DI PAOLA VANESSA MOULLET STEPHANIE MÉHAUT PHILIPPE SKOPE - FESTIVAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES - LONDON School to work transition in the French style.

DI PAOLA VANESSAMOULLET STEPHANIE

MÉHAUT PHILIPPESKOPE - FESTIVAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES - LONDON

School to work transition “in the French style”

From School to School

In the French meaning, what encompass all what is inside the school system from 3 to the end of tertiary education

No or few break between lower and upper secondary or higher education. French model as a continuity within school

That’s does not mean that there is no drop outs. However discontinuity as an exception

Average age at the labour market entry 21

From School to Work

Work is after the school (at each level), after a qualification (“passe ton bac d’abord”). (see Van de Velde)

Mixing school and work (apprenticeship, internship) was unusual in the late 70’. However a growing importance.

Unlike the UK, the post lower secondary is not a boundary

Unlike the Uk, it is usual to go to the upper level… Free fees, few incentives to go to the labour market, race for qualifications.

To be replace within

A strong effect of the school system both- Within the social hierarchy (the high school)

(Dubet, Duru-Bellat 2013)- Within the labour market : queue and waiting

list. For the new entrants, competing with owners of upper qualifications and, for all competing with those with experience on the labour market (including internal labour markets). However, not an insider/outsider story (Askenazy et al, 2011)

Consequences for the school to work transition

A delayed effect to get a permanent job (depending also of the conjuncture)

Some over-education effect (Di Paola, Moullet)

A difficult position of those who are in the bottom of the job queue

And family and pupils competing for places in the educational system (except in some specific period)

School to work transition

School to work transition (in the French meaning) takes time, 3 years in average for a whole cohort

School to work transition will oppose the best performers in the school system to the lowest performers.

Often starting with atypical contracts (fixed term, temp agency, subsidized jobs…) (Di Paola, Moullet, 2013)

Quick transition (58%)Quick transition (58%) Unemployment then employment (7%)Unemployment then employment (7%)

Four among 8 patterns (Cereq, survey of all school leavers 2007-2010)

Unemployment (9%)Unemployment (9%) Neets (2%)Neets (2%)

Four among 8 patterns (Cereq, survey of all school leavers 2007-2010)

After 7 years of experience (Cereq, 7 years surveys, Di Paola Moullet, 2013)

2005 2011G1998 G2004

Typical job 69,04 64,73Aypical job 11,56 12,52including:

Alternance 0,33 0,51Market sector assisted contract 0,21 0,02

Non market sector assisted contract 0,88 0,43Fixed-term employment contract 10,14 11,56

Other 5,12 7,52Unemployment 9,38 10,03Out of labor market 4,91 5,2Weighted Number 741184 737000

After 7 years experience: effects on the quality of employment

2005 2011

741 184 737 000 average medianFull time typical job 61.74 58.77 -3,1% -2,0%Part time typical job 7.30 5.96 -4,1% 0,4%Full time atypical job 14.40 17.36 7,7% 13,6%Part time atypical job 2.28 2.68 -4,7% -0,5%Without job 14.29 15.23

Change in income between 2005 and 2011 after 7

years on the labor market

Policies (1) : educational policies

Decreasing the number of drop out without any qualification. Early drop out (end of lower secondary, beginning of upper secondary vocational tracks), about 12%, decreasing, however, according to the EU definition, France is a bad performer 18% without upper secondary qualification, stable.

Done partly by developing vocational tracks, apprenticeship, individual guidance, special local devices

Arising problems within tertiary education

Policies (2) ALM

A lot of special devices, more or less focusing on young people, low skilled or broader (classical dilemna between targeting or not)

A cyclical and political effect (more or less work fare policy)

And balancing between labour costs policies and training policies

Policies (3) ALM, various kinds of subsidized jobs

Device Labour cost component (tax exemption, premium…)

Training component

Duration

S.job, private sector

high low Some months

S.Job public, non for profit sector

high low Some months to 2 years

S.job, private, alternance

medium Sometime high (qualification)

1 to 2 years

S.Job, public, n.f.p. in specific “new jobs”

High to medium Sometime high (qualification)

1 to 4 or 5 years

Apprenticeship High to medium High (qualification)

2 or 3 years

Ageing policy (part time retirement and young hiring)

medium medium ?

Subsidized contracts from 1974

Source : Dares

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010*

%

Apprenticeship

conctrats in the market sector

Contracts in the non market sector

Alternance w ithout apprenticeship

"The effect" of subsidized contracts .... At short-term (transition matrix, compared to fixed term contract)

1st job

job 6 month after 1st job's end Typical job 40,44 28,86 47,68 49,89 17,86 26,09 43,04 44,76

Alternance 0,8 9,56 2,73 1,98 2,53 7,96 5,65 2,81

Market sector AC 0,38 0,14 0,06 0,13 1,6 0,14 0,23

Non market sector AC

1,67 5,15 1,14 2,88 0,52 0,35 0,71 1,02

Fixed-term employment contract

19,99 24,23 22,54 16,01 24,68 26,82 20,73 17,74

Other 2,08 1,67 1,37 1,67 2,63 2,69 4,75 3,64

Unemployment 23,61 22,49 17,13 13,61 34,06 25,88 18,45 17,86

Out of labor market 11,04 8,04 7,25 13,9 17,6 8,61 6,53 11,95

Weighted Number 64093 4016 62186 505023 30335 7666 91207 497738

Generation 1998 Generation 2004Non

market S.JMarket

S.J. Sandwich

coursesFixed term

contract

Non market AC

Market AC

Alternance Fixed term

contract

"The effect" of assisted contracts .... At more long-term

(transition matrix)

1st jobjob after 7 years on the LMTypical job 52.66 65.69 68.62 46.46 65.33 63.02

Alternance 0.33 0.96 0.38 0.00 0.88 0.57

Market sector AC 0.67 0.26 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.04

Non market sector AC 5.37 0.87 0.86 2.92 0.00 0.56

Fixed-term employment contract 13.27 11.57 12.21 9.00 8.38 15.07

Other 2.68 3.88 3.65 5.19 6.37 5.95

Unemployment 18.08 11.97 9.28 21.44 13.23 9.80

Out of labor market 6.95 4.79 4.81 14.98 5.81 4.98

Non market AC

Alternance Fixed term contract

G1998 G2004Non market

ACAlternance Fixed term

contract

To conclude

A kind of “age dualism” on the French labour market, with firms’ hiring practices based on qualification+ experience

Heterogeneous groups within the school leavers :Gender effect (women +,perform better at school),

Local area (“bad neighbors” - ), racial origin - ?, Level of qualification, up to day tertiary education,

upper secondary with good vocational profile +Apprenticeship + (at least at short term)

To conclude

High level of mobility during the first 3 years : 54% with 2 or more employers, 38% with only one, 58% with at least one unemployment spell

Then entering into more stable areas : ILM still alive, other kinds of jobs positions (in SME’s)

Weakness of the LLL policies : few chances to get a new qualification (less than in the UK ?). Too much pressure on the initial education

ALM : work fare policy in casual jobs with few efficiency, “long” job position with training contents perform better