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Anna Evely 28/01/09 looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers
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Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

Jul 14, 2015

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Page 1: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

Anna Evely 28/01/09

looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

Page 2: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

overview

• what are conservation projects that involve volunteers?

• why look at conservation projects that involve volunteers?

• choosing methods when crossing disciplines: taking an integrative approach

• how might participation be linked to attitudes?

• how might participation be linked to social learning?

Page 3: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

what is participation?

“participation is about social and political equality by giving power to

those who do not have power”Arnstein 1969

Page 4: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

Projects involving participation

• co-management• adaptive co-management

Page 5: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

participatory projects/co-management

Pomeroy & Berkes 1997

Level of government influence on decisions

centralised consultative co-operative delegated de-centralised

Co-management

Page 6: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

Adaptive co-management

Page 7: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

why is researching volunteer participation important?

• sustainability in a changing world• ecological and social systems are

integrated• we need to promote resilience• a paradigm shift?

Further reading at Resilience Alliance web page: http://rs.resalliance.org/

Page 8: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

Sustainability in a changing world?

• most environmental planning assumes the future will be like the past– Conservation efforts– Disaster preparedness– etc.

• in this context, sustainability is a relatively straightforward concept– The reference state is well known

• BUT--how do we sustain systems in a directionally changing world?

Page 9: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

Chapin et al. 2006

If external controls change substantially, social-ecological systems will inevitably change

Page 10: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

close connection between ecology and cultureIf we change ecology, what happens to culture?

Athabascan

InuitTaiga

Tundra

Coastal forest

Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian

Yupik

Vegetation Map Native PeoplesAleut

Mimi Chapin

Page 11: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

Forest loss 1990 -2000Wood/paper imports 2002Human poverty 2002

Absolute wealth 2002

Page 12: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

resilience

From Panarchy

Page 13: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

Buzz….

- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XX5qJaJDjSs

Page 14: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

a new management paradigm?

Biodiversity, livelihoods, & adaptive capacity

Species composition & ecosystem structure

Resources of concern

Incorporate disturbance in management

Minimize disturbance probability and impact

Disturbance response

Actor who responds to and shapes social-ecological change

Decision maker who sets course of sustainable management

Role of manager

Actions maximize flexibility to adapt to an uncertain future

Research reduces uncertainty before taking action

Role of uncertainty

Social-ecological benefits

Ecological integrityCentral goal

Trajectory of changeHistoric conditionReference point

Ecosystem StewardshipSteady-State Ecosystem

Management

Characteristic

Page 15: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers
Page 16: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

For example…

The Cairngorms Water Vole Project

Page 17: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

taking a transdisciplinary approach

Tress, Tress & Fry, 2005

Page 18: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers
Page 19: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

local stewards of the Cairngorms National Park

Page 20: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

local stewards of the Cairngorms National Park

Page 21: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

local stewards of the Cairngorms National Park

Page 22: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

local stewards of the Cairngorms National Park

Page 23: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

what method suits social-ecological research?

• philosophy/epistemology• different methods of the social

sciences…

Evely et al. 2008

Page 24: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

domains of knowledge

social scientific natural scientific

community

Page 25: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers
Page 26: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

world depending on media portrayal

Page 27: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

a framework for social science methodology

philosophical assumptions and stances–assumptions about:

• the nature of the social world (ontology)• the nature of social knowledge• objectivity and subjectivity

– the role of values, context and contingency (uncertainty) in social knowing

– the “mental model” of the inquirer (Denis Phillips, 1995)

Page 28: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

Qualitative vs. Quantitative

• quantitative methods are associated with empirical, positivist research– statistical analysis, describing pop.

samples

• qualitative research is associated with ‘anti-positivist’ philosophies, such as subjectivism, nominalism, etc.– textual records

Get a research method: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WDo7jwikqqI

Page 29: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

choice of Method

a researcher must have awareness of philosophical approach (e.g. positivist or subjectivist) within which to work, and must then

determine which method is most appropriate for the kind of data they

wish to collect

Page 30: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

co-authorship network for sustainability science

Resilience(from ecology)

Adaptation(from anthropology)

Vulnerability(from geography)

Janssen et al. 2006

Page 31: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

Activity to select methodology using Evely et al.. 2008 framework………

Page 32: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

how might participation be linked to attitudes?

