DRDO

Defence Research and Development Organisation 1

Defence Research and Development Organisation

Defence Research and Development Organisation

Sanskrit: बलस्य मूलं विज्ञानम्"Strength's Origin is in Science"[1]

Agency overview

Formed 1958

Headquarters DRDO Bhavan, New Delhi

Employees 30,000 (7,000 scientists)

Annual budget 10253.17 crore (US$2 billion)(2011-12)[2]

Minister responsible A.K. Antony, Defence Minister of India

Agency executive Dr.V.K.Saraswat, Director General, DRDO and Scientific Adviser(SA) to Defence Minister

Website

www.drdo.gov.in [3]

DRDO Bhawan, New Delhi, The Headquarters of DRDO

The Defence Research and DevelopmentOrganisation (DRDO) is an agency of the Republic ofIndia, responsible for the development of technologyfor use by the military, headquartered in New Delhi,India. It was formed in 1958 by the merger of theTechnical Development Establishment and theDirectorate of Technical Development and Productionwith the Defence Science Organisation.

DRDO has a network of 52 laboratories which aredeeply engaged in developing defence technologiescovering various fields, like aeronautics, armaments,electronic and computer sciences, human resourcedevelopment, life sciences, materials, missiles, combatvehicles development and naval research anddevelopment. The organization includes more than 5,000 scientists and about 25,000 other scientific, technical andsupporting personnel.

Defence Research and Development Organisation 2

History

105mm light field gun prototype being shown byGen Jetley to then Defence Minister Jagjivan

Ram.

Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) wasestablished in 1958 by amalagamating the Defence ScienceOrganisation and some of the technical development establishments. Aseparate Department of Defence Research and Development wasformed in 1980 which later on administered DRDO and its 50laboratories/establishments. Most of the time the Defence ResearchDevelopment Organisation was treated as if it was a vendor and theArmy Headquarters or the Air Headquarters were the customers.Because the Army and the Air Force themselves did not have anydesign or construction responsibility, they tended to treat the designeror Indian industry at par with their corresponding designer in the worldmarket. If they could get a MiG 21 from the world market, they wanteda MiG 21 from DRDO.[4] DRDO started its first major project in surface-to-air missiles (SAM) known as ProjectIndigo in 1960s. Indigo was discontinued in later years without achieving full success. Project Indigo led to ProjectDevil, along with Project Valiant, to develop short-range SAM and ICBM in the 1970s. Project Devil itself led to thelater development of the Prithvi missile under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) in the1980s. IGMDP was an Indian Ministry of Defence program between the early 1980s and 2007 for the developmentof a comprehensive range of missiles, including the Agni missile, Prithvi ballistic missile, Akash missile, Trishulmissile and Nag Missile. In 2010,then defence minister A.K. Antony ordered the restructing of the Defence Researchand Development Organisation (DRDO) to give 'a major boost to defence research in the country and to ensureeffective participation of the private sector in defence technology'. The key measures to make DRDO effective in itsfunctioning include the establishment of a Defence Technology Commission with the defence minister as itschairman.[5][6] The programs which were largely managed by DRDO has seen considerable success with many ofthe systems seeing rapid deployment as well as yielding significant technological benefits.[7] DRDO has manysuccesses since its establishment in developing other major systems and critical technologies such as aircraftavionics, UAVs, small arms, artillery systems, EW Systems, tanks and armoured vehicles, sonar systems, commandand control systems and missile systems.

Projects

Aeronautics

• The DRDO is responsible for the ongoing Light Combat Aircraft. TheLCA is intended to provide the Indian Air Force with a modern, fly bywire, multi-role fighter, as well as develop the aviation industry in India.The LCA program has allowed DRDO to progress substantially in thefields of avionics, flight control systems, aircraft propulsion and compositestructures, along with aircraft design and development.[8]

• The DRDO provided key avionics for the Sukhoi Su-30MKI program under the "Vetrivel" program. Systemsdeveloped by DRDO include radar warning receivers, radar and display computers. DRDO's radar computers,manufactured by HAL are also being fitted into Malaysian Su-30s.

• The DRDO is part of the Indian Air Force's upgrade programs for its MiG-27 and Sepecat Jaguar combat aircraft, along with the manufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. DRDO and HAL have been responsible for the

Defence Research and Development Organisation 3

system design and integration of these upgrades, which combine indigenously developed systems along withimported ones. DRDO contributed subsystems like the Tarang radar warning receiver, Tempest jammer, coreavionics computers, brake parachutes, cockpit instrumentation and displays.

Avionics

The DRDO's avionics program has been a success story with its mission computers, radar warning receivers, highaccuracy direction finding pods, airborne jammers and flight instrumentation in use across a wide variety of IndianAir Force aircraft. The organization began developing these various items for its upgrades, and for the LCA project.Variants were then developed for other aircraft. The lead designer in several of these efforts has been DARE, or theDefence Avionics Research Establishment, DRDO's designated mission avionics laboratory. Other laboratories havealso chipped in, from the radar specialist LRDE, to electronic warfare focused DEAL to the ADE, which developsUAVs and flight control systems.

LCA uses DRDO developed avionics

The DRDO is also co-developing more advanced avionics for the LightCombat Aircraft and the IAF's combat fleet. These include a range ofpowerful Open Architecture computers, better defensive avionicsincluding modern RWR's, self protection jammers, missile approachwarning systems and integrated defensive suites, optronics systems(such as infrared search and track systems) and navigational systemssuch as Ring Laser Gyro based Inertial navigational systems. Otheritems under development include digital map generators, helmetmounted displays and smart multifunctional displays.

Other Hindustan Aeronautics programs

Apart from the aforementioned upgrades, DRDO has also assisted Hindustan Aeronautics with its programs. Theseinclude the HAL Dhruv helicopter and the HAL HJT-36. Over a hundred LRU (Line Replaceable Unit)'s in theHJT-36 have come directly from the LCA program. Other duties have included assisting the Indian Air Force withindigenization of spares and equipment. These include both mandatory as well as other items.

Unmanned aerial vehicles

A scaled down model of the Rustom-1 MALE UAV

The DRDO has also developed two unmanned aerial vehicles- theNishant (Midnight) tactical UAV and the Lakshya (Target)Pilotless Target Aircraft (PTA).[9] The Lakshya PTA has beenordered by all three services for their gunnery target trainingrequirements. Efforts are on to develop the PTA further, with animproved all digital flight control system, and a better turbojetengine.[10] The Nishant is a hydraulically launched short rangedUAV for the tactical battle area. It is currently being evaluated bythe Indian Navy and the Indian Paramilitary forces as well.

The DRDO is also going ahead with its plans to develop a newclass of UAVs. These draw upon the experience gained via theNishant program, and will be substantially more capable. Referred to by the HALE (High Altitude Long Endurance)and MALE (Medium Altitude Long Endurance) designations.The MALE UAV has been tentatively named theRustom,[11] and will feature canards and carry a range of payloads, including optronic, radar, laser designators andESM. The UAV will have conventional landing and take off capability. The HALE UAV will have features such asSATCOM links, allowing it to be commanded beyond line of sight. Other tentative plans speak of converting theLCA into a UCAV (unmanned combat aerial vehicle), and weaponizing UAVs.

Defence Research and Development Organisation 4

Indigenisation efforts

DRDO has been responsible for the indigenization of key defence stores and equipment.[12] DRDO has assistedHindustan Aeronautics Ltd and the IAF with the indigenization of spares and assemblies for several aircraft. DRDOlaboratories have worked in coordination with academic institutes, the CSIR and even ISRO over projects requiredfor the Indian Air Force and its sister services. DRDO's infrastructure is also utilized by other research organizationsin India.

ArmamentsDRDO often cooperates with the state owned Ordnance Factory Board for producing its items. These have led toissues of marginal quality control for some items, and time consuming rectification. Whilst these are common to theintroduction of most new weapons systems, the OFB has had issues with maintaining the requisite schedule andquality of manufacture owing to their own structural problems and lack of modernisation. Criticism directed at theOFB is invariably used for the DRDO, since the users often make little distinction between the developer and themanufacturer. OFB has got more access to funding in recent times, and this is believed to have helped theorganization meet modern day requirements.Even so, India's state owned military apparatus provides the bulk of its ammunition. The DRDO has played a vitalrole in the development of this ability since the role of private organizations in the development of small arms andsimilar items has been limited. A significant point in case is the INSAS rifle which has been adopted by the IndianArmy as its standard battle rifle and is in extensive service. There have been issues with rifle quality in usage underextreme conditions in the heat, with the OFB stating that it will rectify these troubles with higher grade material andstrengthening the unit. Prior troubles were also dealt with in a similar manner.[13] In the meantime, the rifle hasfound favour throughout the army and has been ordered in number by other paramilitary units and policeforces.[14][15]

In recent years, India's booming economy has allowed the OFB to modernise with more state funding coming itsway, to the tune of US$400 million invested during 2002-07.[16] The organization hopes that this will allow it tomodernise it's infrastructure; it has also begun introducing new items, including a variant of the AK-47 and reverseengineered versions of the Denel 14/20 mm anti-material rifles.[17]

In the meantime, the DRDO has also forged partnerships with several private sector industrial partners, which haveallowed it to leverage their strengths. Successful examples of this include the Pinaka MBRL, which has been assistedsignificantly by two private developers, Larsen and Toubro Ltd. as well as TATA, apart from several other smallscale industrial manufacturers.The DRDO's various projects are as follows:

Small arms

Insas Assault Rifle

• The INSAS weapon system has become the standardbattle rifle for the Indian Army and paramilitaryunits.[18] Bulk production of a LMG variantcommenced in 1998.[19] It has since been selected asthe standard assault rifle of the Royal Army ofOman.

• In 2010, DRDO completed the development ofOleo-resin plastic hand grenades (partly derivedfrom the potent Bhut Jholokia chilli found innorth-east India), as a less lethal way to controlrioters, better tear gas shells and short-range laser dazzlers.[20]

Defence Research and Development Organisation 5

Explosives

Chemical Kit for Detection of Explosives (CKDE)

A compact, low-cost and handy explosive detection kit has been designed and perfected for field detection of tracesof explosives. The kit yields a colour reaction, based on which explosives can be detected in minutes. It is used foridentification of all common military, civil and home-made explosive compositions, and is being used by Police andBSF for the detection of explosives.Indian CL-20 Explosive

A new high explosive is in the making at a DRDO lab that could replace other standard explosives of the armedforces such as RDX, HMX, FOX-7 and Amorphous Boron. Scientists at the Pune-based High Energy MaterialsResearch Laboratory (HEMRL) have already synthesised an adequate quantity of CL-20, the new explosive, in theirlaboratory.The powerful explosive can substantially reduce the weight and size of the warhead while packing much morepunch. The compound, 'Indian CL-20' or 'ICL-20', was indigenously developed in HEMRL using inversetechnology. CL-20, so named after the China Lake facility of the Naval Air Weapons Station in California, US, wasfirst synthesised by Dr Arnold Nielson in 1987.CL-20 or Octa-Nitro-Cubane is a Nitramine class of explosive 15 times as powerful as HMX. HMX itself is morethan four times as potent as RDX.CL-20-based Shaped Charges significantly improve the penetration of armor and could potentially be used in thebomb for the 120-mm main gun mounted on the MBT Arjun tanks. The CL-20, due to its reduced sensitivity enableseasy handling and transportation and reduces the chances of mishap and loss to men, money, materials andmachines.[21]

Artillery systems and ammunition

• Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher: This system has seen significant success. This system saw the DRDOcooperate extensively with the privately owned industrial sector in India.[22]

• A new Long Range Tactical Rocket System, not yet publicly named. The DRDO has commenced a project tofield a long range tactical strike system, moving on from the successful Pinaka project. The aim is to develop along range system able to strike at a range of 100–120 km, with each rocket in the system, having a payload of upto 250 kg. The new MBRS's rocket will have a maximum speed of 4.7 mach and will rise to an altitude of 40 km,before hitting its target at 1.8 mach. There is also a move to put a guidance system on the rockets whilst keepingcost constraints in mind. The DRDO has acquired the IMI-Elisra developed trajectory control system and itstechnology, for use with the Pinaka, and a further development of the system could presumably be used with thenew MBRL as well.[23]

• DRDO's ARDE developed 81 mm and the,[24] 120 mm illuminating bombs [25] and 105 mm illuminating shells[26] for the Indian Army's infantry and Artillery.

