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PROGRAM READING MODULE 1 Required amount of time to complete: 10 minutes TRAFFIC CRASH PROBLEM - MAGNITUDE AND FACTORS TOPIC 1: TRAFFIC CRASH PROBLEM - MAGNITUDE AND FACTORS SUBJECT 1: Societal And Personal Losses From Traffic Crashes (quantified) The motor vehicle has become central to the way of life and the way of business in the United States. This invention has led to more productivity, greater mobility, higher efficiency and effectiveness over the same time a century ago. However, all of these benefits have come at a great cost. Motor vehicle crashes are the number one cause of death for all people from 6 to 33 years old and account for more than 90% of all transportation related fatalities 1 . The economic cost of motor vehicle crashes alone is estimated at more than $150.5 billion annually 2 . The majority of persons killed or injured in traffic crashes were drivers (64%), followed by passengers (32%), pedestrians (3%) and cyclists (2%)3. 96% of the 12 million vehicles involved in motor vehicle crashes in 1995 were passenger cars or light trucks. 4 Slightly more than half of fatal collisions occurred on roads with posted speed limits of 55 mph or more while only 21% of property damage crashes occurred on these roads. 5 Collisions on city streets are largely at intersections because of lane changing, running or jumping lights, etc., while collisions on freeways are mainly caused by tailgating or following too closely. How many people die on our roadways annually? Approximately 41,000+.
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Page 1: Driving PROGRAM READING

PROGRAM READING MODULE 1

Required amount of time to complete: 10 minutes

TRAFFIC CRASH PROBLEM - MAGNITUDE AND FACTORSTOPIC 1: TRAFFIC CRASH PROBLEM - MAGNITUDE AND FACTORS

SUBJECT 1: Societal And Personal Losses From Traffic Crashes (quantified)

The motor vehicle has become central to the way of life and the way of business in the United States. This invention has led to more productivity, greater mobility, higher efficiency and effectiveness over the same time a century ago. However, all of these benefits have come at a great cost. Motor vehicle crashes are the number one cause of death for all people from 6 to 33 years old and account for more than 90% of all transportation related fatalities1. The economic cost of motor vehicle crashes alone is estimated at more than $150.5 billion annually2.

The majority of persons killed or injured in traffic crashes were drivers (64%), followed by passengers (32%), pedestrians (3%) and cyclists (2%)3. 96% of the 12 million vehicles involved in motor vehicle crashes in 1995 were passenger cars or light trucks.4 Slightly more than half of fatal collisions occurred on roads with posted speed limits of 55 mph or more while only 21% of property damage crashes occurred on these roads.5 Collisions on city streets are largely at intersections because of lane changing, running or jumping lights, etc., while collisions on freeways are mainly caused by tailgating or following too closely.

How many people die on our roadways annually?

Approximately 41,000+.

In 1999, 41,611 people died on our roadways. That is an average of approximately 114 persons being killed on our roadways every day of the year. One person dies on our roads every 13 minutes. This means that while you are reading this program, 18 people will have died on the roadways in the United States6.

In 2000, Florida's share of the carnage on our roads resulted in 2,999 lives being lost. This works out to eight per day or one every three hours7.

How many people are injured on our roadways annually?

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The number of injuries that occur on our roadways is phenomenal. In 1999, 3,236,000 were injured on the roadways of the United States. This works out to 8,865 injuries caused by motor vehicle collisions per day or 369 per hour or six per minute or one every ten seconds. In the four hours that you are reading this program, 1477 persons will be injured on the roads of the United States8.

In Florida in 2000, there were 246,541 traffic collision related injuries. This works out to 675 per day or 28 per hour or approximately one every two minutes and 13 seconds9.

Our personal mobility and business opportunities are greatly enhanced by the motor vehicle. However, there is no such thing as a free lunch. We pay for these advantages with our lives, property and the increasing costs in all categories of our existence for the motor vehicle.

Resources:NHTSA, Traffic Safety Overview, 1995, Washington, D.C., number 3, 4, 5.NHTSA, Traffic Safety Overview, 1999, Washington, DC, number 1, 2, 6, 8.DHSMV, Traffic Crash Facts, 2000, Tallahassee, Florida, number 7, 9.

TRAFFIC CRASH PROBLEM - MAGNITUDE AND FACTORSTOPIC 1: TRAFFIC CRASH PROBLEM - MAGNITUDE AND FACTORS

SUBJECT 2: Contribution Of DUI And Other Hazardous Acts

As if driving is not dangerous enough, there is a significant portion of our driving population that drives under the influence of alcohol and other drugs. Driving requires a high degree of awareness of the driving environment and consists of a decision making process that is used hundreds of times per mile of travel. When you introduce alcohol and other drugs into this decision making process, the process is slowed down, sometimes fatally. It is or at least should be intuitively obvious that you are not going to proceed safely in a fast paced decision making process with your ability to make those decisions slowed down.

Alcohol-related crashes cost society $45 billion anually, yet this conservative estimate does not include pain, suffering and lost quality of life. The indirect costs raise the alcohol-related crash figure to a staggering $116 billion in 19931.

What was the average cost for each injured survivor of an alcohol-related crash?

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Approximately $67,000, including $6,000 in health care costs and $13,000 in lost productivity2.

What impact does alcohol and other drugs have on traffic collisions?

In 1999, there were 15,786 fatalities in alcohol related crashes. This is a 6% decrease compared to 1996, and it represents an average of one alcohol-related fatality every 33 minutes. NHTSA estimates that alcohol was involved in 38% of fatal crashes and in 7% of all crashes in 1999. NHTSA also estimated that 30.1% of all traffic fatalities occurred in crashes in which at least one driver or non-occupant had a blood alcohol concentration of .10 grams per deciliter or greater3.

Approximately 1.4 million drivers were arrested in 1998 for driving under the influence of alcohol and other drugs. This is an arrest rate of one in every 132 licensed drivers in the United States. About three in every 10 Americans will be involved in an alcohol related crash at some time or another in their life4.

In Florida, in 2000, there were 23,578 alcohol-related crashes, which injured 19,775 people and killed 9795. 32.6% of traffic fatalities and 9.5% of traffic crashes were alcohol related6. Approximately three people died and 60 were injured every day due to alcohol related collisions in Florida7.

What other hazardous acts affect the driving environment?

In 1999, speeding was a contributing factor in 30% of all fatal crashes, and 12,628 lives were lost in speeding related crashes. Motor vehicle crashes cost society an estimated $4,800 per second. The economic cost of crashes was estimated at $150.5 billion in 1994. The cost of speeding related crashes in 1998 accounted for $27.7 billion dollars or $52,607 per minute or $877 per second8.

Other concepts to be aware of are the concepts of aggressive driving and road rage. Aggressive driving is defined as "at least one of these four driving offenses, running a red light or stop sign, failure to yield the right-of-way and reckless driving9".

The cost of aggressive driving is substantial. It has been estimated that over the last ten years, aggressive driving has killed an average of 1500 people each year, injured 800,000 and cost the country an estimated $24 billion in medical costs, property damage and lost time from work10.

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Road rage is the most extreme example of aggressive driving and usually is an extremely rare event. Road rage is the term used to refer to physical assaults that result from a traffic dispute. Road rage is an aggressive driving incident that has lost control. A near collision that turns to violence11. No agency can say how bad a problem road rage has become. AAA estimates that between 1990 and 1996, 218 people have died on our roads as a result of road rage12.

Resources:MADD, Public Policy Statistics, Cost of Alcohol Related Crashes, October 1998, number 1, 2NHTSA, Traffic Safety Overview, 1999, Washington, DC, number 3, 4.DHSMV, Traffic Crash Facts, 2000, Tallahassee, Florida, number 5, 6, 7.NHTSA, Traffic Safety Facts, 1999, Speeding, Washington, D. C., number 8.USA Today, Monday November 23, 1998, Aggressive driving: A road well traveled., number 9, 10, 11, 12.

These questions are for practice only. You must only pass the final exam.(REMEMBER: You must answer ALL questions listed below correctly before you can move

to the next module)

1. Collisions on city streets are largely at intersections because of lane changing, running or jumping lights.

True

False2. Approximately 41,000+ people die annually on the roads of the

United States.

True

False3. In Florida, in 2000, approximately _______ people died everyday in

motor vehicle crashes.

2

4

6

84. Slightly more than _______ of fatal collisions occur on roads with

posted speed limits of 55 mph or more.

one-quarter

half

three-quarters

all5. Motor Vehicle crashes account for more than ______% of all

transportation-related fatalities.

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70

80

90

956. About ____ in every 10 Americans will be involved in an alcohol

related crash at some time or another in their life.

1

3

67. Road rage is the term used to refer to physical assaults that result

from a traffic dispute.

True

False8. It has been estimated that over the last ten years aggressive driving

has cost society $24 billion in medical costs, property damage and lost time from work.

True

False9. The most extreme example of aggressive driving is called:

defensive driving

road rage

poor driving

 

PROGRAM READING MODULE 2

Required amount of time to complete: 25 minutes

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THE HUMAN FACTORSTOPIC 2: PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

SUBJECT 1: Dealing With Stress

Driving while irritated, upset or shaken will substantially alter one’s judgment when behind the wheel. The angry driver is the aggressive offensive driver, and as a result the dangerous driver. Stressful conditions involving personal or business life will affect safe driving and should be recognized and addressed as negative influences on driving habits. The driver should evaluate his or her state of mind before attempting the operation of a motor vehicle and should not drive when heightened stress, anger, emotions or fatigue are realized.1

The operation of a motor vehicle takes a clear and focused mind, uncluttered by thoughts of aggravation and distress. The driver with a wandering mind caused by any one of the aforementioned effects has a decreased awareness of the road, a slower reaction time, and an overall lack of safe driving habits. This driver is more apt to make more unsafe lane changes, speed and take chances on the road. The ability to anticipate and determine upcoming driving hazards and conditions is also adversely affected.2

Do we need stress in our life?

Yes, you need stress in your life!! Does that surprise you? Perhaps, but it is quite true. Without stress, life would be dull and unexciting. Stress adds flavor, challenge, and opportunity to life. Too much stress, however, can seriously affect your physical and mental well-being3.

A major challenge in this stress filled world of today is to make the stress in your life work for you instead of against you.

What three stages does the body respond to when it is stressed?

To use stress in a positive way and prevent it from becoming distress, you should become aware of your own reactions to stressful events. The body responds to stress by going through three stages:

(1) alarm, (2) resistance, and (3) exhaustion.

As an example, assume that a car pulls out abruptly into traffic in front of you. Your initial reaction would be an alarm reaction, which may include fear of a collision or anger at the driver who pulled out in front of you. Your body physically reacts by releasing hormones (adrenaline) into your blood stream, your face gets flushed, you perspire, your arms and legs tighten up preparing you to fight or flee from the situation. The resistance stage is where your body repairs the damage caused by the alarm stage. The exhaustion stage comes about when the alarm

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resistance cycle is repeated too often and the body does not have sufficient time to repair any damage. Exhaustion may be manifested in such things as migraine headaches, high blood pressure, backaches or insomnia.4

How does one deal with stress?

There are as many ways to deal with stress as there are individuals. We all respond differently to different situations. However, here are some guidelines to use.

1. Try physical activity. When you are nervous, angry, or upset, release the pressure through exercise or physical activity.

2. Share your stress. It helps to talk to someone about your concerns and worries.

3. Must you always be right? Do other people upset you, particularly when they don't do things your way? Try cooperation instead of confrontation; it's better than fighting and always being "right".

4. Know your limits. If a problem is beyond your control and cannot be changed at the moment, don't fight the situation5.

Resources:American Automobile Association, Responsible Driving, Chapter 2, number 1American Automobile Association, Responsible Driving, Chapter 3, number 2U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, DHHS Publication no. (ADM) 91-502, 1991, number 3, 4, 5.

THE HUMAN FACTORSTOPIC 2: PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

SUBJECT 2: Dealing With Fatigue

Drivers should be made aware that fighting tiredness while at the wheel is not advisable. The actual extent to which fatigue contributes to the traffic crash picture is probably much higher than statistics indicate, because long before a driver actually becomes drowsy, fatigue can seriously impair driving ability, often referred to as "inattention". The onset of fatigue frequently coincides with the onset of darkness when visibility is greatly reduced and the risk of traffic crashes is high, even for the alert driver.

What drivers are most at a greater risk of having a collision?

1. Drivers that are sleep deprived.

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2. Drivers who drive long distances without rest breaks.

3. Drivers who drive through the night or at other times when they are normally asleep.

4. Drivers who are taking medication (that increases sleepiness) or drinking alcohol.

5. Drivers who are driving alone.

6. Drivers that drive on long, rural, boring roads and become hypnotized by the road.

7. Frequent travelers (e.g., business travelers1).

How many have driven from home to work or work to home and don't remember the last few miles they drove?

Fatigue has affected all of us at some time or another on the road.

Which drivers are especially susceptible to fatigue-related crashes?

Truck drivers are especially susceptible to fatigue-related crashes. In addition to the high number of miles driven each year, many truckers may drive during the night when the body is sleepiest. Truckers may also have a high prevalence of a sleep and breathing disorder called sleep apnea2.

