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DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY FUNDAMENTALS
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Digital Photography Fundamentals : Aperture, Shutter Speed and Perspective

Aug 10, 2014

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This is a presentation which explores the functions of your digital camera. It shows examples of aperture, shutter speed, and perspective.
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Page 1: Digital Photography Fundamentals :  Aperture, Shutter Speed and Perspective

DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY FUNDAMENTALS

Page 2: Digital Photography Fundamentals :  Aperture, Shutter Speed and Perspective

“The important thing is not the camera but the eye.” – Alfred Eisenstaed

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GETTING STARTED

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DIGITAL SLR CAMERA

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DIGITAL POINT & SHOOT CAMERA

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WHAT IS A DIGITAL CAMERA?

Digital camera ミ A camera that captures the photo not on film, but in an electronic imaging sensor that takes the place of film.

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WHAT IS AN SLR?

SLR - Single Lens Reflex - Means the camera has a viewfinder that sees through the lens (TTL) by way of a 45°-angled mirror that flips up when the shutter fires and allows the light to strike the image sensor (or film).

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NOW WHAT?? HAS EVERYONE READ YOUR CAMERA MANUAL??

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CAMERA MENU FUNCTIONS

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FIND THESE ON YOUR CAMERA

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NIKON CAMERA CONTROLS

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WHICH ONE?

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SCENE MODES

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PROGRAM

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CHARACTERISTICS OF PROGRAM MODE

Aperture and shutter speed are set by the camera, but can be shifted using the control dial, with the exposure staying the same

Unlocks some other settings in your camera that gives you more control over the final image : ISO setting, white balance, exposure compensation

Great for quickly getting a photograph without having to think too hard about settings

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TV-SHUTTER PRIORITY

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CHARACTERISTICS OF TV MODE

TV means time value

Shutter priority lets you set the shutter speed and calculates the matching aperture

Use when photographing moving subjects, such as some sporting action, you might want to choose a faster shutter speed to freeze the motion

Capture movement as a blur of the subject, like a waterfall, and choose a slower shutter speed

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AV-APERTURE PRIORITY

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CHARACTERISTICS OF AV MODE

AV means aperture value Manually control the aperture while the camera sets

the matching shutter speed Particularly useful to control a stationary object where

you don’t need to control the shutter speed Choosing a larger aperture (f/stop) means the lens will

get smaller and it will let less light in so a larger depth of field (more of the area in focus), but your camera will choose a faster shutter speed and vice versa

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MANUAL

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CHARACTERISTICS OF MANUAL MODE

Full control over camera settings such: shutter speed, aperture, ISO, white balance and exposure compensation

Gives you the flexibility to set your shots the way you want them to be

Can result in creative and non-traditional exposures

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PORTRAIT MODE

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CHARACTERISTICS OF PORTRAIT MODE

An automatic mode with emphasis on settings for a perfect portrait shot.

The ability of the camera to detect if there are faces in the image and to ensure they are all in focus

Sets a wide aperture of the lens so that the background behind your subject is softly focused (shallow depth of field)

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LANDSCAPE MODE

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CHARACTERISTICS OF LANDSCAPE MODE

Narrows the aperture, so both the subject and background stay sharp (deep depth of field)

Foreground, middle ground, and background are all in focus

Exposure compensation for entire frame

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MACRO/CLOSE-UP MODE

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CHARACTERISTICS OF MACRO MODE

An automatic mode with emphasis on settings for close-up photography

Commonly used to photographing flowers, insects and other small items

Somecameras may be able to focus when the lens is less than an inch away from the subject

Creates a very shallow depth of field

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SPORTS MODE

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CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTION/SPORTS MODE

Represented by an icon of a sprinter, this is perfect for taking pictures of moving objects

Also good for shooting children or pets in action Can give you higher shutter speeds to stop action,

along with a smaller aperture so that more of the action will be in focus

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NIGHT PORTRAIT MODE

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CHARACTERISTICS OF NIGHT PORTRAIT MODE

Usually symbolized by a figure against a dark sky with a star

Fires the flash to illuminate a nearby subject and then holds the shutter open long enough for the background to be exposed

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FLASH

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FLASH

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CHARACTERISTICS OF FLASH MODE

Auto- Flash Off Flash On (mandatory flash, useful for filling in shadows

when shooting in daylight) Auto + Red-eye reduction- Flash On + Red-eye reduction Soft Flash (Diffused flash) Slow-sync flash (Second-curtain flash)