• A 51 mm Light Weight Infantry Platoon Mortar for the Indian Army. A man portable weapon, the 51 mm mortarachieves double the range of 2-inch (unknown operator: u'strong' mm) mortar without any increase in weight.Its new HE bomb uses pre-fragmentation technology to achieve vastly improved lethality vis a vis a conventionalbomb. Besides HE, a family of ammunition consisting of smoke, illuminating and practice bombs has also beendeveloped.[27] The weapon system is under production at Ordnance Factories.[28]

• Proximity fuses for missiles and artillery shells. Proximity fuses are used with artillery shells for "air bursts"against entrenched troops and in anti-aircraft and anti-missile roles as well.[27]

• Training devices: These include a mortar training device for the 81 mm mortar used by the infantry, a mortartraining device for the 120 mm mortar used by the artillery, and a 0.50-inch (unknown operator: u'strong' mm)subcalibre training device for 105 mm Vijayanta tank gun.[27]

Defence Research and Development Organisation 6

• The Indian Field Gun, a 105 mm field gun was developed for the Indian Army and is in production.[29] This was asignificant challenge for the OFB, and various issues were faced with its manufacture including reliability issuesand metallurgical problems. These were rectified over time.

• Submerged Signal Ejector cartridges (SSE), limpet mines, short range anti-submarine rockets (with HE andpractice warheads), the Indian Sea Mine which can be deployed against both ships and submarines. The DRDOalso designed short and medium range ECM rockets which deploy chaff to decoy away anti-ship homing missiles.In a similar vein, they also developed a 3 in (76.2 mm) PFHE shell, prefragmented and with a proximity fuse,[30]

for use against anti-ship missiles and other targets, by the Navy. All these items are in production.[27][31]

• For the Indian Air Force, DRDO has developed Retarder Tail Units and fuze systems for the 450 kg bomb usedby strike aircraft, 68 mm "Arrow" rockets (HE, Practice and HEAT) for rocket pods used in air to ground andeven air to air (if need be), a 450 kg high speed low drag (HSLD) bomb and practice bombs (which mimicdifferent projectiles with the addition of suitable drag plates) and escape aid cartridges for Air Force aircraft. Allthese items are in production.[27][31]

Tank armament

DRDO's ARDE also developed other critical systems, such as the Arjun Main Battle Tank's 120 mm rifled main gunand is presently engaged in the development of the armament for the Future IFV, the "Abhay". The DRDO is also amember of the trials teams for the T-72 upgrade and its fire control systems. Earlier on, the DRDO also upgraded theVijayanta medium tank with new fire control computers.

Electronics and computer sciences

Electronic warfare

EW systems for the Army

• It is India's largest electronic warfare system. It is a land based EW project, consisting of 145 vehicles. TheSamyukta consists of ESM and ECM stations for both communication and non-com (radar etc.) systems. TheIndian Army has ordered it's Signal Corps to be a prime contributor in the design and development stage, alongwith the DRDO's DLRL. The scale of this venture is substantial - it comprises COMINT and ELINT stationswhich can monitor and jam different bands for both voice/data as well as radar transmissions. In contrast to othersuch systems, Samyukta is an integrated system, which can perform the most critical battlefield EW tasks in bothCOM and Non-COM roles. The system will be the first of its type in terms of its magnitude and capability in theArmy. Its individual modules can also be operated independently.[32] A follow on system known as Sauhard isunder development.[33]

• The Safari IED suppression system for the army and paramilitary forces and the Sujav ESM system meant forhigh accuracy direction finding and jamming of communication transceivers.[34]

EW systems for the Air Force

• Radar warning receivers for the Indian Air Force of the Tarang series. These have been selected to upgrade mostof the Indian Air Force's aircraft such as for the MiG-21, MiG-29, Su-30 MKI, MiG- 27 and Jaguar as well as selfprotection upgrades for the transport fleet.

• The Tranquil RWR for MiG -23s (superseded by the Tarang project) and the Tempest jamming system for the AirForce's MiG's. The latest variant of the Tempest jamming system is capable of noise, barrage, as well asdeception jamming as it makes use of DRFM. The DRDO has also developed a High Accuracy Direction Findingsystem (HADF) for the Indian Air Force's Su-30 MKIs which are fitted in the modular "Siva" pod capable ofsupersonic carriage.[35] This HADF pod is meant to cue Kh-31 Anti radiation missiles used by the Su-30 MKI forSEAD.

Defence Research and Development Organisation 7

• DRDO stated in 2009 that its latest Radar Warning Receiver for the Indian Air Force, the R118, had gone intoproduction. The R118 can also fuse data from different sensors such as the aircraft radar, missile/laser warningsystems and present the unified data on a multi-function display. The DRDO also noted that its new RadarWarner Jammer systems (RWJ) were at an advanced stage of development and would be submitted for trials. TheRWJ is capable of detecting all foreseen threats and jamming multiple targets simultaneously.

•• Other EW projects revealed by the DRDO include the MAWS project (a joint venture by the DRDO and EADS)which leverages EADS hardware and DRDO software to develop MAWS systems for transport, helicopter andfighter fleets. DRDO also has laser warning systems available.

• A DIRCM (Directed Infra Red Countermeasures) project to field a worldclass DIRCM system intended to protectaircraft from infrared guided weapons.

• The DRDO is also developing an all new ESM project in cooperation with the Indian Air Force's SignalsIntelligence Directorate, under the name of "Divya Drishti" (Divine Sight). Divya Drishti will field a range ofstatic as well as mobile ESM stations that can "fingerprint" and track multiple airborne targets for missionanalysis purposes. The system will be able to intercept a range of radio frequency emissions like radar,navigational, communication or electronic countermeasure signals. The various components of the project will benetworked via SATCOM links.

•• Additional DRDO EW projects delivered to the Indian Air Force have included the COIN A and COIN B SIGINTstations. DRDO and BEL developed ELINT equipment for the Indian Air Force, installed on the service's Boeing737s and Hawker Siddeley Avro aircraft. DRDO has also developed a Radar Fingerprinting System for the IAFand the Navy.

• Another high accuracy ESM system is being developed by the DRDO for the AEW&C project. The Indian AirForce's AEW&C systems will also include a comprehensive ESM suite, capable of picking up both radars as wellas conducting Communications Intelligence.

Radars

The DRDO has steadily increased its radar development. The result has been substantial progress in India's ability todesign and manufacture high power radar systems with locally sourced components and systems. This began withthe development of short range 2D systems (Indra-1) and has now extended to high power 3D systems like LRTRintended for strategic purposes. Several other projects span the gamut of radar applications, from airbornesurveillance (AEW&C) to firecontrol radars (land based and airborne). The DRDO's productionised as well asproduction-ready radar systems include:• INDRA series of 2D radars meant for Army and Air Force use. This was the first high power radar developed by

the DRDO, with the Indra-I radar for the Indian Army, followed by Indra Pulse Compression (PC) version for theIndian Air Force, also known as the Indra-II, which is a low level radar to search and track low flying cruisemissiles, helicopters and aircraft. These are 2D radars which provide range and azimuth information and aremeant to be used as gap fillers. The Indra 2 PC has pulse compression providing improved range resolution. Theseries are used both by the Indian Air Force and the Indian Army[36]

• Rajendra fire control radar for the Akash SAM: The Rajendra is stated to be ready. However, it can be expectedthat further iterative improvements will be made. The Rajendra is a high power Passive electronically scannedarray radar (PESA), with the ability able to guide up to 12 Akash SAMs against aircraft flying at low to mediumaltitudes. The Rajendra has a detection range of 80 km with 18 km height coverage against small fighter sizedtargets and is able to track 64 targets, engaging 4 simultaneously, with up to 3 missiles per target. The Rajendrafeatures a fully digital high speed signal processing system with adaptive moving target indicator, coherent signalprocessing, FFTs and variable pulse repetition frequency. The entire PESA antenna array can swivel 360 degreeson a rotating platform. This allows the radar antenna to be rapidly repositioned and even conduct all roundsurveillance.[37]

Defence Research and Development Organisation 8

• Central Acquisition Radar, a state of the art planar array S-Band radar operating on the stacked beam principle.With a range of 180 km, it can track while scan 200 fighter sized targets. Its systems are integrated on highmobility, locally built TATRA trucks for the Army and Air Force; however it is meant to be used by all threeservices. Initially developed for the long-running Akash SAM system, seven were ordered by the Indian Air Forcefor their radar modernization program and two of another variant were ordered by the Indian Navy for their P-28Corvettes. The CAR has been a significant success for radar development in India, with its state of the art signalprocessing hardware.[38][39] The ROHINI is the IAF specific variant while the REVATHI is the Indian Navyspecific variant. The ROHINI has a more advanced Indian developed antenna in terms of power handling andbeamforming technology while the REVATHI adds two axis stabilisation for operation in naval conditions, aswell as extra naval modes.

BFSR-SR

• BFSR-SR, a 2D short range Battle Field Surveillance Radar, meantto be manportable. Designed and developed by LRDE, the projectwas a systematic example of concurrent engineering, with theproduction agency involved through the design and developmentstage. This enabled the design to be brought into productionquickly.[40][41] The radar continues to progress further in terms ofintegration, with newer variants being integrated with thermalimagers for visually tracking targets detected by the radar. Up to 10BFSR-SR can be networked together for network centric operation.It is in use with the Indian Army and the BSF as well as exportcustomers.

• Super Vision-2000, an airborne 3D naval surveillance radar, meantfor helicopters and light transport aircraft. The SV-2000 is alightweight, high performance, slotted array radar operating in the XBand. It can detect sea-surface targets such as a periscope or avessel against heavy clutter and can also be used for navigation,weather mapping and beacon detection. The radar can detect a largevessel at over 100 nautical miles (370 km). It is currently under modification to be fitted to the Advanced LightHelicopter and the Navy's Do-228's. Variants can be fitted to the Navy's Ka-25's as well.[42] The radar has beeninducted by the Indian Navy and a more advanced variant of the Super Vision, known as the XV-2004 is alsooperational, and features an ISAR, SAR Capability.

• Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar, a 3D AESA was developed with assistance from Elta of Israel and issimilar to Elta's proven GreenPine long range Active Array radar. The DRDO developed the signal processingand software for tracking high speed ballistic missile targets as well as introduced more ruggedization. The radaruses mostly Indian designed and manufactured components such as its critical high power, L BandTransmit-Receive modules and other enabling technologies necessary for active phased array radars. The LRTRcan track 200 targets and has a range of above 500 km. It can detect Intermediate-range ballistic missile. TheLRTR would be amongst the key elements of the Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Program. DRDO wouldprovide the technology to private and public manufacturers to make these high power systems.[43]

• 3D Multi Function Control Radar (MFCR) was developed as part of the Indian anti-ballistic missile program incooperation with THALES of France. The MFCR is an active phased array radar and complements the SwordfishLong Range Tracking Radar, for intercepting ballistic missiles. The MFCR will also serve as the fire control radarfor the AAD second tier missile system of the ABM program. The AAD has a supplementary role against aircraftas well and can engage missiles and aircraft up to an altitude of 30 km. The MFCR fills out the final part of theDRDO's radar development spectrum, and allows India to manufacture long range 3D radars that can act as thenodes of an Air Defence Ground Environment system.

Defence Research and Development Organisation 9

• 2D Low Level Lightweight Radar (LLLR) for the Indian Army, which requires many of these units for gapfillingin mountainous terrain. The Indian Air Force will also acquire then for key airbases. The LLLR is a 2D radar witha range of 40 km against a 2 square meter target, intended as a gapfiller to plug detection gaps versus low levelaircraft in an integrated Air Defence Ground network. The LLLR makes use of Indra-2 technology, namely asimilar antenna array, but has roughly half the range and is much smaller and a far more portable unit. The LLLRcan track while scan 100 targets and provide details about their speed, azimuth and range to the operator. TheLLLR makes use of the BFSR-SR experience and many of the subsystem providers are the same. Multiple LLLRscan be networked together. The LLLR is meant to detect low level intruders, and will alert Army Air Defence firecontrol units to cue their weapon systems.[44]

•• 3D Short Range Radar for the Indian Air Force - ASLESHA: The ASLESHA radars have a range ofapproximately 50 km against small fighter-sized targets and will be able to determine their range, speed, azimuthand height. This radar will enable the Indian Air Force Air Defence units to accurately track low level intruders.The radar is a semi-active phased array with a 1 meter square aperture. The DRDO was in discussions with theIndian Navy to mount these systems on small ships.

• Multi-mode radar, a 3D radar is a HAL project with DRDO's LRDE as a subsystem provider. This project todevelop an advanced, lightweight Multimode fire control radar for the LCA Tejas fighter had faced challengesand was delayed. It has now been completed with Elta's (Israel) assistance. The multimode radar has range (fordetection of a small fighter target) greater than 100 km, can track 10 targets, can engage 2 targets and useslightweight system. It has been revealed that an all new combined signal and data processor had been developed,replacing the original separate units. The new unit is much more powerful and makes use of contemporary ADSPprocessors. The radar's critical hardware has also been developed and validated. The software for the air to airmode has been developed considerably (including search and track while scan in both look up and look downmodes) but air to ground modes are still being worked upon. The radar development was shown to beconsiderably more mature than previously thought. At Aero India 2009, it was revealed that the 3D MMR projecthas been superseded by the new 3D AESA FCR project led by LRDE. The MMR has been completed with EltaIsrael's assistance and now involved Elta EL/M-2032 technology for Air to Ground mapping and targeting. This"hybrid" MMR has been tested, validated and will be supplied for the initial LCA Tejas fighters.

• DRDO has indigenised components and improved subsystems of various other license produced radarsmanufactured at BEL with the help of BEL scientists and other researchers. These improvements include newradar data processors for license produced signal radars as well as local radar assemblies replacing the earlierimported ones.

Apart from the above, the DRDO has also several other radar systems currently under development or in trials, theseinclude:• BEL Weapon Locating Radar:

A model of the BEL Weapon Locating Radar

A 3D radar successfully developed from the Rajendra fire control radarfor the Akash system, this radar uses a passive electronically scannedarray to detect multiple targets for fire correction and weapon location.The system has been developed and demonstrated to the Army andorders have been placed[45] In terms of performance, the WLR is statedto be superior to the AN/TPQ-37, several of which were imported byIndia as an interim system while the WLR got ready.• Active Phased Array radar: a 3D radar for fighters, a MMR follow

on, the APAR project aims to field a fully fledged operationalAESA fire control radar for the expected Mark-2 version of the

Light Combat Aircraft. This will be the second airborne AESA program after the AEW&C project and intends to transfer the success DRDO has achieved in the ground based radar segment to airborne systems. The overall

Defence Research and Development Organisation 10

airborne APAR program aims to prevent this technology gap from developing, with a broad based program tobring DRDO up to par with international developers in airborne systems, both fire control and surveillance.

• Synthetic aperture radar & Inverse synthetic aperture radar: the DRDO's LRDE is currently working on both SARand ISAR radars for target detection and classification. These lightweight payloads are intended for bothconventional fixed wing as well as UAV applications.

• Airborne Warning and Control: a new radar based on Active Electronically Scanned Array technology. The aimof the project is to develop inhouse capability for high power AEW&C systems, with the system covering thedevelopment of a S Band AESA array. The aircraft will also have datalinks to link fighters plus communicatewith the IAF's C3I infrastructure as well as a local SATCOM (satellite communication system), along with otheronboard ESM and COMINT systems.[46]

• Medium Range Battlefield Surveillance Radar: in 2009, the LRDE (DRDO) noted that it was working on a Longrange battlefield surveillance radar. It is possible that the BFSR-LR project has replaced this earlier project andthe Indian Army will utilize the BEL built ELTA designed BFSR-MR's for Medium Range surveillance whileusing the LRDE designed systems for Long Range surveillance. The 2D radar will track ground targets andprovide key intelligence to the Indian Army's artillery units, with the resultant information available on varioustactical networks.

• 3D Medium Power Radar: a spinoff of the experience gained via the 3D MFCR project, the 3D Medium PowerRadar project is intended to field a radar with a range of approximately 300 km against small fighter sized targets.Intended for the Indian Air Force, the radar is an active phased array, and will be transportable. It will play asignificant role being used as part of the nodes of the Indian Air Force's enhanced Air Defence GroundEnvironment System.

•• 3D Tactical Control Radar: a new program, the TCR is an approximately 150 km ranged system for use by theIndian Army and Air Force. A highly mobile unit, it will also employ open architecture to provide easy upgrades,and a variety of modes and capabilities depending on the software fit. The aim of the 3D Medium Power Radarand TCR is to offer systems which can be deployed in a variety of roles, from fire control to surveillance, and notbe tied to one role alone.

Command and control software and decision-making tools

• Tactical tools for wargaming: Shatranj and Sangram for the Army, Sagar for the Navy and air war software forthe Air Force. All these systems are operational with the respective services.

• C3I systems: DRDO, in cooperation with BEL and private industry has developed several critical C3I (command,control, communications and intelligence systems) for the armed services. Under the project "Shakti", the IndianArmy aims to spend US$300 million to network all its artillery guns using the ACCS (Artillery Command andControl System). Developed by DRDO's Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics, the system comprisescomputers and intelligent terminals connected as a wide area network. Its main subsystems are the artillerycomputer center, battery computer, remote access terminal and a gun display unit. The ACCS is expected toimprove the Army's artillery operations by a factor of 10 and allowing for more rapid and accurate firepower. TheACCS will also improve the ability of commanders to concentrate that firepower where it is most needed. TheDRDO and BEL have also developed a Battle Management system for the Indian Army for its tanks and tacticalunits.

Other programs in development for the Army include Corps level information and decision making software andtools, intended to link all units together for effective C3I. These systems are in production at DRDO's productionpartner, Bharat Electronics Limited. These projects are being driven by the Indian Army Corps of Signals. TheIndian Army is also moving towards extensive use of battlefield computers. DRDO has also delivered projects suchas the Combat Net Radio for enhancing the Army's communication hardware.[47]

•• Data management and command and control systems for the Navy have been provided by the DRDO. The Navyis currently engaged in a naval networking project to network all its ships and shore establishments plus maritime

Defence Research and Development Organisation 11

patrol aircraft and sensors.• Radar netting and multi-sensor fusion software for linking the Indian Air Force's network of radars and airbases

which have been successfully operationalised. Other systems include sophisticated and highly complex missionplanning and C3I systems for missiles, such as the Agni and Prithvi ballistic missiles and the Brahmos cruisemissile. These systems are common to all three services as all of them utilize different variants of these missiles.

•• Simulators and training tools: DRDO and private industry have collaborated on manufacturing a range ofsimulators and training devices for the three services, from entry level tests for prospective entrants to the IndianAir Force, to sophisticated simulators for fighter aircraft, transports and helicopters, tanks and gunnery devices.

Computing technologies

DRDO has worked extensively on high speed computing given its ramifications for most of its defence projects.These include supercomputers for computational flow dynamics, to dedicated microprocessor designs manufacturedin India for flight controllers and the like, to high speed computing boards built around Commercial Off The Shelf(COTS) components, similar to the latest trends in the defence industry.• Supercomputing: DRDO's ANURAG developed the PACE+ [48] Supercomputer for strategic purposes for

supporting its various programs. The initial version, as detailed in 1995, had the following specifications: Thesystem delivered a sustained performance of more than 960 Mflops (million floating operations per second) forcomputational fluid dynamics programs. Pace-Plus included 32 advanced computing nodes, each with 64megabytes(MB) of memory that can be expanded up to 256MB and a powerful front-end processor which is ahyperSPARC with a speed of 66/90/100 megahertz (MHz). Besides fluid dynamics, these high-speed computersystems were used in areas such as vision, medical imaging, signal processing, molecular modeling, neuralnetworks and finite element analysis. The latest variant of the PACE series is the PACE ++, a 128 node parallelprocessing system. With a front-end processor, it has a distributed memory and message passing system. UnderProject Chitra, the DRDO is implementing a system with a computational speed of 2-3 Teraflops utilizingcommercial off the shelf components and the Open Source Linux Operating System.

• Processors and other critical items: DRDO has developed a range of processors and application specific integratedcircuits for its critical projects. Many of these systems are modular, in the sense that they can be reused acrossdifferent projects. These include "Pythagoras processor" to convert cartesian to polar coordinates, ANUCO, afloating point coprocessor and several others, including the ANUPAMA 32-bit processor, which is being used inseveral DRDO projects.[49]

• Electronic components: one of the endeavours undertaken by the DRDO has been to create a substantial localdesign and development capability within India, both in the private and public sectors. This policy has led toseveral hard to obtain or otherwise denied items, being designed and manufactured in India. These includecomponents such as radar subsystems (product specific travelling wave tubes) to components necessary forelectronic warfare and other cutting edge projects. Today, there are a range of firms across India, which designand manufacture key components for DRDO, allowing it to source locally for quite a substantial chunk of itsprocurement. The DRDO has also endeavoured to use COTS (Commercial off the shelf) processors andtechnology, and follow Open Architecture standards, wherever possible, in order to pre-empt obsolescence issuesand follow industry practise. One significant example is the development of an Open Architecture computer forthe Light Combat Aircraft, based on the PowerPC architecture and VME64 standard. The earlier Missioncomputer utilizing Intel 486 DX chips has already seen success, with variants being present on the Su-30 MKI,Jaguar and MiG-27 Upgrades for the Indian Air Force.[50]

Defence Research and Development Organisation 12

Laser Science & Technology Centre (LASTEC)

DRDO is working on a slew of directed energy weapons (DEWs). LASTEC has identified DEWs, along with spacesecurity, cyber-security and hypersonic vehicles as focus areas in the next 15 years.[51]

The aim is to develop laser-based weapons, deployed on airborne as well as seaborne platforms, which can interceptmissiles soon after they are launched towards India in the boost phase itself. These will be part of the ballistic missiledefence system being currently developed by DRDO. LASTEC is developing a 25-kilowatt laser system to hit amissile during its terminal phase at a distance of 5–7 km.LASTEC is also working on a vehicle-mounted gas dynamic laser-based DEW system, under project Aditya, whichshould be ready in three years. Project Aditya is a technology demonstrator to prove beam control technology.Ultimately, solid-state lasers would be used.LASTEC projects include:Non-Lethal systems:

• Hand-held laser dazzler to disorient adversaries, without collateral damage. 50-metre range. Status: Ready.• Crowd-control dazzlers mounted on vehicles to dispel rioting mobs. 250-metre range. Status: Will take 2 more

years.• Laser-based ordnance disposal system, which can be used to neutralise IEDs and other explosives from a distance.