The US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates that approximately 100,000 police-reported crashes annually (about 1.5% of all crashes) involve drowsiness/fatigue as a principal casual factor. Drowsiness/fatigue may play a role in crashes attributed to other causes. About one million crashes annually - one-sixth of all crashes - are thought to be produced by driver inattention/lapses3.

How do you prevent fatigue from affecting your driving?

To prevent fatigue from affecting your driving, here are some tips you should consider:

1. Get a good night's sleep. This varies from individual to individual but is somewhere around eight hours per night.

2. If you are taking a long trip, bring a passenger. The passenger can share the driving task and stay awake to talk to the driver while being alert for the signs of fatigue.

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3. Schedule regular stops (about every two hours or 100 miles).

4. Avoid alcohol and other drugs that may impair driving performance.

5. If you feel that you have a sleep disorder, consult your physician and seek help4.

Resources:National Sleep Foundation, Drive Alert, Arrive Alive, Washington, D. C. October 1988, number 1, 2, 3, 4

THE HUMAN FACTORSTOPIC 2: PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

SUBJECT 3: Dealing With Emotional Distress

The emotionally distressed driver is more apt to be involved in a traffic collision than is the rested, clear-headed motor vehicle operator. It should be made clear that a tired driver, a disturbed driver, or one with a cluttered mind has decreased ability to avoid collisions and is likely to be involved in an altercation as well.1

How would you feel if you were at fault in a collision that turned a 20-year-old into a quadriplegic, or killed a family's only child? The answer seems obvious, yet while the physical trauma caused by crashes has been the subject of extensive research, psychological damage and suffering is less well understood, particularly for crash survivors who do not sustain a physical injury2.

At least once during their lifetime almost all drivers will be involved in a serious crash where people are injured or killed. Even those lucky enough to avoid a crash will know friends, family, or colleagues who have suffered the effects of a serious crash3.

How is an emotionally disturbed driver more vulnerable to a collision?

1. When disturbed by emotions, the driver is not concentrating on the driving task, he or she is concentrating on what has him or her upset. This could manifest itself in increased risk taking behavior, such as shorter following distances, increased speed, erratic lane changes, etc. Unsafe behaviors like this contribute to increased crash risk.

2. With severe emotional distress, the individual could turn to substance use or abuse to hide the emotional pain. Combine this with driving and this would contribute to increased crash risk.

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3. With the increased risk-taking behavior, aggressive driving could result. Aggressive driving as defined earlier is "at least one of these four driving offenses, running a red light or stop sign, failure to yield the right-of-way and reckless driving." Engaging in any or all of the listed behaviors could result in a collision.

4. As mentioned earlier, unchecked emotions can lead to aggressive driving, which in an extreme case, could result in "road rage". Your emotional distress has now risen to the point of violence. Your mind is not capable of rational function, your confusion and frustration level have risen to the point where you blindly strike out.

What do I do when emotional distress has taken over?

1. Take a deep breath, hold it for a few seconds and then let it out. Go for a walk. Do anything non-violent. Do not get in your motor vehicle and drive angry.

2. Try to displace yourself from what it is that is upsetting you. Take a time out and go sit in your room.

3. Take a moment and recognize your anger for what it is, some hurt, real or imagined. Get some perspective, talk to someone you trust, do not drive when emotionally distressed.

If you are unsuccessful in controlling your emotions and are in a crash, what are the four emotional reactions of a car collision or ticket?

Crashes can trigger a powerful emotional reaction:ShockAnxietyGuiltGrief

All but the most hardened people who cause injury or death are emotionally overwhelmed by the experience. Because driving puts them in control of their car, drivers tend to blame themselves if others are injured or killed, regardless of who was at fault4.

What are the four ways which drivers cope with emotional trauma?

The recovery process of a driver who has been involved in a collision follows four basic phases. These phases are:

1. Shock, numbing, and sometimes denial. Why did this happen to me? That can’t be right.

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2. Recoil and impact. Preoccupied with the event and realization of what happened.

3. Attribution. This happened because; the person figures out the whys.

4. Resolution. The person has made their peace with the situation.

Many drivers naturally pass through these phases without outside assistance. Some, however, seem unusually preoccupied with the event and do not appear to get better. Coping can be particularly difficult during the recoil phase, when drivers realize what they did or did not do. They may take all the blame for the crash, disregarding the facts or analysis of others5.

Resources:Recovery, Haunting Experience, Alberta, British Columbia, October 1998, number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

THE HUMAN FACTORSTOPIC 2: PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

SUBJECT 4: Appropriate Attitude

Traffic laws are instituted and established as safety mechanisms for motor vehicle operators. Street design does not warrant speeds in excess of posted limits, nor would certain turns be construed as safe operating procedures on particular streets. Planning and research are heavily involved in the establishment of traffic laws, as the objective is to make driving safe for all individuals. Seatbelts, for example, have become mandatory because it is statistically verifiable that they help save lives. Traffic laws are not made policy on rash, hasty decisions, but are done with the care of the driver in mind.1

As most people can attest, there is a genuine need for traffic control on the roadways. Unsupervised and uncontrolled driving would lead to chaos. Sound traffic control, both well organized and planned, is needed to enhance the driving

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conditions on the road. Just the simple addition of a traffic officer to an uncontrolled intersection where problems exist can show the benefits visible law enforcement has towards traffic safety. Often, just the sight of law enforcement officials will cause drivers to slow and drive more carefully.

Far too often, motor vehicle operators look on traffic laws with disdain. People stress the negative side of laws rather than the positive. Traffic laws are tools that save lives. Drivers must understand that these laws benefit them and should be supported and followed, not frowned upon. Nobody enjoys receiving a traffic citation, yet this is no reason to reject these life saving devices and tools. Drivers must understand that more laws promote safe driving and are truly beneficial and consequently should have the support of the motor vehicle operators.2

Stress and hurriedness can adversely affect one’s ability to drive. Operators of a motor vehicle should have an attitude suited for operation of a motor vehicle when behind the wheel and should not let other circumstances distract their attention. Drivers should be aware that circumstances and attitude changes could dramatically affect driving habits. The conscientious driver is often times the defensive driver and the least likely to be involved in a traffic collision3.

Research evidence shows that attitudes affect driving safety, but developing appropriate attitudes is not simple. It depends on recognizing that attitudes are important and on making a personal commitment to change attitudes that are unsafe. Drivers should strive to develop a positive attitude when driving.

What are some of the characteristics of a risk taking driver?

There is always some degree of risk associated with driving, but a driver's attitude can greatly influence the risk involved. Attitudes that predispose you to risk are:

* Enjoying the thrill of danger.

* Enjoying impressing passengers or other drivers.

* Disregarding personal safety.

* The illusion of control or overestimating your ability.

* Justifying risks because they are taken in a noble cause.

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Most drivers think they are both safer and more skillful than the average driver is - but we cannot all be right. In more than 90% of traffic collisions, human error is the cause. Collisions do not just happen by chance; they are the consequence of unsafe driving practices. Driving safety cannot be thought of as an add-on extra; it has to be built into the way you drive4.

What are some of the traits of a good driver?

Good drivers have a quiet level of efficiency in their actions and this derives from:

* A good level of attention.

* Accurate observation.

* Matching the vehicle's speed and direction to the situation.

* Awareness of the risks inherent in particular road and traffic situations.

* Having a realization that heavy traffic and the actions of others are beyond our control.

* Developing the ability to LET GO of the perceived insults to yourself by the actions of other drivers.

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* Develop and have the understanding that there is nothing out on the road worth dying over.

Having a positive attitude about driving and becoming and remaining aware of the driving environment will help you become a more effective and safe driver.

Resources:American Automobile Association, Responsible Driving, Chapter 5, number 1, 2.American Automobile Association, Responsible Driving, Chapter 2, number 3.NHTSA, Understanding Youthful Risk Taking, Washington, D. C., 1995 , number 4.

These questions are for practice only. You must only pass the final exam.(REMEMBER: You must answer ALL questions listed below correctly before you can move

to the next module)

1. Good drivers have a quiet level of efficiency in their actions. This derives from:

a good level of attention

accurate observation

both

neither2. Your body reacts to an alarm reaction by releasing _______ into

your blood stream:

salt

glucose

adrenaline

water3. With severe emotional pain, the driver could turn to substance

______ to hide emotional pain.

use

abuse

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neither

both4. Developing appropriate attitudes depends on recognizing that

attitudes are:

not necessary

a waste of time

important5. Approximately 100,000 police-reported crashes annually involve

drowsiness and fatigue as a principal casual factor.

True

False6. Attitudes, which are predisposing you to risk, are for:

the thrill of danger

impressing passengers

both

neither7. When you are experiencing heightened stress, emotions or

fatigue, the driver should:

continue as normal

not drive

stomp on the gas8. Exhaustion can manifest itself in your life in such things as:

migraine headaches

insomnia

both a and b

neither a or b

 

PROGRAM READING MODULE 3

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Required amount of time to complete: 40 minutes

THE HUMAN FACTORSTOPIC 3: DUI PREVENTION

SUBJECT 1: Effect Of Alcohol And Other Drugs On Driver Capabilities

Alcohol is a colorless, odorless, volatile, pungent drug that acts as a depressant. The affects of alcohol are a general depressing of the functions of the brain and body. Depressing of these functions begins at the first sip of alcohol. The only safe amount of alcohol to consume and then drive is none. Alcohol often makes the individual tired and drowsy. The more a person drinks, the less likely he or she is to stay awake and alert while driving. Driving after drinking increases the risk of bodily harm resulting from a collision and increase the probability of a greater injury than would have happened if you were driving sober.1

Drivers must understand that if they are tired and drowsy before driving, those feelings will be heightened after alcohol consumption. A carbonated alcohol drink is absorbed faster by the body because of the carbonation. This causes a faster absorption of the alcohol into the blood stream, which causes the affects on the brain and body to take affect sooner. If the driver drinks a carbonated alcoholic beverage, the affects will be faster as the alcohol is absorbed sooner and on the way to the brain2.

Alcohol is implicated in a very large number of road collisions because it leads to slow reflexes, problems with vision and a loss of self-control.

What is a Controlled Substance?

Controlled substances include narcotic drugs, barbiturates, model glue and other stimulants whether taken by swallowing, by sniffing, by smoking, by injection or by any other means.

Does alcohol affect the central nervous system?

Yes, alcohol affects the central nervous system by being a depressant.

Does alcohol affect the reaction times of a driver?

Yes, alcohol has a demonstrative affect on the reaction time of drivers. Impaired driver’s reaction times often double in response to outside stimulus. The decision making process is slowed, as is the basic hand-eye coordination. A situation that a sober driver could handle and avoid easily becomes troublesome and critical to the impaired driver, while his response time labors. Reaction time is decreased

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with each drink, time that makes the difference between a crash and avoiding that crash3.

What are some of the affects of alcohol on the central nervous system?

1. Impaired judgment. You think you can drive when you cannot.

2. Impaired muscle coordination.

3. Decreased peripheral vision, multiple vision, blurring.

4. Dizziness and night vision impairment.

5. Slowed complex reaction time. This factor particularly compromises an impaired driver's ability to respond in emergency or unanticipated situations.

6. Increased drowsiness after the high, with the potential of unconsciousness, coma and death4.

What are some of the major organs of your body that alcohol affects and how?

1. BRAIN. The brain lacks an interior system of veins and requires large amounts of oxygen, which is absorbed from the blood stream. This blood dispersed throughout the brain affects the brain in the following manner: the brain is affected with anything that the blood carries in it and the frontal lobe is the first part to be affected by alcohol. The frontal lobe is essential for driving a motor vehicle as the frontal lobe controls judgment, emotions, decision making and awareness. Driving a motor vehicle requires many coordinated functions, which are adversely impacted by alcohol and other drugs5.

2. STOMACH. Alcohol consumption on an empty stomach can cause a peptic ulcer or a bleeding ulcer. A bleeding ulcer occurs if acid flows into the ulcerated wall and penetrates an artery. It should be understood and made clear that alcohol is a toxic poison that can kill6.

3. LIVER. Blood is channeled directly from the stomach to the liver. The liver's function is to oxidize all toxic substances in the body. The liver is capable of oxidizing approximately one ounce of hard liquor per hour, regardless of the size of the person. Prolonged abuse of alcohol can severely injure and potentially kill liver cells and then the drinker. Alcohol impairs the primary function of the liver. The functions are production of blood clotting elements, breaking down of large proteins, the storage of vitamin A and glycogen and filtering all blood that goes from the intestines to the heart. When the liver is injured, it swells and fat

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accumulates in the liver cells. The greater the damage the more likely scar tissue can form causing cirrhosis. Vision can deteriorate and body nutrition can decline as a result of liver damage. Prolonged abuse of the liver will cause symptoms to appear7.

What other types of drugs can affect driving?

Prescription drugs. Prescription drugs include cough medicine, antihistamines, barbiturates, and tranquilizers. Drivers often fail to realize that many drugs as prescribed by their physician have warning labels attached noting alcohol consumption with the drug could be very dangerous. In addition, many of these drugs warn not to operate a motor vehicle when under the dosage as they can cause drowsiness, light-headedness, slower reactions, intensify emotions, impair judgment, concentration and coordination. A driver pulled over under the influence of codeine is still breaking the law as he is driving under the influence. Drivers must be aware of what prescription medicine they are taking and the affects of each on the body8.