“attitudes” are both cognitive and emotional elements that allow personal evaluation

Page 33: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

working Definition of Social Learning ….

increased awareness and understanding of multiple perspectives leading to an increase in connections and negotiation for joint action in the sustainable use and management of resources, including natural resources, within catchments

implies:• transformation of multiple cognitive systems into a

shared cognitive system• an iterative process of knowledge co-production

between actors involved in social interactions • working with and actively exploring multiple

perspectives• a dynamic process

Page 34: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

Pahl-Wostl et al. 2006

Page 35: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

simply ….

Be Skinny

Be a crook like Tony Soprano

Be a Jackass

Page 36: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

how might participation be linked to social learning?

stakeholders learn from each other through the development of new relationships, building on existing relationships and transforming relationships with those of different views. Individuals build trust in one another.

this increases the likelihood of finding solutions to complex problems and working together in the future

Reed 2008

Page 37: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

Review• what are conservation projects that involve volunteers? Co-management/adaptive co-management

• why look at conservation projects that involve volunteers? For sustainability and resilience

• choosing methods when crossing disciplines: taking an integrative approach…

involve philosophies and different methods

• how might participation be linked to attitudes? attitudes and participation are likely to be linked to one

another, understanding attitudes may help us get to resilience

• how might participation be linked to social learning? Through co-management conflict may be reduced and projects

may be more resilient

Page 38: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

Cited Articles

• Arnstein, S., (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners 35 216–224

• Chapin, F.S., Zavaleta, E.S., Eviner, V.T., Naylor, R.L., Vitousek, P.M., Reynolds, H.L. et al. (2000). Consequences of changing biodiversity. Nature, 405, 234–242.

• Evely, A. C., I. Fazey, M. Pinard, and X. Lambin. 2008. The influence of philosophical perspectives in integrative research: a conservation case study in the Cairngorms National Park. Ecology and Society 13(2): 52.

• Gunderson L, Holling CS, editors. 2001. Panarchy: understanding transformations in human and natural systems. Washington(DC): Island Press

• Janssen, M.A., Schoon, M.L., Ke, W., Börner, K., 2006. Scholarly networks on resilience, vulnerability and adaptation within the human dimensions of global environmental change. Global Environmental Change 16, in press, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.001.

• Pahl-Wostl, C., M. Craps, A. Dewulf, E. Mostert, D. Tabara, and T. Taillieu. 2007. Social learning and water resources management. Ecology and Society 12(2): 5.

• Phillips, D. C. (1995). The good, the bad, and the ugly: The many faces of constructivism. Educational Researcher, 24(7), 5-12

• Pomeroy R.S. and F. Berkes, Two to tango: the role of government in fisheries co-management, Marine Policy 21 (1997), pp. 465–480

• Reed, M. S. 2008. Stakeholder participation for environmental management: A literature review. Biological Conservation Vol. 141, Issue 10, pp. 2417-2668

• Tress, G., Tress, B., Fry, G. (2005) "Clarifying integrative research concepts in landscape ecology" Landscape Ecol. 20: 479-493

Page 39: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

Other reading

A useful handbook on community participation is by Evans, K. et al. Field Guide to the Future: Four ways for communities to think ahead. [online] URL:

http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BCronkleton0601.pdf

A useful book to help illustrate other ways of thinking: The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time (Paperback) by Mark Haddon (Author)

Page 40: Dr. Anna Evely. Looking at conservation projects that engage with volunteers

Some good online talksCo-management/adaptive co-managementFikret Berkes on adaptive co-management:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_2yJ89QoZ8

ResilienceBuzz Holling on Resilience:

http://www.stockholmresilience.org/seminarandevents/seminarandeventvideos/buzzhollingresiliencedynamics.5.30c78e2811e644991e780006770.html

philosophies and different methodsNeil Adger on social science in resilience:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WMWY0oyJ4JQ

Social LearningVaried speakers on social learning: http://resilience.qbrick.com/view.aspx?id=24