Status: Trials begin in 18 months.Lethal Systems:

• Air defence dazzlers to take on enemy aircraft and helicopters at range of 10 km. Status: Will take 2 more years.• 25-kilowatt laser systems to destroy missiles during their terminal phase at range of 5 to 7 km. Status: Will take 5

more years.• At least 100-kilowatt solid-state laser systems, mounted on aircraft and ships, to destroy missiles in their boost

phase itself. Status: Will take a decade.

Combat vehicles & engineering

Tanks and armoured vehicles

T-72 Ajeya of the Indian Army

• Ajeya upgrade (Sanskrit: Invincible): upgrade for the T-72 fleet,incorporating a mix of locally made and imported subsystems. 250have been ordered. Local systems include the DRDO developedERA, a DRDO developed laser warning system and combat netradio, the Bharat Electronics Limited advanced land navigationsystem consisting of fibre optic gyros and GPS, NBC protection andDRDO's fire detection and suppression system amongst other items.Imported systems include a compact thermal imager and fire controlsystem and a new 1000 hp engine.

• Anti-tank ammunition: DRDO developed the FSAPDS for the125 mm calibre, meant for India's T-72 tanks, the 120 mm FSAPDS and HESH rounds for the Arjun tank and105 mm FSAPDS rounds for the Army's Vijayanta and T-55 tanks.[52] Significant amounts of 125 mm anti-tankrounds manufactured by the Ordnance Factory Board were rejected. The problems were traced to improperpackaging of the charges by the OFB, leading to propellant leakage during storage at high temperatures. Thelocally developed rounds were rectified and requalified. Production of these local rounds was then restarted. Since2001, over 1,30,000 rounds have been manufactured by the OFB. The DRDO said in 2005 that it had developed a

Defence Research and Development Organisation 13

Mk2 version of the 125 mm round, with higher power propellant for greater penetration. In parallel, the OFBannounced in 2006 that it was also manufacturing 125 mm IMI (Israel Military Industries) rounds. It is believedthat this might assist in improving the OFB's APFSDS manufacturing capability. These rounds and presumablythe Mk2 round and will be used by both the T-72 and T-90 formations in the Indian Army.[53][54]

• Various armour technologies and associated subsystems from composite armour and explosive reactive armour toRadios (Combat Net Radio with frequency hopping and encryption) and Battle Management systems. Fire-controlsystems are currently in production at BEL for the Arjun tanks. The first batch in production have a hybridSagem-DRDO system, with Sagem sights and local fire control computer.[55]

• Arjun tank: The penultimate design was accepted by the Indian Army and is now in series production at HVFAvadi.

Arjun MBT

The Arjun follows a template similar to the tanks developed by westernnations, with containerised ammunition storage, with blast off panels,heavy Composite armour, a 120 mm gun (rifled as compared tosmoothbore on most other tanks), a modern FCS with high hitprobability and a 1400 horsepower (unknown operator:u'strong' kW) engine and a four man crew.Originally designed in response to a possible Pakistani acquisition ofthe M1 Abrams, the project fell into disfavour once it became clear thatPakistan was instead standardising on cheaper (and less capable) Ttype tanks . In such a milieu, acquiring the Arjun in huge numbers issimply unnecessary for the Indian Army, given the additional logistic costs of standardising on an entirely newtype.The Indian Army ordered 124 units in 2000 and an additional 124 units in 2010[56][57] and work on Mark-IIversion of the tank has commenced.[58]

Modification of BMP-2 series

India license manufactures the BMP-2 with local components. The vehicle has been used as the basis for severallocally designed modifications, ranging from missile launchers to engineering support vehicles. The DRDO and it'svarious labs have been instrumental in developing these mission specific variants for the Indian Army.• Armoured Engineering Reconnaissance Vehicle for enabling the combat engineers to acquire and record terrain

survey data. The instruments mounted on the amphibious vehicle are capable of measuring width of obstacle, bedprofile, water depth and bearing capacity of soil of the obstacle in real time which are helpful in taking decisionsregarding laying of tracks or building of bridges.[59]

• Armoured Amphibious Dozer with amphibious capability for earth moving operations in different terrain forpreparation of bridging sites, clearing obstacles and debris and to fill craters. Self-recovery of the vehicle is also abuilt-in feature using a rocket-propelled anchor.[60]

• Carrier Mortar Tracked: designed to mount and fire an 81 mm mortar from within vehicle. Capacity to fire from40° to 85° and traverse 24° on either side; 108 rounds of mortar ammunition stowed.[61]

•• Armoured Ambulance based on the BMP-2 vehicle.•• NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle: this variant has instrumentation for determining NBC contamination, as well as

bringing back samples. The vehicle includes a plow for scooping up soil samples, to instrumentation such as aradiation dosimeter amongst other key items.

Defence Research and Development Organisation 14

Other engineering vehicles

• Bridge Layer Tank: claimed by DRDO to be the amongst the best bridging systems available on a medium classtank. It has an option to carry a 20 metre or 22 metre class 70 MLC bridge, which can be negotiated by all tanksin service with Indian Army.

• Amphibious Floating Bridge and Ferry System intended for transporting heavy armour, troops and engineeringequipment across large and deep water obstacles. The vehicle can convert to a fully decked bridge configurationof 28.4 metres in length in 9 minutes. Two more vehicles can be joined in tandem to form a floating bridge of 105metres in length in 30 minutes. The bridge superstructure is integrated with floats to provide stability andadditional buoyancy. The vehicle is also capable of retracting its wheels for use as a grounded bridge/ramp forhigh banks.[62]

• Arjun Bridge Layer Tank: the BLT-Arjun is an all-new design with a scissor type bridge laying method, whichhelps it avoid detection from afar. It uses the chassis of the Arjun tank and can take higher weights than theBLT-72.[63]

• Sarvatra Bridge layer: the bridge can be deployed over water and land obstacles to provide 75 metres ofbridge-length for battle tanks, supply convoys and troops. The system consists of a light aluminum alloy scissorsbridge and was approved for production in March 2000 trials. One complete set of the multi span mobile bridgingsystem includes five truck-mounted units with a bridge-span of 15 metres each. The system is designed to take theweight of the Arjun MBT, by far the heaviest vehicle in the Army’s inventory. Microprocessor based controlsystem reduces the number of personnel required to deploy and operationalize the bridge. The bridging equipmentis carried on a Tatra Kolos chassis and the system is built by Bharat Earth Movers Ltd (BEML).[64]

• Mobile Decontamination System: with the NBC aspect of the battlefield in mind, the DRDO developed a Tatravehicle based Mobile Decontamination system for decontamination of personnel, clothing, equipment, vehicles &terrain during war. The main sub-systems of mobile decontamination system are: pre-wash, chemical wash andpost wash systems respectively. The pre-wash system consists of a 3000 litre stainless steel water tank and a fastsuction pump. A high-pressure jet with a capacity of 3400 l/hour and a low-pressure jet with a capacity of 900l/hour and 1600 l/hour are included. The chemical wash system is capable of mixing two powders and two liquidswith variable feed rates and has a five litre per minute slurry emulsion flow rate. The post wash system consists ofa high-pressure hot water jet, a hot water shower for personnel and provision of steam for decontamination ofclothing. The decontamination systems have been introduced into the services.[65] The system is under productionfor the Army at DRDO's partnering firms, with the DRDO itself manufacturing the pilot batch.[66]

• Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV)/DRDO Daksh: A tracked robotic vehicle with staircase climbing ability hasbeen developed and is particularly intended for remote explosion of explosive devices. The ROV is carried in aspecially designed carrier vehicle with additional armament and firing ports. The ROV itself is fairlysophisticated, with provision to carry various optronic payloads, an articulated gripper to pick up objects, anability to traverse difficult terrain including staircases, as well as an integral waterjet projector to blow upexplosive packages. It was formally inducted into Indian army's corps of engineers on 19 December 2011. TheIndian army placed a total order of 20 ROVs and 6 of them are now operational with army. Each unit cost aboutRs. 90 lakhs.[67][68]

In development

• Abhay IFV (Sanskrit: Fearless): an IFV design in prototype form. This IFV will have a 40 mm gun based on theproven Bofors L70 (Armour piercing and explosive rounds), a firecontrol system derived from the Arjun MBTproject with a thermal imager, all-electric turret and gun stabilization, a locally designed FLAME launcher forlocally manufactured Konkurs-M anti-tank missiles and an Indian diesel engine. The armour will be lightweightcomposite.

• Tank-Ex: a project to mount Arjun's turret on a T-72 chassis to combine high firepower with a low silhouette. This is a DRDO initiative and not a specific Army demand. Reports emerged in 2008 that the Indian Army has

Defence Research and Development Organisation 15

rejected the tank[69] with two prototypes built.•• Armoured vehicle for Paramilitary forces: a wheeled armoured vehicle, the AVP was displayed at Defexpo-2006.

The AVP has armoured glass windows and firing ports, as well as provision for heavier caliber small arms, andcrowd control equipment. Currently at prototype stage.

• Mining and De-mining equipment: the Self Propelled Mine Burier has been developed by the DRDO for arequirement projected by the Indian Army. It is an automated mine laying system developed on a high mobilityvehicle and is currently in trials. The Counter-Mine flail, is a vehicle built upon the T-72 chassis and has a seriesof fast moving flails to destroy mines. A prototype has been displayed.

Naval research and development

Sonars

DRDO, BEL and the Indian Navy have developed and productionized a range of sonars and related systems for theIndian Navy's frontline combat ships.

The Shivalik class of frigates contain significantDRDO developed systems

These include:• APSOH (Advanced Panoramic SOnar Hull mounted),• HUMVAD (Hull Mounted Variable Depth sonar),• HUMSA (Follow on to the APSOH series; the acronym HUMSA

stands for Hull Mounted Sonar Array),• Nagan (Towed Array Sonar),• Panchendriya (Submarine sonar and fire control system).Other sonars such as the airborne sonar Mihir are in trials, whilst workis proceeding apace on a new generation of sonars. Sonars may beconsidered one of DRDO's most successful achievements as the IndianNavy's most powerful ships rely on DRDO made sonars. The standardfit for a front line naval ship would include the HUMSA-NG hull mounted sonar and the Nagan towed array sonar.The Mihir is a dunking sonar meant for use by the Naval ALH, working in conjunction with its Tadpole sonobuoy.The Panchendriya is in production for the Kilo class submarine upgrades.[70][71][72]

Torpedoes

DRDO is currently engaged in developing multiple torpedo designs. These include a lightweight torpedo that hasbeen accepted by the Navy and cleared for production.[73]

Under development

• Shyena is an advanced experimental torpedo developed by the Naval Scientific and Technological Laboratory(NSTL), a DRDO wing. Development was started in 1990.