Over the counter medications. Many over the counter medications contain alcohol, sedatives and related substances that are not conducive to driving. Drivers must be aware of what is in the over the counter medications they are taking and that these substances could impair the ability to drive safely9.

Depressants. Depressants lower the rate of muscular or nervous system activity and are essentially sedatives. Alcohol falls into this category, as would marijuana, barbiturates, antihistamines and tranquilizers. Driving under the influence of a depressant can have catastrophic affects as judgment is impaired (drivers think they are alright to drive, when they are not) and reactions are dulled and slowed, as is concentration.10.

Stimulants. Stimulants include cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, caffeine and nicotine. This type of drug temporarily stimulates some vital process or organ in the body. When alcohol is consumed, it appears to act as a stimulant for the first hour after consumption but is physiologically a depressant. Cocaine would be a classic example of a stimulant. Cocaine affects the driver’s view of reality, reaction time, heightens impulsive or impatient behavior, heightens aggressive or hostile behavior and distorts the drivers decision-making process11.

Narcotics. Narcotics include heroin, codeine, opium and morphine. This type of drug induces a soothing, lulling or dulling affect and in large enough doses can cause comas and death. Narcotics are highly addictive and affect the driver's decision making process, impairing the driver's vision and motor skills, create restlessness, reduces concentration, and may lead to unconscousness. 12

Hallucinogens. Hallucinogens include LSD, Peyote and PCP. This type of drug causes distortion of the driver’s perception, sight, hearing, time and distance

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comprehension, can induce rapid mood swings, slow reaction time, and cause lack of coordination and vision by seeing objects that are not really visible. Since driving depends on the driver’s perception, sight, hearing and vision, dramatically reducing these capabilities is not a sound driving technique13.

What is the synergistic effect?

Synergistic Effect. The synergistic effect is what happens when you combine the intake of two or more drugs at the same time. The effect is different with each combination, each time and each person. The most dangerous aspect of synergism is the additive effect. Alcohol plus sleeping pills can have a dramatically greater effect than either drug alone. A one plus one combination could equal four. Each drug compounds the effect of the other, further altering the driver’s ability to safely operate a motor vehicle14.

Resources:American Automobile Association, Responsible Driving, Chapter 3, number 1, 2.Mendelson and Mello, Alcohol, Use and Abuse in America, Chapter 13, number 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.H. Thomas Milhorn, Drug and Alcohol Abuse: The Authoritative Guide for Parents, Teachers and Counselors, Chapter 2, number 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14.

THE HUMAN FACTORSTOPIC 3: DUI PREVENTION

SUBJECT 2: Relationship Of Amount Of Alcohol Consumed To BAC

When you consume alcohol, the amount of alcohol that accumulates in your body increases with the number of drinks you have and the amount of time in which you drink. You should be aware that impairment (where you are unsafe to drive) begins with the first sip of alcohol. In spite of all the rumors that you have heard, the only way to sober up is time. Regardless of your size or weight, it takes your liver about one hour to remove one drink from your system.

What is the definition of BAC?

BAC is the abbreviation for the concept of Blood Alcohol Concentration. BAC is the measurement of the weight of alcohol in your blood stream per unit of volume. Specifically, when a person has a BAC of .08 or more grams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood or .08 or more grams of alcohol per 210 milliliters of breath, he or she is presumed to be impaired1.

Can you be convicted of a DUI with a BAC of less than the presumptive limit of .08?

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Yes. It is unlawful for any person who is under the influence of alcoholic beverages or controlled substances, when affected to the extent that the person’s normal faculties are impaired or to the extent that the person is deprived of full possession of normal faculties, to drive or be in actual physical control of any motor vehicle within this state2.

What effect can alcohol have on you?

1. The first thing affected after drinking alcohol is a person's judgment. You may think you can drive safely when you can't.

2. Alcohol also affects your vision and reduces your alertness.

3. Alcohol affects you differently at different times. If you are upset, over-tired, have an empty stomach, drugs or alcohol will probably have a stronger effect on you.

4. The amount of alcohol in a one ounce shot of 80 proof whiskey, five ounce glass of wine and 12-oz. beer is all the same. When you have a specialty drink like a Long Island Ice Tea, this drink has multiple shots of at least an 80 proof alcoholic beverage, so by comparison, you have just consumed four regular drinks at one time.

5. Alcohol appears to act as a stimulant and provokes a sensation approaching euphoria, which makes the subject wrongly assess his capabilities and take risks, which would never have been taken in the normal state. Alcohol also acts like an anesthetic: it suppresses or reduces perception, disrupts the faculties and above all, slows down the reflexes3.

6. In a review of studies of alcohol-related crashes, reaction time, tracking ability, concentrated attention ability, divided attention performance, information process capability, visual functions, perceptions, and psychomotor performance, impairment in all these areas was significant at blood alcohol concentrations of 0.054.

7. As stated earlier, as the amount of alcohol you consume increases, your ability to drive safely decreases. As you continue to drink alcohol, the amount stored in your body continues to increase. Your body can eliminate about .015 of BAC per hour. Time is the only way to eliminate alcohol from your body.

Resources:Florida Statutes, sections 316.193 and 316.1934, number 1, 2.MADD, Public Policy Statistics, Blood Alcohol Levels, October 1998, number 3, 4

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THE HUMAN FACTORSTOPIC 3: DUI PREVENTION

SUBJECT 3: Legal Consequences

The Florida Statutes are perfectly clear; it is strictly forbidden to drive any motorized vehicle if your faculties are impaired. The presumptive limit is .08 grams of alcohol per 100 ml of blood or .08 grams of alcohol per 210 ml of breath, more commonly known as "point zero eight". (.08). Under the Florida Statutes, stricter conditions apply to new drivers. The rule here is "zero tolerance" and it means what it says: If you are under 21, you may not drive with even the slightest amount of alcohol in your body.

Florida's "Alcohol/Controlled Substance DUI Law," in effect since July 1, 1982, is one of the toughest in the United States. Now, first time offenders convicted of

DUI can be assured of losing their driver license for at least six months, paying a $250 fine, performing 50 hours of community service, and mandatory attendance at a substance abuse school.

DO NOT DRIVE if you have been drinking or taking drugs. More than 32% of all Florida crashes and 38% nationally in which someone is killed involve a driver who has been drinking or taking drugs. There is no safe amount to use when you are going to drive. In spite all of the warnings, there are still those among us who continue to drive under the influence. For those individual drivers, the severity of the legal consequences increases with each repeat of this offense.

At what Blood Alcohol Concentration are you considered impaired?

Driving Under the Influence (DUI) at any BAC level may be used as legal evidence in conjunction with other indicators of impairment. A BAC of .08 and above creates a presumption of impairment.

What are the fines or can I be imprisoned for a DUI?

If you are convicted of a DUI, you will come into penalties for your inappropriate behavior. These consequences would consist of combinations of the following:

Fine for First Conviction: Not less than $250 - Not more than $500

Imprisonment: Not more than six months

Fine for Second Conviction: Not less than $500 - Not more than $1000

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Imprisonment: Not more than nine months

Fine for Third Conviction: Not less than $1000 - Not more than $2500

Imprisonment: Not more than 12 months

NOTE: The fines and imprisonment are higher if the BAC is .20 or higher or if a minor is present in the vehicle.

If I am convicted of a DUI can I lose my driving privilege?

Yes. The amount of time that your driving privilege is revoked depends on which conviction this is for you. As the number of convictions increase, so does the length of the revocation.

First Conviction - License Revocation at least 180 days (up to one year).

Second Conviction - License Revocation at least five years, if within five years of previous conviction.

Third Conviction - License Revocation at least 10 years, if within 10 years of first conviction.

What will happen if you refuse to take a blood test, urine test or a breath test?

If you refuse to take any sobriety test required by law when asked, your license will be suspended for one year for the first refusal or 18 months for persons with previous suspensions for refusal to take any sobriety test required by law.

What is the time of suspension for a person under the age of 21 who has a alcohol level of .02 or higher?

Effective October 1, 1996, the law provided that it is unlawful for someone under age 21 to drive or be in actual physical control of a motor vehicle with a blood or breath alcohol level of .02 or higher. The suspension period is six months for a first violation or one year if the offenders driving privileges have been previously suspended for the same offense.

Resources:Florida Statutes, sections 316.193 and 316.1934.

THE HUMAN FACTORSTOPIC 3: DUI PREVENTION

SUBJECT 4: Financial Consequences Of DUI

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If you have ever driven under the influence, stop to consider the costs of what could happen. You could kill yourself or an innocent bystander. The loss that we all suffer annually through impaired driving is staggering as mentioned earlier. Let us look at what this one beer actually costs.

What are some of the associated personal costs for DUI? What do you think are some estimates?

Some of the associated costs of a DUI are:

Towing - $150 Lawyer - $3500 Fine - $250 to $500 DUI School - $190 to $285 Insurance - $1500 Lost Wages - $1000 Court Costs - $450 Substance Abuse Evaluation - $75 Treatment - $400 License Reinstatement - $155 Cost Recovery - $350

That "one" beer cost you in the neighborhood of $8000. You could have made a down payment on a really nice car, a house or some other substantial piece of property with that money. The price per beer goes up for a second or subsequent DUI. What else could you do with $8000?1

What are some of the losses to society as a result of DUI?

In fatal crashes, the loss is what that person could have done with his or her life if he or she were part of the future. We have no way of estimating what that person(s) would have accomplished if he or she remained alive. For those who are injured, we all bear the cost of their rehabilitation, either directly when we pay their bill because they cannot through public assistance, or indirectly through higher insurance and health costs. For those that are permanently disabled, we pay to support them for the rest of their lives.

For those convicted of this crime, society has to pay for their defense, police and paramedics to go to the crash scene and clean up the damage. In case of death, the police have to inform loved ones of the demise of someone close to them.

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There is then subsequent suffering in your family or another's from the loss of someone close to them.

Resources:Florida Department of Transportation, Beer Costs $8025, Metro-Dade Police Department, 1996, number 1.

THE HUMAN FACTORSTOPIC 3: DUI PREVENTION

SUBJECT 5: Ways To Avoid Driving Impaired

Obviously no one should drink and drive. Once you start drinking, your vision, mobility and comprehension are affected. However, if you choose to consume alcohol, think before you drink. There are many ways to consume alcohol and not get behind the wheel of a motor vehicle. Just think of what you would rather do than spend $8000 on a DUI conviction.

What are some clues you can use to avoid the impaired driver through driving defensively?

There are some visual clues for the defensive driver to spot and then avoid the impaired driver. The impaired driver might be exhibiting one or more of the following behaviors: no lights, straddling lanes, weaving, stopping without cause, tailgating, driving well below the posted speed limit, inconsistent signaling and abrupt turns. When you see this activity, avoid this driver. Also be aware of your surroundings. Avoid the parts of town where the bars and nightclubs are located. Do not drive late at night on weekends and watch for impaired drivers crossing the center line1.

What are some alternatives to driving impaired?

THINK OF A WAY TO GET HOME WITHOUT DRIVING:

If you do choose to drink, please do not drive. There are other ways to travel after consuming alcohol. Always plan ahead, pick a designated driver (the designated driver does not drink at all), drink at a friend's house and spend the night, take a taxi, or consider not consuming alcohol at all2.

Resources:MADD, Public Policy Statistics, October 1998, number 1, 2.

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These questions are for practice only. You must only pass the final exam.(REMEMBER: You must answer ALL questions listed below correctly before you can move

to the next module)

1. At what Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) are you presumed impaired in Florida?

.04

.06

.08

.102. __________ is a type of drug that temporarily stimulates some

vital process or organ in the body.

stimulant

depressant

narcotic

hallucinogen3. The frontal lobe of the brain is the first part of the brain that is

affected by alcohol.

True

False4. What are some of the visual clues a defensive driver can use to

spot an impaired driver?

tailgating

inconsistent signaling

abrupt turns

all of the above5. For a _____ conviction of a DUI you could pay a fine of not less

than $1000 and not more than $2500.

first

second

third

fourth6. The synergistic affect is _________ with each combination, each

time and each person.

different

the same

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has no affect

none of the above7. The amount of alcohol in a 1 oz. shot of 80 proof whiskey, a 5 oz.

glass of wine and a 12 oz. beer are ______.

different

all the same

can't be measured8. Alcohol affects the reaction time of drivers by slowing the reaction

time down.

True

False

 

PROGRAM READING MODULE 4

Required amount of time to complete: 25 minutes

MAN, MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENTTOPIC 4: CRASH DYNAMICS

SUBJECT 1: Effect Of Speed On Force Of Impact

One should avoid dangerous driving situations (excessive speed, running red lights or stop signs, etc.). The most dangerous situation to avoid is the head-on collision, followed by the multiple vehicle collision. As the driver you can use many evasive actions to avoid any collision, but action must be taken to avoid a head-on collision. You can turn the steering wheel, use your brakes, let off on the accelerator prior to impact or do combinations of all three to lessen the severity of the collision1.

What is the effect of speed on the force of impact?

