Disaster Mitigation in Health Facilities: Wind Effects Nonstructural Issues
Mar 28, 2015
Disaster Mitigationin Health Facilities:
Wind EffectsNonstructural Issues
Disaster Mitigationin Health Facilities:
Wind EffectsNonstructural Issues
22
Nonstructural elements to consider Nonstructural elements to consider when assessing vulnerabilitywhen assessing vulnerabilityNonstructural elements to consider Nonstructural elements to consider when assessing vulnerabilitywhen assessing vulnerability
•Façades•Roof covers•Parapets•Chimneys•Plaster•Glass windows•Attachments (signs, antennae,etc)
•Ornaments•Canopies•Railings•Doors and exit routes
•Medical equipment•Industrial equipment
•Supplies•Office equipment
•Medical and industrial gases
•Air conditioning•Electrical generator•Hydraulic networks•Electric networks
ARCHITECTURAL EQUIPMENT BASIC INSTALLATIONS
33
• Previous experiencePrevious experience• Visual inspectionVisual inspection• Data collectionData collection• Non-destructive testsNon-destructive tests• Mathematical modelsMathematical models• Structural analysis and designStructural analysis and design• Wind tunnel analysisWind tunnel analysis• Retrofitting recommendationsRetrofitting recommendations• EqEquipment classificationuipment classification
Nonstructural vulnerability Nonstructural vulnerability assessment methodsassessment methodsNonstructural vulnerability Nonstructural vulnerability assessment methodsassessment methods
44
Standards and codes must Standards and codes must cover components and cover components and claddingscladdings
The trend for international standards The trend for international standards is to adopt and adapt the ASCE-7 is to adopt and adapt the ASCE-7 approach for components and approach for components and claddings.claddings.
55
Design pressure for components and Design pressure for components and cladding and design force for special cladding and design force for special and open structures (ASCE-7)and open structures (ASCE-7)
Towers, signs, tanks, Towers, signs, tanks, silossilos
p = qh [(GCp) - (GCpi)]
F = qzGCf Af
Design pressureDesign pressure
Design forceDesign force
66
Indispensable: Equipment that can not easily or economically be
replaced and is essential for the provision of
health services.
Essential: Similar to indispensable equipment, except that
it can be replaced easily or
cheaply.
Hazardous: Equipment that can injure people and
damage objects.
Chaotic: Equipment whose failure may cause disruption
to its environs.
Functional: Equipment that is not used for emergency
health care.
Criteria for equipment Criteria for equipment classificationclassificationCriteria for equipment Criteria for equipment classificationclassification
77
Hipped roof recommended Hipped roof recommended over flat roofover flat roofHipped roof recommended Hipped roof recommended over flat roofover flat roof
88
Gabled roof with slopes of Gabled roof with slopes of 20 to 30 degrees are 20 to 30 degrees are preferred against hurricanespreferred against hurricanes
Gabled roof with slopes of Gabled roof with slopes of 20 to 30 degrees are 20 to 30 degrees are preferred against hurricanespreferred against hurricanes
PLAN ISOMETRIC
Hatched area indicateswhere more frequent
fixings are required
Gabled roof
99
Connection details between Connection details between metal sheet roof and purlinsmetal sheet roof and purlins
Metal sheet fixings andpurlin-to-rafter connection
Spacer block
Self-tapping screw
Metal sheeting
purlin
Galvanized hurricane strapfixed to rafter and purlin
Rafter
Ridge connection
Valley connection
1010
Typical connection system Typical connection system between metal sheet roof and between metal sheet roof and masonry wallmasonry wall
Typical connection system Typical connection system between metal sheet roof and between metal sheet roof and masonry wallmasonry wall
1111
Nonstructural elementsNonstructural elementsare not designed to resist are not designed to resist direct loadsdirect loads
Failure of an unreinforced Failure of an unreinforced masonry wall without an masonry wall without an adequate base anchorageadequate base anchorage
Failure of an unreinforced Failure of an unreinforced masonry wall without an masonry wall without an adequate base anchorageadequate base anchorage
1212
Shutters protect against Shutters protect against the penetration of flying the penetration of flying objects and waterobjects and water
1313
For a hospital it is essential to have For a hospital it is essential to have protection against penetration of protection against penetration of windborne debris and waterwindborne debris and water
1414
Anchorage of protective shutters Anchorage of protective shutters on outside wallson outside walls
1515
Anchorage system of shutters Anchorage system of shutters on interior columnson interior columns
1616
Exterior doors must be protected Exterior doors must be protected against internal and external pressures against internal and external pressures through adequate anchoragesthrough adequate anchorages
1717
Window deformations due to Window deformations due to the impact of windborne the impact of windborne debrisdebris
1818
Impact of windborne debris against Impact of windborne debris against louvre windowslouvre windows
1919
An unprotected window is An unprotected window is vulnerable in the event of a vulnerable in the event of a hurricanehurricane
2020
Roll-up or permanent shutters are Roll-up or permanent shutters are the best way to protect windows the best way to protect windows against hurricanesagainst hurricanes
2121
Permanent window shutter detailsPermanent window shutter details
ELEVATION
Storm shutter in open position
when closedSurface bolts to secure
PLAN
fixed to frameShutter panels
2222
Housing chamber for
ELEVATION
CROSS SECTION
Shutter guide
roll-up shutter
Details of roll-up Details of roll-up shuttershutter
2323
Adequate anchorage of hospital Adequate anchorage of hospital equipment will ensure equipment will ensure continuous servicecontinuous service
2424
An example of good An example of good anchorage on exterior anchorage on exterior hospital equipmenthospital equipment
2525
Exterior equipment should be Exterior equipment should be anchored with special bandsanchored with special bands
2626
External oxygen and gas External oxygen and gas tanks should not be loosetanks should not be loose
2727
Correct anchorage of external Correct anchorage of external oxygen and gas tanks to wallsoxygen and gas tanks to walls
2828
Restraints and fasteners Restraints and fasteners for larger external for larger external equipmentequipment
Restraints and fasteners Restraints and fasteners for larger external for larger external equipmentequipment
2929
Failure of a metallic roof cover Failure of a metallic roof cover and an unreinforced masonry and an unreinforced masonry wallwall
3030
Metal sheet roof of a health center Metal sheet roof of a health center was destroyed by hurricane-force was destroyed by hurricane-force windswinds
3131
Damage to the faDamage to the faççade due to ade due to failure of a neighboring buildingfailure of a neighboring building
3232
A roof from a structure A roof from a structure located 100 m away was located 100 m away was violently thrown by the violently thrown by the strong winds of a hurricanestrong winds of a hurricane
Windborne debris on a Windborne debris on a structurestructure
3333
Impact of windborne debris on a Impact of windborne debris on a plywood hurricane shutterplywood hurricane shutter
3434
Windborne debris perforates Windborne debris perforates shutter and glass behind itshutter and glass behind it
3535
Health center damaged by a water Health center damaged by a water tank thrown by hurricane windstank thrown by hurricane winds
Pan American Health Organization, 2005
These slides have been made possible through the financial support of the Disaster Preparedness Program of the Humanitarian Aid Office, ECHO (DIPECHO-III)
Ph: (809) 567-9271Fax: (809) [email protected]
Grupo de Estabilidad Estructural (Ge2) / INTECAve Los Próceres, GaláApdo 349-2Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic