“Drunk Driving” at 0.08License suspended for “Driving Under the

Influence” at any BAC!Addiction: Physical and mentalMedicinal uses: Primitive anesthetic, brings

blood to the surface of the skinOther: In Latin, crapula refers to intoxication

and hangoverDrunk Monkeys: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pSm7BcQHWXk

Progressive Effects of AlcoholBAC (%) Behavior Impairment

0.01–0.029 •Average individual appears normal•Subtle effects that can be detected with special tests

0.03–0.059

•Mild euphoria, sense of well-being•Relaxation•Joyousness•Talkativeness•Decreased inhibition

•Alertness•Judgment•Coordination•Concentration

0.06–0.10

•Blunted Feelings•Lack of inhibition•Extroversion•Lowered Libido

•Reasoning•Depth Perception•Peripheral Vision•Glare Recovery

0.11–0.20

•Over-Expression•Emotional Swings•Angriness or Sadness•Boisterousness

•Reflexes•Reaction Time and gross Motor Control•Staggering•Slurred Speech

0.21–0.29•Stupor•Loss of Understanding•Impaired Sensations

•Severe Motor Impairment•Loss of Consciousness•Memory Blackout

0.30–0.39

•Severe Central Nervous System Depression•Unconsciousness•Death Possible

•Bladder Function•Breathing•Heart Rate

>0.40•General lack of behavior•Unconsciousness•Death

•Breathing•Heart Rate•Life

Standard Drink Chart (US)

AlcoholAmount in ml

Amount in fl. oz.

Serving size

Alcohol % by vol.

Alcohol in fl. oz.

80 proof liquor

44 ml 1.5 fl. oz. one shot 40 0.6 fl. oz.

beer 355 ml 12 fl. oz. one can 5 0.6 fl. oz.

table wine 148 ml 5 fl. oz. one glass 12 0.6 fl. oz.

Death (Overdose)

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MaleFemal

e

Approximate Blood Alcohol Percentage (US)One drink has 0.5 fl. oz. alcohol by volume

Drinks

Body Weight

90 lb100 l

b120 l

b140 l

b160 l

b180 l

b200 l

b220 l

b240 l

b

1–

.05.04.05

.03

.04.03.03

.02

.03.02.03

.02

.02.02.02

.02

.02

2–

.10.08.09

.06

.08.05.07

.05

.06.04.05

.04

.05.03.04

.03

.04

3–

.15.11.14

.09

.11.08.10

.07

.09.06.08

.06

.07.05.06

.05

.06

4–

.20.15.18

.12

.15.11.13

.09

.11.08.10

.08

.09.07.08

.06

.08

5–

.25.19.23

.16

.19.13.16

.12

.14.11.13

.09

.11.09.10

.08

.09

6–

.30.23.27

.19

.23.16.19

.14

.17.13.15

.11

.14.10.12

.09

.11

7–

.35.26.32

.22

.27.19.23

.16

.20.15.18

.13

.16.12.14

.11

.13

8–

.40.30.36

.25

.30.21.26

.19

.23.17.20

.15

.18.14.17

.13

.15

9–

.45.34.41

.28

.34.24.29

.21

.26.19.23

.17

.20.15.19

.14

.17

10–

.51.38.45

.31

.38.27.32

.23

.28.21.25

.19

.23.17.21

.16

.19Subtract approximately .01 every 40 minutes after drinking.

Men have a higher percent of water in their bodies (58%) than women (49%)

Pain Killers (Morphine, Oxycontin, Codine, Vicodin)

Administered: Orally, injectionEffects: 10 minutes to 1 hourHalf-Life in Body: 3 - 5 hoursPhysiology: Disrupts receptors in brainPositive side effects: Pain relief,

euphoriaNegative side effects: Dizziness,

nausea, enlarged prostate (impotence), coldness, shallow breathing, seizures

Lethal Dose: 800 mg for an adultDoses often between 20-80mg (about 10 pills to

OD)Tylenol 3, prescription cough medicine and other

drugs have codeine (30+mg) in themAddiction: Physical and mental (strongly

addictive)Intense withdrawal symptoms

Medicinal uses: Pain reliefSad story:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbCItVeS8kU&feature=relatedAnother story: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SL37IUc0BEU (until 3:40, and

then it is detox)

Ketamine (Special K)Administered: Smoked, snorted, swallowed,

injectedEffects in: (Depends on method administered)

Effects last 60 min to 2 hoursHalf-Life in Body: 2.5-3 hoursPhysiology: Interacts with brain receptorsPositive side effects: Keeps lungs opens,

sedation, in very low doses may help cure depression

Negative side effects: analgesia, hallucinations, elevated blood pressure, laxative

Lethal Dose: Overdose blood range of 3–20 mg/LRecreational blood range is ½ to 5 mg/L

Addiction: MentalMedicinal uses: Used as a sedative for

humans since it was safer than PCP, not used much anymore but still used for animals/veterinary practice

Videos: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GDs9uOE1teY&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnHjcI5_TqM&feature=related

Reflection:

All of these drugs are legal, but all have serious negative effects. Write a statement about one of these drugs and its potential dangers.