Simply put, the greater the speed of any vehicle, the greater the force of impact. If you are going the same speed, the greater the vehicle weight, the greater the

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force of impact. For example, if both vehicles are going 20 mph and one is a sub-compact and the other is a tractor-trailer, the collision with the tractor-trailer will have the greater force of impact. This is a straight-line relationship. The more weight, the more force at impact.

If the vehicles are the same weight, the vehicle with the higher speed will have the greater force of impact. If one vehicle is going 20 mph and the other is going 60 mph, the one going 60 mph has nine times the force at impact than the one going 20 mph. This is a squared relationship. Three times the speed will have nine times the force of impact (32). Four times the speed will have sixteen times the force of impact (42). Five times the speed will have twenty five times the force of impact (52), and so on.

The force at impact is what can kill. A three thousand-pound car traveling at 70 mph has 15.8 million pounds of force to release in a crash. The release of this energy is what causes the car to get damaged or destroyed in the crash. This is also what injures or kills the occupants of the vehicles. Speed kills. Great speed increases the probability of injury in a crash2.

What are the two collisions that happen in a crash?

1. The impact of the car with the object.

2. The impact of the driver with the inside of the car.

If a car leaves the road at 35 mph and hits a large tree, how long does it take to dissipate the kinetic energy contained in the vehicle and everything in it?

It takes about 7/10 of a second.

The damage caused to a person striking his seat belt at a relative speed of 15 mph (35 mph forward momentum minus 20 mph speed of belt) and "riding down" the crash (decelerating) over the next 3/10 of a second is much less than that sustained by a person striking the front of the passenger compartment at a relative speed of 35 mph and stopping in 1/10 of a second3.

Resources:American Automobile Association, Responsible Driving, Chapters 8 and 12, number 1.Governor’s Office of Highway Safety, Speed and Speed Limits, Atlanta, Georgia, October 1998, number 2, 3.

MAN, MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENTTOPIC 4: CRASH DYNAMICS

SUBJECT 2: Concept Of Second Collision

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When it looks like you cannot avoid the collision that is about to happen in front of you, you are actually in two collisions. The first is the car with whatever you hit or whatever hit you. The second collision is when you are stopped by the windshield or steering column if you do not wear your safety belt. Additionally, any object that is not secured in place will go flying to the front of the car, striking what is in front of those flying objects.

What happens in a crash?

Newton’s first law of motion states: A body remains at rest unless a force makes it move. A force is required to change the speed or direction of a moving body. This law means that it will take a force to start and stop an object in motion1.

Below is the 7/10 of a second impact (including people and objects in the vehicle):

1/10 sec. - In the first tenth of a second: the car and everything inside are going at the speed of the vehicle, for the purpose of demonstration we will pick 35 mph. The front bumper strikes the tree and begins to deform. The front center of the car slows to 0 mph; the rest of the car and its occupants continue moving forward at 35 mph.

2/10 sec. - In the second tenth of a second: the bumper continues to deform as the energy of the crash is being dissipated; the radiator and fan begin to crush; the engine and frame strike the tree and begin to decelerate.

3/10 sec. - In the third tenth of a second: the frame and body of the car continue to deform; the passenger compartment, front dash and windshield have decelerated to 20 mph. The car's passengers are still traveling forward at 35 mph.

4/10 sec. - In the fourth tenth of a second: the frame of the car decelerates to 20 mph and continues to dissipate the energy of the crash. The safety belts and passengers continue forward at 35 mph.

5/10 sec. - In the fifth tenth of a second: the safety belts begin to deform by stretching to decelerate the passenger in a comparatively gentle manner. Occupants decelerate to 25 mph, the car frame has decelerated to 15 mph. Unbelted occupants continue forward at 35 mph. Loose objects from the back seat and deck continue forward at 35 mph.

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6/10 sec. - The sixth tenth of a second: the safety belts have reached their deformation limits. Belted occupants decelerate to 10 mph, the dashboard and windshield decelerate to 0 mph. The car body, frame and engine continue to absorb the energy from the crash. Unbelted occupants continue forward to strike the dashboard, steering column and windshield at 35 mph. Loose objects from the rear seat and deck come flying forward to strike the front seat passengers at 35 mph. The unsecured objects in the back of the vehicle could strike with enough energy to cause injury or death.

7/10 sec. - In the seventh tenth of a second: the frame and body have finished deforming and rebound in the opposite direction (reaction to the crash action); the belted occupants rebound from the safety belts, their heads continue back to come into contact with the head restraints. Unbelted occupants reach 0 mph by striking the windshield, steering column and dashboard, they deform and crush. Their internal organs, still going 35 mph, strike their rapidly decelerating body frames2.

The crash is essentially over!!! The belted-in occupants count their lucky stars and continue on with their lives. The unbelted occupants are carted off to the hospital or morgue for an extended stay; some longer than others.

Resources:Telford, Laurie, Laws of Motion, University of West Florida, October 1998, number 1Governor’s Office of Highway Safety, Speed and Speed Limits, Atlanta,Georgia, October 1998, number 2.

MAN, MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENTTOPIC 4: CRASH DYNAMICS

SUBJECT 3: Energy Absorption

As you drive around, your car is "carrying" around kinetic energy. This energy is the force that needs to be dissipated in a collision.

How do modern vehicles absorb the energy from a crash?

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Modern vehicles absorb the energy from a crash by the way they deform or "crush" when they are in a crash. The energy of the crash is used up crushing the metal of the vehicle. The passenger compartment is the strongest portion of the vehicle. The car doors have internal steel beams to protect the passenger compartment.

With the body of the motor vehicle using up the energy of the crash, does it make a difference where the crash occurs on the vehicle?

The direction of impact in the collision makes a very large difference. As you recall from earlier in the course, the greater the speed of the vehicle, the greater the force of impact. As an example, you are going 70 mph and the car you strike head on is going 70 mph, what do you have? Simple, a 140 mph collision. Even with the modern cars that are designed to absorb the energy of impact, the 140-mph crash has approximately 31.6 million pounds of force to dissipate.

Resources:Your motor vehicle's owner manual.

These questions are for practice only. You must only pass the final exam.(REMEMBER: You must answer ALL questions listed below correctly before you can move

to the next module)

1. Unbelted vehicle occupants reach 0 mph by striking the windshield, steering column and dashboard.

True

False2. Modern vehicles are designed to crush when they crash to absorb

kinetic energy.

True

False3. The second collision is when the windshield or steering column

stops you if you do not wear your safety belt.

True

False4. One of the two collisions that happen in a crash is:

impact of the car with the object

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impact of the car with the air

both

neither5. The increase of speed is a squared relationship. Three times the

speed will have nine times the force of impact.

True

False6. As the vehicle continues to deform at the beginning, the

passengers are still traveling forward at the speed of the vehicle.

True

False7. The ______ at impact is what can kill.

size

length

force8. If one vehicle is going 20 mph and another is going 60 mph, the

one going 60 mph has ______ times the force at impact as the one going 20 mph.

three

six

nine

twelve

 

PROGRAM READING MODULE 7

Required amount of time to complete: 50 minutes

MAN, MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENTTOPIC 7: FLORIDA TRAFFIC LAWS

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SUBJECT 1: Legal Penalties Including Point System

Any violation or number of violations can result in the potential loss of your driving privilege. Driving in Florida and the United States is a privilege, not a right. Negligent or irresponsible driving will not be tolerated and will be dealt with severely and swiftly.

Is driving in Florida a right or a privilege?

Driving is a privilege in both Florida and the United States.

What is the point system?

Under section 322.27, Florida Statutes, a point system was established to keep track of inappropriate driving behavior and set cumulative point totals that will result in a licensing action.

An excessive amount of points will result in a license suspension or revocation. Points against your driving privilege are assessed as follows:

Three points: Speeding five-15 mph over the posted limit (one to four results in a warning), safety restraint violation involving a person under six, and all other moving violations.

Four points: Speeding 16 mph and above over the posted limit, passing a stopped school bus, any moving violation resulting in a collision, and reckless driving.

Six points: Unlawful speed resulting in a collision and leaving the scene of a collision with property damage over $50.

As you accumulate points, your license will be suspended when you reach certain thresholds. These are if you accumulate:

A total of 12 points within a 12 month period, your driving privilege is suspended for no more than 30 days.

A total of 18 points within an 18 month period, your driving privilege is suspended for no more than three months.

A total of 24 points within a 36 month period, your driving privilege is suspended for no more than one year.

Why could your driving privilege be suspended?

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Your license will be suspended if you: make a fraudulent license application, are not able to drive safely, allow your license to be used for a purpose that is illegal, are convicted in traffic court and the court orders the suspension of your license, if you refuse to consent to any sobriety test required by law, you misuse a restricted license, earn the required number of points in a given time period, fail to pay a traffic fine, or fail to appear in court as directed.

Why could your driving privilege be revoked?

Your license will be revoked if you: are convicted of DUI, convicted of a felony where a motor vehicle is used, you do not stop and render aid in a collision where death and bodily injury occurred that was your fault, convicted of lying about the ownership or use of a motor vehicle, convicted of reckless driving three times in one year (forfeiting bail and not going to court to avoid a conviction counts the same as a conviction), you are convicted of an immoral act involving a motor vehicle, you are convicted of three major offenses or 15 pointable offenses within a five year period, convicted of felony drug possession, have less than the minimum required vision, a court orders your license be revoked, or you are convicted of passing a stopped school bus that is loading or unloading students twice in a five year period.

Your driving privilege will be revoked for at least three years if you kill someone, revoked permanently if you are convicted four times of DUI with at least one of the convictions after July 1, 1982, or you kill someone while driving under the influence. If you are convicted of driving while your license is suspended, canceled or revoked, you could be sent to jail and your license suspended for an additional three months. A DUI calls for a license suspension of a minimum of six months.

Why would your driving privilege be canceled?

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Your driving privilege would be canceled if you fail to comply with some portion of the Florida Statutes. For instance, if you are required to participate in a basic driver improvement course like this one because you were in a collision in which you were at fault and any one involved in the collision was injured and transported to a medical treatment facility and you did not complete the course within the required time period, your driving privilege would be canceled until you show proof of completion of the required course.

Resources:Florida Statutes, chapter 316, 318 and 322. Sections 322.27

MAN, MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENTTOPIC 7: FLORIDA TRAFFIC LAWS

SUBJECT 2: Speed Limits Including Default Limits

With speeding being the great problem that it is, you will now read about the speed limits including the default limits when a sign is not posted.

What are the speed limits in Florida?

No person shall drive a vehicle on a highway at a speed greater than is reasonable and prudent under the conditions and having regard to the actual and potential hazards then existing. In every event, speed shall be controlled as may be necessary to avoid colliding with any person, vehicle or other conveyance or object on or entering the highway. Compliance with legal requirements call on all persons to use due care1.

Drivers should be aware that speed limits apply when no visible or noticeable posts are around. In business or residential districts the speed limit is 30 mph

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unless otherwise posted. If no signs are posted on either the rural interstate limited access highway or the four lane highway divided by a median strip, the default speed limit is 55 mph.

Why are speed limits important?

Roadway design factors, including how far ahead a driver can see, are compromised if vehicles travel faster than circumstances warrant. Other vehicles and pedestrians are put at risk by speeding drivers whose distances they may not be able to judge accurately. Recent studies have shown that drivers who run red lights are likely to be speeding and that motorcyclists who crash with other vehicles making left turns are also likely to be speeding.

Is speeding a safety problem?

Yes. "It is clear that speeding does represent a significant traffic safety problem," the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reports. Speeding is a factor in 30% of all fatal crashes annually2.

Is driving too slowly against the law?

Yes. You should drive with the flow of traffic (within the speed limit). You should not drive so slowly that you block other vehicles moving at normal, safe speeds. You can be issued a ticket for driving too slowly.

Resources:Florida Statutes, Section 316.183(1), 316.187, 316.189, number 1.NHTSA, Traffic Safety Facts, Speeding, 1998, Washington, D.C., number 2.

MAN, MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENTTOPIC 7: FLORIDA TRAFFIC LAWS

SUBJECT 3: Signs, Signals And Road Markings

There is a host of information available on the roadways, directing the flow of traffic and the interaction of the driving environment. The shape of a road sign can tell you as much about the sign's message as its color. Every driver needs to

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be extra careful when the weather is bad or when changing lanes, turning on a red light, passing, approaching intersections or merging into traffic. Always be alert to what is happening on the road.

What is a yield sign?

Yield signs are red and white with red letters. It alerts the driver to an upcoming hazard or road condition that does not reflect an immediate condition. A yield sign calls on the driver to do the following: stop when necessary, proceed when safe and beware of oncoming vehicles. A flashing yellow light has the same meaning as a yield sign.

What is a stop sign?

The stop sign is red with white letters. The stop sign calls on the driver to make a mandatory stop and proceed when safe. At a stop sign, the purpose of the limit line is to prevent the driver from entering the crosswalk or intersection inadvertently or at an excessive speed and shows the driver where to make the stop before proceeding through. Rolling stops are not acceptable. The driver of a vehicle must come to a complete stop before proceeding through the intersection. A flashing red light has the same meaning as a stop sign.

What do traffic signals do?

Signals. The two way signal is to direct traffic flowing from two different directions with the exception of signals with turning arrows which should be in accordance with one another.