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USE THE FLASH TO STOP MOTION

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OR TO ILLUMINATE DARK AREAS

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SLOW SYNC FLASH

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DIFFERENT WAYS TO MAKE A GOOD PHOTOGRAPH

Control exposure Aperture Shutter speed ISO

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EXPOSURE TRIANGLE

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UNDERSTANDING EXPOSURE THE WINDOW EXAMPLE Imagine your camera is like a window with shutters that open and

close. Aperture is the size of the window. If it’s bigger more light gets

through and the room is brighter. Shutter Speed is the amount of time that the shutters of the window

are open. The longer you leave them open the more that comes in. Now imagine that you’re inside the room and are wearing sunglasses

(hopefully this isn’t too much of a stretch). Your eyes become desensitized to the light that comes in (it’s like a low ISO)

.There are a number of ways of increasing the amount of light in the room (or at least how much it seems that there is. You could increase the time that the shutters are open (decrease shutter speed), you could increase the size of the window (increase aperture) or you could take off your sunglasses (make the ISO larger)

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APERTURE

The aperture of a lens is the diameter of the lens opening

The larger the diameter of the aperture, the more light reaches the film / image sensor

Aperture is expressed as F-stop, e.g. F2.8 or f/2.8

The smaller the F-stop number (or f/value), the larger the lens opening (aperture) (inverse relationship)

Controls depth of field

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APERTURE

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F-STOPS

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IS THIS SHALLOW D.O.F?

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IS THIS?

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SHALLOW OR DEEP D.O.F.?

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Depth of Field EXERCISE Pick a partner Stand away from your partner Take a photograph of their face only with your lens

unzoomed Zoom in and shoot but only fill the frame with their

entire face again See the difference in depth of field

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SHUTTER SPEED

Page 59: Digital Photography Fundamentals :  Aperture, Shutter Speed and Perspective

SHUTTER SPEED

Shutter speed is the amount of time that the shutter is open

Shutter speed is measured in seconds – or in most cases fractions of seconds

It is not in isolation from the other two elements of the Exposure Triangle (aperture and ISO)

Long shutter causes blur and fast shutter freezes motion

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Shutter speed is used to stop action 1/1000 sec

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Or shutter speed can blur motion1/15 sec

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FAST OR SLOW SHUTTER SPEED?

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FAST OR SLOW?

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SHUTTER SPEED EXERCISE

Everyone pick a partner Step outside the classroom Capture an image of action (jumping, spinning, etc.) Stop the action with a fast shutter speed Blur the action with a slow shutter speed

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ISO SETTINGS

ISO speed ミ A rating of a film's sensitivity to light. Though digital cameras don't use film, they have adopted the same rating system for describing the sensitivity of the camera's imaging sensor. Digital cameras often include a control for adjusting the ISO speed; some will adjust it automatically depending on the lighting conditions, adjusting it upwards as the available light dims. Generally, as ISO speed climbs, image quality drops.

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ISO SETTINGS

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Characteristics of ISO

Low light conditions use higher ISO Action shots use a higher ISO Keep ISO lower in bright light The higher the ISO number the more noise is

generated in your photograph When you enlarge your image you can see the noise

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FIND YOUR WB BUTTON

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WHITE BALANCE

The process of removing unrealistic color casts, so that objects which appear white in person are rendered white in your photo

Takes into account the "color temperature" of a light source, which refers to the relative warmth or coolness of white light

Needs to be adjusted under various light sources: tungsten, fluorescent, sunlight, cloudy, etc

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ADJUST WHITE BALANCE?

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ADJUST WHITE BALANCE?

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WHITE BALANCE EXERCISE

Pick something or someone and take photographs of them while adjusting the WB on your camera to it’s various settings

Notice the difference in lighting

Page 81: Digital Photography Fundamentals :  Aperture, Shutter Speed and Perspective

TAKE A CLOSER LOOK AT YOUR CAMERA CONTROLS

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VIEWFINDER MENU

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FOCUS MODES

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SELF TIMER

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CAMERA MENUS

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CAMERA MENUS

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WHAT MAKES A DIGITAL PHOTO?

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Pixel ミ Picture Element: digital photographs are comprised of thousands or millions of them; they are the building blocks of a digital photo.