Illegal (in Most States)

Marijuana (THC, MaryJane, weed)

Administered: Smoked, eaten, drunkEffects in: 1 to 10 minutesHalf-Life in Body: 1.3 daysPhysiology: Stimulates brain neurotransmittersPositive side effects: Increased appetite,

relaxation, euphoria, altered space-time perception and senses (visual, auditory, etc.)

Negative side effects: Short term memory loss (may be ‘permanent’ if done young), lack of motivation, sleepiness, paranoia, anxiety, fatigue, dry eyes and mouth

Lethal Dose: 1000+ times effective doseAddiction: MentalMedicinal uses (in adults whose brains

have stopped growing/changing): AIDS, cancer and chronic pain patients

Other: Used in 1940s to get enemies talking and to tell the truth (spilling their secrets)

Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ASkRp5CLlk

K2 (artificial marijuana, Spice)

Administered: Usually smokedEffects in: Likely 1-10 minHalf-Life in Body: New drug, studies not donePhysiology: Stimulates brain neurotransmittersPositive side effects: Relaxation, euphoria, altered

space-time perception and senses (visual, auditory, etc.)

Negative side effects: Psychosis, paranoia, anxiety, fatigue, seizures, delusions, blurry vision, nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, loss of consciousness … seems to be stronger and have more negative effects than marijuana

Lethal Dose: Unknown, likely very difficult to do

Addiction: Evidence it is addictive (unlike Marijuana)

Uses: Marked as an herbal incense Other: First made/sold in 2004, many of

the herbs listed are not present when chemical tests are done; illegal in some states

Videos: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cq2HDyWhb0Y&feature=related

Psilocybin (Mushrooms)Administered: EatenEffects in: 10-40 minHalf-Life in Body: 3-8 hoursPhysiology: Similar to serotonin, interacts with

several organic compoundsPositive side effects: Hallucinations

(imagined and enhanced colors/shapes), altered perception of time

Negative side effects: Frightening/upsetting hallucinations, stomach ache, schizophrenia-like psychosis

Lethal Dose: 280 mg/kgA typical recreational dosage is 10–50 mg Mushrooms vary greatly so dosage is difficult to

determine!Addiction: None recordedMedicinal uses: Transcendence, mediationOther: There are 116 species of mushrooms

that contain this compound. There are many others mushrooms that look similar and are deadly.

Mushroom & Reindeer: http://current.com/entertainment/comedy/91650704_magic-mushrooms-and-reindeer.htm

LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide, Acid)

Administered: Orally (usually on a substance), injection

Effects: Nearly instant (if injected)Half-Life in Body: 4-6 hoursPhysiology: Similar to serotonin, interacts

with several organic compoundsPositive side effects: Altered thinking, time

and sensory distortionsNegative side effects: Panic attacks,

“flashbacks,” fluctuations in body temperature

Lethal Dose: 200 µg/kg or 135 mg for an adultTypical dose:100 and 500 µg (about 25 “hits”

at once)Addiction: Possible mental addictionMedicinal uses: Possible psychiatric use,

alcohol addiction, pain reliefOther: Rapid tolerance build-upBad Acid Trip:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-VzGzOcvZ2A&feature=related

MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, Ecstasy)

Administered: Pill (usually by mouth)Effects: Enters blood in 30 minHalf-Life in Body: 8 hours (affects for 3-6 hours)Physiology: Stimulates serotonin and dopamine

receptors in the brain (oxytocin & vasopressin – bonding hormones)

Positive side effects: euphoria, a sense of intimacy with others, reduced anxiety and depression

Negative side effects: Brain slows serotonin production (depression), panic attacks, stroke or seizures, overheating, overhydration, regretted activities (STDs/pregnancy), aches & pains, lack of focus

Lethal Dose: 300 mg/kgTypical pill is 125 mg (about 35 pills)Strong risk of death from overheating or overhydration

(often from additives) at MUCH lower doses!!!Most “Ecstasy” pills actually have caffeine, meth, PMA

or 4-MTA, or other additives that make them much more dangerous

Addiction: Psychological (low serotonin in brain)Medicinal uses: Low doses may be helpful for

PTSD or anxiety disordersVideo: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIYN64FC-

AY&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IqcEFOA0Hr8&feature=related