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The Red, Yellow and Green Light. The red light signals the driver to stop behind the limit or crosswalk line before the intersection. A yellow light alerts the driver that a red light will soon follow and to prepare to stop. A green light is the signal to proceed with the presumed right of way while still using caution.

What information is available from traffic signs and street markings?

Traffic signs and street markings such as yellow signs at intersections, crossings, construction, etc., warn the driver of an upcoming hazard or road changes and are considered warning signs for what awaits ahead. Regulatory signs control and regulate traffic. Except for parking signs, these signs are red, black and white. Drivers should adjust their speed of travel as appropriate when the roadway they are on is not illuminated or the illumination is not enough to see clearly down the road. Never overdrive your headlights. On some roads, grooves that are present and banked also assist with drainage. These grooves can sometimes make the road difficult to drive on. This would be similar to driving on sand or gravel.

What do the lines on the roadways tell the driver?

Solid double yellow lines. The driver is allowed by law to make turns over and left turns out of a driveway and crossovers from driveway to driveway as long as the flow of traffic is not impeded and no excessive speed is used. If oncoming vehicles must slow or make drastic maneuvers, these are not safe actions. Double yellow lines cannot be crossed in other situations than those described.

Single broken yellow and white lines. A single broken yellow line shows traffic flowing two (opposite) directions, while a single broken white line signals traffic flowing in two lanes in the same direction. This first example is most frequently seen on two lane rural roadways. The defensive driver should be aware of how close other vehicles are on the roadway and should only cross broken lines with caution, when it is legal, safe, and necessary to do so.

Road limit lines. The driver shall stop behind the limit line at an intersection or street controlled by a traffic light and proceed when the signal changes. At a street or intersection with a stop sign, the driver shall stop behind the limit line, then proceed out into the intersection at a cautious speed to start a turn or other maneuver. On roads or intersections without limit or crosswalk lines, the driver should use the end of the curb as a determination of where the intersection starts and where the vehicle should stop. At a blind intersection, the driver should go no more than 15 mph and exercise extreme caution.

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Intersections. The driver of a vehicle approaching an intersection shall yield the right of way to a vehicle which has entered the intersection from a different highway.

Turn lanes. These are specifically designated lanes in the roadway for turning either right or left. These lanes can be governed by specific turn arrow lights that direct when the specific turn may be accomplished. The arrow will point in the direction of the turn and the red, yellow and green arrow indication mean the same as a red, yellow or green light.

Crosswalks. Crosswalks are specific lanes for pedestrians to cross roadways. They can be lined on the pavement and governed by walk and don't walk signs or be unmarked. If the crosswalks are marked, the driver of the vehicle must stop at the marked stop line or if unmarked, the driver must stop before entering the intersection.

What are bicycle lanes?

Bicycle lanes are for bicycles. Pretty obvious. Motor vehicles may not be in a bicycle lane unless they are entering or leaving the highway, preparing to turn or parking where parking is permitted but not in the bicycle lane. Bicycles must stay in the bicycle lane and similarly motor vehicles must stay in lanes designed for their use. Bicycle lanes should be kept clear of and merged through with extreme caution.

What is a passing lane?

Passing lanes are for passing. There is no secret or trick to driving, the driver just needs to be paying attention. Motor vehicle operators shall use a passing lane when the attempted maneuver is perceived as safe and prudent and can be completed without the use of excessive speed. The maneuver must also be completed in a reasonable amount of time, and the driver must have adequate visibility of all roadways and vehicles he or she may affect or be affected by.

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What are on-ramps and merging lanes?

Drivers should be advised that highway on-ramps are for entrance to and preparation for highway driving. Drivers must no longer travel at the drastically reduced speeds suitable for city driving. Drivers are called upon to increase speeds to that of the highway traffic and use the on-ramp and subsequent merging lanes as a means to get into the flow of highway traffic. The driver is called on to signal, increase speed, and merge safely into traffic.

What are off-ramps and merging lanes?

Drivers should realize that off-ramps are designed for reducing speeds and are links to and roadways for the entrance back into city driving. The driver is called on to signal, reduce speed in a casual, deliberate manner and prepare to stop at the bottom of the off-ramp if necessary. Increasing speed should never happen on an off-ramp, is illegal and is the opposite of what is desired. Exiting a highway requires reduced speed, extra caution and the total road awareness of the operator of the motor vehicle.

Have you ever passed another vehicle by crossing the double yellow line?

Was that really a good idea?

How many different colors are there for traffic signs and what do they mean?

There are eight:

Green means: Directional information

Brown means: Recreation areas

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Red means: Stop, Yield, Wrong way

Yellow means: General warning

Blue means: Motorist service guidance

White and black means: Regulatory

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Orange means: Construction maintenance.

Resources:Florida Statutes.

MAN, MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENTTOPIC 7: FLORIDA TRAFFIC LAWS

SUBJECT 4: School Buses

School buses carry our most precious cargo (our children), yet we have people who drive by them when they are loading and unloading children.

When must you stop for a school bus?

On a two-way street or highway, all drivers moving in either direction must stop for a stopped school bus, whether it is picking up or dropping off children. You must remain stopped until all children are clear of the roadway and the bus signal has been withdrawn.

On a four lane highway, you need not stop if the bus is on the other side of a divided highway with an unpaved space of at least five feet or a raised median or a physical barrier when you are traveling in the opposite direction. If you are traveling in the same direction, you must stop.

If you pass a stopped school bus with the sign displayed loading or unloading what can happen to you?

You get four points on your driving record for a conviction of passing a stopped school bus and:

1. If you pass a school bus you get a minimum of $100 fine for each offense, and for a second offense within five years, your license is suspended for no less than 90 days and, no more than six months.

2. If you pass a school bus on the side that the children enter and exit you get a minimum of $200 fine for each offense, and for a second offense within five

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years, your license is suspended for no less than 180 days and, no more than one year.

Resources:Florida Statutes, Sections 316.172, 318.18(5), 322.27(3)(d)(4).

MAN, MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENTTOPIC 7: FLORIDA TRAFFIC LAWS

SUBJECT 5: Emergency Vehicles

As we go about our daily business, we are watched over by law enforcement, fire rescue and emergency medical teams. We need to be aware as drivers what to do when one of these emergency vehicles approaches.

When you are approached by an emergency vehicle, what should you do?

On the immediate approach of an emergency vehicle sounding a siren, having at least one lighted lamp exhibiting a red or blue light plainly visible, a driver must yield the right of way and immediately drive to a position parallel to and as close as possible to the nearest edge or curb of the highway clear of any intersection and remain there until the emergency vehicle has passed. Exercise extreme caution around a emergency situation and follow the directions given by a police officer.

What is the distance you must stay behind an emergency vehicle?

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Stay at least 500 feet behind any moving emergency vehicle displaying flashing warning lights and sounding a siren.

Once the emergency vehicle approaches you, should you start moving slowly?

Remain off the side of the road until the emergency vehicle has passed. Keep a foot on the brake so the brake lights let emergency vehicle drivers know you have stopped.

Resources:Florida Statutes.

MAN, MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENTTOPIC 7: FLORIDA TRAFFIC LAWS

SUBJECT 6: Required Vehicle Safety Equipment

For you to survive in today's driving environment, the safety equipment installed in your vehicle will play a large role. No matter how well you drive, you are not safe unless your vehicle is in good condition. If it is not, you could have a serious crash.

What safety equipment is required and what is its proper function?

Tires: Your vehicle's tires should be kept with at least 1/16th of an inch tread of tire. Bald or unevenly worn tires will reduce or eliminate any control you would have over your vehicle in an emergency situation.

Tail lamps: The tail lamps of your vehicle are supposed to send out light that is visible for a distance of 1000 feet to the rear of the vehicle.

Lighting Equipment: Your headlights in low beam should be able to let you see someone at 150 feet, and in high beam, you should be able to see a person or motor vehicle 450 feet in front of you. The law requires use of lower or passing beams during all twilight hours when it is dark or during fog, smoke or rain. Twilight shall be the time between sunset and full night or between full night and sunrise.

Brakes: The brakes on your passenger vehicle should be able to stop the vehicle from 20 mph within 25 feet.

Horn: Your vehicle must have a horn which can be heard from a distance of 200 feet.

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Drivers should be aware that horns are put on as standard equipment in motor vehicles. The law states that a horn should be used in an emergency situation dictated by a driver's own discretion. Proper use of the horn is a helpful technique in defensive driving as it warns other drivers of road conditions and hazards that may affect them. When passing other vehicles, the horn may be used to alert other drivers. Often times, use of the horn can warn opposing drivers of impending danger or lane straddling, allowing them to make the necessary adjustment to their driving.

Mirrors: On your vehicle, the inside and outside mirrors should be adjusted to be able to see 200 feet behind your vehicle.

Windshield: The windshield of your motor vehicle has to be made out of safety glazed glass that meets all federal standards on safety glass. You are also required to have your windshield wipers in good working order. If the front windshield is dirty, it will be difficult to see the road ahead.

Bumpers: Every motor vehicle of not more than 5000 pounds shall be equipped with a front and rear bumper. On an automobile, when measured from the ground, the front can have a maximum height depending on vehicle weight or 22 to 27 inches and the rear bumper can have a height of 22 to 29 inches.

Resources:Sections, 316.221, 316.237, 316.251, 316.262, 316.271, 316.294, 316.2952, Florida Statutes.

These questions are for practice only. You must only pass the final exam.(REMEMBER: You must answer ALL questions listed below correctly before you can move

to the next module)

1. Your driving privilege will be canceled if you fail to comply with some portion of the Florida Statutes.

True

False2. The _____ signals the driver to stop behind the limit or crosswalk

line before the intersection.

red light

yellow light

green light3. Turn lanes are specifically designated lanes in the roadway for

turning either right or left.

False

True

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4. Traffic signals direct traffic flow from two different directions.

True

False5. Under the Florida Statutes, a point system was established to

keep track of inappropriate driving behavior and set cumulative point totals that will result in a licensing action.

False

True6. Your driving privilege will be permanently revoked if you are

convicted _____ times for DUI.

four

three

two

one7. The ______signals the driver to proceed with the presumed right

of way while still using caution.

red light

yellow light

green light8. Some of the reasons that your driving privilege could be revoked

are _______.

convicted of DUI

convicted of reckless driving three times in one year

both

neither

 

PROGRAM READING MODULE 5

Required amount of time to complete: 30 minutes

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MAN, MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENTTOPIC 5: SAFETY EQUIPMENT

SUBJECT 1: Safety Belts

In Florida, seat belts are required by law to be worn by all drivers and passengers in the front seat of a motor vehicle and by all person under 18 regardless of seating location in the motor vehicle1.

The fine for being convicted of not wearing your safety belt is $30 for each violation plus court costs of up $33 for each separate offense. If a passenger is under 18 and not properly restrained, the driver will receive the citation and pay the fine and court costs2.

For those drivers who say they do not want to wear their seat belt because they are concerned about immersion in water or a vehicle fire as a result of the collision, this belief is foolish. Fire or immersion in water happens in less than 1% of the vehicle collisions that happen annually either in Florida or in the United States as a whole.

Why should I wear my safety belt?

The figures are familiar: 41,000+ people die each year in car crashes, the leading cause of death for people age of 6 through 33. Safety belts can prevent death in about half of these crashes. If you know this and are still not wearing a safety belt, you may need to ask yourself why not3?

What is the proper way to wear a seat belt?

A properly worn seat belt means having both straps snugly fitted to transfer the impact of the collision to the parts of your body that can take it ...your hip bones and shoulder bones. The belt is fastened snugly across your hips. The belt across your chest should have about one fist width of slack. If you have automatic seat belts, be sure to fasten your lap belt. Without the lap belt, your body will simply pivot around the shoulder restraints and continue forward. If your shoulder restraints keep hitting you in the ear or on the neck, consult your owner’s manual on how to adjust the height of the safety belt. If the car does not have adjustable safety belts, go to an auto parts store or write your vehicle's manufacturer and ask for a clip to adjust the height of the safety belt.

What are some excuses why "I don't wear a seat belt"?

"I'm only going to the shopping center." Actually this is the best time to wear a safety belt, since 80% of traffic fatalities occur within 25 miles of home and at under 40 miles an hour.

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"I won't be in an collision: I'm a good driver." Your good driving record will certainly help you avoid collisions, but even if you're a good driver, a bad driver may still hit you.

"I'll brace myself." Even if you had the split-second timing to do this, the force of the impact would shatter the arm or leg you use to brace yourself4.

Do you wear your seat belts?

Imagine running as fast as you can into a wall. You'd expect to get pretty banged up. Do you think you could stop yourself if the wall suddenly popped up when you were two feet away from it? This is exactly the situation you face when the front of your car hits something at only 15 miles per hour.

Resources:Florida Statutes, sections 316.614, 318.18 number 1, 2.NHTSA, Traffic Safety Overview, 1999, Washington, D.C., number 3.Governor’s Office of Highway Safety, Speed and Speed Limits, Atlanta, Georgia, October 1998, number 4.

