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Disaster Reconstruction in Japan: Lessons Learned from the Kobe Earthquake Asian Disaster Reduction Asian Disaster Reduction Center Center Senior Researcher Senior Researcher Etsuko Tsunozaki Etsuko Tsunozaki SAR Regional Conference on Hazard Risk Management 19-20 December 2006, New Delhi, India
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Disaster Reconstruction in Japan: Lessons Learned from the Kobe Earthquake

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SAR Regional Conference on Hazard Risk Management 19-20 December 2006, New Delhi, India. Disaster Reconstruction in Japan: Lessons Learned from the Kobe Earthquake. Asian Disaster Reduction Center Senior Researcher - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Page 1: Disaster Reconstruction in Japan: Lessons Learned from the Kobe Earthquake

Disaster Reconstruction in Japan: Lessons Learned from

the Kobe Earthquake

Asian Disaster Reduction CenterAsian Disaster Reduction Center Senior Researcher Senior Researcher Etsuko TsunozakiEtsuko Tsunozaki

SAR Regional Conference on Hazard Risk Management 19-20 December

2006, New Delhi, India

Page 2: Disaster Reconstruction in Japan: Lessons Learned from the Kobe Earthquake

Scale : Magnitude 7.3

Seismic intensity : 7 on Japanese scale

Epicenter : South Hyogo (North Awaji Isl.)

Dead : 6,433 people

Financial damage : $ 87 billion (2.5% of GDP)

Evacuees : 316,678 people at peak

Evacuation centers : 1,153 locations

Completely/ Half destroyed : 249,180 bld’gs

Seismic

intensity7

Damage by the Great Hanshin-Awaji EarthquakeOccurred at 05:46 on 17 January, 1995

Page 3: Disaster Reconstruction in Japan: Lessons Learned from the Kobe Earthquake

•Started 4 days after the disaster

•Adopted in July 1995

•Targeted completion: 2005   •Targeted areas:

10 cities and 10 towns 

The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Reconstruction Plan  

Hyogo Phoenix Plan

Page 4: Disaster Reconstruction in Japan: Lessons Learned from the Kobe Earthquake

Creative Reconstruction ---Better than pre-quake--

●Harmonious Coexistence between People & Nature/Society

Five pillars

Creation of a WELFARE society tailored for the 21st centuryCreation of a CULTURALLY rich society open to the worldCreation of a society where existing INDUSTRIES grow and new INDUSTRIES flourish Creation of a DISASTER-RESISTANT metropolis where people can live with confidence URBAN DEVELOPMENT with multi-centered network-type metropolitan area

Hyogo Phoenix Plan

Page 5: Disaster Reconstruction in Japan: Lessons Learned from the Kobe Earthquake

Lesson 1Delay of First Response

Damaged Headquarters Local Government

Command System was initially paralyzed

Destroyed almost all traffic system

Telecommunication, even satellite telecommunication systems were cut off

It took three days to grasp the entire damage

Page 6: Disaster Reconstruction in Japan: Lessons Learned from the Kobe Earthquake

Countermeasure 1

Establishment of the Cabinet Information Collection Center

Enhanced Governmental System - Minister of State for Disaster Management - Chief Cabinet Secretary for Crisis

ManagementDevelopment of Disaster Information

System (DIS) - Early Estimation System

- Emergency Measure Support System

Page 7: Disaster Reconstruction in Japan: Lessons Learned from the Kobe Earthquake

Lesson 2Absence of Coordination among

Relevant Organizations

Damage was too large for local governments to cope with

Local governments could not request the National government or other agencies to help because their headquarters themselves were paralyzed

Medical cooperation was not effective enough

Page 8: Disaster Reconstruction in Japan: Lessons Learned from the Kobe Earthquake

Countermeasure 2Nation Wide Support System for Disaster Emer

gency Response

- National Police Agency, Fire and Disaster

Management Agency, Coast Guard and

Self Defense Forces

- Inter-Prefectural Support Agreement

- Medical Transportation Action Plan

- Designation of Emergency Hospitals

- Designation of Heliports

Page 9: Disaster Reconstruction in Japan: Lessons Learned from the Kobe Earthquake

Lesson 3Lack of Preparedness

80 % were killed by collapsed buildingsMost damaged buildings did not comply

with the building code “Building Standard Law” revised in 1981 (most of them were old buildings built before this revision)

