Difference relationship independence goodness of fit (practice)

Practice Problems

Differentiating Between

Difference Relationship

Goodness of FitIndependence

Problem #1

Some of your fellow school counselors feel that students who request to be in the same lunch period as their friends tend to perform worse academically. You collect the names of all students who make this request and then take an average of their GPAs to determine which group performs better.

First, you must determine if it is a question of difference, relationship, independence, or goodness of fit.

Advance the slide to see the [email protected]

Some of your fellow school counselors feel that students who request to be in the same lunch period as their friends tend to perform worse academically. You collect the names of all students who make this request and then take an average of their GPAs to determine which group performs better.

First, you must determine if it is a question of difference, relationship, independence, or goodness of fit.

Which is it?

Advance the slide to see the answer

Relationship IndependenceGoodness of

FitDifference

Which is it?

Relationship IndependenceGoodness of

FitDifference

Some of your fellow school counselors feel that students who request to be in the same lunch period as their friends tend to perform worse academically. You collect the names of all students who make this request and then take an average of their GPAs to determine which group performs better.

First, you must determine if it is a question of difference, relationship, independence, or goodness of fit.

Advance the slide to see the explanation

Some of your fellow school counselors feel that students who request to be in the same lunch period as their friends tend to perform worse academically. You collect the names of all students who make this request and then take an average of their GPAs to determine which group performs better.

First, you must determine if it is a question of difference, relationship, independence, or goodness of fit.

You are examining average differences between groups

Explanation

Advance the slide to see the next problem

Which is it?

Relationship IndependenceGoodness of

FitDifference

Problem #2

Several students have been asking to switch teachers partway through the semester. You read a study that suggested nine times out of ten, this is a good thing to do because students are willing to work harder when they feel their wishes have been respected. However, several issues arise when students switch teachers, so you ask ten of your colleagues what their experience has been with doing so. Seven of them reported that it has led to positive results in their experience. You wonder if this undermines the original claim.

First, you must determine if it is a question of difference, relationship, independence, or goodness of fit.

Advance the slide to see the options

Several students have been asking to switch teachers partway through the semester. You read a study that suggested nine times out of ten, this is a good thing to do because students are willing to work harder when they feel their wishes have been respected. However, several issues arise when students switch teachers, so you ask ten of your colleagues what their experience has been with doing so. Seven of them reported that it has led to positive results in their experience. You wonder if this undermines the original claim.

First, you must determine if it is a question of difference, relationship, independence, or goodness of fit.

Advance the slide to see the answer

Which is it?

Difference Relationship IndependenceGoodness of

Fit

Several students have been asking to switch teachers partway through the semester. You read a study that suggested nine times out of ten, this is a good thing to do because students are willing to work harder when they feel their wishes have been respected. However, several issues arise when students switch teachers, so you ask ten of your colleagues what their experience has been with doing so. Seven of them reported that it has led to positive results in their experience. You wonder if this undermines the original claim.

First, you must determine if it is a question of difference, relationship, independence, or goodness of fit.

Advance the slide to see the explanation

Which is it?

Difference Relationship IndependenceGoodness of

Fit

Several students have been asking to switch teachers partway through the semester. You read a study that suggested nine times out of ten, this is a good thing to do because students are willing to work harder when they feel their wishes have been respected. However, several issues arise when students switch teachers, so you ask ten of your colleagues what their experience has been with doing so. Seven of them reported that it has led to positive results in their experience. You wonder if this undermines the original claim.

First, you must determine if it is a question of difference, relationship, independence, or goodness of fit.

Advance the slide to see the next problem

Which is it?

Difference Relationship IndependenceGoodness of

Fit

Explanation

We are comparing a claim (9/10) with actual results

from a small sample (7/10) to see how well they fit.

Problem #3

Advance the slide to see the options

You just overheard a discussion among students in which

they said that atheists suffer from depression more because

they don’t believe in God. You are skeptical of this claim and

set out to prove that one’s religion is not connected with

levels of depression.

Advance the slide to see the answer

Which is it?