Page 90: Digital Photography Fundamentals :  Aperture, Shutter Speed and Perspective

CHOOSE JPEG or RAW

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uncompressed (an 8 megapixel camera will produce a 8 MB Raw file) the complete (lossless) data from the camera’s sensor higher in dynamic range (ability to display highlights and shadows) lower in contrast (flatter, washed out looking) not as sharp not suitable for printing directly from the camera or without post

processing waiting to be processed by your computer

RAW

Page 92: Digital Photography Fundamentals :  Aperture, Shutter Speed and Perspective

JPEG compressed fairly small in file size (an 8 megapixel camera will

produce JPEG between 1 and 3 MB’s in size) lower in dynamic range higher in contrast and sharper immediately suitable for printing, sharing, or posting on

the web processed by your camera

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Page 94: Digital Photography Fundamentals :  Aperture, Shutter Speed and Perspective

PROS AND CONS

RAW files are bigger and take more space on your memory card

RAW files need post production RAW files are better quality RAW files give you much more control over how the

image will look Better for professional photographers

Page 95: Digital Photography Fundamentals :  Aperture, Shutter Speed and Perspective

JPEG files are smaller in size and take less space to store JPEG files do not need any post production JPEG files loose richness, detail (sharpness), color range JPEG files give you less ability to control the final image Better for snapshots

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FIND YOUR EV

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EV-EXPOSURE COMPENSATION

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CHARACTERISTICS OF EV

EV means exposure value The range over which you can manually over or

underexpose to lighten or darken the image Usually, the range of adjustment goes from +2 to -2

EV in 1/3 steps

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Page 100: Digital Photography Fundamentals :  Aperture, Shutter Speed and Perspective

AEB- AUTOMATIC EXPOSURE BRACKETING

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CHARACTERISTICS OF AEB

The camera automatically takes three or more shots with a different exposure for each frame

One image at the camera measured exposure, a second at a negative exposure compensation (usually -1/3 EV, though some cameras allow you to specify the amount), and a third at a positive exposure compensation (usually +1/3 EV, though some cameras allow you to specify the amount)

Useful option for taking HDR scenes

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VIEWING MENU

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IMAGE METADATA

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HISTOGRAMS

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HISTOGRAM

Simple graph that displays where all of the brightness levels contained in the scene are found, from the darkest to the brightest

Displays a photographs dynamic range In camera light meter

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READING THE HISTOGRAM

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HIGH KEY

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LOW KEY

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WHAT MAKES A GREAT PHOTOGRAPH?

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MAKE GREAT PHOTOGRAPHS

THOUGHTFUL TIMING COMPOSITION (RULE OF THIRDS) PERSPECTIVE

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PHOTOGRAPHS CREATE MEANING

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SNAPSHOP VS. PHOTOGRAPH

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RULE OF THIRDS

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RULE OF THIRDS

Refers to the placement of the subject within the frame of your photograph

Places the main subject off center and away from the center of the frame. As a result, photos can look more dynamic and interesting

Place points of interest in the intersections or along the lines

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PLACE OBJECTS AT INTERSECTIONS

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RULE OF THIRDS

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PERSPECTIVE

Perspective is the way that an object appears to the eye

Dependent on focal length and picture angle Creative way of looking at your photographic subject Example ALEXANDER RODCHENKO, BILL BRANDT,

HENRI CARTIER-BRESSON

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PERSPECTIVE

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PERSPECTIVE

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IMPROVE YOUR SKILLS Practice photography on a regular basis Avoid common photographic mistakes like over

exposure, under exposure, or blur Look at photographs of others to inspire Read your manual and learn about your camera

functions Learn better compositional techniques Don’t be afraid to experiment

Page 123: Digital Photography Fundamentals :  Aperture, Shutter Speed and Perspective

PERSPECTIVE EXERCISE

Find an object/subject Shoot 36 different ways (using rules of perspective and

composition) Get creative with angles 30 minutes

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COOL PHOTOGRAPHY QUOTES

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A LITTLE ABOUT ME… B.A. & M.F.A. Photography Professor of photography/online lecturer TRAVEL & FREELANCE photographer Worked in Brazil, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Hong Kong,

Macau, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico and Central America, Canada, Europe (all over) and USA

www.inthefray.org www.favelite.com Paris Metro Project with Brazil www.alexandracopley.com www.taquerias.blogspot.com www.youramexica.blogspot.com book called ‘Transmigrants’

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THANKS! Connect with me! TWITTER, FACEBOOK, FRIENDFEED (ALEXANDRA COPLEY)

www.twitter.com/alexandracopley www.facebook.com/alexandracopley www.alexandracopley.com