Fire broke out and spread at old wooden houses densely built up area

Page 10: Disaster Reconstruction in Japan: Lessons Learned from the Kobe Earthquake

Countermeasure 3Seismic Building Retrofitting Act (1995)

To promote seismic retrofitting of existing vulnerable buildings

- Subsidy - - Seismic diagnosis of buildings

2/3 of the cost, shared by national and local governments

- Seismic retrofitting of large buildings 13% of the cost, shared by both

- Seismic retrofitting of houses in dense residential areas

(from 2002) 15% of the cost, shared by both

Page 11: Disaster Reconstruction in Japan: Lessons Learned from the Kobe Earthquake

In Japan, 21 mil. houses were built before 1981 (out of 44 mil) 14 mil. Houses are not seismic resistant:

needs reinforcement

<Data from building survey in Central Kobe: 923bldgs> 100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%-1971   1972-

811982-

Slight/No Damage

Moderate/Minor

Collapse/Ser. Dmg

<Index>

35%(17) 12%

(5)8% (3)

40%

31%

16%

25%

57%

75%

(Collapse)

Building Damage by Construction Date

Page 12: Disaster Reconstruction in Japan: Lessons Learned from the Kobe Earthquake

Lesson 4Importance of Community and Volunteer

Most people were rescued by local community 1.4 million volunteers rush to damaged area to

support victims

Volunteers were really helpful and useful especially in the fields of medical, architecture, welfare, logistics specialist etc.

Disaster vulnerable people, elderly, children,..

Page 13: Disaster Reconstruction in Japan: Lessons Learned from the Kobe Earthquake

Countermeasure 4

Participating rate in VDR groups (%)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Time

Support system for Volunteer Activity

• Designating January 17 as “Disaster Management and Volunteer Day”• The Law to Promote Specific Nonprofit Activities • Promotion of Community Self Defense Organizations

Page 14: Disaster Reconstruction in Japan: Lessons Learned from the Kobe Earthquake

Lesson 5Need for Assistance in Livelihood Restoration

44% of death casualty: over 65 years old

More women than men killed:

2,713 men vs. 3,680 women*Destruction of communities: resulted

in more than 200 lonely deaths without terminal care by their families

*Source: Hyogo Prefecture

Page 15: Disaster Reconstruction in Japan: Lessons Learned from the Kobe Earthquake

Countermeasure 5• Revision of Compensation Framework• Revision of Local Tax Law• Fund of 900 billion yen (9 billion US$) was

established in April 1995• New Support Framework

- Livelihood Restoration Fund Loans- Increased Rent Subsidies- Assistance for voluntary activities, events to revitalize shopping

arcades, community building, etc.

Page 16: Disaster Reconstruction in Japan: Lessons Learned from the Kobe Earthquake

Lesson 6Importance of Urban Planning

Page 17: Disaster Reconstruction in Japan: Lessons Learned from the Kobe Earthquake

Countermeasure 6 Live in Harmony with Nature: understand

the nature (dangerous slopes, active faults, etc.)

Water and Greenery: part of infrastructure Decentralization of Urban Functions Balanced Transportation System: alternate

routes Urban Infrastructure (ensure public space:

roads, parks, public squares, etc.) Fire & Earthquake Resistant Buildings Life lines: fail-safe approach

Page 18: Disaster Reconstruction in Japan: Lessons Learned from the Kobe Earthquake

Lesson 7Transfer of Lessons

Importance of Sharing Information, Knowledge, Lessons and Experience on the Earthquake

Importance of Education in Disaster Reduction

Importance of Research in Disaster Reduction

Importance of Citizen Centered and Active Community

Page 19: Disaster Reconstruction in Japan: Lessons Learned from the Kobe Earthquake

Countermeasure 7• Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Memorial, Disaster Reduction and Human Renovation Institution (DRI)

• Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC)

• UN/OCHA

• UNCRD (UN Centre for Regional Development)

• EDM (Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research Center, NIED)

• WHO Kobe Center

• JICA Hyogo International Center

• Disaster Medical Center

• IRP (International Recovery Platform)

Page 20: Disaster Reconstruction in Japan: Lessons Learned from the Kobe Earthquake

Thank You for Your Attention!

http://www.adrc.or.jp