• NSTL Advanced Light Weight Torpedo[74]

• NSTL Varunastra Heavy Weight Torpedo[75]: The heavy weight wire-guided torpedo called Varunastra andThakshak thermal torpedo are suitable for use against both ships and submarines. The electrically poweredVarunastra is stated to be in production.

The DRDO also developed and productionised a microprocessor controlled triple tube torpedo launcher for theIndian Navy as well as a towed torpedo decoy.[76][77]

Defence Research and Development Organisation 16

Other projects

These have included indigenisation of various components (for instance, adsorbent material for submarines, radarcomponents, naval ship signature reduction efforts and materials technology). DRDO has played a significant role inthe development of warship grade steel in India and its productionisation. DRDO has also assisted private industry indeveloping EW trainers, ship simulators for training and health monitoring systems for onboard equipment. Otherequipment for the Navy includes underwater telephone sets, and VLF communication equipment, for the Navy'ssubmarines. DRDO's IRDE has also developed optronic fire control systems for the Navy's and the Coast Guard'sships.[78]

Information command and control systems

DRDO's labs have been part of projects to develop sophisticated command and control systems for the Navy, such asthe EMCCA (Equipment Modular for Command and Control Application) which ties together various sensors anddata systems. The EMCCA system gives commanders on the ship a consolidated tactical picture and adds to theship’s maritime combat power.[79]

DRDO labs are also engaged in supporting the Navy's ambitious naval enterprise wide networking system, aprogram to link all naval assets together via datalinks, for sharing tactical information.

Mines and targets

Three kinds of mines, processor based mine, moored mine and processor based exercise mine are in production forthe Navy. Targets developed for the Navy include a static target called the Versatile Acoustic target and a mobiletarget called the programmable deep mobile target (PDMT).

In development

•• A Submarine Escape set, used by crew to escape from abandoned submarines. The set consists of breathingapparatus and Hydro-suit.

•• New generation Sonars and EW equipment.•• Heavyweight torpedoes, underwater remotely operated vehicles, improved signature reduction technology for

naval applications.

Missile systems

Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP)

The IGMDP was launched by the Indian Government to develop the ability to develop and design a missile locally,and manufacture a range of missile systems for the three defence services.The program has seen significant success in its two most important constituents - the Agni missiles and the Prithvimissiles, while two other programs, the Akash SAM and the anti-tank Nag Missile have seen significant orders. TheTrishul missile, a program to develop a tri-service short range SAM faced persistent problems throughout itsdevelopment, and was shut down in 2007.

Prithvi ballistic missiles

The Prithvi (Sanskrit: Earth) missiles are a range of SRBMs produced for the Indian Air Force and Army; a variantfor the Navy has been deployed on Sukanya class patrol vessel. Another submarine launched variant known as theK-15 is under development. The Prithvi is an extremely accurate liquid fuelled missile with a range of up to 350 km.While relatively inexpensive and accurate, with a good payload, its logistics footprint is high, on account of it beingliquid fuelled.[80]

Defence Research and Development Organisation 17

Agni ballistic missiles

The Agni-II missile

The Agni (Sanskrit: Fire) missiles are a range ofMRBMs, IRBMs, ICBMs meant for long rangedeterrence. The Agni-III is the newest version which isgetting inducted into the armed forces and has range ofup to 5500 km (unknown operator: u'strong' mi).The Agni-I and Agni-II have been productionized,although exact numbers remain classified.

First trials of the Agni-III saw problems and the missiletest did not meet its objectives. The second test wassuccessful. Further tests of the Agni-III are planned tovalidate the missile and its subsystems, which includenew propellant and guidance systems, a new re-entryvehicle and other improvements.[81]

The Agni-V missile is an ICBM meant for long range deterrence. The Agni-V is the newest version and has thelongest range of up to 5000–6000 km. Agni-V would also carry Multiple Independent Re-entry Vehicles payloadsand will have countermeasures against Anti-ballistic missile systems. It was successfully test fired on 19th April2012. [82] The missile will utilize a canister and will be launched from it. Sixty percent of the missile will be similarto the Agni-III missile. Advanced technologies like ring laser gyroscope and accelerometer will be used in the newmissile.[83]

Akash SAM

The Akash (Sanskrit: Sky or ether) is a medium range surface to air missile system consisting of the commandguided ramjet powered Akash along with the dedicated service specific launchers, battery control radar (the RajendraBlock III), a Central Acquisition radar, battery and group control centers.[84].[85] The Akash project has yieldedspinoffs like the Central Acquisition radar and Weapon Locating radar.

Akash missile

The Akash system cleared its user trials with the Indian Air Force in2007. The user trials had the Akash intercept flying targets at ITR,Chandipur. The Akash missile successfully hit its targets in all of thetests.[86] The Indian Air force has since been satisfied with theperformance of the missile and ordered two squadrons of the Akash,with a squadron having eight launchers[87][88][89]

The Indian Air Force placed an order for an additional six squadrons ofthe Akash SAM in 2010, with an order of 750 missiles (125 persquadron).This order makes a total of a 1000 Akash SAMs on order forthe Indian Air Force for eight squadrons.[90]

In June 2010, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) placed an order of the Akash missile system, valued at 12500 crore (US$2.5 billion). Bharat Dynamics Ltd (BDL) will be the system integrator and nodal productionagency for the Akash Army variant.

Defence Research and Development Organisation 18

Trishul SAM

The Trishul (Sanskrit: Trident, the weapon of Shiva) is a short range SAM meant for the Indian Army, Air Force andNavy. The Trishul project relied on equipment already in service with the Indian services, to drive down logisticscosts, and reduce program development costs and development time. The Army variant, relied on a locally modifiedvariant of the Signaal (now Thales) Flycatcher radar, integrated into a single launcher with a four missile pack, alongwith separate electronics for missile guidance. The Air Force variant separated the missile launchers on Kolos Tatratrucks, locally manufactured by India's BEML. The Naval variant was the most ambitious, with a flight controlsystem with an integrated radar altimeter to intercept sea skimming missiles. The Trishul's guidance was CommandLine of Sight with a three beam guidance system, which proved to be the bane of the project and caused repeatedfailures during trials.Due to the Trishul's persistent development problems the Indian Air Force, the Indian Army and the Indian Navybegan upgrading their existing short range SAM systems or purchasing replacements.The Indian Air Force has sinceprocured batteries of the SPYDER SAM system [91] and the Indian Army is upgrading its OSA-AKM/ SA-8 systemswith Polish assistance.[92] The Indian Navy has also moved on to the Barak 1 system.[93]

The Trishul program was effectively closed down in 2006. It has been reported that key technologies developed inthe program may be utilized in future systems.[94] It has been reported that the experience gained from the Trishulprogram will be utilized for a brand new SAM known as the Maitri, which will be codeveloped with the EuropeanMBDA missile agency.[95]

Nag anti-tank missile

The Nag Anti-tank missile (Sanskrit: Cobra) is a guided missile system intended for the Indian Air Force and theIndian Army. The Army will deploy the Nag on ground based launchers and from helicopters, whereas the Air Forcewill rely on helicopter based units. The Nag has an Imaging Infrared (IIR) seeker and has a top and direct attackcapability, with a tandem warhead.The Army's land missile carrier and launcher, known as the Namica, carries several ready to use Nag missiles withinand four Nag missiles in an extendable launcher above the turret. The Namica has its own FLIR based sighting andfire control unit.[96]

Nag missile

The Air Force and Army will also use their Advanced Light helicopters(ALH) (HAL Dhruv) and the HAL Light Combat Helicopter (LHC) asNag carriers. The ALHs will be equipped with IRDE (DRDO)developed HELITIS (Heliborne Imaging and Targeting systems) with acombination of a FLIR and laser range finder in a stabilized turret fortarget acquisition and designation. The thermal imager is likely to beimported, but the gimballed turret, stabilization, laser range finder andassociated electronics have been designed in India and will bemanufactured locally.[97]

The Nag ATGM is regarded as a highly capable missile, even thoughits development has been protracted, mainly due to the technological challenges of developing a state of the art IIRsensor equipped top attack missile. The Nag is still cheaper than most imported missiles in its category and isearmarked for the Army and Air Force.The Nag anti-tank guided missile was cleared for production in July 2009 and there are uncorroborated reports sincethat it may be purchased by Tanzania, Botswana and Morocco.[98] The Nag will complement the existing Russian9M113 Konkurs Anti-tank guided missile and European missile MILAN in Indian usage, both of which aremanufactured under license by Bharat Dynamics Limited.

Defence Research and Development Organisation 19

Brahmos missile

Launched as a joint venture between India's DRDO and the Russian NPO, the BrahMos program aims at creating arange of missile systems derived from the Yakhont missile system. Named the "BrahMos" after the Brahmaputra andthe Moskva rivers, the project has been highly successful.

BrahMos

The Indian Navy has ordered the BrahMos Naval version, both slantlaunched and vertically launched, for its ships; the Indian Army hasordered two regiments worth of land-launched missiles for long rangestrike; and an air launched version is in development for the Indian AirForce's Su-30 MKIs and the Navy's Tu-142 long range aircraft.

The DRDO has been responsible for the navigational systems on theBrahMos, aspects of its propulsion, airframe and seeker, plus its FireControl Systems, Mobile Command posts and Transporter ErectorLauncher.[99][100]

The hypersonic Brahmos 2 is to be developed as a follow on to theoriginal Brahmos. The missile would still follow the guidelines of the MTCR but would fly at speeds of 5-7 Mach.

BrahMos I Block-III

An upgraded version of the 290 km range BrahMos supersonic cruise missile was successfully test fired by India on2 December 2010 from Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur off the Orissa coast."Block III version of BrahMos with advanced guidance and upgraded software, incorporating high manoeuvres atmultiple points and steep dive from high altitude was flight tested successfully from Launch Complex III of ITR," itsDirector S P Dash said after the test fire from a mobile launcher at 1100 hours. The 8.4 metre missile which can flyat 2.8 times the speed of sound is capable of carrying conventional warheads of up to 300 kg for a range of 290 km.It can effectively engage ground targets from an altitude as low as 10 metres for surgical strikes at terror trainingcamps across the border without causing collateral damage. BrahMos is capable of being launched from multipleplatforms like submarine, ship, aircraft and land based Mobile Autonomous Launchers (MAL). The Block IIIBrahMos has the capability of scaling mountain terrain and can play a vital role in precision strike in the northernterritories. The advanced cruise missile can fly close to the rough geographies and kill the target[101] A five yeardevelopment timeframe is anticipated.[102]

Shaurya

The Shaurya missile (Sanskrit: Valor) is a canister launched hypersonic surface-to-surface tactical missile developedby the Indian Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) for use by the Indian Armed Forces.Similar to the BrahMos, Shaurya is stored in composite canisters, which makes it much easier to store for longperiods without maintenance as well as to handle and transport. It also houses the gas generator to eject the missilefrom the canister before its solid propellant motors take over to hurl it at the intended target.Shaurya missiles can remain hidden or camouflaged in underground silos from enemy surveillance or satellites tillthey are fired from the special storage-cum-launch canisters.The Shaurya system will require some more tests beforeit becomes fully operational in two-three years. Moreover, defense scientists say the high-speed, two-stage Shauryahas high maneuverability which also makes it less vulnerable to existing anti-missile defence systems.It can be easily transported by road. The missile, encased in a canister, is mounted on a single vehicle, which hasonly a driver’s cabin, and the vehicle itself is the launch platform. This “single vehicle solution” reduces its signature– it cannot be easily detected by satellites – and makes its deployment easy. The gas generator, located at the bottomof the canister produces high pressure gas, which expands and ejects the missile from the tube.The centerpiece of a host of new technologies incorporated in Shaurya is its ring laser gyroscope (RLG) and accelerometer. The indigenous ring laser gyroscope, a sophisticated navigation and guidance system developed by

Defence Research and Development Organisation 20

the Research Center Imarat (RCI) based in Hyderabad is a highly classified technology.In test flights the RLG functioned exceptionally well. the RLG monitors the missile’s position in space when it isflying. The missile’s on-board computer will use this information and compare it with the desired position. Based onthe difference between the missile’s actual and desired positions, the computer will decide the optimum path and theactuators will command the missile to fly in its desired/targeted position. The third test of the RLG was successful on24 September 2011, reaching a speed of 7.5 mach. It is now ready for production.