Relationship IndependenceGoodness of

FitDifference

You just overheard a discussion among students in which

they said that atheists suffer from depression more because

they don’t believe in God. You are skeptical of this claim and

set out to prove that one’s religion is not connected with

levels of depression.

Advance the slide to see the explanation

Which is it?

Relationship IndependenceGoodness of

FitDifference

You just overheard a discussion among students in which

they said that atheists suffer from depression more because

they don’t believe in God. You are skeptical of this claim and

set out to prove that one’s religion is not connected with

levels of depression.

Advance the slide to see the next problem

Which is it?

Relationship IndependenceGoodness of

FitDifference

You are looking to prove that the two variables are independent of each other.

Explanation

You just overheard a discussion among students in which

they said that atheists suffer from depression more because

they don’t believe in God. You are skeptical of this claim and

set out to prove that one’s religion is not connected with

levels of depression.

Problem #4

Lately you have had several students talk to you about having suicidal thoughts and you want to understand what might be causing them. You have a hunch that feelings of shame may be connected with suicidal thoughts and want to do a study to determine if you are correct. You think that those with greater feelings of shame will have more suicidal thoughts.

First, you must determine if it is a question of difference, relationship, independence, or goodness of fit.

Advance the slide to see the options

Advance the slide to see the answer

Lately you have had several students talk to you about having suicidal thoughts and you want to understand what might be causing them. You have a hunch that feelings of shame may be connected with suicidal thoughts and want to do a study to determine if you are correct. You think that those with greater feelings of shame will have more suicidal thoughts.

First, you must determine if it is a question of difference, relationship, independence, or goodness of fit.

Which is it?

Relationship IndependenceGoodness of

FitDifference

Advance the slide to see the explanation

Lately you have had several students talk to you about having suicidal thoughts and you want to understand what might be causing them. You have a hunch that feelings of shame may be connected with suicidal thoughts and want to do a study to determine if you are correct. You think that those with greater feelings of shame will have more suicidal thoughts.

First, you must determine if it is a question of difference, relationship, independence, or goodness of fit.

Which is it?

Relationship IndependenceGoodness of

FitDifference

Advance the slide to see the next problem

Lately you have had several students talk to you about having suicidal thoughts and you want to understand what might be causing them. You have a hunch that feelings of shame may be connected with suicidal thoughts and want to do a study to determine if you are correct. You think that those with greater feelings of shame will have more suicidal thoughts.

First, you must determine if it is a question of difference, relationship, independence, or goodness of fit.

Which is it?

Relationship IndependenceGoodness of

FitDifference

Explanation

You are looking to see if an increase in one variable is related to an increase in another variable

Problem #5

At the end of the school year, you need to advise students about courses they should take the following year. You are trying to decide whether or not to recommend AP courses to your students. Nationally, three out of five students felt it was worth the extra effort to take these courses in high school. You want to know how your school compares to this claim, so you poll students and find out that 250 out of 460 students were glad they took AP courses. You wonder if this result undermines the national claim and if you should recommend these courses to your students.

Advance the slide to see the options

Advance the slide to see the answer

Which is it?

Relationship IndependenceGoodness of

FitDifference

At the end of the school year, you need to advise students about courses they should take the following year. You are trying to decide whether or not to recommend AP courses to your students. Nationally, three out of five students felt it was worth the extra effort to take these courses in high school. You want to know how your school compares to this claim, so you poll students and find out that 250 out of 460 students were glad they took AP courses. You wonder if this result undermines the national claim and if you should recommend these courses to your students.

Advance the slide to see an explanation

Which is it?

Relationship IndependenceGoodness of

FitDifference

At the end of the school year, you need to advise students about courses they should take the following year. You are trying to decide whether or not to recommend AP courses to your students. Nationally, three out of five students felt it was worth the extra effort to take these courses in high school. You want to know how your school compares to this claim, so you poll students and find out that 250 out of 460 students were glad they took AP courses. You wonder if this result undermines the national claim and if you should recommend these courses to your students.

Advance the slide to the next problem

Which is it?