MAN, MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENTTOPIC 5: SAFETY EQUIPMENT

SUBJECT 2: Head Rests

The injury commonly called "whiplash" occurs more frequently when a vehicle is rear-ended than when one is struck from the front. This is because the neck's anatomy makes the body less able to withstand backward motion of the head. The modern day motor vehicle has a device that will protect you from whiplash, but only if it is properly adjusted. This device is the headrest on the top part of the motor vehicle seat.

What does the term "Whiplash" mean?

The word whiplash is used because in a rear-end collision the head is accelerated faster and harder than the torso -- somewhat like the cracking of a whip. Thus, strictly speaking, whiplash describes an event, not an injury.

What position should the seat be in to achieve the best protection the head rest can give?

Correct positioning of the seat is also essential: head restraints are most effective in reducing neck injury when positioned close to the back of the occupant's head with the head rest level with the middle of the ears of the person driving the motor vehicle. If the seat is excessively reclined, the head rest is probably too far

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away to provide much protection. A head restraint is properly positioned if the head first encounters it at about ear level.

In a typical rear-end collision, the seated victim's torso is pressed suddenly back into the seat. During the first split second as the vehicle is thrown forward, the head is left behind, moving rearward. If the back of the head encounters a correctly positioned head rest, the head's movement is stopped -- usually before muscles are strained. Both torso and head then rebound forward from the seat back and head rest, with far less intensity than the original rearward motion. The entire event lasts perhaps a fifth of a second.

MAN, MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENTTOPIC 5: SAFETY EQUIPMENT

SUBJECT 3: Child Restraints

Every day, children sustain serious injuries and die in motor vehicle crashes. Many of these injuries and deaths can be avoided with the correct use of child safety seats and safety belts. However, many adults are unaware they are using the safety restraint incorrectly, thereby placing their child at risk.

Children five years of age and under must be placed in a properly installed crash tested federally approved restraint device. The law requires children through three years of age have the restraint device be in a separate carrier or a vehicle manufacturer’s integrated child seat. For ages four and five, a separate carrier, integrated child seat or seat belt may be used.

Should a child be seated in the front or back seat?

The bottom line is that the back seat is the safest place for a child of any age to ride.

At what age should a child be to use an infant seat?

Infant seats are designed for babies from birth until at least 20 pounds and one year of age. Children five years of age and under must be placed in a properly installed crash tested federally approved restraint device. For children through three years of age, the restraint device must be a separate carrier or a vehicle manufacturer’s integrated child seat.

When can a child start using a safety belt?

When children are old enough (six and older) and large enough to "fit" an adult safety belt, they can be moved out of a booster seat. To "fit" a safety belt

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properly, the lap belt should fit snugly and properly across the hips and the shoulder strap should cross over the shoulder and across the chest.

Always read both the vehicle owner's manual and the car seat instructions carefully when deciding which car seat to use and how to properly install it. Installation can be difficult due to the variety of seat

belt configurations, vehicle seat designs and child safety seat designs. Check your car manual to find out if you need to use a locking clip or other equipment to properly secure the seat.

Whose responsibility is it for the child to be properly restrained?

The driver of the motor vehicle is responsible to ensure that a child is properly restrained. If not, the driver can receive a citation, a fine ($60 plus court cost of no more than $30) and three points on their driving record.

Resources:Florida Statutes, sections 316.613 and 318.18.

MAN, MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENTTOPIC 5: SAFETY EQUIPMENT

SUBJECT 4: Air Bags

When air bags were introduced in the early 1990's, there was considerable debate on how fast they should deploy. Those who argued that the bag should deploy rapidly enough to protect unbelted occupants of the front seat won the day. The force this requires is a problem for smaller people and people who might be positioned close to the air bag - primarily infants, children, and adults under five feet, five inches tall. Infants and small adults should be seated in the rear of the vehicle equipped with dual air bags protecting the front seat. If this is not possible, they should position their seat as far back from the air bag as possible.

For cars that have airbags where should your hands grip the steering wheel?

The American Automobile Association (AAA) has suggested modifying the steering wheel gripping position in air bag equipped cars from ten and two o'clock to nine and three or even eight and four o'clock to allow room for the air bag to deploy1.

Can a new vehicle be purchased without air bags?

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Almost all-new cars have dual (driver and passenger side) air bags. Starting in model year 1998, all new passenger cars must have dual air bags. Starting in model year 1999, all new light trucks must have dual air bags.

Can an airbag be disabled?

Disabling an air bag is difficult and can be dangerous. Federal law prohibits dealers, repair shops, etc. from disabling air bags. However, if necessary you can contact and obtain permission from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to disable an airbag. Eventually, some newer vehicles (i.e., pickup trucks) may include an on-off switch for the passenger side airbag.

Do air bags save lives?

Yes. Recent NHTSA research indicates an overall fatality reducing effectiveness for air bags of 11%. Air bags used in conjunction with the lap and shoulder belts offer the most effective safety protection available today for passenger vehicle occupants. In 1999, an estimated 1,263 lives were saved by air bags and from 1987 to 1999, a total of 4,969 lives have been saved2.

Do I need to wear my safety belts if I have airbags in my car?

Absolutely yes. Air bags are supplemental protection and are not designed to deploy in all crashes. Most are designed to deploy in moderate to severe front crashes3. Being struck from the side or rear, the air bags offer no protection. This is why seat belts must be worn in conjunction with air bags.

Resources:American Automobile Association, Responsible Driving, Chapters 3, number 1.NHTSA, Traffic Safety Facts, 1999, Occupant Protection, Washington, D. C., number 2, 3.

MAN, MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENTTOPIC 5: SAFETY EQUIPMENT

SUBJECT 5: General Importance Of Vehicle Safety Maintenance

No matter how well you drive, you are not safe unless your vehicle is in good condition. You keep your vehicle in good condition by having the vehicle properly maintained. If it is not, your car could fail you at a critical moment, and you could be in a serious crash.

What are the parts of the vehicle that you should properly maintain?

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You should consider your vehicle from front to back, bottom to top.

Lights - Make sure that all of your lights work and that your light lenses are clean. Check headlights, taillights, directional signals and interior lights.

Windshield - Make sure that you regularly clean your windshield inside and out. Additionally, regularly change your windshield wipers. The windows are easier to see out of when they are clean.

Mirrors - Make sure that your mirrors are clean and pointed in the correct direction. The mirrors are designed to assist the driver in keeping track of traffic around their vehicle.

Tires - Make sure that your tires are properly inflated and not worn away. Tires are designed to grip the road and give the driver directional control. Bald, excessively worn or improperly inflated tires decrease the ability of the driver to control the vehicle.

Oil - Car engines run particularly well when they are regularly lubricated. Regular oil changes cost between $10-30. This is much less expensive than replacing or rebuilding an engine.

Belts, hoses, regular tune-ups - Have your belts and hoses checked at the regularly scheduled time periods mentioned in your owner's manual. Also, get a tune-up at the scheduled maintenance time.

Why should I bother to do vehicle maintenance?

Simple. The vehicle will last longer and work better. The time to find out that your car has a problem is in your driveway, not out on the interstate highway. Additionally, a properly maintained vehicle is a safer vehicle. Knowing that through proper maintenance your vehicle will function as advertised increases the potential for you to come through an emergency situation in one piece.

Resources:Your motor vehicle's owner manual.

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These questions are for practice only. You must only pass the final exam.(REMEMBER: You must answer ALL questions listed below correctly before you can move

to the next module)

1. For children through three years of age, the restraint device must be a separate carrier or a vehicle manufacturer's integrated child seat.

True

False2. If your shoulder restraints keep hitting you in the ear or on the

neck, consult your owner's manual on how to adjust the height of the safety belts.

True

False3. The safest place for a child of any age to ride is in the ____ seat.

front

back

both

neither4. When you grip the steering wheel, you should place your hands

on the steering wheel at the 3 and 9 or 4 and 8 o'clock positions to allow room for air bags to deploy.

True

False5. ______ of traffic fatalities occur within 25 miles of home and below

40 mph.

8%

10%

50%

80%6. In Florida, immersion in water or fire as a result of a collision

happens in less than ________ of all collisions annually.

4%

3%

2%

1%7. You do not need to change your windshield wipers; they should

last as long as you own the car.

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True

False8. If you maintain your motor vehicle it will:

last longer

work better

neither

both

 

PROGRAM READING MODULE 6

Required amount of time to complete: 50 minutes

MAN, MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENTTOPIC 6: CRASH PREVENTION TECHNIQUES

SUBJECT 1: Scanning, Including Distance Guidelines, Adaptation To Surroundings

While driving, we are subject to many distractions, both inside and outside the motor vehicle, which can reduce the driver's concentration on the driving task. Inside your vehicle, devices such as cell phones, fax machines and stereos can interfere with driving. Reaching for a ringing phone, searching for your tunes, eating, personal hygiene and dealing with children instead of driving can increase the potential for a traffic collision. Distractions are just that, and the distractions have the tendency to take precedence over traffic safety matters1.

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Drivers should be of aware of road hazards and road conditions that may affect their vehicle yet should not let outside distractions deter them from safe driving habits. Billboards, homes, pedestrians, etc., can be observed yet should not consume one' s full attention. Drivers must realize that an awareness of the road is vital in safe driving, yet a wandering eye can be deadly. Emergency vehicles would not constitute outside distractions; rather they should be considered one of the primary concerns of the driving task. Drivers should not get caught up in sightseeing or scenery but should keep their mind focused on the road2.

Drivers should alter their visual habits if they are not conducive to the safe operation of a motor vehicle. Wandering eyes and a basic lack of attention to the road all heighten the collision potential. Drivers should train themselves to scan ahead two seconds looking for immediate hazards and from 10-12 seconds down the road for potential hazards. In rural areas, the 10-12 second distance is determined by the speed of the vehicle, by picking a fixed object on or near the road, and counting one thousand and one, one thousand and two, etc., until you reach ten or twelve. This will give a visual reference for what this distance would be. In urban areas, you do the same scanning techniques, but because of the lower speeds this distance is about ¼ of a mile. This allows you to recognize potential trouble signs ahead of you, such as a stalled trailer, construction and other hazards. By seeing the hazard well in advance, you leave yourself adequate reaction time to deal with the hazard. Periodically glancing at the rear-view mirror and the speedometer to get an adequate determination of your vehicle speed, positioning in regard to other traffic and road conditions3, would also be good ideas.

To be a defensive driver, you have to see what's going on. The best way to spot potential trouble is by scanning. Avoid a fixed, straight-ahead stare that may let you drift off into daydreams while on the road.

What are some techniques to aid the driver in aggressively scanning the roadways?

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1. Look Ahead: good drivers keep an eye on what's happening about 10-12 seconds ahead. That's about a block in city driving.

2. Look To The Sides: as you approach any place where other cars, people or animals may cross your path, look to both sides.

3. Look Behind: check the traffic behind you frequently (several times a minute) so you'll know if somebody is tailgating, coming up too fast or trying to pass.

4. Blind Spot: these are areas near the left and right rear corners of your vehicle that are not visible in your mirrors.

NEVER RELY ON YOUR MIRRORS ALONE. Before you make any move to the sides, quickly turn your head to see if your blind spot is clear. Also avoid driving in someone else's blind spot. It's as important for other drivers to see you as for you to see them. Drivers should adequately position their vehicles away from vehicles they are immediately following as to give ample stopping distance in case of an emergency4.

Ways to avoid collisions at intersections include awareness of traffic patterns, increasing visibility by scanning the road ahead, controlling the speed of the vehicle and using the "look left, right, left" technique prior to proceeding when the light changes.

Resources:American Automobile Association, Responsible Driving, Chapters 10, number 1.American Automobile Association, Responsible Driving, Chapters 1 and 2, number 2, 3, 4.

MAN, MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENTTOPIC 6: CRASH PREVENTION TECHNIQUES

SUBJECT 2: Following Distance, Including 2 Second Minimum

How we interact with other drivers on the roadway environment is very important. This interaction will get us home safely or make us another statistic that someone else will talk about in another driver improvement program. This section covers picking a path through traffic, following distance and dealing with tailgaters.

How would you pick a path through traffic?

When selecting a proper path through traffic, the driver should be observant of the habits of the vehicles in and around their path of travel. The driver should be aware of obstructions in their path and select safe paths around the obstructions. At all times, attempt to leave adequate space (two seconds plus) between your vehicle and the surrounding traffic. Your scanning should look two seconds along

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your path of travel for immediate hazards and 10 to 12 seconds down the road for potential hazards1.

What following distance should you keep between your car and the car in front of you?

You should use what is called the "two second rule." The two second following rule is:

One: The car ahead is approaching a checkpoint (the sign).

Two: Begin counting seconds as the rear of the car ahead passes the checkpoint (one thousand and one, one thousand and two).

Three: It should take at least two seconds for the front of your car to reach the check point. If so, your following distance is adequate. If not, back off some more and do the three steps again.

The two second rule was designed for good weather and clear visibility. You should increase your following distance as your visibility decreases and as the weather gets worse. Additional time should be allowed for poor visibility and weather conditions such as fog and rain2. With each additional factor, you should increase your following distance by one second. For example, at night in rain and foggy conditions, you should add three seconds to your following distance. Also, increase following distance for traffic conditions. For example, if you are towing a boat, following a motorcycle, and you are being tailgated, you should add three seconds to your following distance.

How do you deal with a tailgater?