Sagarika

The K-15 Sagarika is a nuclear-capable submarine-launched ballistic missile belonging to the K Missile family witha range of 750 kilometres (466 mi). Sagarika can carry a payload of up to 500 kilograms (1,102 lb). Sagarika wasdeveloped at the DRDO’s missile complex in Hyderabad.This missile will form part of the triad in India's nuclear deterrence, and will provide retaliatory nuclear strikecapability. The development of this missile (under the title Project K-15) started in 1991. The Indian governmentfirst confirmed Sagarika's development seven years later (1998), when the then Defence Minister, George Fernandes,announced it during a press conference.The development of the underwater missile launcher, known as Project 420 (P420), was completed in 2001 andhanded over to the Indian Navy for trials. The missile was successfully test fired six times, and tested to its full rangeup to three times. The test of missile from a submerged pontoon was conducted in February 2008.Sagarika is being integrated with India's nuclear-powered Arihant class submarines that began sea trials on the 26thof July 2009.

Sudarshan

India's first laser guided bomb, Sudarshan is the latest weapon system developed indigenously to occupy the niche ofa precision delivery mechanism. It can be fitted to a 1000 pound gravity bomb and can guide it to the target usinglasers with a CEP (Circular Error Probability) of 10 metres.

Prahaar Missile

Prahaar is a solid-fueled surface-to-surface guided short-range tactical ballistic missile developed by DRDO of India.It would be equipped with omni-directional warheads and could be used for hitting both tactical and strategic targets.It has a range of about 150 km. It was test-fired successfully on 21 July 2011 from the Integrated Test Range (ITR)at Chandipur.[103]

Plans

Long range SAM

India and Israel have worked out an agreement to develop and produce the long-range Barak 8 air defence system forboth the Indian and the Israeli militaries. The initial co-development funding is about US$350 million, of which IAIwill finance 50 per cent. The venture is a tripartite one, between the DRDO, the Indian Navy, and IAI. The missile isreferred to as the LRSAM in Indian Government literature, and will have a range of 72 km (unknown operator:u'strong' mi).[104][105] Israel Aircraft Industries refers to the system as Barak-8. IAI states that the missile will havea dual pulse motor, is vertically launched and is able to engage both aircraft and sea skimming missiles. It has a fullyactive seeker, and the Barak-8 Weapons system is capable of multiple simultaneous engagements. It will have a twoway datalink for midcourse update, as well as be able to integrate into larger C3I networks. The primary fire controlsensor for the naval Barak-8/LRSAM will be the ELTA MF-STAR Naval AESA radar which Israel claims to besuperior to many existing systems worldwide.[106][107][108] The dual pulse rocket motor for the SAM was developedby DRDO, and the prototypes were supplied to IAI for integration with IAI systems to develop the complete missile.

Defence Research and Development Organisation 21

The other variant of the LRSAM will be fielded by the Indian Air Force. Along with the Akash SAM, the LRSAMfills a longer range requirement and both types will complement each other. Each unit of the MR-SAM wouldconsist of a command and control center, with an acquisition radar, a guidance radar and 3 launchers with eightmissiles each.A 4-year, US$300 million System Design & Development phase to develop unique system elements and an initialtranche of the land-based missiles is estimated. The radars, C2 centers, TEL's and missiles will be codeveloped byIsrael and India. In turn, IAI and its Israeli partners have agreed to transfer all relevant technologies andmanufacturing capabilities to India allowing India to manufacture the LRSAM systems locally as well as supportthem. [109] The Barak-8 next generation long range surface to air missile (LR-SAM) had its first test-flight on 29May 2010.

Astra BVRAAM

Astra is a 80 km (unknown operator: u'strong' mi) class, active radar guided missile meant for beyond visualrange air to air combat. Several tests of the missiles basic propulsion and guidance have taken place from land basedlaunchers. Air launched trials will follow thereafter.[110]

Light weight launcher

DRDO has developed an indigenous 7 kg lightweight rocket launcher for the Indian army which will replace the14 kg Carl Gustav Mark-II launcher which is much heavier than the DRDO developed rocket launcher.The DRDOhas made extensive use of composites in its construction, resulting in the reduced weight.[111]

Anti-Ballistic Missile Defence Project

Unveiled in 2006, the ABM project was a surprise to many observers. While DRDO had revealed some details aboutthe project over the years, its progress had been marked by strict secrecy, and the project itself was unlisted, and notvisible among DRDO's other programs. The ABM project has benefited from all the incremental improvementsachieved by the DRDO and its associated industrial partners via the long-running and often contentious Akashmissile and Trishul missile programs. However, it is a completely new program, with much larger scope and withpredominantly new subsystems.

Prithvi Air Defense

The ABM project has two missiles—namely the AAD (Advanced AirDefence) and PAD (Prithvi Air Defence) missiles. The former is anendo-atmospheric interceptor of new design, which can intercepttargets to a height of 30 km (unknown operator: u'strong' mi).Whereas the latter is a modified Prithvi missile, dubbed theAxo-atmospheric interceptor (AXO) with a dedicated second stage killvehicle for ballistic missile interception, up to an altitude of 80 km(unknown operator: u'strong' mi).

Both these missiles are cued by an active phased array Long RangeTracking Radar, similar to the Elta GreenPine but made with locallydeveloped components, which include DRDO developed transmit/receive modules. The ABM system also makes useof a second radar, known as the Multi-Function Control Radar which assists the LRTR in classifying the target, andcan also act as the fire control radar for the AAD missile. The MFCR, like the LRTR is an active phased arraysystem.The entire system was tested in November 2006, under the Prithvi Air Defence Exercise, when a prototype AXOmissile,successfully intercepted another Prithvi missile at a height of 50 km (unknown operator: u'strong' mi).Thistest was preceded by an "electronic test" in which an actual target missile was launched, but the entire interceptorsystem was tested electronically, albeit no actual interceptor was launched. This test was successful in its entirety.

Defence Research and Development Organisation 22

The AAD Missile was tested on December 2007 which successfully intercepted a modified Prithvi missilesimulating the M-9 and M-11 class of ballistic missiles. Interception happened at an altitude of 15 km (unknownoperator: u'strong' mi).[112]

GATET engine

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has launched a 100 crore (US$20 million) projectin R&D in the area of gas turbines, a DRDO official said on April 2010. Under the initiative of DRDO's AeronauticsResearch and Development Board, R&D projects, which need investment in the region of 50 lakh (US$99750) to 5 crore (US$1 million), would be considered for funding. GTRE was the nodal agency to spearhead this venture,called GATET[113][114][115]

Anti-satellite weapon

India had identified development of ASAT weapons "for electronic or physical destruction of satellites in both LEO(2,000-km altitude above earth's surface) and the higher geosynchronous orbit" as a thrust area in its long-termintegrated perspective plan (2012–2027) under the management of DRDO.[116]

References[1] http:/ / www. gistconvention. org/ pdf/ drdo. doc[2] :: India Strategic ::.. Indian Defence News: India�s Defence Budget 2011-12 (http:/ / www. indiastrategic. in/ topstories960. htm)[3] http:/ / www. drdo. org[4] John Pike. "Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)" (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ india/ drdo. htm).

Globalsecurity.org. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[5] "MoD Announces Major DRDO Restructuring Plan | Defense & Security News at DefenseTalk" (http:/ / www. defencetalk. com/

mod-announces-major-drdo-restructuring-plan-26384/ ). Defencetalk.com. 2010-05-17. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[6] "defence.professionals" (http:/ / www. defpro. com/ news/ details/ 15208/ ). defpro.com. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[7] (http:/ / www. nti. org/ e_research/ profiles/ India/ Missile/ 1931. html)[8] LCA workcenters (http:/ / www. ada. gov. in/ Lcaworkcentres/ lcaworkcentres. html)[9] "Indian Army orders twelve Nishants" (http:/ / intellibriefs. blogspot. com/ 2005/ 02/ indian-army-is-buying-12-nishant-uav. html).

Intellibriefs.blogspot.com. 2005-02-12. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[10] "Gallery of Dhruv, Nishant and armoured vehicles with detailed captions at" (http:/ / www. acig. org/ artman/ publish/ article_416. shtml).

Acig.org. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[11] Augmenting capabilities, unmanning the sky, pdf file (http:/ / www. drdo. com/ dpi/ SAsiaDefnStraRev_. pdf)[12] List of products designed by DEBEL (http:/ / www. drdo. org/ labs/ dls/ debel/ achieve. shtml)[13] INSAS vs AK47 vs M16? (http:/ / www. worldaffairsboard. com/ showpost. php?p=147444& postcount=53)[14] World Affairs Board - View Single Post - INSAS vs AK47 vs M16? (http:/ / www. worldaffairsboard. com/ showpost. php?p=121272&

postcount=26)[15] World Affairs Board - View Single Post - INSAS vs AK47 vs M16? (http:/ / www. worldaffairsboard. com/ showpost. php?p=147906&

postcount=55)[16] "`Modernisation is a continuous process in OFB'" (http:/ / www. flonnet. com/ fl2006/ stories/ 20030328002409400. htm). Flonnet.com. .

Retrieved 2010-08-31.[17] "DEFEXPO 2004 - Part 5" (http:/ / www. acig. org/ artman/ publish/ article_420. shtml). Acig.org. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[18] (http:/ / www. hinduonnet. com/ 2001/ 08/ 13/ stories/ 0213000p. html)[19] "tribuneindia... Nation" (http:/ / www. tribuneindia. com/ 1998/ 98sep14/ nation. htm). Tribuneindia.com. 1998-09-14. . Retrieved

2010-08-31.[20] "Defence Research and Development Organisation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" (http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/

Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation). En.wikipedia.org. 2010-05-29. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[21] DRDO Laboratory Develops Powerful, Light, Compact CL-20 Explosive | India Defence (http:/ / aeroindia. org/ reports-4852)[22] (http:/ / www. deccanherald. com/ deccanherald/ aug042004/ s11. asp)[23] "Defence scientists plan artillery rockets with 100-km range" (http:/ / www. thehindubusinessline. com/ 2005/ 09/ 18/ stories/

2005091800620500. htm). Thehindubusinessline.com. 2005-09-18. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[24] "Ordnance Factory Board" (http:/ / ofbindia. gov. in/ products/ data/ ammunition/ mb/ 11. htm). Ofbindia.gov.in. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[25] "Ordnance Factory Board" (http:/ / ofbindia. gov. in/ products/ data/ ammunition/ mb/ 14. htm). Ofbindia.gov.in. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[26] "Ordnance Factory Board" (http:/ / ofbindia. gov. in/ products/ data/ ammunition/ lc/ 9. htm). Ofbindia.gov.in. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[27] (http:/ / www. drdo. org/ labs/ arma/ arde/ achieve. shtml)

Defence Research and Development Organisation 23

[28] "Ordnance Factory Board" (http:/ / ofbindia. gov. in/ products/ data/ weapons/ wme/ 1. htm). Ofbindia.gov.in. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[29] "Ordnance Factory Board" (http:/ / ofbindia. gov. in/ products/ data/ weapons/ wlc/ 3. htm). Ofbindia.gov.in. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[30] "Ordnance Factory Board" (http:/ / ofbindia. gov. in/ products/ data/ ammunition/ fz/ 6. htm). Ofbindia.gov.in. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[31] "Indian Ordnance Factories: Ammunition, Explosives, Propellants & Chemicals" (http:/ / ofbindia. gov. in/ index. php?wh=A-E-P-C&

lang=en). Ofbindia.gov.in. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[32] "Indian President Abdul Kalam presenting a model of the Samyukta to the then Army chief, NC Vij at its induction ceremony" (http:/ /

www. hinduonnet. com/ thehindu/ gallery/ 0082/ 008210. jpg). . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[33] Samyukta and Samrat: DRDO’s indigenously integrated EW system,ForceIndia june issue (http:/ / www. forceindia. net/ feature8. asp)[34] "Sujav System visible in the background, image copyright Army Recognition" (http:/ / www. armyrecognition. com/ Asie/ Inde/ Exhibition/

Defexpo_2004_India/ pictures/ DefExpo_2004_View_India_04. jpg). . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[35] "Tarang RWR, image copyright acig.org" (http:/ / www. acig. org/ artman/ uploads/ in_rwr_001. jpg). . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[36] Indra-I radar, image copyright Bharat Rakshak (http:/ / www. bharat-rakshak. com/ LAND-FORCES/ Army/ Images/ 0145. jpg)[37] Rajendra Radar, image copyright Bharat Rakshak and DRDO (http:/ / www. bharat-rakshak. com/ MISSILES/ Images/ Rajendra. jpg)[38] "JPEG image of the 3D CAR, image copyright Acig.org" (http:/ / www. acig. org/ artman/ uploads/ os_car_001. jpg). . Retrieved

2010-08-31.[39] 12 Nov, 2008, 10.55PM IST,PTI (2008-11-12). "IAF modernisation" (http:/ / economictimes. indiatimes. com/ PoliticsNation/

IAF_going_through_stage_of_modernisation_Major/ articleshow/ 3705906. cms). Economictimes.indiatimes.com. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[40] Source: (2005-02-08). "BFSR orders and export push" (http:/ / finance. indiainfo. com/ news/ 2005/ 02/ 08/ 0802aerobel. html).

Finance.indiainfo.com. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[41] "BEL to export anti-infiltration radar to Indonesia" (http:/ / www. hinduonnet. com/ holnus/ 001200708060340. htm). Hinduonnet.com.

2007-08-06. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[42] SV-2000 radar, image copyright DRDO (http:/ / www. drdo. org/ labs/ electronics/ lrde/ images/ ALH Radar. jpg)[43] "Details of LRTR from 2004" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2005/ 04/ 15/ stories/ 2005041509810400. htm). Chennai, India: Hindu.com.

2005-04-15. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[44] "LLLR Specifications" (http:/ / media. bharat-rakshak. com/ aero/ main. php?g2_itemId=1355). Media.bharat-rakshak.com. 2007-01-18. .

Retrieved 2010-08-31.[45] "WLR prototype, image copyright Bharat Rakshak" (http:/ / www. bharat-rakshak. com/ IAF/ Images/ main. php?g2_itemId=2333).

Bharat-rakshak.com. 2007-01-18. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[46] "Aircraft for AWACS to be chosen by the IAF" (http:/ / www. blonnet. com/ 2006/ 01/ 25/ stories/ 2006012501641500. htm). Blonnet.com.

2006-01-25. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[47] ACCS specifications and details at Bharat-Rakshak (http:/ / www. bharat-rakshak. com/ LAND-FORCES/ Army/ Reg-Art. html)[48] "Report from 1995 on the initial PACE system" (http:/ / www. hpcwire. com/ archives/ 5465. html). Hpcwire.com. 1995-05-04. . Retrieved

2010-08-31.[49] "ANUPAMA processor" (http:/ / www. electronicsforu. com/ electronicsforu/ articles/ hits. asp?id=1106). Electronicsforu.com. . Retrieved

2010-08-31.[50] LCA avionics (http:/ / www. ada. gov. in/ Activities/ avionics/ avionics. html)[51] http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ india/ DRDOs-next-Star-Wars-like-weapons/ articleshow/ 6248942. cms#ixzz3qGVfeigT DRDO’s

next: Star Wars-like weapons - The Times of India article[52] (http:/ / www. drdo. com/ products/ images/ fsapds2. jpg)[53] Press Trust Of India / New Delhi 3 October 2005 (2005-10-03). "OFB manufacturing new 125 mm round from IMI" (http:/ / www.

business-standard. com/ bsonline/ storypage. php?autono=219530). Business-standard.com. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[54] MOD Annual Report from 2006 with details on new DRDO projects delivered, including new 125 mm MK2 FSAPDS (http:/ / mod. nic. in/

reports/ MOD-English2006. pdf) [PDF File][55] BEL IGMS Specifications (http:/ / www. bel-india. com/ Website/ StaticAsp/ prod_tank1. htm)[56] "A picture of the Arjun MBT" (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ india/ images/ arjun-mbt-pic1. jpg). . Retrieved

2010-08-31.[57] "Gallery of armoured vehicles at" (http:/ / www. acig. org/ artman/ publish/ article_416. shtml). Acig.org. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[58] Press Information Bureau English Releases (http:/ / pib. nic. in/ release/ release. asp?relid=61808)[59] "AERV handed over to the Army" (http:/ / www. blonnet. com/ 2005/ 11/ 14/ stories/ 2005111401961300. htm). Blonnet.com. 2005-11-14. .

Retrieved 2010-08-31.[60] Image of the AAD, copyright DRDO (http:/ / www. drdo. com/ labs/ combat/ rde/ images/ aad. jpg)[61] Image of the CMT, copyright PIB (http:/ / www. pib. nic. in/ photo/ 2006/ Jan/ l200601267169. jpg)[62] AFFS, Image copyright PIB, Bharat Rakshak (http:/ / www. bharat-rakshak. com/ LAND-FORCES/ Army/ Images2/ 0571. jpg)[63] "The BLT Arjun followed by the AFFS, Image copyright Rediff.com" (http:/ / specials. rediff. com/ news/ 2006/ jan/ 26sld4. jpg). .

Retrieved 2010-08-31.[64] "Complete text relating to the Sarvatra available at the Bharat Rakshak Monitor" (http:/ / www. bharat-rakshak. com/ MONITOR/

ISSUE4-5/ kapoor. html). Bharat-rakshak.com. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[65] (http:/ / www. bharat-rakshak. com/ LAND-FORCES/ Army/ News/ 2002/ 02-Jun. html)[66] (http:/ / www. drdo. org/ labs/ combat/ vrde/ achieve. shtml)

Defence Research and Development Organisation 24

[67] "Mobile robots for disposal of IEDs" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ city/ pune/ Mobile-robots-for-disposal-of-IEDs/ articleshow/11173186. cms). The Times of India. 2011-12-20. . Retrieved 20 December 2011.

[68] ROV Development, Indian Defence Ministry press release from December 2006 (http:/ / pib. nic. in/ release/ release. asp?relid=22955)[69] (http:/ / www. military-today. com/ tanks/ tank_ex. html)[70] "Article on DRDO's NPOL" (http:/ / www. hinduonnet. com/ thehindu/ mp/ 2005/ 02/ 28/ stories/ 2005022801070100. htm).

Hinduonnet.com. 2005-02-28. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[71] "Article on DRDO's sonars" (http:/ / www. hinduonnet. com/ mp/ 2002/ 12/ 30/ stories/ 2002123000230200. htm). Hinduonnet.com.

2002-12-30. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[72] Beas specifications with HUMSA (http:/ / www. bharat-rakshak. com/ NAVY/ Brahmaputra. html)[73] No Page Found (http:/ / www. khaleejtimes. com/ DisplayArticle. asp?xfile=data/ subcontinent/ 2006/ April/ subcontinent_April1022. xml&

section=subcontinent& col)[74] Naval Science and Technological Lab (http:/ / www. drdo. org/ labs/ nr& d/ nstl/ achieve. shtml)[75] The Hindu news article: AEMs for Navy (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2007/ 08/ 17/ stories/ 2007081762271600. htm)[76] Product list at the DRDO's NSTL laboratory (http:/ / drdo. com/ labs/ nr& d/ nstl/ achieve. shtml)[77] "NSTL's Heavy and lightweight electrically propelled torpedoes are under production" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2006/ 11/ 08/ stories/

2006110802241300. htm). Chennai, India: Hindu.com. 2006-11-08. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[78] DRDO's Naval Materials Lab (http:/ / www. drdo. com/ labs/ nr& d/ nmrl/ achieve. shtml)[79] Rahul Singh, TNN, 7 September 2005, 05.34pm IST (2005-09-07). "Article on EMCCA" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/

articleshow/ msid-1223686,curpg-2. cms). Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[80] Government approves more Prithvi missiles for Air Force (http:/ / www. india-defence. com/ reports/ 1493)[81] The Road to Indian Missile Development (http:/ / www. defenceindia. com/ def_common/ road_missile_development. html)[82] India plans to test fire Agni 5 in March 2012 (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ india/

India-plans-to-test-fire-Agni-5-says-scientific-advisor-to-defence-minister/ articleshow/ 11875733. cms)[83] "Agni-V design completed; to be test-fired in 2010" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2008/ 11/ 27/ stories/ 2008112759741200. htm). Chennai,

India: Hindu.com. 2008-11-27. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[84] http:/ / www. akashsam. com[85] (http:/ / www. bharat-rakshak. com/ MISSILES/ Akash. html)[86] DRDO report on Akash (http:/ / www. drdo. com/ bnews/ jan08/ akash_test. htm)[87] Ajai Shukla / Hyderabad 23 January 2008 (2008-01-23). "Missile mission meets target" (http:/ / www. business-standard. com/ common/

news_article. php?leftnm=lmnu2& subLeft=1& autono=311447& tab=r). Business-standard.com. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[88] "Indian air force to induct indigenous SA missiles_English_Xinhua" (http:/ / news. xinhuanet. com/ english/ 2007-12/ 27/ content_7322275.

htm). News.xinhuanet.com. 2007-12-27. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[89][89] www.akashsam.com[90] "Missile boost for BEL" (http:/ / www. business-standard. com/ india/ news/ missile-boost-for-bel/ 84783/ on). Business-standard.com.