Rohypnol (Flunitrazepam, Roofie)Administered: Usually ingestedEffects in: 10-20 min, lasting many hoursHalf-Life in Body: 18-26 hours (with

effects lasting 36–200 hours)Physiology: Blocks channels in the brainPositive side effects: Sleepiness, muscle

relaxation, reduces anxiety, prevents convulsions

Negative side effects: Hypnotic, powerful sedative, rape

Lethal Dose: Highly variable when used with alcoholPills are 1-2mgMay this dose may be fatal when used with

alcohol (or other depressants like heroin)Addiction: Physical & mentalMedicinal uses: Short-term cure for insomniaOther: Has been used to “soften” the crash from

stimulants; lack of memory makes rape cases harder to resolve/prosecute

Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkTky2t6xtc&feature=related

(Imagine if MaryAnn had been alone… without someone watching out for her)

MethamphetamineAdministered: By mouth, injectionEffects: Nearly instant (if injected)Half-Life in Body: 9-15 hoursPhysiology: increasing levels of dopamine,

norepinephrine and serotonin in the brainPositive side effects: Alertness, concentration,

euphoria, pleasureNegative side effects: Complete loss of appetite,

lack of sleep, tremors, itchy dry skin, numbness, dry mouth (tooth loss), obsessive/repetitive behaviors, heart malfunctions, stroke

Lethal Dose: 73 mg/kg or 39.6 gramsOften taken with caffeine or other drugs that make it

more dangerousAddiction: Physical and mental (strong)Medicinal uses: Short term use for some obesity

and ADHDOther: Serious health and appearance problems can

be caused by unsterilized needles, lack or ignoring of hygiene needs (more typical on chronic use), and obsessive skin-picking, which may lead to abscesses.

Scary Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJIjWlLa8MU&feature=related

Cocaine (benzoylmethylecgonine, including Crack)

Administered: Smoked (low quality), snorted, injected, rubbed onto gums, swallowed

Effects in: Instant to 30 minHalf-Life in Body: 45min - 1 hourPhysiology: Keeps high levels of dopamine,

norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain, constricts blood vessels

Positive side effects: alertness, feelings of well-being and euphoria, energy, feelings of competence and sexuality

Negative side effects: Anxiety, paranoia and restlessness, tremors, convulsions and increased body temperature

Lethal Dose: Difficult to determine (about 1.2g)Typical dose is 0.05g and 0.2g

Addiction: Mental (depression)Medicinal uses: Used to be a local

anesthetic for eye and nose surgery, tea used for altitude sickness

Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YG26e0cTulU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpz661CNr4k&feature=related

Heroin (diacetylmorphine, Morphine is the same drug)

Administered: Snorted, smoked, injectedEffects in: 6 seconds to 30 minutesHalf-Life in Body: 10 minutesPhysiology: Becomes morphine, disrupts

receptors in the brainPositive side effects: EuphoriaNegative side effects: Poisoning,

constipation, slowed breathing, muscle weakness, liver damage, fluid in lungs

Lethal Dose: 1.5g for an adultTypical dose is 0.3-0.5g

Addiction: Strong physical and mental addiction

Medicinal uses: Pain killer, cough suppressant

Depressing Videos: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kOPOK24g9Cc&feature=fvw (a parody: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_efSUJ5UQOY&feature=related )

Death (Overdose)

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PCP (phenylcyclohexylpiperidine, angel dust)

Administered: Eaten, smoked, snortedEffects in: (Depends on method administered)Half-Life in Body: 7–46 hoursPhysiology: Affects dopamine and other brain

receptors, stored in fatPositive side effects: Numbness, euphoria, out

of body experiencesNegative side effects: Slows systems,

hallucinations, self-mutilation (pulling teeth, breaking bones), delusions, paranoia, distorted thinking (schizophrenia), brain damage

Lethal Dose: Huge variation from study to study, but overdose is a definite possibility5–10 mg snorted, or 0.01–0.02 mg/kg injected

as an anestheticAddiction: MentalOther uses: Was used as an anesthetic in

the 1930-1950sVideos: http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=wLZq5GGPxws http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8Wf_GwHkHw&feature=related

OtherGHB = Intoxicant and date rape drug

(sometimes called G)Mescaline = Peyote cactus, hallucinations2C = sometimes sold as mescaline (10x

stronger), stimulant with hallucinations, some MDMA-like effect

Lithium carbonateOthers?... Drug song: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fuZ48nl3mBg&feature=watch_response

Endorphins, Natural Morphine: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWcfTGIU2Hs

Reflection:

These are illegal but differ greatly in terms of risk. Write a sentence reflecting on what you have learned.

Mini-SkitAccurate facts to match # of people

About drugsAnything from this class

Fifteen minutes to planYOU MUST SPEAK CLEARLY!NO advocating for the use of drugs!