Drivers should avoid tailgating and should subscribe to rules of proper following distance to avoid rear-end collisions. Drivers being tailgated are advised to slow down to encourage the tailgating driver to pass. If possible, change lanes and allow the tailgater to pass. If the tailgater persists, go to a well-lighted public place or police station and pull off the road. If a collision is inevitable, letting off the brake in some instances (no car in front of you or not at an intersection) might also ease the force of the impact3.

Resources:American Automobile Association, Responsible Driving, Chapters 1 and 12, number 1, 2, 3.

MAN, MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENTTOPIC 6: CRASH PREVENTION TECHNIQUES

SUBJECT 3: Stopping Distance In Relationship To Speed

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Any regular passenger vehicle traveling at a speed of 20 mph should be able to stop within a distance of 25 feet. Heavier vehicles and vehicles traveling in

combination with other vehicles (towing) have longer stopping distances. Yet, remember that having stopping distance between vehicles is the best braking device1.

Driving too fast, careless driving, and following too closely are major causes of motor vehicle crashes in Florida (approximately 22%)2. You must adjust your speed depending on driving conditions. The factors to consider when adjusting your speed are traction (weather, tire condition and inflation), visibility (weather, type of vehicles around you, i.e., tractor-trailer or sub compacts) in the traffic environment (type of road, density of traffic) and rate of travel (speed). These factors are being constantly considered and are factors in your vehicle's stopping distance.

What are the four parts to stopping distance?

1. Perception Distance - this is the distance your vehicle travels from the time your eyes see a hazard until your brain recognizes it.

2. Reaction Distance - the distance traveled from the time your brain tells your foot to move from the accelerator until your foot is actually pushing the brake pedal.

3. Braking Distance - the distance it takes to stop once the brakes are put on.

4. Total Stopping Distance - at 55 mph it will take about six seconds to stop and your vehicle will travel about the distance of a football field.

Whenever you double your speed, it takes about four times as much distance to stop, and your vehicle will have four times the destructive power if it crashes. High speeds increase stopping distance greatly3.

Resources:Florida Statutes, sections 316.614, 318.18 number 1.DHSMV, Traffic Crash Facts, 1999, Tallahassee, Florida, number 2.American Automobile Association, Responsible Driving, Chapters 8 and 10, number 3.

MAN, MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENTTOPIC 6: CRASH PREVENTION TECHNIQUES

SUBJECT 4: Environmental Hazards

The driver should be aware of the driving environment. The roads are built for safety, and speed limits are determined by the conditions of the road where they

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are posted. Speed limits on roads are set based on determining factors such as surfacing materials, banking of turns, width, distance between intersections, traffic density, and the surrounding community1.

As we move through the driving environment, we should be aware of the hazards that Mother Nature places on the roadway. A driver should learn how to drive and handle environmental hazards, rain, slick roads, standing water, fog, and wind.

How should a driver handle a skid?

A driver whose vehicle becomes involved in a skid should attempt to regain control of his or her vehicle without resorting to drastic control inputs. Letting off the accelerator and grasping a firm hold on the steering wheel is essential as is remaining calm and level headed. A driver should attempt to steer the vehicle in the direction of the skid or turn the wheel toward the direction the back end of the car is going. Braking hard will not help and will often increase the skid2.

How do the elements affect the driving environment?

As the sun goes down, dusk approaches and night time driving conditions take effect, drivers should adjust their driving actions accordingly. Multiple mile visibility will no longer exist, and drivers should understand that certain actions should be curtailed as a result. As is the case with driving in rainy or foggy conditions, the operator of a motor vehicle should analyze daytime versus night time driving conditions and take action accordingly by turning on their headlights, slowing down and increasing following distance. Visibility is the dominant element necessary for safe driving, and all drivers should be aware of sight limits3.

How do you adjust your driving to account for rainy weather?

The most dangerous time to drive on roads is immediately after it has started to rain. Dust particles and oil residue float on the water and drastically reduce the traction of the tires on the motor vehicle. Braking distance is dramatically affected and increased, as a vehicle could be more likely to skid in wet conditions. Braking hard is neither advisable nor feasible because of the potential for a skid. Consequently, braking distance is increased substantially.

Often times, the braking distance is increased two or three times, as the inability to brake hard leaves one traveling beyond the intended stopping point. In addition, one should alter speed dramatically in rainy weather or on wet roads as decreased speeds leave one in better control of the vehicle and less likely to skid or slide. Speed should be decreased according to the conditions of the road. A car under controlled speed is more likely to maneuver, handle turns, and remain in control under emergency situations. A vehicle traveling at an excessive speed on wet or slick roads can begin to hydroplane as water forms a barrier between

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the road and the tires and traction is lost as the wheel starts to ride on the water and not on the road surface.

This phenomenon is best avoided by controlling (reducing) speed during these conditions and reacting accordingly (gentle control inputs). When hydroplaning begins, let off the accelerator, grip the wheel firmly and brake gradually, increasing pressure as the vehicle slows down4. After a heavy rain, standing water becomes a problem. You should avoid standing water when possible. You do not know what is at the bottom of that standing water or how deep the standing

water could be. You would be quite surprised if that standing water was the top of a sinkhole. If you happen to pass through a body of standing water, when you get out of the situation, gently pump your brakes. This will dry them off. As with any situation where your visibility is reduced, you should turn on your headlights. This makes it easier for you to see and to be seen in a reduced visibility situation.

How do you adjust your driving to account for foggy weather?

The driver should never overdrive his or her headlights and should travel at dramatically reduced speeds when fog exists. Allow for increased braking distance. The driver's lack of knowledge of upcoming road conditions and visibility of opposing and same direction traffic will be greatly reduced. The driver should give himself or herself a clear path to follow, including paths for other vehicles nearby. If the fog is so thick that you cannot see ahead, pull off the road and wait for the fog to lift. As with rain, as the fog increases, your vehicle speed should decrease5. As with any situation where your visibility is reduced, you should turn on your low beam headlights. This makes it easier for you to see and to be seen in a reduced visibility situation.

How do you adjust your driving to account for windy weather?

This will speed you up or slow you down only marginally. You want to avoid a crosswind situation. A strong cross wind could blow you into the path of oncoming traffic or into some other roadside hazard6. If you must drive in a crosswind situation, drive on the right side of your lane. For example, if the crosswind was from the left side of the road, the biggest danger to you is having oncoming traffic blown into your lane. Being on the right side of your lane will give you a few extra feet to avoid oncoming traffic. If the crosswind is from the right side of the road, driving on the right side of your lane will give the few extra feet to prevent or reduce your chance of being blown into the path of oncoming traffic.

Resources:American Automobile Association, Responsible Driving, Chapters 8, 10 and 12, number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

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MAN, MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENTTOPIC 6: CRASH PREVENTION TECHNIQUES

SUBJECT 5: Vehicle Emergencies

Everyday driving is hours and hours of the same thing, followed by a few moments of terror. When your vehicle has an emergency, the emergency always happens at the worst possible moment. We are now going to read about ways to deal with those emergencies.

When you are driving, things can happen very quickly. You may have only a fraction of a second to make the right move. Follow these guidelines for handling emergencies.

What should you do if your car breaks down?

1. If possible, park where the disabled vehicle can be seen for 200 feet in each direction.

2. Move the vehicle so all four wheels are off the pavement.

3. Turn on your emergency flashers.

4. Get all passengers out on the side away from traffic.

5. Tie a white cloth on the left door handle or antenna.

6. Raise the hood1.

What should you do if your brakes are wet?

1. Test brakes lightly after driving through deep water.

2. Brakes may pull to one side or may not hold at all.

3. Dry brakes by driving slowly in low gear and applying brakes2.

What should you do if you have a tire blowout?

1. Do not use your brakes and take your foot off the gas pedal or release your cruise control.

2. Concentrate on steering, try to go straight ahead as the car will pull in the direction of the flat.

3. Slow down gradually and begin moving toward the shoulder of the road.

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4. Brake softly when the car is under control.

5. Pull completely off the pavement.

6. When you start to change the tire, make sure you are far enough off the road so that you will not back up into or fall in front of moving traffic.

7. If you can't change the tire, call for help or follow the breakdown information covered earlier3.

What can you do to stop your car in the event of brake failure?

1. Once you notice the brake failure, quickly pump your brakes to try and use any residual pressure in the brakes.

2. Take your foot off the gas pedal to let gravity start slowing you down.

3. Use your emergency brake if possible. Keep the button on the end of the brake pressed down so the wheels will not lock up. If you do not know how to use your emergency brake, consult your owner's manual.

4. Look for something to rub against. A fence, a guard rail, or bushes would work. Try to pick something that will give way when you hit against it to reduce damage to the car and to you.

5. Once the car is stopped do not drive it again until the brakes are fixed4.

What can you do when your power steering fails?

1. You will still have directional control of the vehicle, but the steering wheel will be difficult to turn.

2. Slow down and reduce the number of sharp turns you will try to make. The sharper the turn, the more effort it will require to turn the steering wheel.

3. Get the steering system checked by an expert and have it repaired if necessary5.

Resources:American Automobile Association, Responsible Driving, Chapters 10, number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

MAN, MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENTTOPIC 6: CRASH PREVENTION TECHNIQUES

SUBJECT 6: Sharing The Road

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There are many users of the roadway systems. To move safely throughout this system, we will have to share the roadway with all of its users.

What should a driver be aware of when driving around pedestrians?

The driver should be aware that the average person travels at about four feet per second. Traffic lanes are 10, 12, 16 feet, or greater. You should allow time and look for pedestrians who are elderly, handicapped, with their children, or carrying packages of some sort. Pedestrians should be given the right of way in all circumstances. You should be on the lookout for pedestrians that cross at mid-block or against lights. When you make a right turn on red (where it is not prohibited), look for pedestrians crossing the intersecting street with the green light. You are required to yield the right of way to the pedestrian1 in this instance.

When there are no sidewalks, which side of the road should the pedestrian walk on?

When there are no sidewalks, pedestrians should walk on the side of the road facing oncoming traffic. As experience tells us, this is not always done. Consequently, always scan for pedestrians.

Can a bicyclist use the roadways like a motor vehicle?

Under Section 316.2065, Florida Statutes, a bicyclist has all the rights and duties applicable to the driver of any other vehicle. This means that they can use the roadways the same as other vehicles. The driver should be aware of and keep an eye out for bicycle riders. Bicycles must adhere to all the same traffic laws as a motor vehicle yet often fail to do so. Motor vehicle drivers must be willing to share the road and give up the right of way, thus protecting themselves and the rider of the bicycle2.

Tips for Other Drivers about Bicycles:

1. Pass as you would another vehicle, but not so fast or so close that the tires throw dirt or stones into the rider's face.

2. With the small size of the average bicycle, look carefully for bicycles in traffic or when you are parking. You do not want to inadvertently pull into a lane where a bicycle already is or open a car door in front of one as you exit your car.

3. When you follow a bicycle, increase your following distance. If the bicycle goes down for any reason, the rider does not have the same protection as a car. You

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do not want to be so close to the bicycle that you would run over the rider if the rider fell. As soon as it is safe to do so, pass the bicycle rider.

What should a driver be aware of when driving around motorcycles?

Motorcycle riders should be aware of safe lane positioning and ideally be in the left-hand portion of the lane as to provide the best visibility for themselves and other drivers. It is illegal for motorcycles to pass between cars in the middle of traffic lanes or to ride more than two abreast in a lane. Motorcycle riders and

other motor vehicle drivers should be aware of the low visibility of motorcycles on the roads.

Tips for Other Drivers about Motorcycles:

1. It is illegal to drive beside a motorcycle in the same traffic lane. However, two motorcycle riders may drive side by side in the same lane.

2. Pass as you would another vehicle, but not so fast or so close that the tires throw dirt or stones into the rider's face.

3. With the small size of the average motorcycle, look carefully for motorcycles in traffic or when you are parking. You do not want to inadvertently pull into a lane where a motorcycle already is or open a door in front of one as you exit your car.

4. When you follow a motorcycle, increase your following distance. If the motorcycle goes down for any reason, the rider does not have the same protection as a car. You do not want to be so close to the motorcycle that you would run over the rider if the rider fell.

What should you remember when driving by a larger vehicle (bus, oversized trucks)?

1. Keep a safe distance behind a truck or bus. Maintain a following distance of at least four seconds behind these and other large or special-use vehicles.

2. At night, use low beam headlights when following a truck or bus.

3. Slow down if a truck or bus is passing you. Splash or spray from their tires can reduce visibility. Start the wipers before the vehicle passes.

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4. Be even more careful passing a truck with a trailer. Often, a driver must swing out to the left or right before making a turn. The driver may not see you and

could force you off the road.

5. Be aware of the larger vehicle's blind spots. These are referred to as the "no-zones". The no-zones are the areas in which you do not want to stay. These zones are behind or beside the vehicle where you cannot see the larger vehicle driver in the mirrors. If you cannot see the driver, the driver cannot see you. If they cannot see you, they could run over you.