2010-02-03. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[91] "VL MICA Short range Air Defence system" (http:/ / www. army-technology. com/ projects/ vlmica/ ). Army-technology.com. . Retrieved

2010-08-31.[92] "Army to upgrade OSA-AK system" (http:/ / cities. expressindia. com/ fullstory. php?newsid=164503). Cities.expressindia.com.

2006-01-07. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[93] "Navy defends Barak deal" (http:/ / www. hinduonnet. com/ thehindu/ 2001/ 04/ 05/ stories/ 01050008. htm). Hinduonnet.com. 2001-04-05.

. Retrieved 2010-08-31.[94] TNN, 18 October 2006, 02.39am IST (2006-10-18). "Trishul gets another lease of life" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/

msid-2191764,curpg-1. cms). Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[95] "Maitri LLQRM" (http:/ / www. domain-b. com/ aero/ 20070319_develop. htm). Domain-b.com. 2007-03-20. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[96] Nag ATGM (http:/ / www. bharat-rakshak. com/ MISSILES/ Nag. html)[97] HELITIS on a helicopter mockup (http:/ / www. bharat-rakshak. com/ IAF/ Images/ Special/ AeroIndia2003/ Indoor-LCH04. jpg)[98] IANS. "India seeks to boost military exports to Gulf" (http:/ / www. siliconindia. com/ shownews/

India_seeks_to_boost_military_exports_to_Gulf___-nid-18916. html). SiliconIndia.com. .[99] India makes the world's fastest cruise missile, BrahMos (http:/ / www. the-week. com/ 23dec21/ events2. htm)[100] "BrahMos to roll out of Keltec unit in three years, hypersonic version under development" (http:/ / www. domain-b. com/ defence/

def_prod/ 20071231_hypersonic. html). domain-b.com. 2007-12-31. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[101] "The Hindu News Update Service" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ thehindu/ holnus/ 001200801282240. htm). Chennai, India: Hindu.com.

2008-01-28. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[102] 31 Dec, 2007, 12.42AM IST,PTI (2007-12-31). "Brahmos-2 to be inducted in five years- Politics/Nation-News-The Economic Times"

(http:/ / economictimes. indiatimes. com/ News/ PoliticsNation/ Brahmos-2_to_be_inducted_in_five_years/ articleshow/ 2663196. cms).Economictimes.indiatimes.com. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.

[103] Mallikarjun, Y. (2011-07-03). "India all set to test new short-range tactical missile" (http:/ / www. thehindu. com/ news/ national/article2154015. ece). The Hindu (Chennai, India). .

Defence Research and Development Organisation 25

[104] "India, Israel tie up on next-gen Barak missiles" (http:/ / www. expressindia. com/ fullstory. php?newsid=62510). Expressindia.com.2006-02-07. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.

[105] "Annual Reports of the Indian Ministry of Defence" (http:/ / www. mod. nic. in). Mod.nic.in. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[106] "Israel Aerospace Industries Ltd" (http:/ / www. iai. co. il/ Default. aspx?FolderID=34408& lang=en). Iai.co.il. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[107] "EL/M-2248 MF-STAR Naval Multi-Mission Radar" (http:/ / www. defense-update. com/ directory/ mf-star. htm). Defense-update.com. .

Retrieved 2010-08-31.[108] "Barak-8 MR-SAM Program" (http:/ / www. defense-update. com/ products/ b/ barak8. htm). Defense-update.com. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[109] 12-Nov-2009 17:03 EST (2009-11-12). "India & Israel Introducing MR-SAM" (http:/ / www. defenseindustrydaily. com/

india-israel-introducing-mr-sam-03461/ ). Defense Industry Daily. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[110] ASTRA BVRAAM at Bharat Rakshak, copyright Arun Vishwakarma (http:/ / www. bharat-rakshak. com/ MISSILES/ Astra. html)[111] (http:/ / merachandigarh. in/ chandigarh-news/ defence-research--development-organisation-develops-lightweight-. html) Defence

Research and Development Organisation develops lightweight rocket launcher for Indian Army[112] (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2007/ 12/ 07/ stories/ 2007120750160100. htm) Interceptor missile test-fired[113] "Sakaal Times" (http:/ / www. sakaaltimes. com/ SakaalTimesBeta/ 20100407/ 4998555801521496313. htm). Sakaal Times. 2010-04-07. .

Retrieved 2010-08-31.[114] "SahilOnline English News:: Rajdhani derails near Kolkata, sabotage not ruled out - Reflection of the TRUTH" (http:/ / www. sahilonline.

org/ english/ news. php?catID=statenews& nid=7777). Sahilonline.org. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[115] "MACHINIST - DRDO launches Gas Turbine Enabling Technology Initiative [GATET] at GTRE" (http:/ / machinist. in/ index.

php?option=com_content& task=view& id=2688& Itemid=2). Machinist.in. 2010-04-08. . Retrieved 2010-08-31.[116] Rajat Pandit, TNN, 25 May 2010, 02.00am IST (2010-05-25). "India to gear up for 'star wars' - India - The Times of India" (http:/ /

timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ India/ India-to-gear-up-for-star-wars/ articleshow/ 5970384. cms). Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. . Retrieved2010-08-31.

External links• The Official Website of DRDO (http:/ / www. drdo. org/ )• DRDO on Globalsecurity.org (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ india/ drdo. htm)• DRDO on Federation of American Scientists (http:/ / www. fas. org/ nuke/ guide/ india/ agency/ drdo. htm)• Defence Scientific Information and Documentation Centre (DESIDOC) (http:/ / www. drdo. com/ labs/ desidoc/

historical_background. html)• DRDO's Electronics and Radar Development Laboratory (http:/ / www. drdo. org/ labs/ electronics/ lrde/ achieve.

shtml)• DRDO: Media's whipping boy (http:/ / in. rediff. com/ news/ 2005/ jan/ 19spec2. htm), DRDO: A stellar success

(http:/ / in. rediff. com/ news/ 2005/ jan/ 19spec2. htm), What's behind the DRDO bashing (http:/ / www. rediff.com/ news/ 2005/ jan/ 20spec1. htm)

• PDF on DRDOs varied projects (http:/ / www. iisc. ernet. in/ insa/ ch31. pdf)• Army Chief compliments DRDO for positive achievements (http:/ / www. india-defence. com/ reports/ 2614)

Videos• India's Defense Research and Development - Part 1 (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=HMhXD_Hl0cs)• India's Defense Research and Development - Part 2 (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=-dggKEP-1aA)

Article Sources and Contributors 26

Article Sources and ContributorsDefence Research and Development Organisation  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=498073740  Contributors: Ajay ijn, Alansohn, Alren, Altenmann, Anir1uph, Ansumang,Archerblack, Ardfern, Arjun024, Arunram, Asd36f, Ashok07, Askari Mark, BD2412, Bcs09, Betacommand, Bharatgopal, BilCat, Capricorn42, Chackojoseph, Chaitanya.lala, Chanakyathegreat,Chitresh verma, Chris the speller, Cloudaoc, CommonsDelinker, Confession0791, Cybercobra, DBigXray, Danno uk, Deepak, Deepak D'Souza, Deepakaviator, Degen Earthfast, Dewritech,DexDor, DieBuche, Download, Draxible, Drbreznjev, Dudewheresmywallet, Edward, Ekabhishek, Eliteforce, Euchiasmus, Evrannamgrjaya, Fayenatic london, Fconaway, Fightingfalcon2005,Flayer, Gaius Cornelius, Garion96, Gene Nygaard, Giraffedata, Gnusbiz, Ground Zero, Harman malhotra, IndianGeneralist, Indianarmedforce, Jaydec, John Broughton, John of Reading,Jonoikobangali, Jovianeye, Kai Ojima, Kalkibhagwan, Kaushal mehta, Kjramesh, Klemen Kocjancic, Krellis, Kurykh, KuwarOnline, Lightmouse, LogicDictates, Logicalthinker33, Lokantha,Lordeaswar, Lost-theory, Lostintherush, Lugturn33, MKar, Mais oui!, Marcus Qwertyus, Mark83, Materialscientist, Mboverload, Mcoupal, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mindtubes, Mittal.fdk, Mr. XYZ,Murtasa, Navin Shetty Brahmavar, NeetuBarmecha21, Nil pat13, Nuclearram, Patrix ppp, PaulHanson, Peroxwhy2gen, Pyrop, R'n'B, Ragib, Rainforests, Rajkiran g, Raju.dlrl, Ramesh vyas,Ramesh vyas-1, Ravivasista, Restname, Rjwilmsi, Rsrikanth05, Rueben lys, S3000, Sachinkilkile, Salamurai, Sandeep patalay, Sardanaphalus, Sayondas4, Seaphoto, Shadowjams, Shyamsunder,Smsarmad, Sniperz11, Sophus Bie, Soumabratabiswas, Spartan-James, Spellmaster, Sukh, SunCreator, Suri 100, Sushilkumarmishra, Tambrahm, Telugujoshi, TheGerm, Themfromspace,Theugly cowboi, Thiseye, Thisthat2011, Tikiwont, Tinucherian, Trakesht, Túrelio, Ujjwol, Varlaam, VishalB, Vyom25, Wee Curry Monster, Whizkidd, Wknight94, Xcoolanurag, Xtreme.stars,Yourdeadin, Zahid Abdassabur, Zuhayer171288, Δ, आशीष भटनागर, 396 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:Indian Rupee symbol.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Indian_Rupee_symbol.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: OrionistImage:DRDO Bhawan2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DRDO_Bhawan2.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was आशीष भटनागर aten.wikipediaImage:Photograph1.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Photograph1.JPG  License: Copyrighted free use  Contributors: Amit SharmaImage:DRDO Bhawan.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DRDO_Bhawan.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:आशीष भटनागरFile:Light Combat Aircraft.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Light_Combat_Aircraft.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: -Image:Rustom RC model1.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rustom_RC_model1.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:Kaushal mehta (talk)Image:INSAS rifle (Browngirl06).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:INSAS_rifle_(Browngirl06).jpg  License: Public domain  Contributors: en:User:Browngirl06File:BFSR-SR with thermal imager.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BFSR-SR_with_thermal_imager.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Contributors: Arun Vishwakarma, Webmaster, www.Bharat-Rakshak.com ( en). Uploaded by User:Sniperz11File:WLR Mockup.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WLR_Mockup.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5  Contributors: Sniperz11File:T-72 Ajeya.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:T-72_Ajeya.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Vivek PatankarFile:Arjun MBT bump track test.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arjun_MBT_bump_track_test.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5  Contributors:Ajai Shukla, uploaded by User:Sniperz11File:Shivalik long shot.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Shivalik_long_shot.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5  Contributors: Ajai Shukla, uploaded byUser:Chanakyathegreat ( en)Image:Agni-II missile (Republic Day Parade 2004).jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Agni-II_missile_(Republic_Day_Parade_2004).jpeg  License: Agência Brasil Contributors: Antônio Milena (ABr)File:Akash SAM.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Akash_SAM.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Frontier India Defense andStrategic News ServiceFile:Nag with NAMICA Defexpo-2008.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nag_with_NAMICA_Defexpo-2008.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Contributors: Ajai Shukla, uploaded by User:Sniperz11File:BrahMos.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BrahMos.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: anuragFile:PAD integration.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PAD_integration.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5  Contributors: Ajai Shukla, uploaded byUser:Sniperz11

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/