Relationship IndependenceGoodness of

FitDifference

At the end of the school year, you need to advise students about courses they should take the following year. You are trying to decide whether or not to recommend AP courses to your students. Nationally, three out of five students felt it was worth the extra effort to take these courses in high school. You want to know how your school compares to this claim, so you poll students and find out that 250 out of 460 students were glad they took AP courses. You wonder if this result undermines the national claim and if you should recommend these courses to your students.

We are comparing a finding (250/460) to a claim (3/5) to see how well it fits the original claim.

Explanation

Problem #6

You recently attended a track meet and noted that the star athletes on the team also were on the honor roll. You heard other students complaining about how the teachers grade unfairly because they like the star athletes better and therefore give them better grades, even though they don’t deserve them. You doubt this is true and set out to prove that there is no relationship between students’ athletic prowess and their GPA.

Advance the slide to see the options

You recently attended a track meet and noted that the star athletes on the team also were on the honor roll. You heard other students complaining about how the teachers grade unfairly because they like the star athletes better and therefore give them better grades, even though they don’t deserve them. You doubt this is true and set out to prove that there is no relationship between students’ athletic prowess and their GPA.

Advance the slide to see the answer

Relationship IndependenceGoodness of

FitDifference

Which is it?

You recently attended a track meet and noted that the star athletes on the team also were on the honor roll. You heard other students complaining about how the teachers grade unfairly because they like the star athletes better and therefore give them better grades, even though they don’t deserve them. You doubt this is true and set out to prove that there is no relationship between students’ athletic prowess and their GPA.

Relationship IndependenceGoodness of

FitDifference

Which is it?

Advance the slide to see the explanation

You recently attended a track meet and noted that the star athletes on the team also were on the honor roll. You heard other students complaining about how the teachers grade unfairly because they like the star athletes better and therefore give them better grades, even though they don’t deserve them. You doubt this is true and set out to prove that there is no relationship between students’ athletic prowess and their GPA.

Relationship IndependenceGoodness of

FitDifference

Which is it?

Advance the slide to see the next problem

ExplanationWe are trying to prove that the two variables are

independent of each other.

Problem #7

It is time for graduating seniors to begin applying for college and you want to know if students who apply to multiple colleges have a different average acceptance rate than those who apply to just one.

Advance the slide to see the options

It is time for graduating seniors to begin applying for college and you want to know if students who apply to multiple colleges have a different average acceptance rate than those who apply to just one.

Advance the slide to see the answer

Relationship IndependenceGoodness of

FitDifference

Which is it?

It is time for graduating seniors to begin applying for college and you want to know if students who apply to multiple colleges have a different average acceptance rate than those who apply to just one.

Advance the slide to see the explanation

Relationship IndependenceGoodness of

FitDifference

Which is it?

Advance the slide to see the next problem

Explanation

We are looking for the average differences

between groups.

Relationship IndependenceGoodness of

FitDifference

Which is it?

It is time for graduating seniors to begin applying for college and you want to know if students who apply to multiple colleges have a different average acceptance rate than those who apply to just one.

Problem #7

You have noticed that there are very different levels of self-esteem across your students and want to understand more about why this may be. You think that this issue may be associated in some way with them being sexually active and endeavor to find out if this is true.

Advance the slide to see the options

You have noticed that there are very different levels of self-esteem across your students and want to understand more about why this may be. You think that this issue may be associated in some way with them being sexually active and endeavor to find out if this is true.

Advance the slide to see the answer

Relationship IndependenceGoodness of

FitDifference

Which is it?

You have noticed that there are very different levels of self-esteem across your students and want to understand more about why this may be. You think that this issue may be associated in some way with them being sexually active and endeavor to find out if this is true.

Advance the slide to see the explanation

Relationship IndependenceGoodness of

FitDifference

Which is it?

Explanation

We are looking for a relationship between the

two variables.

The End

You have noticed that there are very different levels of self-esteem across your students and want to understand more about why this may be. You think that this issue may be associated in some way with them being sexually active and endeavor to find out if this is true.

Relationship IndependenceGoodness of

FitDifference

Which is it?