Drivers should be aware of the extra room needed for the execution of turns by a large vehicle. Attempting to steal the inside track from a large truck can prove disastrous as the large motor vehicle continues its turn and drives over the top of your car. Tailgating or failing to judge their speed is also a dangerous activity. Drivers should keep clear of these vehicles until their turn is completed. Similarly, drivers of large vehicles should leave their vehicles sufficient room to complete turning maneuvers and should not underestimate the amount of room needed to complete the wide turns. Both the driver of and the driver affected by these wide turns should use caution, reduce speed, and use evasive action when needed to avoid collisions4.

Resources:American Automobile Association, Responsible Driving, Chapters 12, number 1, 2, 3, 4.

MAN, MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENTTOPIC 6: CRASH PREVENTION TECHNIQUES

SUBJECT 7: Passing, Including Necessary Clear Distance

As we drive, there will be situations in which we have to pass another vehicle. To do this safely, there are many things that we need to take into consideration.

What should a driver ask themselves about passing another vehicle?

When attempting to overtake and pass another vehicle, you should ask youself, "is this pass necessary, legal and safe?" These are considerations that you should make in every passing situation. If you answer no to any one of them, you should not pass.

Passing on an open roadway should be done with the same caution. The passing maneuver should be prudent and safe for conditions and the driver must have an unobstructed view and the necessary clearance before conducting the pass. No passing to the left shall be done when approaching or upon the crest of a grade or a curve in the highway where the driver' s view is obstructed within such

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distance as to create a hazard in the event another vehicle might approach from the opposite direction1.

When passing a vehicle, what precautions should you use?

* When passing a vehicle, first check to your front and rear, and move into the passing lane only if it is clear and you are in a legal passing zone.

* On a level highway, it takes only three to five seconds longer to pass a truck than a car.

* Don't linger alongside a truck when passing. Always pass a large truck on the left side and after you have passed the truck move ahead of it.

* When passing a vehicle, be sure you can see the wheels of the vehicle on the ground in your rear view mirror before pulling in front.

Why should you be careful when changing lanes?

Drivers should be aware that excessive lane changing on highways is not advisable, as it increases the chances for mishap or collision. When changing lanes, it is best to use a combination of side mirrors, the rearview mirror, and glances over one's shoulder to get a full perspective on road conditions and other vehicles that may come into conflict. Drivers should not rely solely on any one of these elements but should use them in conjunction with one another. Drivers should also realize that when changing lanes, extreme caution should be exercised, and the maneuver should be done within a reasonable amount of time. Multiple lane changing is legal as well but must be done individually, not as one large block of lanes to be crossed together2.

What are the prohibited passing situations?

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A vehicle shall pass to the left on a highway with opposing traffic as long as the maneuver does not interfere with the oncoming vehicles and is safe for conditions. No vehicle shall pass when the view is obstructed within 100 feet of any bridge, viaduct or tunnel or when approaching within 100 feet of any traversing intersection or railroad grade crossing. A vehicle may pass on the right side if the vehicle to

be passed is making or about to make a left turn upon a highway, within a business or residential district with an unobstructed pavement of sufficient width for two or more vehicles in the direction of travel or on a one way street. Drivers should exercise extreme caution when passing on the right or left and should have an unobstructed view of the lane to which they will travel. The driver should adjust speed accordingly. A vehicle must be able to return to the right lane when passing on the left before any approaching vehicle comes within 200 feet. A vehicle attempting to pass on a highway must have sufficient space and room before beginning the pass. Excessive speed is neither allowable by law nor advisable in passing. The driver should only pass if it can be done within the legal speed limits. You should look over your shoulder to check your blind spots and should use all mirrors available to you before starting the pass. The pass must be construed as safe and prudent before the attempt and must be completed in a reasonable amount of time and distance3. Additionally, look for and obey no passing signs and the double yellow lines on the road. The double yellow lines also mean no passing.

Resources:Florida Statutes.American Automobile Association, Responsible Driving, Chapters 12, number 1, 2, 3.

MAN, MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENTTOPIC 6: CRASH PREVENTION TECHNIQUES

SUBJECT 8: Right Of Way

Failure to yield the right of way leads to collisions in all the United States and especially in Florida. These are some ways for you to reduce this probability when you are driving.

Who has the right of way?

The law gives the right-of-way to no one. It only says who must yield (give up) the right-of-way. Every driver, motorcyclist, moped rider, bicyclist and pedestrian must do everything possible to avoid a crash. When you yield the right of way to another vehicle, you are letting them go before you in the traffic situation. For example, you come upon a stop sign at the same time as another driver in a cross street and he is on your right. You yield (give up) the right of way to that driver by letting them go first.

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The driver should be aware of the areas in which he drives most frequently and should have a general knowledge of other frequently traveled streets or roadways as well. The driver should not be influenced by friends or peer groups when driving and should make his or her own decisions in regards to routes, speed, etc. The driver should know which intersections or thoroughfares are more apt to have collisions and should avoid them. The driver should consider how the right-of-way will affect his or her travel. The driver should use his or her own discretion as to travel plans and the environment1.

Should you ever insist on the right of way?

The driver should never assume that other drivers will start or complete any maneuver. A driver should never insist on the right of way nor attempt to force their way into traffic. Drivers should try to anticipate other drivers actions as well as yielding whenever needed or required by law. Giving up the right of way to other drivers also helps to avoid collisions, as does gaining eye contact with all operators of motor vehicles that come directly in conflict with you. Drivers should attempt to be both courteous and conscientious toward other drivers2.

Should I be concerned at an intersection?

Drivers should exercise extreme caution when approaching and proceeding through intersections. Conflicting highways, vehicles making left and right turns, and opposing signals all increase the collision potential in an intersection3.

A driver approaching a blind intersection shall do so with extreme caution and reduced speed. The driver shall yield the right of way whenever it is not safe or prudent for his or her vehicle to proceed through the intersection. The driver reaching an intersection at the same time as another vehicle shall yield the right of way to the vehicle traveling on a continuing highway. The driver shall proceed through and towards a blind intersection at a reasonably safe speed4.

When I am making a turn, what should I be concerned about?

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The driver should exercise extreme caution when attempting turning maneuvers from an intersection. Left turns should be made from the furthest most left hand lane and should be done so only when traffic dictates it is safe and prudent. The driver making the left turn should position himself far enough out into the intersection as to get a clear view of all traffic conditions, while still able to complete the turn in ample time. The driver making the left turn should not have the steering wheel turned in the direction of the turn before beginning the maneuver, as a rear end collision would send the vehicle into oncoming traffic. The left turn should be completed from the left lane to the left lane, unless otherwise dictated by a traffic signal. Right hand turns must be completed into the right hand land or lane closest to the curb. The driver should position the vehicle behind the limit line at first and then ease out into the intersection before completing the turn.

Turns that are executed simultaneously with another vehicle must be done with extra caution, as conflict is bound to exist. Drivers are advised to yield and give up the right of way when traffic dictates and are called on to use good judgment as well. The driver in conflict with another vehicle should yield to the vehicle to his direct right in most cases5.

What should you do if a traffic signal is malfunctioning?

Stop, just as you would for a four-way stop. This means that the first to the intersection proceeds first. The right of way is yielded to the driver on the right. Remember, never insist on the right of way. It is always better to give up the right of way versus getting into a collision.

Resources:American Automobile Association, Responsible Driving, Chapters 1 and 2, number 1, 2, 3.American Automobile Association, Responsible Driving, Chapters 8 and 12, number 4, 5.

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MAN, MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENTTOPIC 6: CRASH PREVENTION TECHNIQUES

SUBJECT 9: Speed Adjustments In Relationship To Surroundings

When traveling, you should adjust your driving speed to take into consideration the surroundings you are driving through. You should be particularly alert in school and construction zones.

How fast should you drive?

You should never drive faster than what is safe for conditions. At all times, motor vehicle operators should drive at speeds where the vehicle is under control and is in conjunction with speed limits and recommendations. Control of speed is an influencing factor in safe operation of a motor vehicle as excessive speed is a major cause of collisions (30%, as discussed earlier). Speed laws should be observed by every motor vehicle operator and are established solely as a safety mechanism for each person using roads or highways. The driver should always observe maximum speed laws on streets, roads, or highways. The basic speed

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laws states that a driver should operate a motor vehicle at a speed that is cautious, reasonable and prudent at all times. The driver should never operate a vehicle at any speed that is slower than is safe and not block or impede traffic with a slow moving vehicle. The driver operating a vehicle that does not fall under the category of a normal vehicle or with special

circumstances or conditions should follow and adhere to special speed limits for designated vehicles1.

What should I be looking for around a construction site?

Drivers should be alert for individuals and equipment involved in road service, maintenance or construction. Vehicles should slow to a safe speed, proceed with extreme caution and keep alert for maintenance workers or materials. Drivers should follow the directions of the maintenance or construction workers and should also adhere to the restrictions and limitations of any signs that may be posted. Often times the road narrows because of the construction or maintenance, and drivers must be very alert.

Soft shoulders of the road should be avoided. These areas are designated such when the pavement does not extend beyond the paved area. These areas can be comprised of dirt, grass, gravel or other materials. Additionally, the driver should be aware of areas where the pavement is in bad condition. Drivers should avoid roads with potholes, loose gravel and related paving materials. These materials can cause a skid and increase your collision potential. You should avoid drastic maneuvers, excessive lane changing and reduce your speed when driving on these materials2.

What should I be looking for around a school zone or playground?

When traveling around playgrounds, parks or schools, drivers should exercise extreme caution and reduce speeds dramatically. Posted speed limits around schools (20 mph or as posted) should be followed. School zones are indicated by regulatory signs with the posted hours of operation and flashing yellow lights advising caution. Careless children or stray toys coming out onto the roadway are unavoidable; however, the driver can be better prepared to deal with these hazards if speed is reduced and caution is used. Aggressively scanning the road and slower speeds give you a better chance to avoid a collision with a child3.

What factors should you consider when selecting the speed of your vehicle?

1. The posted maximum speed limit.

2. Total weight of the vehicle and cargo.

3. Length of the grade.

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4. Steepness of the grade.

5. Road conditions.

6. Weather.

7. Traffic density and movement.

What happens to me if I am convicted of speeding in a school or construction zone?

According to Section 318.18(3)(b-d), Florida Statutes, the fines for speeding in a school zone during the hours of operation are doubled. The exception is if you are up to five mph over the speed limit, the fine is $50. For a construction zone, the fines also double when construction workers are present. You will also have to pay court costs as imposed by the court of not less than $10.

Resources:American Automobile Association, Responsible Driving, Chapters 8 and 10, number 1, 2, 3.

MAN, MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENTTOPIC 6: CRASH PREVENTION TECHNIQUES

SUBJECT 10: Railroad Crossings

You might think that getting killed by a train would be fairly hard to accomplish, considering they are loud, noisy and travel on fixed tracks that are clearly marked. Regrettably, from 1995 to the end of calendar year 1997, there have been 49 fatalities at railroad crossings in Florida1.

What should you do at a railroad crossing?

Look for a train. Signs warn that you are approaching railroad tracks. Look and listen for trains in both directions. You are not always warned of approaching trains. Intersections without barriers should be approached and crossed with caution.

How can I tell how many tracks are at any particular intersection?

On the crossbuck or gate there are signs telling you how many tracks there are.

Why should you stop 15 feet from the tracks?

1. A person or signal warns that a train is coming.

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2. You see a train coming.

3. You hear the horn or bell of a train close by.

4. Section 316.1575, Florida Statutes requires you to stop.

What are some of the actions you do not want to do at a railroad crossing?

1. Never go around a traffic gate at a railroad crossing. When the gate is down, a crossing by the train is imminent.

2. Never start up immediately after your train has passed; always look for another train. At multiple track crossings, always look for a train on another track. Just because your train has passed does not mean another one is not close by.

3. If your vehicle stalls on a railroad crossing, move it off the track. If the vehicle is too large for you to move by hand, call the police and advise them where you are so they can call the railroad and stop any train movements over that crossing. At most crossings in Florida, the location of the crossing is listed on a plate under the crossbuck. Pass this information to the police.

4. If you stall and a train is approaching, get out of the vehicle and move away from the tracks. The best direction is at a 45 degree angle away from the tracks toward the direction the train is coming from. If you head away from the direction the train is coming from, when the train strikes the vehicle, the vehicle could be thrown in the direction you are running down the tracks.

Resources:DHSMV, Traffic Crash Facts, 1999, Tallahassee, Florida, number 1.

These questions are for practice only. You must only pass the final exam.(REMEMBER: You must answer ALL questions listed below correctly before you can move

to the next module)

1. No passing to the left shall be done when _______.

approaching or upon the crest of a grade

curve of a highway

both

neither2. You should _______ your following distance as your visibility

decreases as the weather gets worse.

decrease

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keep

increase

none of the above3. Under good weather and clear visibility, what minimum following

distance should you keep between your car and the car in front of you?

no time is required

one second

two seconds4. Wandering eyes and a basic lack of attention to the road

_________ the potential for a collision.

decrease

increase

have no affect on 5. When nighttime driving conditions exists, drivers do not need to

adjust their driving.

True

False6. When the train has passed, start up right away; never look for

another train on the same track or on another track.

True

False7. Drivers do not need to be aware of road hazards and road

conditions that may affect their vehicle.

True

False8. Drivers should not be influenced by friends or peer groups when

driving and should make their own decisions in regard to driving habits.

True

False